SUBJECT INDEX
A Acetaldehyde, 61
fermentation and, 68, 71, 73, 80-82, 92, 96, 98, 100, 118, 134, 210
oxidation of, 441, 454 phosphorylation and, 356 photooxidation and, 464 threonine and, 177
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, fermenta- tion and, 97
Acetate, 41
activation of, 220-222
allantoin fermentation and, 193 amino acid synthesis and, 243 carrier experiments and, 223-225 condensation of, 218-219, 233-235, 238-
240
electrode potential and, 349
fermentation and 64, 70-73 , 76-91, 94- 98, 101-105, 107, 108, 111-124, 126- 138, 152, 154-156, 158-163, 167-171, 173-177, 182-185, 188-190, 454 formation of, 15, 16, 21, 203
isotopic experiments and, 222-231,241- 242
lactate oxidase and, 447-448 lipid synthesis and, 46 mutants and, 237
nicotinic acid fermentation and, 194 oxidation, 218, 220-221, 225, 243
muscle and, 219
purine fermentation and, 26
pyrimidine fermentation and, 190, 192 pyruvate oxidation and, 24-25 Stickland reaction and, 196, 199 , 201-
203
recycling and, 225-227
sequential induction and, 235-236 Acetoacetate,
fermentation and, 78, 80-82, 133, 134 generation of, 50-51
threonine and, 177
Acetoacetyl coenzyme A, formation of, 454
Acetobacter,
difference spectrum of, 383 pyruvate oxidation by, 338
Acetobacter acetigenum, cellulose and, 48 Acetobacter pasteurianum,
cytochrome of, 383, 385, 386, 392 difference spectrum of, 384 terminal oxidase of, 335, 372, 373 Acetobacter peroxidans,
cytochrome of, 385
cytochrome reductase of, 328 hydrogen peroxide and, 339 , 340 particles of, 387
Acetobacter suboxydans, absorption spectrum of, 369 arabitol degradation and, 109 cytochrome of, 383, 385, 386 difference spectrum of, 382, 384 glucose oxidation by, 251-252, 338 respiratory chian of, 323
terminal oxidase of, 373, 374 Acetobacter xylinum,
cellulose and, 48 fermentation by, 101 phosphoketolase of, 15, 16 Acetoin, 61
fermentation and, 70, 72, 73, 77, 79, 80, 82, 85, 87-89, 92-93, 115, 119, 121- 123, 128-131
reduction of, 51
Acetoin dehydrogenase, fermentation and, 93, 97
Acetokinase, 21, 240 fermentation and, 86 pyruvate and, 23 a-Acetolactate,
acetoin and, 92-93 fermentation and, 82 racemase and, 76
Acetomycetales, chitin and, 287 Acetone,
fermentation and, 77-80, 82, 86,136 formation of, 50-51
Acetopyruvate, fermentation and, 81 Acetylcoenzyme A, 215, 219, 250
fermentation and, 74, 81-82, 85, 86, 108, 129, 133-134, 202
formation of, 450, 453, 454 malate and, 240
mutants and, 237 533
534 SUBJECT I N D E X threonine and, 177
tricarboxylic acid cycle and, 214 Ν -Acetylgalactosamine,
chondroitin sulfate and, 292 heparin and, 297
iV-Acetylglucosamine
blood group substances and, 296 chitin and, 285
chitinase and, 287-289 hyaluronidase and, 291
0-Acetyl-L-hydroxyproline, 304
Acetylmethylcarbinol, fermentation and, 81-82, 130
Acetylphosphate, 5, 453
fermentation and, 96-99, 101, 113, 117, 118, 124, 126, 133, 155
formation of, 15, 81, 85, 86, 94, 354, 446-447
growth yield and, 37 pyruvate and, 23, 24 reduction of, 19-20 Stickland reaction and, 199 Achromobacter,
chitin and, 286 glycine and, 169
Achromobacter fischeri, 490 acetone powders of, 483 carbon sources for, 491-492 classification of, 505
cytochrome reductase of, 328 flavin and, 332
menadione reductase of, 332 mutants of, 501-502 narcotics and, 499
nitrate reduction by, 340, 416 sodium chloride and, 493-494 Aconitase, 164
bacterial particles and, 376 citrate symmetry and, 216-217 cis-Aconitate, 41, 212-213
oxidation of, 221
sequential induction and, 236
Acrolein, fermentation and, 122, 123-124 Acrylate,
fermentation and, 105, 108 fermentation of, 103, 154 Acrylyl coenzyme A,
fermentation and, 155-156 formation of, 108
hydration of, 156 Actinomycetin, 312
Acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase, absorption spectrum and, 438 flavoprotein and, 447
Acyloin, formation of, 50, 51, 92 Adaptation, irreversible, 261, 274 Adenine,
fermentation of, 182, 183, 189, 190 vitamin B i2 coenzyme and, 167 Adenosine, 182
metabolism of, 245 Adenosine diphosphate,
cytochrome c2 and, 467
photosynthetic phosphorylation and, 401, 402, 469-470
Adenosine-5'-phosphosulf ate, sulfate re
ductase and, 341, 418
Adenosine triphosphatase, 10, 398-399 cell-free glycolysis and, 49-51 energy and, 11, 47
carbamyl compounds and, 27-28, 157- 158
Adenosine triphosphate,
carbon dioxide fixation and, 107 cellulose and, 48
cycles and, 12
electron transport and, 355-356, 371 energy economy and, 9, 10
fermentation and, 68, 70, 86, 99, 103, 106, 108, 113, 117, 118, 124, 126, 128-129, 134, 138
formation, quantum requirement of, 475
gluconate fermentation and, 20 glycolysis and, 13-15
molar growth yield coefficient and, 31 pentose fermentation and, 16-20 photosynthesis and, 474
purine fermentation and, 26, 187, 188 pyruvate oxidation and, 23-25 Stickland reaction and, 201 volutin and, 358
Adenylic acid, pyridine nucleotide per
oxidase and, 439
Adonitol, fermentation of, 102,104 Aerobacillus polymyxa, fermentation by,
87, 88, 91, 115, 122, 123 Aerobacter,
acyloins and, 50, 51
pyridine nucleotides and, 326 Aerobacter aerogenes,
acetoin and, 92
S U B J E C T I N D E X 535
alginic acid and, 285 ascorbate and, 436
citrate fermentation by, 21 cytochrome, 383, 385, 386, 390, 392
synthesis of, 346
difference spectrum of, 382, 384 fermentation by, 85, 87-91, 93, 114,
115, 117,119-121,123, 125, 130,131 histidine degradation by, 27, 170-173 iron deficiency of, 391
particles, P/O ratios and, 379 terminal oxidase of, 372-374
tricarboxylic acid cycle and, 237, 238 volutin and, 358
Aerohacter cloacae, fermentation by, 128 A erobacter indologenes,
cytochrome deficient, 346 fermentation by, 88, 130 iron deficiency of, 391 Aerobes,
carbohydrate dissimilation by, 244 obligate, 397
cytochrome and, 393 respiratory chain of, 344 evolution and, 456
Aeromonas hydrophila, fermentation by, 87, 88, 90, 91, 114, 115
Alanine,
aspartate degradation and, 159 cell walls and, 312
fermentation of, 153, 154-156 serine degradation and, 176 Stickland reaction and, 195-197, 198 yeast and, 231
/3-Alanine,
aspartate and, 159 fermentation of, 154, 156
pyrimidine fermentation and, 192 Albumin, 297, 304
hydrolysis of, 299, 307 Alcaligenes faecalis,
fermentation by, 121 electron transport in, 30
oxidative phosphorylation by, 357 particles, P/O ratios and, 379-380 pyridine nucleotides and, 326 supernatnat fraction of, 379
Alcaligenes metalcaligenes, chondroitin sulfate and, 293
Alcohol (s), see also Ethanol catalase and, 342
fermentation pathway and, 18-19, 135 growth yield and, 34
luminescence and, 499
oxidation of, 350, 386, 428, 429, 436 respiratory chain and, 323 Alcohol dehydrogenase, 445
diphosphopyridine nucleotide and, 352 fermentation and, 97, 100
stereospecificity of, 324 Aldehyde (s),
chain length,
luminescence and, 488-489, 504 luminescence and, 482-486 , 488, 502-
504
respiratory chain and, 323
Aldehyde dehydrogenase, electron ac- ceptors and, 332
Aldehyde oxidase, cytochrome c reduc- tase and, 450
Aldolase, 20, 21, 96, 97, 247, 455 alternate routes and, 11 clostridial, 80
energy and, 13-14
fermentation and, 74, 85, 98, 110, 118 Alginic acid, decomposition of, 284-285 Allantoic acid, formation of, 193 Allantoin,
degradation of, 239
fermentation of, 182, 193-194, 202 Allose, fermentation of, 87
Amino acid(s), 151 activation of, 5 amylase and, 268, 282
cytochromes and, 387, 405, 406 fermentation of, 152-181 incorporation of, 7
luminescent bacteria and, 491, 500, 501 polymerization, energy and, 45-46 pools, yeast and, 231
protein decomposition and, 267 Stickland reaction and, 196-197, 454 tricarboxylic acid cycle and, 243 Amino acid oxidases, nature of, 448 p-Aminobenzoate, 194
luminescence and, 499 7-Aminobutyrate, 156 e-Aminocaproate, 156
Amino imidazole (s), purine fermenta- tion and, 186, 187
4-Aminoimidazole hydrolase, products of, 186-188
536 SUBJECT I N D E X Aminopeptidase, liberation of, 269
Aminophthalic hydrazide, peroxide, 485- 486
Amino polypeptidase, properties of, 305 δ-Amino valerate, 175
fermentation of, 153, 156 ornithine and, 158
Stickland reaction and, 195-196, 199- 200, 202
Ammonia,
allantoin fermentation and, 193-194 carbamyl compounds and, 27 creatinine fermentation and, 28 fermentation and, 152, 154, 156, 158,
160-162, 168, 171, 173-180, 182-184, 186, 188-190, 202
formation of, 452 glycolysis and, 50
histidine degradation and, 27 nicotinic acid fermentation and, 194 purine fermentation and, 26
pyrimidine fermentation and, 190-192 Stickland reaction and, 195-196, 199-
200 Amylase (s),
estimation of, 265 extracellular, 268 inducible, 271 liberation of, 269 reducing sugars and, 267 α-Amylases,
amino acid composition of, 282 purification of, 282-283 starch and, 281 /3-Amylase(s),
bacterial, 283 starch and, 281 Amylopectin, 267 amylase and, 283 starch and, 281 Amylose, 267
amylase and, 283 starches and, 281 Anaerobes,
carbohydrate dissimilation by, 244 catalase and, 342
coupled phosphorylation and, 399 electron transport, thermodynamic
considerations and, 398-401 evolution and, 456
facultative, 397
cytochrome of, 409-410 evolution and, 456 ''oxidative,'' 398 respiratory chain of, 344
flavoprotein respiration and, 454-456 obligate, 397-398
cytochrome and, 393, 407-408, 419- 420
respiratory chain of, 344 peroxide and, 427
phosphorylating system of, 401^404 photosynthetic, phosphorylation by,
400
succinic dehydrogenase of, 337 Anaerobiosis, luminescence and, 494-496 Anthranilic acid, 194
Antimycin A,
electron transfer and, 370 photophosphorylation and, 471 Antisera,
deoxyribonuclease and, 309
pneumococcal polysaccharides and, 294-295
Arabinose,
fermentation of, 103, 111, 114,115,117- 118
glucose and, 13
growth yield and, 36, 37, 39 Arabitol,
degradation of, 109 fermentation and, 108-110 Arginine,
fermentation of, 27, 153, 156-158, 202 growth yield measurement and, 33-34,
35
luminescent bacteria and, 500 lysine degradation and, 174
Stickland reaction and, 196, 197, 199 Arginine desiminase, requirements of,
157
Arginine dihydrolase, energy and, 35 glycolysis and, 50 nature of, 158
Arginine methyl ester, hydrolysis of, 299 Aromatic compounds, catalase and, 342 Arsenate,
pentose cleavage and, 15 Stickland reaction and, 198, 201 Arsenite,
citrate oxidation and, 214
SUBJECT I N D E X 537 fermentation and, 20, 127, 129
photophosphorylation and, 470 pyridine nucleotide peroxidase and,
438
Stickland reaction and, 200 Ascorbate,
photooxidation of, 463-464
photophosphorylation and, 403-404, 470, 473
pyridine nucleotide and, 426 , 436 Ascorbic acid oxidase,
glutathione reductase and, 449 pyridine nucleotide oxidase and, 436 Asparagine, 151
chitinase and, 288
fermentation and, 152, 158-159 Stickland reaction and, 197 Aspartame, occurrence of, 159 Aspartate,
chromatophores and, 471 fermentation of, 153, 158-159 luminescence and, 500, 502 pyrimidine fermentation and, 191 Stickland reaction and, 196, 199 Aspergillus, 258
cellulose breakdown and, 279 Aureomycin,
resistance, nitroaryl reductases and, 453
Autolysin, 311
Azar A, heparin and, 297 Azide,
absorption spectra and, 368 catalase and, 343
cytochrome oxidase and, 335, 336, 345, 370
peroxidase and, 437 photooxidation and, 463 photophosphorylation and, 470 pyridine nucleotide oxidase and, 432 pyridine nucleotide peroxidase and,
438
Azocoll, hydrolysis of, 299 , 304 Azotobacter,
carbon monoxide and, 374 hydrogenase of, 339
pyridine nucleotides and, 325 respiratory particles of, 322
Azotobacter agilis, sequential induction and, 235
Azotobacter chroococcum, cytochromes, 383, 386, 392
synthesis of, 417
difference spectrum of, 383 , 384 A zotobacter vinelandii,
coenzyme Q and, 321
cytochrome of, 367, 369, 373, 385, 387, 389, 390
cytochrome oxidase of, 333, 334 cytochrome reductase of, 328
diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidase of, 428, 432, 434
hydroxylamine reduction by, 452 metabolic contributions of, 5 metabolic quotients of, 6
oxidative phosphorylation by, 357 particles,
capacities of, 376-378 P/O ratios and, 379 pyridine nucleotide and, 326 sequential induction and, 235 succinic dehydrogenase of, 337 supernatant fraction of, 379 terminal oxidase of, 372-374
Β Bacillus, 274
fermentation by, 72, 75, 87, 89-91 Bacillus acidiurici, fermentation by, 152 Bacillus amaracrylus, fermentation by,
123
Bacillus anthracis, cell wall lysis and, 312 fermentation by, 89
Bacillus calidolactis, fermentation by, 75 Bacillus cellulosae dissolvens, 274 Bacillus cereus,
blood group substances and, 296 cell wall lysis and, 312
cytochrome deficient, 346 fermentation by, 89 Bacillus chitinovorus, 285
Bacillus coagulans, fermentation by, 75 Bacillus dispar, formate and, 86 Bacillus dysenteriae, polysaccharide, de
composition of, 295 Bacillus macerans,
amylase of, 281, 283-284 pyruvate cleavage by, 81 Bacillus megaterium, 312
absorption spectrum of, 369
538 SUBJECT INDEX lysis of, 311
particles of, 377-378
pyridine nucleotides and, 326
Bacillus mesentericus, fermentation by, 89
Bacillus phenologenes, tyrosine and, 180 Bacillus phosphoreus, 505
Bacillus polymyxa, fermentation by, 90, 93
Bacillus proteus vulgaris, fermentation by, 152 158
Bacillus putrificus, fermentation by, 152 Bacillus subtilis, 258, 308
absorption spectrum of, 369 acetoin and, 92
amylase of, 268, 281-282 cell wall lysis and, 311-312 cysteine and, 160
cytochrome of, 335, 346 , 383 , 385 , 386, 391, 392
difference spectrum of, 381, 384 fermentation by, 88-90, 93 growth yield of, 34 hyaluronidase and, 262, 291 lysozyme of, 268
nitrate reduction by, 452 protease of, 301-303 ribonuclease of, 311 terminal oxidase of, 371-373 tyrosine and, 180
Bacteria,
acid fast, see also Mycobacteria electron transport in, 30 adaptability of, 8
carbon vs. energy economy of, 8-9 catalase-free, 427, 429, 436
cell walls, decomposition of, 311-312 chemosynthetic, 397
halotolerant,
cytochrome of, 389, 390 heme protein of, 412 luminescent,
drug action and, 497-499 electron transport and, 496-497 emission spectra of, 480
environmental factors and, 492-495 mutations of, 499-504
nutrition of, 490-492
oxygen requirements of, 495-496 taxonomy and evolution of, 504-507
photosynthetic, 397-398 growth requirements of, 472 respiratory system of, 375-378 specificity of, 8
speed and yield of, 6-7
variety and specific selection of, 7-8 Bacteriochlorophyll, 415
carotenoids and, 468 electron transfer and, 28 infrared light and, 466 molar ratio of, 462-463 photooxidation of, 475 reducing power and, 473-474 Bacterium, 274
chitinase of, 287-288 Bacterium chironomi, 506
Bacterium coli phenologenes, tyrosine and, 180
Bacterium giardi, 506
Bacterium hemophosphoreum, 506 Bacterium hippanici, 506 Bacterium pholas, 506
Bacterium phosphorescens, 480
Bacterium phosphorescens indigenus, see Achromobacter fischeri
Bacterium tularense, succinic dehydro- genase of, 337
Barbital, luminescence and, 499 Barley, starch of, 281
Beggiatoa mirabilis, solute penetration and, 504
Benzaldehyde dehydrogenases, growth yield and, 42
Benzoate,
fermentation of, 136 growth yield and, 41, 42
p-Benzoquinone, diaphorase and, 443, 445
Benzoylarginine amide, hydrolysis of, 299, 306
Benzyl viologen, hydrogenase and, 418 nitrate reduction and, 416 Stickland reaction and, 195 Betabacterium, fermentation by, 72 Betacoccus, 95
fermentation by, 72 Biotin, 5, 192
cycles and, 12
nitrogen source and, 45
SUBJECT I N D E X 539 pyruvate oxidation and, 23
transcarboxylation and, 107 of,a'-Bipyridyl,
hydrogenlyase and, 86 mesaconase and, 164 Bisulfite, see Sulfite
Blood group substances, decomposition of, 260, 265, 295-296
Brain, metabolic quotients of, 6
Brilliant cresyl blue, Stickland reaction and, 196-197
British Antilewisite, Stickland reaction and, 200
Brucella abortus, tricarboxylic acid cycle and, 242
2,3-Butanediol, 61
fermentation and, 70, 72, 73, 80, 82-93, 114, 115, 117, 119-123, 130, 136 Butanol,
fermentation, 50-51, 77-80, 82, 158 pyruvate oxidation and, 24-25 Butyleneglycol, formation of, 51 Butyrate,
fermentation and, 70, 76-82, 84, 86, 131-136, 138, 154, 158-163, 167-168, 171,173-178,202, 454, 455
formation of, 133-134, 178 pyruvate oxidation and, 24-25 Butyribacterium rettgeri,
carbon dioxide and, 170
fermentation by, 75, 77, 78, 82-83 Butyryl coenzyme A,
energy and, 29
fermentation and, 81-82
Butyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase, phosphorylation and, 454
relative activities of, 7 C
Calcium carbonate, luminescence and, 492-493
Calcium, 0-methylaspartase and, 165- 166
Calcium thiocyanate, cellulose and, 273 Caproate,
fermentation and, 78, 131-133, 135 synthesis of, 133-134
Carbamyl groups, 192 energy and, 10, 27-28
Carbamylphosphate, formation of, 157 Carbazole reaction, heparin and, 297 Carboligase, acetoin and, 92 Carbon,
fermentation balance and, 64-65 isotopic, fermentation and, 65-67 Carbonate, 151
Carbon dioxide, 210
acetate and, 170, 203, 232-233 allantoin fermentation and, 193-194 amino acid fermentation and, 152,155,
158,160-163,167-171,173,174,176- 180, 202
carbamyl compounds and, 27-28 carbohydrate fermentation and, 19,
64-68, 70, 72, 73, 76-82, 84-91, 95- 104,107,109,110,112,117,119-123, 126-131, 135-137
carrier experiments and, 223-225 cycles and, 12
electrode potential and, 349 fermentation balances and, 63 fixation, 5 , 72, 78, 81-83, 104-108, 215,
228, 238-239
chromatophores and, 471 supernatant and, 472
isotopic experiments and, 226-230, 250, 252
nicotinic acid fermentation and, 194 purine fermentation and, 26, 182-186,
188-190
pyrimidine fermentation and, 190-192 pyruvate oxidation and, 24-25 reduction of, 136-138, 170 Stickland reaction and, 196 turnover, propionate and, 106 Carbon monoxide, 427
absorption spectra and, 368
cytochrome oxidase and, 334, 335, 345, 370, 371, 373, 374
fermentation and, 79, 137-138 nitrogenase systems and, 413 photooxidation and, 414
photophosphorylation and, 470-471 photosynthetic bacteria and, 401 Rhodospirillum heme protein and, 411 sulfate reduction and, 418
Carbonyl groups, oxidation of, 348, 350, 356
Carboxylase, 4
540 SUBJECT I N D E X acetoin and, 92-93
fermentation and, 100
Carboxymethyl cellulose, decomposition of, 266, 277-280
5-Carboxymethylhydantoin, formation of, 191
Carotenoids,
chlorophyll and, 468
chromatophores and, 462-463, 467 photooxidation and, 467-468
Carrageenin, chondroitin sulfatase and, 293
Casein, 297, 304
decomposition of, 264-265, 298, 299, 303, 305, 306
Catalase, 427, 445
Clostridia and, 456
evolutionary significance of, 456 glycerol utilization and, 455 heminless mutants and, 343 occurrence of, 342
peroxidase and, 441
photooxidation and, 463-464 pyridine nucleotide oxidase and, 433 substrates of, 342
Cellobiase, cellulose breakdown and, 276-279
Cellobiose,
cellulose utilization and, 274, 275-279 Cytophaga and, 270
Cellohexose, formation of, 278 Cellotriose, hydrolysis of, 278 Cellulase, 272, 286
detection of, 263 electrophoresis of, 280 estimation of, 265 extracellular, 270, 275-276
Cellulomona8, 274
Cellulose,
accumulation of, 48
decomposition, 258, 259, 260, 261-263, 265, 266, 268
cell contact and, 269-270 enzymic, 275-280 organisms and, 273-275 nature of, 272-273
Cellulose dextrine, breakdown of, 277 Cellulose sulfate, breakdown of, 276-277,
280 Cell walls,
bacterial, decomposition of, 311-313
Cheese, ripening of, 102
Chelating agents, photophosphorylation and, 401, 402
Chemiluminescence, characteristics of, 481
"Chemostat", growth yield coefficients and, 31, 35
Chitin,
decomposition, 260, 261-263, 275 enzymic, 286-289
organisms and, 285-286 occurrence of, 285 structure of, 285 Chitinase, 286
detection of, 263 electrophoresis of, 288 estimation of, 265 extracellular, 287-288 inducible, 271
Chitin sulfate, decomposition of, 297 Chitobiase, 287, 288
Chitobiose, formation of, 287
Chloral hydrate, luminescence and, 499 Chloramphenicol,
amylase formation and, 268 reduction of, 453
Chloride, amylase and, 283 Chlorobium limacola,
chromatophores of, 462 cytochrome of, 408 cytochrome oxidase of, 334 cytochrome reductase of, 328 photophosphorylation by, 469 Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum, cyto-
chrome of, 408
Chloroform, luminescence and, 499 p-Chloromercuribenzoate,
pyridine nucleotide oxidase and, 432 pyridine nucleotide peroxidase and,
438
Chlorophyll, see Bacteriochlorophyll Choline, 322
respiratory chain and, 323
Chondroitinase, purification of, 293-294 Chondroitin sulfatase,
protein-mucopolysaccharides and, 266 substrates of, 293
Chondroitin sulfate,
decomposition of, 293-294, 296 structure of, 292-293
SUBJECT I N D E X 541
Chromatium,
ascorbate-indophenol and, 403 chromatophores of, 462, 463, 470, 471 cytochrome, 414-415
properties of, 407, 408 cytochrome oxidase of, 334 cytochrome reductase of, 328 difference spectrum of, 414 electron transport chain of, 400-401 growth of, 407
nonheme iron of, 419
phosphorylation, 402, 468, 469 enediols and, 404
pyridine nucleotide and, 465 quantum yield of, 475 Chromatophores,
carbon dioxide fixation and, 471 cleavage of, 462-463
composition of, 402, 462-463 hydrogen production and, 471-472 infrared light and, 465-467
photophosphorylation by, 462, 469-471 structure of, 462
Chromobacterium, see also Serratia, chitin and, 286
Chymotrypsinogen, activation of, 303 Citramalase, characteristics of, 164 Citramalate,
cleavage of, 21
glutamate fermentation and, 163-168 Citrate,
acetate oxidation and, 232 bacterial proteases and, 305 electron transfer and, 212-213 fermentation of, 21, 74,122,129-131 formation, 237
yeast and, 229-230 fungi and, 243
glyoxylate formation and, 239 growth yields and, 40-41
isotopic experiments and, 225-230 oxidation and, 213-214, 218, 220-221,
242
sequential induction and, 235-236 symmetry of, 216-217
Citrate desmolase, 131
Citritase, fermentation and, 131 Citrobacter freundi, 123 Citrullinase, 157 Citrulline,
energy and, 10
fermentation of, 156-158 glycolysis and, 49, 50 phosphorolysis of, 27, 35 Stickland reaction and, 196, 197 Clostridia, 274
butanol fermentation of, 50-51 cytochrome and, 393, 413 electron transport by, 426 fermentation by, 75, 153, 156 glycolytic enzymes of, 80 metabolic contributions of, 5 nicotinic acid and, 182 oxygen and, 432, 455-456 porphyrin and, 79
purine fermentation by, 170
pyridine nucleotide oxidases of, 432- 436
pyruvate oxidation by, 24, 354, 453 respiratory chain of, 344
Clostridium aceticum, fermentation by, 82
Clostridium acetobutylicum, 195 acetoin and, 92
amylase of, 271, 283
fermentation by, 77, 78, 79-81 racemase of, 76
Clostridium acidi-urici, amino acid fermentation by, 152 energy and, 7
purine fermentation by, 26, 82, 181- 183, 185-186, 188-189
Clostridium aerofoetidum, 195
Clostridium beijerincki, fermentation by, 114
Clostridium bifermentans, 195 Clostridium botulinum, 195
fermentation by, 77, 153, 168, 176 protease of, 305, 307
Clostridium butylicum,
fermentation by, 77, 78, 79, 81, 114 pyruvate formation and, 238 Clostridium butyricum, 195
fermentation by, 76-79, 81, 132, 167 Clostridium caproicum, 195, 197 Clostridium carnofoetidum, 195
Clostridium cochlearium, fermentation by, 153
Clostridium cresologenes, fermentation by, 180
Clostridium cylindrosporum, energy and, 7
542 SUBJECT I N D E X formimino compounds and, 172
purine fermentation by, 26, 181-189, 202
Clostridium dissolvens, cellulose and, 274 Clostridium ghonii, 195
Clostridium histolyticum, 195 peptidases of, 269
proteinase, 260, 268, 298-301 substrates of, 302-303 Clostridium indolicum, 195 Clostridium kluyveri,
cytochrome reductase of, 328, 331 diaphorase of, 444
diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidase of, 428, 435-436
electron transfer in, 29 enzyme activities of, 7
fermentation by, 81-82, 131-134, 154, 168
flavin and, 332 peroxidase and, 441
phosphorylation by, 356, 454 Clostridium lacto-acetophilum,
carbon dioxide and, 82 fermentation by, 76-78, 132 Clostridium mitelmanii, 195
Clostridium paludis, histidine and, 173 Clostridium pasteurianum, hemoprotein
and, 413
Clostridium perfringens,
amino acid fermentation by, 27, 153, 157
blood group substances and, 295-296 chitin and, 286
collagenase of, 260, 262, 304-305 cytochrome reductase of, 328, 331 deoxyribonuclease of, 260, 310-311 diaphorase of, 444
diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidase of, 428, 432-435
electron transport in, 429 evolution and, 456
fermentation by, 76-77, 79, 80, 114 flavin and, 332
hydrogen peroxide and, 456 hyaluronidase of, 271, 290 peroxidase of, 441 phosphorylation by, 454 protease of, 304-305, 306
Clostridium propionicum, fermentation
by, 101-103,105, 108,153-156,176- 178, 202
Clostridium pseudotetanique, tyrosine and,180
Clostridium putrificus, fermentation by, 152
Clostridium saccharobutylicum, respira- tion of, 429
Clostridium saccharobutyricum, amino acid metabolism by, 153, 159, 168, 170, 198, 448
Clostridium saprotoxicum, 195 Clostridium septicum,
chitin and, 286
deoxyribonuclease of, 310-311 hyaluronidase and, 290 Clostridium sordellii, 195 Clostridium sporogenes,
amino acid metabolism by, 152, 153, 156-157, 161, 178-181, 195-199, 448 reduction reactions and, 202
Clostridium sticklandii,
amino acid fermentation by, 153, 157, 173-174, 176
diaphorase of, 444
mercaptan dehydrogenases of, 450 pyruvate oxidation by, 22, 23 pyruvic dehydrogenase of, 450 Stickland reaction and, 195, 197, 200 Clostridium succinicans, fermentation
by, 103
Clostridium terminosporus, cellulose and, 274
Clostridium tetani, fermentation by, 76, 77,153, 158, 168, 170,171,173,176, 180
Clostridium tetanomorphum, fermenta- tion by, 21, 27, 153, 161-168, 170- 173, 179-181, 202, 203
Clostridium thermoaceticum, fermenta- tion by, 82-83
Clostridium thermocellulolyticus, cellu- lose and, 274
Clostridium thermocellum, cellulose and, 274
Clostridium tyrobutyricum, fermenta- tion by, 76, 78, 132
Clostridium uracilicum, pyrimidine fer- mentation by, 182, 190, 192-193 Clostridium valerianicum, 195,197
SUBJECT INDEX 543
Clostridium welchii, doubling time of, 6
fermentation by, 76, 81, 159, 173 hyaluronidase and, 290
Clupeine, 304
hydrolysis of, 298-300
Coagulase, deoxyribonuclease and, 310 Cocarboxylase, see Diphosphothiamine Coccobacillus collorhyncus, 506
Coccus LC, amino acid fermentation by, 153, 160, 175-177
Coenzyme A, 5
fermentation and, 86, 133, 155 propionate formation and, 106 Stickland reaction and, 198
Coenzyme A transphorase, fermentation and, 133
Coenzyme Q, diaphorase and, 445 microorganisms and, 30 respiratory chain and, 321-322 Coliform bacteria, see also specific organ
isms
pyruvate oxidation by, 24 respiratory chain of, 344 Collagen, 258
decomposition of, 265, 299 Collagenase, 260, 262, 295, 299
activation of, 299 properties of, 300-301, 306
Condensing enzyme, mutants and, 237 Copper,
hydroxylamine reduction and, 452 respiratory particles and, 322 Corn, starch of, 281
Corynebacteria, evolution and, 456 Corynebacterium creatinovorans,
particles, P/O ratios and, 379 Corynebacterium diphtheriae,
iron deficiency in, 391
succinic dehydrogenase of, 337 volutin and, 358
Cotton,
cellulose of, 272-273 destruction of, 258 Creatine, 151 Creatinine,
energy and, 10 fermentation of, 28 p-Cresol, tyrosine and, 180
Crotonate, fermentation and, 81,133,134 Crotonyl coenzyme A, reduction of, 29,
454
Crustacea, chitin and, 285
Cuprammonium, cellulose and, 273 Cyanide, 427
absorption spectra and, 268 catalase and, 343
cytochrome oxidase and, 334-336, 345, 370
fermentation and, 79
luminescence and, 487, 496, 497 peroxidase and, 437
photooxidation and, 414, 463, 464 photophosphorylation and, 402, 470 photosynthetic bacteria and, 401 pyridine nucleotide oxidase and, 432 pyridine nucleotide peroxidase and,
438
resistance, flavoprotein and, 346 sulfate reduction and, 418 Cyanide hemochromogens, 387, 411 Cyanohydrins, respiration and, 370 Cysteine,
cytochrome c and, 367, 405
dihydroorotic dehydrogenase and, 451 fermentation of, 153,160-161, 202 organo-nitro compounds and, 453 photophosphorylation and, 470 proteases and, 298, 299
Stickland reaction and, 196, 197, 199 Cysteine desulfhydrase, distribution of,
160
Cystine, α-amylases and, 282 Cystine reductase, 449 Cytochrome(s), 344, 398
absorption spectra of, 365, 405 aeration and, 417
anaerobiosis and, 419-420 artificial oxidants and, 342 bacterial, 380-386
environment and, 390-392 soluble, 386-390
"Bohr effect" and, 406 chromatophores and, 462-463 function of, 370-375
growth rate and, 391 hydrogenase and, 339 iron and, 391, 410
luminescent bacteria and, 497
544 SUBJECT INDEX nature of, 365-366
nomenclature of, 366-368, 404-406 oxidation, quantum requirement of,
475
photooxidation of, 404
photosynthetic bacteria and, 400 pyridine nucleotides and, 326-333 reduction, flavoprotein and, 327-332 respiratory chain and, 320-322 summary of, 392-393
turnover numbers of, 385-386 Cytochrome a, 334, 370, 384, 385, 392, 400
absorption spectrum of, 367, 405 bacterial, 383
electrode potential and, 349 function of, 371
photosynthetic bacteria and, 406 Cytochrome ax, 384, 385
absorption spectrum of, 367 bacterial, 372, 373, 383 Cytochrome a2 , 384, 385, 410
bacterial, 372, 373, 376, 383 culture conditions and, 392 iron deficiency and, 391 oxygen tension and, 390-391 Cytochrome a* , 370, 383-385, 392
absorption spectrum of, 367 bacterial, 371-373
electrode potential and, 349 function of, 371
occurrence of, 335 Cytochrome a4 , 384, 385 Cytochrome b, 370, 383-385
absorption spectra of, 367, 405 bacterial, 375, 411
chromatophores and, 463, 466, 467 electrode potential and, 349 gluconate oxidation and, 338 isolation of, 390
nitrate reduction and, 340, 416 oxidative phosphorylation and, 399 oxygen tension and, 390-391 photophosphorylation and, 471 properties of, 389
succinic dehydrogenase and, 337 terminal oxidases and, 336 Cytochrome bi , 384, 385
bacterial, 383 Cytochrome b2 ,
function of, 375
lactic dehydrogenase and, 337
Cytochrome b4 , 384 properties of, 389, 390 Cytochrome bs ,
ascorbic acid oxidase and, 436 function of, 375
Cytochrome c, 328, 370, 383-385 absorption spectrum of, 366, 367, 369,
405
amino acids and, 387, 405, 406 anaerobiosis and, 346, 406-410 bacterial, 374-375
oxidases and, 373
properties of, 388, 409-410 separation of, 420 chromatophores and, 463 culture conditions and, 417 diaphorase and, 443
electrode potential and, 349, 350, 390 enediols and, 404
gluconate oxidation and, 338 isolation of, 386-390, 407 lactic dehydrogenase and, 337 luciferase and, 488
mammalian, 328, 331, 334, 335 nitrate reduction and, 340, 416, 417 old yellow enzyme and, 431 oxygen tension and, 391
peroxidase and, 339-340, 387, 441 phosphorylations and, 356, 399, 471 photooxidation and, 414, 463-465 photosynthetic bacteria and, 400, 405,
406
structure of, 405 succinic oxidase and, 345 sulfate reduction and, 418-419 synthesis of, 346
thiosulfate oxidation and, 339 Cytochrome c reductase, 325, 430, 438,
see also Cytochrome reductase diaphorase and, 442
diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidase and, 435-436
flavins and, 327-330 menadione and, 446 model of, 450
old yellow enzyme and, 431
pyridine nucleotide oxidase and, 433- 435
Rhodospirillum and, 464 stereospecificity of, 330 streptococcal, 431, 456
SUBJECT I N D E X 545 Cytochrome c i , 370, 383-385, 387
absorption spectrum of, 369 properties of, 388
Cytochrome c2, function of, 374 oxidation of, 464 photooxidation of, 467 Cytochrome c3 , 384
hydrogenase and, 418 iron deficiency and, 418 oxidation of, 341 properties of, 408
sulfite reduction and, 399-400 Cytochrome c4 , 384, 385, 390
properties of, 389
Cytochrome c6 , 384, 385, 390 properties of, 389
source of, 367 Cytochrome f, 367 Cytochrome GB,
properties of, 390 Cytochrome h, 367 Cytochrome o, 385 function of, 374 occurrence of, 372 Cytochrome oxidase, 344
absorption spectrum of, 372 anaerobiosis and, 346 components of, 371
"dark", heat stability of, 464 low activity of, 333-335 oxygen concentration and, 371 possible mechanisms of, 333 respiratory chain and, 320-322 Cytochrome peroxidase, 344 Cytochrome photooxidase, 344
Cytochrome reductase (s), 411, see also Cytochrome c reductase
artificial, 331-332
complex formation of, 445 components of, 333 nitrate reductase and, 416 Cytophaga,
alginic acid and, 285 glucose and, 274
Cytophaga hutchinsonii, cellulose break- down and, 269-270
Cytophaga succinicans, fermentation by, 107-108
Cytosine, fermentation of, 182,192
D
Dehydroascorbic acid reductase, gluta- thione reductase and, 449 Dehydrogenase (s), 370, 398
bacterial particles and, 376 coenzyme level, 449-450 definition of, 341-342, 430 stereospecificity of, 324-325 substrate, 450-451
Deoxyribonuclease, 260 clostridial, 310-311 electrophoresis of, 309 extracellular, 268 staphylococcal, 309-310 streptococcal, 308-309 Deoxyribonucleic acid, 5
hydrolysis of, 260, 265
2-Deoxyribose, fermentation of, 118-119 Desulfovibrio desulfuricans,
cytochrome, 399, 401, 418 properties of, 407, 408 growth of, 407-408, 418-419 nonheme iron of, 419 respiratory chain of, 344 sulfate reduction by, 340, 341 Desulfovibrio thermodesulfuricans, cyto-
chrome and, 418 Desulfoviridin,
iron deficiency and, 418 properties of, 412
Dextrin, fermentation of, 76
Diacetyl, fermentation and, 72, 73, 129 iV,iV-Diacetylchitobiose, chitinase and,
288, 289 Diaphorase (s), 453
bacterial, 444 definition of, 430
difference spectrum of, 445 ferric citrate and, 332 oxidation of, 426 significance of, 441-442 Straub's,
properties of, 443 reduction of, 442 streptococcal, 431 Dicarboxylic acid cycle,
evidence against, 233-235
Thunberg, 218-219, 225, 229, 230, 233- 235
546 SUBJECT INDEX Dicarboxylic acids, acetate oxidation
and, 238-239, 240 2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenol,
diaphorase and, 431, 443-445 photooxidation of, 403, 463, 465 photophosphorylation and, 470 respiratory chain and, 341-342 xanthine dehydrogenase and, 450 Dihydro-orotic acid, formation of, 190 Dihydroorotic dehydrogenase, 325
flavoprotein and, 351, 451 properties of, 451
Dihydrouracil, decomposition of, 192 Dihydroxyacetone,
fermentation and, 119, 125 transaldolase and, 247
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, 61, see also Triose phosphate
fermentation and, 68, 71, 96, 125 pentose phosphate cycle and, 247 2,3-Dihydroxybutyrate, fermentation
and, 81
Dihydroxymaleic acid, heme proteins and, 404
6,8-Dihydroxypurine, fermentation of, 182, 184
3,5-Diiodo-4-hydroxybenzoate, photo
phosphorylation and, 471 Diisopropyl fluorophosphate, collagen
ase and,300
Dimedon, fermentation and, 71
Dimercaptans, Stickland reaction and, 200, 201, 454
2 , 3 - Dimethoxy - 5 - methyl - ρ - benzoqui - none, diaphorase and, 445 Dinitrophenol,
phosphorylations and, 356, 357, 379, 402, 471
urate fermentation and, 184 Dipeptides, cobalt and, 301
Diphenylamine, carotenoids and, 468 1,3-Diphosphoglycerate, 210, 453
fermentation and, 68, 71
Diphosphopyridine nucleotide, 4, 68, 71, 380, see also Pyridine nucleotides analogs, peroxidase and, 439-440 artificial oxidants and, 342 chromatophores and, 466 Clostridia and, 80
crotonyl coenzyme A and, 454
cytochrome and, 375, 390, 411 deutero-labeled, 323-324 diaphorase and, 442-445
dihydroorotic dehydrogenase and, 451 electrode potential and, 348, 349 , 350,
398
fermentation and, 96, 97, 210 lactic dehydrogenase and, 354 lipoic acid and, 449
luminescence and, 483 , 486, 488-489, 498, 503
nitrate reduction and, 399 oxidation of, 325-326, 345, 375, 376 oxidative phosphorylation and, 356,
357
pentose phosphate cycle and, 249 photooxidation and, 464-465
photophosphorylation and, 469, 470, 474
photoreduction of, 472
reduced, peroxidase and, 438-439 Stickland reaction and, 198, 200, 201 Diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidases,
429, 448, 455 activity of, 428
cytochrome c reductase and, 433-435 definition of, 430
inhibitors and, 432-433 luminescence and, 486-487 Michaelis constants of, 435 separation of, 431-432 specificity of, 433
Diphosphopyridine nucleotide peroxi
dase, 442, 448
absorption spectrum of, 438-440 isolation and properties of, 437-438 mechanism and kinetics of, 440-441 streptococcal, 431-432
value of, 455 Diphosphothiamine, 4
acetoin and, 92-93 energy and, 9-10, 15 fermentation and, 86
pentose cleavage and, 113, 246 pyruvate oxidase and, 447, 450-451 Stickland reaction and, 198 Diplococcus glycinophilus,
glycine fermentation by, 22, 82, 153, 168-170, 189
glycine peptides and, 170
SUBJECT I N D E X 5 4 7
α,α'-Dipyridyl, see α,α'-Bipyridyl Direct flavoprotein oxidases, 446-448
definition of, 430
Disaccharides, formation of, 4 Dithionite, reduction of, 399, 418 Dodecanal, luminescence and, 502-503
Ε Eberthella, formate and, 86 Electrode potential (s),
biologically interesting, 349 formula for, 348
Electroluminescence, 481
Electron acceptors, artificial, 430, 441 Electron transport,
anaerobic, phosphorylation and, 453- 454
dicarboxylic acid cycle and, 211-212 energy and, 28-30
fermentation and, 210
general considerations, 319-320 luminescence and, 496-497 noncytochrome, 425-426
pentose phosphate cycle and, 249 'Oxidative anaerobes" and, 398 quantitative aspects of, 352-355 thermodynamic considerations, 346-
352, 398-401
tricarboxylic acid cycle and, 212-213 Electron transport particle, composition
of, 434
Emulsin, cellulose breakdown and, 276 Energy,
alternate routes and, 11, 243-252 alternative substrates and, 44 assimilation and, 47-49
carbohydrate fermentation and, 13-21 cycles and, 12, 209-210
electron transfer and, 28-30 enzyme induction and, 11-12 irreversible reactions and, 12 key enzymes, and, 11
luminescence and, 481-482, 507 pyruvate and, 12
tricarboxylic acid cycle and, 211-243 Enzymes,
bacterial particles and, 377 extracellular, 267-268 induced, 5, 112, 271-272
intracellular, liberation of, 268-269
Erwinea, chitin and, 286
Erwinia carotovora, fermentation by, 87, 88, 89, 122, 129
Erythritol, fermentation and, 102, 104, 108,110,119,121
Erythrocytes, catalase of, 343 Erythrose fermentation of, 121 Erythrose-4-phosphate, 94, 248
energy and, 16
fermentation and, 101,116,121 formation of, 15
transaldolase and, 247
Erythrulose, fermentation of, 111, 119, 121
Escherichia coli, 153, 308, see also Coli- form bacteria
acetate oxidation, 243 anaerobic, 231-232 acetate requiring, 321, 338
pyruvate oxidase of, 450 anaerogenic, 86
ascorbate and, 436 carbon monoxide and, 374 carrier experiments and, 224-225 chitin and, 286
cysteine and, 160
cytochrome of, 369, 383, 385, 386, 390 cytochrome reductase of, 328, 331 diaphorase of, 444
difference spectrum of, 382, 384 doubling time of, 6
enzyme activities of, 7
fermentation by, 82-86, 112, 114, 118, 123, 131
formate oxidation by, 48 glutathione reductase of, 449, 450 glyoxylate bypass and, 241-242 growth yield of, 30, 33, 34, 39 heminless, 343
hydrogenase of, 339 isotopic acetate and, 229
lipoic dehydrogenase and, 449, 450 lysine and, 173, 174
malate synthetase of, 240 metabolic contributions of, 5 metabolic quotients of, 6
nitrate reduction by, 340, 341, 416, 452 organo-nitro compounds and, 452, 453 oxidation rates of, 221-222
oxidative phosphorylation by, 357
548 SUBJECT I N D E X particles, 387, 391
P/O ratio and, 379
pentose phosphate cycle and, 245, 251 peroxidase and, 437, 441
polyphosphates and, 48-49 pyridine nucleotide and, 326 pyruvate cleavage by, 81 pyruvic dehydrogenase of, 338 pyruvate oxidation by, 22, 24, 51, 456 quinone reductases of, 331
serine and, 175
streptomycin-resistant, 346 succinate oxidation by, 337 terminal oxidase of, 372-374 threonine and, 176
tricarboxylic acid cycle and, 218, 219, 236-238, 243
tryptophan and, 179 tyrosine and, 180 volutin and, 358
Escherichia freundi, fermentation by, 122, 123
Esterases, 299 liberation of, 269
Ethanol, 12, 41, 61, 210, see also Alco- hol (s)
diphosphopyridine nucleotide and, 324 fermentation and, 63, 64, 67-73, 76, 77, 79 , 80, 82, 84-91, 94-100, 108-110, 112,114,115,117-124,126,127,129- 136, 138, 158, 176, 454
photooxidation of, 463-464 pyruvate oxidation and, 24-25 Stickland reaction and, 197 Ethanol -acetate,
energy, and, 8
fermentation and, 131-134
Ethanolamine, chromatophore lipid and, 462
Ether, luminescence and, 499
Ethyl carbamate, luminescence and, 499 Ethylenediaminetetraacetate,
deoxyribonuclease and, 310 peptidase and, 301
xanthine fermentation and, 186 Eubacteriales, chitin and, 287
Eubacter sarcosinogenum, creatinine fer- mentation by, 28
Evolution,
anaerobes and, 456
luminescent bacteria and, 506-507 F
Fatty acid(s),
anaerobes and, 201-202 fermentation and, 131-34, 152 oxidation of, 8
pyridine nucleotide peroxidase and, 438
Stickland reaction and, 197 synthesis, 134
flavins and, 456
Fatty acid dehydrogenases, electrode po- tential and, 349-351
Fatty acyl coenzyme A, electrons and, 349 respiratory chain and, 323 Fermentation,
2,3-butanediol and, 86-91 butyric acid, 76-82 carbon pathways and, 60 chain length and, 61, 110-121 Embden-Meyerhof pathway of, 67-69 energy yield and, 61-62, 99,100,108 heterolactic, 94-99
hexose diphosphate pathway, 67-93 homoacetic, 82-83
homolactic, 72-76, 111 hydrogen acceptors and, 60-61 mechanism, organism and, 62 methodology,
balances and, 63-65 biochemical studies and, 67 radioisotopes and, 65-67 mixed acid, 83^86
mixed polyol, 108-110
oxidation-reduction state and, 122-129 propionic acid, 101-108
solvent-producing, 78-79 substrates of, 62 yeast ethanolic, 69-72 Ferric citrate, see also Iron
reduction of, 332
Ferric 8-hydroxyquinoline chelate, re- duction of, 332
Ferricyanide,
bacteriochlorophyll and, 475 chromatophores and, 466
SUBJECT I N D E X 549 diaphorase and, 431, 443-445
gluconate oxidation and, 338 luciferase and, 487
pyridine nucleotide peroxidase and, 437-438
pyruvate oxidase and, 447, 450 respiratory chain and, 341-342 xanthine dehydrogenase and, 450 Ferrous citrate, see also Iron
cytochrome c and, 331 Ferrous ions, enediols and, 404 Fibrin, 304
hydrolysis of, 299, 306
Firefly, selective advantage of, 506 Fish, luminescent bacteria and, 505 Flavin (s), 398, see also Riboflavin
absorption spectra of, 327, 329 diaphorase and, 442, 444 hydrogenase and, 339 nitrate reductase and, 341 nitrogen source and, 45
photosynthetic bacteria and, 400 Stickland reaction and, 197 Flavin adenine dinucleotide, 327, 328
diaphorase and, 443, 444
dihydroorotic dehydrogenase and, 451 diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidase
and, 432, 435, 438 electrode potential and, 349 glutathione reductase and, 449 glycerophosphate oxidation and, 448 lactate oxidase and, 447
nitrate reduction and, 452-453 pyridine nucleotide peroxidase and, 437 pyruvate oxidase and, 447, 450-451 succinic dehydrogenase and, 336 Flavin mononucleotide, 327,328, 453
cytochrome reduction and, 331 diaphorase and, 443-445
dihydroorotic dehydrogenase and, 451 electrode potential and, 349
hydroxylamine reduction and, 452 lactic dehydrogenase and, 337 lactate oxidase and, 448
luminescence and, 483,485-489,496,503 old yellow enzyme and, 431
oxidative phosphorylation and, 357 photooxidation of, 464-465 Flavobacterium,
chitin and, 286
heparin and, 271, 296-297 hyaluronidase and, 262, 291 Flavoprotein (s), 344, 370,380 artificial oxidants and, 342 autoxidation of, 340, 345 cyanide resistance and, 346 cytochrome reduction and, 327-332 diaphorase activity and, 441-442 direct respiration and, 346 disulfide reductases and, 450 electrode potential and, 350,351-352 electron transport and, 426, 447 evolution and, 456
nitrate reduction and, 416 nomenclature of, 430
phosphorylations and, 29, 356, 454 pyruvate oxidation and, 22-23 quinones and, 332
respiration, characteristics of, 428 respiratory chain and, 320-323 succinate oxidation and, 336 terminal oxidase and, 374
Flavoprotein oxidase, 354-355, 393 , 428 Flavoprotein peroxidase,
atypical, 436-437 distribution of, 441
Fluorescence, definition of, 480-481 Fluoride, fermentation and, 67, 73,79-80,
102, 104, 108, 193 Folic acid,
cycles and, 12 energy and, 7
pyruvate oxidation and, 23 , 450 Formaldehyde,
catalase and, 342
fermentation and, 107, 137, 138 glycine fermentation and, 169,189 Formamide,
fermentation and, 171-173 histidine degradation and, 27 Formate,
allantoin fermentation and, 193 amino acid fermentation and, 160,162,
171, 173, 176, 177 carbon dioxide and, 170 catalase and, 342, 343 energy and, 25-27
fermentation and, 70, 72, 73, 76-79, 81- 91, 103, 107, 114, 115, 117-119, 122, 127-131, 135, 137, 138
550 SUBJECT I N D E X histidine degradation and, 27
lysine degradation and, 174 oxidation of, 356, 376
pyruvate oxidation and, 24,26,353-354 purine fermentation and, 182-188 respiratory chain and, 323 Formic dehydrogenase,
bacterial particles and, 376 fermentation and, 86, 89
Formiminoaspartate, histamine and, 173 Formiminoglutamic acid, histidine deg-
radation and, 27, 171-172
Formiminoglycine, purine fermentation and, 26, 186-189
Formiminoglycine formimino trans- ferase, 188
Formiminotetrahydrofolic acid, histidine and, 172
purine fermentation and, 187-189 Formiminotetrahydrofolic cyclodeamin-
ase, 188
Formylase, purine fermentation and, 26 Formylaspartate, histamine and, 173 Formyl kinase, energy pathway and, 6 Formyltetrahydrofolic acid, 172
carbon dioxide and, 170 energy and, 10
purine fermentation and, 26, 187, 188 Free energy,
equations for, 347 pH and, 352 Fructose, 61
fermentation of, 76, 82, 95, 96, 99-100, 121-123, 125-126
growth yield and, 39
luminescent bacteria and, 491 oxidation of, 436-437 Fructose diphosphate, 210, 246
Clostridia and, 80
fermentation and, 67, 68, 101 formation of, 247
Fructose-6-phosphate, 248 cleavage of, 101 Clostridia and, 80
fermentation and, 68,104,110,116-117, 120
formation of, 94, 247 phosphoketolase and, 15 recycling of, 250
Fucose, blood group substances and, 296
Fumarase, 164
bacterial particles and, 376 Fumarate, 25, 192, 219
acetate oxidation and, 231-233, 243 electrode potential and, 348, 349 electron transfer and, 211, 213 fermentation and, 72, 81, 105, 123, 129 formation of, 159, 216
growth yield and, 40-41 hydrogenase and, 339
isotopic experiments and, 229-230 malonate poisoning and, 215, 222 oxidation of, 220, 221
photooxidation and, 465 photophosphorylation and, 469 reduction of, 352-353
sequential induction and, 235-236 Fumarate reductase, 336-337 Fungi,
cellulose breakdown and, 276-277 chitin and, 285-287
tricarboxylic acid cycle and, 243 tryptophan and, 179
Furacin, diaphorase and, 444
Fusarium lint, fermentation by, 70, 112 Fusobacterium nucleatum, amino acid
fermentation by, 153,168,170,175- 176, 179-181
G
Galactosamine, blood group substances and, 296
Galactose,
blood group substances and, 296 fermentation of, 13, 76, 82, 102 0-Galactosidase, energy pathway and, 6 Galacturonate,
fermentation of, 122, 129 pectin and, 284
pectinase and, 271
Gas ratio test, basis of, 87, 88 Gelatin, 297
hydrolysis of, 269, 299-300, 303, 306 Gelatinase,
activation of, 298 specificity of, 304
Generation time, mammalian cells, 6 Genetics, bacterial, 5
Gluconate, 94
fermentation of, 100, 102, 122, 126-129
SUBJECT I N D E X 551 formation of, 16
growth yield and, 36, 37 isotopic, oxidation of, 251, 252 oxidation of, 338, 437
respiratory chain and, 323 Glucono-1,4-lactone,
cellulose breakdown and, 278, 279 hydrolysis of, 16, 20
Glucosamine,
blood group substances and, 296 fermentation of, 97
heparin and, 296 Glucose,
blood group substances and, 296 cellular carbon and, 43-44 cellulose breakdown and, 276-279 cellulose structure and, 272-273 cellulose utilization and, 274-275 chitinase and, 288
Clostridia and, 80 Cytophaga and, 270
fermentation of, 64-68,73,78,80,82,84, 85, 87, 95-99,102-104,106,107,109, 122-124, 126-128, 170, 210, 453 growth yield measurements and, 34-39 isotopic,
oxidation of, 251
pentose phosphate cycle and, 249-250 luminescent bacteria and, 491, 499 mutants and, 237 , 238
oxidation, 247-249, 338, 427-429, 436, 437-448, 455
phosphorylation and, 356,386 respiratory chain and, 323 toxicity, heating and, 274
Glucose oxidase, cellulose breakdown and, 276
Glucose-1-phosphate, 5 Glucose-6-phosphate, 248
Clostridia and, 80
fermentation and, 68, 98-100, 117 oxidation of, 94, 244-245, 427 respiratory chain and, 323
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 21, 245
fermentation and, 97, 98 luminescence and, 488,498 e-Glucosidase(s),
cellulose breakdown and, 276 inhibition of, 278
Glucosido-xylose, 5 Glucosyl transfer, 4 Glucuronate,
heparin and, 296 fermentation of, 122
Δ 4,5-Glucuronate, heparin and, 297 Glutamate, 5, 191
energy and, 7
fermentation and, 21, 152, 153, 161- 168, 172-173, 202, 203
glycolysis and, 49, 50 histidine degradation and, 27 luminescent bacteria and, 491 mutants and, 237
respiratory chain and, 323 Stickland reaction and, 196, 198 yeast and, 231
Glutamic decarboxylase, 165
Glutamic dehydrogenase, Stickland re
action and,198
Glutaminase, glycolysis and, 50 Glutamine, 151
fermentation and, 79 glycolysis and, 49, 50 Glutathione reductase,
photooxidation and, 465 properties of, 449
Glyceraldehyde, fermentation and, 81 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, 248, see also,
Triose phosphate alternate pathways and, 250 electrode potential and, 349
fermentation and, 67, 68, 71, 97-101, 104, 113, 116, 118, 124
formation of, 94, 246 oxidation of, 210
oxidative phosphorylation and, 356 pentose phosphate cycle and, 247 respiratory chain and, 323 transaldolase and, 247
Glyceraldehyde -3 -phosphate dehy dro - genase, 453
clostridial, 80 fermentation and, 97 Glycerol, 61
fermentation and, 63, 64, 68-73, 84, 85, 87-90, 94-96, 102, 108-110, 122, 215 fermentation of, 103-106, 111, 122-125 growth yield and, 36
5 5 2 SUBJECT INDEX light scattering and, 369
luminescent bacteria and, 491, 492 oxidation of, 429, 436, 455 pyruvate and, 12 symmetry of, 125
tyrosine degradation and, 180 α-Glycerophosphate, 61
direct oxidase of, 448, 455
fermentation and, 68, 71, 96, 102, 125 oxidation of, 376
respiratory chain and, 323
α-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, 322 Glycine,
allantoin fermentation and, 193 cell walls and, 312
energy and, 7
fermentation of, 82,153,168-170,189 glyoxylate bypass and, 242
purine fermentation and, 26, 183-189, 202
pyruvate formation and, 22
Stickland reaction and, 195, 196, 199, 201, 202, 203, 454
threonine and, 177 Glycogen,
accumulation of, 48 carbon balance and, 11 glycerol and, 125 Glycolaldehyde, active, 246 Glycolate, 41
allantoin and, 193 fermentation and, 119, 121 Glycolysis, 4
carbon balance and, 10 control of, 49-51 energy and, 9, 13-15 luminescence and, 488 Glycylproline, 304 Glyoxylate, 41, 194
condensation of, 240 fermentation and, 81 formation of, 239
glycine degradation and, 169 oxidation of, 239
Glyoxylate bypass, 12 significance of, 240-242 Growth,
uncoupling and, 51 yield,
energy requirements and, 45-47 energy yield and, 34-42
measurement of, 30-34 restrictions on, 42-45
Guanase, purine fermentation and, 184 Guanine, fermentation of, 26, 182, 184,
189, 190
Guanosine, fermentation of, 182 Gum arabic, antisera and, 294-295
Η
Hansenula anomala, nitrate reduction by, 452
Heart,
coenzyme Q, of 321-322 cytochrome c reductase of, 330 diaphorase of, 332, 442 electron transport in, 345 enzyme activities of, 7
pyridine nucleotide oxidase of, 434 succinic dehydrogenase of, 336 Helix pomatia, chitinase of, 286-287 Hematin,
chromatophores and, 463 peroxidase and, 343 Heme protein,
chromatophores and, 402, 463, 466 function of, 413-419
photophosphorylation and, 471 Hemicelluloses, cellulose utilization and,
274
Hemin, cytochrome and, 388-389 Hemoglobin, 304
hydrolysis of, 299, 303, 305 Hemolysin, 304
Hemoproteins, see Cytochromes Heparin,
chondroitin sulfatase and, 293 hydrolysis of, 271, 296-297
Heptanoate, fermentation and, 131, 132 2 - Heptyl -4 - hydroxyquinoline- Ν -oxide,
nitrate reduction and, 416 Hexitols, fermentation of, 122 Hexoninase, fermentation and, 97 Hexonic acids, fermentation of, 125-129 Hexose, pentose fermentation and, 114-
117
Hexose diphosphate, 14
fermentation pathways and, 67-93,102, 106
Hexosemonophosphate(s), 4, see also specific sugars
alternate routes and, 11
