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A MAGYAR

TÖRZSSZÖVETSÉG POLITIKAI ÉLETRAJZA

(A MAGYARSÁG A 9-10. SZÁZADBAN)

Szeged, 2015

(4)

:

Borítóterv:

Dr. T. Horváth Ágnes

Kiadta: Belvedere Meridionale, Szeged www.belvedere.meridionale.hu szerk@belvedere.meridionale.hu .LDGyYH]HWĘ'U-DQFViN&VDED 0ĦV]DNLV]HUNHV]WĘ6]XSHUiN$WWLOD 1\RPWD$6]tQYRQDO1\RPGDLSDUL.IW6]HJHG

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© Tóth Sándor László, 2015

© Belvedere Meridionale, 2015

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