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A  fogyatékos  személyeket   támogató-­szabályozó  rendszer  

helyzetéro  l

Európában  és  Magyarországon,   és  az  ezzel  kapcsolatos,  

az  országos  érdekvédelmi  

szervezetek  által  készített  javaslatokról

KERESKEDELMI FORGALOMB

A NEM HOZHA TÓ

INGYENES PÉLDÁNY FREE COPY

NO T FOR SALE

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A  fogyatékos  személyeket  támogató-­szabályozó  rendszer  

helyzetérol  Európában  és  Magyarországon,  és  az  ezzel  kapcsolatos,   az  országos  érdekvédelmi  

szervezetek  által  készített  javaslatokról

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