SUBJECT INDEX

SUBJECT INDEX

Age variation of fluid, effect on mixing, 85, 86

Agitator drives, experimental, 168-172 Anchor agitators, 117, 307

heat transfer, 298-299, 301, 319, 320 power, 141, 152

Axial diffusion in pipes, 49-50 Backmixing, 49, 85

Baffles,

cruciform, 158

effect on heat transfer, 319 effect on power, 156-159 finger, 158

with helical coils, 158 standard design, 157 swirl reduction from, 156 effect on time of mixing, 215-216 viscosity range for use of, 157 Baffling, full, 157

Batch mixing in agitated vessels, 165, 208- 248

Blending, see also Batch mixing, Continuous mixing

energy for, 216, 233-234 Bulk diffusion, 8, 9, 48, 60

in laminar mixing, 66 in packed beds, 101 in pipes, 101 Channels, mixing in, 90 Chemical reaction, 2, 60, 80-82

effect of age variation on, 85, 86 in agitated vessels, 82

in homogeneous fluid, 81 in isotropic regime, 82 turbulence effects on, 80 in well-stirred vessels, 82, 83 Circulation, 263

Circulation time, 205, 263 Close-clearance agitators, 298-302

see also Proximity agitators Closure problem of turbulence theory,

28-35, 67, 80, 88 Coils,

heat transfer from helical, 287-296 heat transfer inside of, 314-315

Coils,

heat transfer from vertical baffle-type, 287, 288

effect on power, 158

Concentration fluctuation measurement, 40, 41

Concentration measurement, 64-66, 101, 230, 268

Concentration transients in mixing vessels, 250-274

Concentration uniformity, 219

Conductivity probes, 64, 205, 211, 219, 239, 245

Cone impellers, 118 power, 144 Continuous mixing,

in agitated vessels, 248-275 effect of

flow

Crutcher, 117

Crystallization, 301, 303 Curved-blade turbines,

discharge rate for, 206 discharge velocity for, 181

Decay of turbulence, 29, 92 Degree of mixing,

by conductivity probe, 64, 65, 83 by fiber-optics probe, 64 by light absorption, 64 by potentiometric probe, 64, 65 by smoke tracer, 64, 65

Diffusion, see also Molecular diffusion axial in pipes, 49-50

in fluidized bed, 55 of kinetic energy, 36 in laminar flow, 8, 9 in packed bed, 51 Dimensional analysis, 120, 280 Discharge rates of impellers,

in baffled vessels, 199, 204 335

Discharge rates of impellers, curved-blade turbine, 206 definition, 190, 198 direct measurement, 202

electrical conductivity measurement of, 205

flat-blade turbine, 206

mixing-time relationship, 209-210 pitched-blade turbine, 184, 206 propellers, 186, 203, 206 theoretical, 161, 180-187 from tracer circulation times, 205 turbines, 203

in unbaffled vessels, 185, 193, 196 from velocity data, 187

Discharge velocity,

curved-blade turbine, 181 turbines in baffled vessels, 199-201 turbines in unbaffled vessels, 188, 189,

194-197 Disk impellers, 118,143

Double-motion agitator, heat transfer with, 303, 310, 320

Draft tubes, 159

Drag coefficients, 123, 125 Drilling mud mixing, 165

Drive selection, experimental units, 168-170 Drying, indirect, 303

Dynamic similarity, 121,126

Eccentric impeller mounting, effect on power, 155 propeller, 153

swirl reduction from, 155 turbine, 155

Edible oil blending, 165

Eddy diffusion, 8, 10, 38, 40-48, 90 from fixed source, 46

in shear flow, 48 in turbulent flow, 60 Eddy diffusivity, 42, 90

measurement of, 91

Electrical conductivity measurement, of continuous mixing, 254 of discharge rates of impellers, 205 of time of mixing, 211, 219, 239, 243,

245

Energy for blending, 216, 233-234 Energy transfer in turbulent flow, 37 Eulerian correlation coefficient, 44 Eulerian description, 11

Fick's laws of diffusion, 9 Finger baffles, 158

First order reaction, effect of mixing on, 84 Flow from impellers, see Discharge rates of

impellers Fluidized beds,

axial diffusion in, 57 mixing in, 101

radial diffusion in, 56, 57

Frequency response of agitated vessels, 253, 254, 270-271

Froude number, 122,127,128 Gas-liquid systems,

multiple impellers, 148 power data, 145 Gas-solid systems,

axial mixing in, 57 diffusion in, 57 Geometric similarity, 121 Goodness of mixing, 58 Head developed by impeller, 161 Heat transfer, 279-324

anchor agitator, 298-299, 301, 319, 320 baffle effect on, 319

baffle type coils, 288-295 boiling liquids, 297 cements, 322

coil film coefficients (inside), 314-315, 323

coil-in-wall constructions, 322 design, 315-323

dimensional analysis, 280-281 dimpled jacket, 322

double-motion agitators, 303-310, 320 to helical coils, 287-295

helical ribbon agitators, 164, 298, 299, 320

helical screw agitators, 298, 301 jacket construction, 321

jacket film coefficients (inside), 323 jacket nozzles, 322, 323

mass transfer analogy, 297 natural convection, 320

non-proximity agitators, 280-297 paddles, 319

penetration theory for, 308-309 propellers, 319

proximity agitators, 297-310, 320 scale-up of, 315-317

scraping blade agitators, 303-310 spiral baffles for jackets, 322

Subject Index 337 Heat transfer,

effect of suspended solids, 296-297 turbines, 319

Votator, 304-306, 308-310 Heat transfer to coils,

design, 319-320

effect of immiscible phases, 296 impeller clearance effect, 296 liquid depth effect, 296 multiple impellers, 293 tank shape effects, 296 turbines, 290-293 Heat transfer to jacket,

baffle effect on, 287 gassing effect on, 287, 289 impeller clearance effect, 287 impeller type effects, 287 multiple impellers, 287 paddles, 280, 282-286 propellers, 280, 282-284 turbines, 280, 282-284, 287 Heat transfer inside coils, 314-315 Heat transfer inside jackets, 311-314, 323

free convection effects, 314 Heat transfer to vertical pipes, 287-288 Helical coils, 158

with baffles, 158

Helical ribbon agitators, 143, 298, 299 blending viscous fluids, 164 heat transfer, 164, 288, 299, 320 power data, 143

Helical screw agitators, 117, 298, 301 Homogeneity in turbulent flow, 11 Horizontal mounting of propellers, 154 Horseshoe agitators, see Anchor agitators Hot-film anemometer, 39

Hot-wire anemometer, 39, 40 Ideal mixer, see Well-stirred mixer Immiscible streams, reaction between, 81 Impellers, see also specific type, such as

propellers, turbines, etc.

high shear, 118, 164 theoretical head, 182

Impeller discharge rates, see Discharge rates of impellers

Impeller selection, 161-164

Inhomogeneous field, closing of equations, 88

Intensity of mixing, 1, 2, 59

Intensity of segregation, 58-60, 61-63 Isotropy in turbulent flow, 11

Jackets,

condensing-steam, heat transfer in, 311 heat transfer inside of, 311-314, 323 heat transfer to, 280-287, 297-310 Jet mixing, 60, 239-245, 272

Jet reactor, 82

Kârmân-Howarth equation, 26,27, 68 Lagrangian description, 11

Laminar mixing, 66, 101 Laminar flames, mixing in, 60 Leaf-type paddle, power data, 143 Liquid-solid systems,

diffusion in, 57 Mass transfer, 2

Microscale of turbulence, 45

Mixing of highly viscous materials, 306-307 Mixing,

criteria for 61 definition of, 1, 57 by eddy diffiusion, 58, 60 extruder, 67

goodness of, 58 inhomogeneous field, 87

intensity of segregation, 58-60, 64 in laminar flames, 60

nonisotropic field, 87

pipe, 3, 67, 76, 78, 80, 84, 90, 93 effect on reaction, 2, 60, 80-82 of scalar quantities, 68-79, 87-92 scale of, 61

scale of segregation, 58 shear-flow analysis, 87, 88 viscous materials, 66, 67 water tunnel, 100 Mixing results,

pipe flow, 92, 93 wind tunnel, 92

Molecular diffusion, 8, 9, 58-61, 101 in laminar flow, 49-51

in turbulent flow, 46 Mixing times, see Time of mixing Navier Stokes equation, 26, 88, 122 Non-ideal mixer, reaction in, 84, 85 Non-isotropic field, closing of equations, 88 Non-proximity agitators, 280

Non-Newtonian fluids, power correlations, 148-152

Packed bed diffusion, 51 Packed beds,

axial diffusion, 53-55 mixing in, 101 radial diffusion, 52 Paddles,

applications, 163 blending use of, 163 definition of, 116 double motion, 117 finger, 117 gate, 117 glassed steel, 117 leaf, 117

non-Newtonian power, 152 power correlations, 139-143 reverse pitch, 117

Paper pulp agitation, 166

Penetration theory of heat transfer, 308- 309

Petroleum oil mixing, 228

Photometric measurement of dye concen- tration, 268

Pickling steel, 165

Pipe, mixing in, 3, 67, 78, 80, 84, 90, 93 Pitched-blade turbine discharge rates, 184,

206 Plating metals, 165

Plug-flow pipeline mixing, 86 Power,

anchors, 141, 152 effect of baffles, 156-159 effect of coils on, 289 cone, 144

correlating method, 124-128 correlations, 119-152 dilatant fluids, 149 dimensional analysis, 120 disk impeller, 143 flow rate effect, 159 gas interface absent, 159 gas-liquid systems, 145 gate-type paddle, 143 geometry effects, 127, 131 glassed paddle, 143 helical ribbon, 143 laminar regime, 125 leaf-type paddle, 143

non-Newtonian fluids, 148-152 paddles, 139-143

propellers, 128-131 tank shape effect, 159

Power,

tapered-blade turbine, 144 theoretical, 182

transition regime, 126 turbines, 132 turbulent regime, 125 Power measurement,

electrical methods, 170 dynamometers, 170 Power number, 123-128 Power selection, 160, 164-168 Propellers,

applications, 162

blending performance, 162 design of, 113

discharge flow rates, 186, 203, 206 eccentric mounting, 153

hand of, 113 pitch of, 113, 129

power correlations, 128-131 power in non-Newtonian fluids, 152 side-entering, see Side-entering

propellers

system geometry effect on power, 131 time of mixing, 213-215, 222, 225 viscosity sensitivity of, 162

Property transients in mixing vessels, 250- 274

Proximity agitators, 280, 298-302 anchor, 117, 307

double-motion agitator, 307 helical ribbon, 307

Votator, 308 Quenching of steel, 165 Radial diffusion,

in fluidized beds, 56 in slurry flows, 56, 57 Reaction, chemical, 2, 60, 80-82 Reactors, mixing in, 64 Reciprocating impellers, 118

Residence-time distribution, effect of mixing on, 86, 87

Reynolds number, 120-122 Reynolds stress, 26 Salt cake dissolving, 166 Scalars mixing of, 68-79, 87-92 Scale of mixing, 1, 2, 59, 61, 83 Scale of segregation, 58, 61, 62 Scale in turbulence, 11

339 Scale-up,

batch mixing performance, 245-246 general methods, 166-168

heat transfer, 315-317 time of mixing, 245-246 turbulent mixing, 72, 73

Scraping blade agitators, 303-306, 308-310 see also Proximity agitators

Second order reaction, effect of mixing, 84, 87

Self mixing, 81, 85 Shear mixing, 66

Side-entering propellers, time of mixing, 225-238

Slurry flows, radial diffusion in, 56, 57 Solid-liquid systems, power data, 148 Spargers, 147

Spectral energy distribution, 11

Statistical theory of turbulence, see Turbu- lence

Starting torque of impellers, 160 Stator-ring baffle, 158

Suspended-solids heat transfer, 296, 297 Swirl in large tanks, 154

Swirl reduction, effect of tank shape, 159 Swirling, see Vortexing

Tapered blade turbine, 118, 144 Taylor diffusion, 9, 48, 60 Tetraethyl-lead blending, 232 Time of mixing,

baffle effect, 215-216

impeller diameter effect, 235, 237 liquid depth effect, 222-223 measurement by concentration, 230 measurement by density, 228, 231, 235 measurement by electrical conductivity,

211,219, 239,243,245

measurement by indicator, 217, 222, 225, 243

measurement by Schlieren, 209 measurement by temperature, 233 measurement by tracer circulation, 220 momentum flux role, 227

propellers, 209-211,213-215,222,225 relationship to discharge rates, 209 scale-up of, 245-246

side-entering propellers, 225-238 turbines, 211, 215-220, 224

Transient concentrations in vessels, 250-274 Turbines,

applications, 163

Turbines,

arrowhead, 115 blending use of, 163 curved-blade, 115, 132, 163 definitions of, 114 disk, 132

disk, flat-blade, 115 dispersion use of, 163 flat-blade, 114, 132

pitched-blade, 115, 163, 184, 206 pitched-curved blade, 115 pitched-vane, 115 shrouded, 115, 136, 163 solid suspension use of, 163 tapered-blade, 118

tilted-blade, 115

time of mixing, 211, 215-220, 224 types of, 114-115

Turbines in baffled vessels, discharge velo- city, 199-201

Turbines in unbaffled vessels, discharge velocity, 188, 189, 194-197

Turbine power, baffle effect on, 136 blade pitch effect, 135 correlations for, 132 blade curvature effects, 136 impeller geometry effects, 135 multiple impellers, 137 non-Newtonian fluids, 152 rotation direction effect, 139 shroud effect, 136

system geometry effects, 136 tilted blade mounting, 136 Turbulence,

analogies, 38

effect on chemical reaction, 80 correlation in, 11

correlation, triple velocity, 17 decay of, 29, 92

energy balances in, 35, 36 energy spectrum theory, 20 energy tensor, 21

Eulerian correlation function, 14, 15, 16, 23, 24

Eulerian correlation tensor, 14, 23 experimental methods, 38, 39 frequency of velocity fluctuations, 20 homogeneous, 11,12

intensity, 18,24 intermittency, 36-38 isotropic, 11, 12

Turbulence,

Lagrangian correlation function, 15, 16, 23, 24

Lagrangian length scales, 19 microscale of, 45

production, 35

scale of, 11, 18, 19, 2 4 , 4 4 smallest eddies, 34

spectral energy distribution, 20 spectrum, 11, 20

spectrum functions, 25 spectrum tensor, 21

statistical theory of, 10, 11, 14, 67 time scale, 19

transfer function, 27 viscous force effects, 32 wave number space, 20 wave number vector, 20 Turbulent diffusion, 40,10|1 Turbulent flames, mixing in, 60 Turbulent fluid motion, 10 Turbulent mixing, 10, 58

closure problem, 28-35, 67, 80, 88

Turbulent mixing,

diffusion tinie^forgases in, 73, 74 high Schmidt numbers, 71 isotropic field, 68-70

in pipes, 3, 67, 78, 80, 84, 90, 93 scale-up, 72,73

Turbulent motion equations, 25-28 Turbulent shear flow, 13

Turbulent systems, energy transfer in, 35, Two-phase fluid properties, 144 Velocity fluctuation measurement, 39 Vertical coils, baffling action, 158 Viscosity of liquid-liquid systems, 144 Viscous dissipation of energy, 35, 36 Viscous materials, mixing of, 66, 67 Vortexing, see also Swirl

Vortexing effect on power, 127 Votator, 304-306, 308-310 Waste treatment, 166

Wilson plot for heat transfer, 311 Well-stirred mixer, 84, 86