A
Acheson graphitization process, 12-14 Alloy steels (high-strength), 327-405
alloying elements in, 331 aluminum in, 334 applications of, 346-347 carbon in, 382 chromium in, 384 classification, 329-331 columbium-treated, 343
commercial types, 338-339, 341 copper in, 383
corrosion of, 344-346 extra high-strength, 349-358
applications, 355 commercial types, 351 description of, 349-350 fabrication, 355-358 properties, 350-355 fabrication, 347-349 forms available, 342 manganese in, 382 molybdenum in, 334 nitrogen in, 383 properties, 342-346 silicon in, 383
specifications, 396-397 titanium in, 334 types, 334-342
ultrahigh-strength, 358-405 applications, 386-387 forming of, 387 heat treating of, 398-405 properties, 370^380 toughness of, 380-386 types, 358-370 welding of, 391-398 vanadium in, 334 zirconium in, 334
Alloys, radiation effects on, 137-142 Aluminum,
as bearing material, 178, 209^215 aluminum-tin alloys, 210-213 automotive, 213-214
steel-backed, 214-215 radiation effects on, 133-134
Β Bearing materials, 173-241
abrasive wear and, 179-180 aluminum as, 178, 209-213 boundary skiding and, 177-179 bronze as, 195-199
copper-base alloys as, 178, 194-209 corrosion properties, 182
for dry bearings, 218-237 assessment of, 223-225 performance of, 235 types, 221-225 dry sliding and, 177-179 fluid lubrication, 176-177 iron as, 216
lead as, 178
lubricated, assessment of, 218 molybdenum disulfide, 227-228 nonmetallic, 216-218
oil-impregnated, 208-209 plastic, 21&-218, 222 polyacetal as, 228-229 polyamide as, 228-229
polytetrafluoroethylene as, 222, 229- 234
properties required for, 175-182 properties of various, 219 pseudo-alloys as, 216
selection criteria for, 182-188 silver as, 216
sliding properties and, 176-180 strength properties of, 180-182 tests for, 183-188
field, 187-188 rig, 184
single-contact, 183-184 wear and seizure rigs, 186 thermosetting plastic as, 228 tin as, 178
Viking test machine for, 185 whitemetal alloys as, 188-198 zinc as, 178, 215-218
Beryllium, radiation effects on, 133 Boron nitride, as solid lubricant, 257-257 Bronze, as bearing material, 195-199 416
C pyrolytic, 14
radiation effects on, 133
radiation and emissivity of, 38-39 reactions of,
with gas, 52-54 with liquids, 54-55 with solids, 55 resistivity of, 39-43 rocket nozzles, 65-67 seals, 59-62 strength of, 25-28 surface area of, 16-17
thermal conductivity of, 34-36 thermal expansion of, 36-37 thermal shock of, 37-38
thermoelectric properties and Hall co
efficient of, 43
Ceramic reactor fuels, 146-147 Ceramic-bonded solid lubricants, 2 8 1 -
287
Ceramics, radiation effects on, 124—125, 142-147
Cermets, as solid lubricants, 294 Copper,
as bearing material, 178, 194-209 bronzes, 195-199
copper-lead alloys, 199-208 with whitemetal, 208 radiation effects on, 134
Ε
Elastomers, radiation effects on, 149—150 Electrographites, 16
F Fluorocarbon resins,
impregnated, 278-279 as solid lubricants, 275-279 Fuel cells, carbon and graphite use in,
90-92
G G value, definition of, 130 Graphite(s), 1-99
anodes, 75
applications of, 59-82 chemical, 74-79 electrical, 67-74 mechanical, 59-63 Carbides, as solid lubricants, 294
Carbon(s), 1-99 applications, 59-82
chemical, 74-79 electrical, 67-74 mechanical, 59-63 nuclear, 79-82 thermal, 63-67 arc lights, 70-72 bearings, 62 brushes, 67-70 cloth, 89-90
contact properties of, 43-47 density of, 16-17
in electric arc, 47-50 electricity and creep, 20>~22 electrodes, 73-74
friction, 28-32 in fuel cells, 90-92 furnace parts, 63-65 gas permeability of, 17-18 glassy, 85-86, 93
graphitization, 12-13 hardness, 22-24 heat capacity, 33-34
heats of fusion and vaporization, 3 2 - 33
in high-temperature seals and bear
ings, 86-87 impregnation of, 12 machinability of, 32 manufacture of, 7-14 microstructure, 16-20 molds, 63-65
neutron reflection of, 56-57 photomicrographs, 19-20 Poisson's ratio of, 22 pore size of, 16-17 porosity of, 16-17
plumbing and hardware, 77-79 properties, 14-15
chemical, 52-56 electrical, 39-50 magnetic, 50-52 mechanical, 20-32 nuclear, 56-59 optical, 32-3&
physical, 14-59 thermal, 32-39
nuclear, 79-82 thermal, 63-67
"artificial," 6 bearings, 62, 226-227 brushes, 67-70 cloth, 89-90
contact properties, 43-47 crystal properties of, 55-56 crystal structure of, 3-7 crystals of, 2-3
density of, 16-17
elasticity and creep of, 20-22 in electric arc, 47-50
electro-, 16 electrodes, 73-74
electronic structure of, 3-7 friction of, 28-32
in fuel cells, 90-92 furnace parts, 63-65 gas permeability, 17-18 hardness, 22-24
heat capacity of, 33-34
heats of fusion and vaporization of, 32-33
high-density, 85
in high-temperature seals and bear
ings, 86-87
as lubricating pigment, 266-267 machinability of, 32
manufacture of, 7-14 microstructure of, 16-20 molds, 63-65
natural, 6-7
neutron reflection of, 56-57 photomicrographs of, 20-21 plumbing and hardware, 77-79 Poisson's ratio of, 22
pore size of, 16-17 porosity of, 16-17 properties of, 14-15
chemical, 52-56 electrical, 39-50 magnetic, 50-52 mechanical, 20-37 nuclear, 56-59 physical, 14-59 thermal, 32-39 pyrolytic, 82-85, 93
radiation and emissivity, 38-39
reactions of, with gases, 52-54 with liquids, 54-55 with solids, 55 resistivity of, 39-43 rocket nozzles, 65-67 seals, 59-62
sliding contacts for space flight, 87-89 as solid lubricant, 221, 251, 252-255,
297 strength, 25-28 surface area, 16-17
thermal conductivity of, 34-36 thermal expansion of, 36-37
thermal shock and ablation of, 37-38 thermoelectric properties and Hall co
efficient of, 43 tube anodes, 72
I
Iron, as bearing material, 216 L
Laminated resins, as bearing material, 217
Lead,
as bearing material, 178, 188-194, 195-199
as solid lubricant, 292 Lubricants,
radiation effects on, 148-149 solid, see Solid lubricants
Μ
Megawatt-Days per Ton, definition of, 130
Metals,
radiation effects on, 124, 131-142 soft, as solid lubricants, 292-293 Microampere-Hour, definition of, 130 Molybdates, as solid lubricants, 294 Molybdenum, radiation effects on, 134 Molybdenum diselenide, as solid
lubricant, 257 Molybdenum disulfide,
bearings, 227-228 crystal structure of, 251
as lubricating pigment, 266-267 as solid lubricant, 221, 246, 255-257,
297, 298
Ν
Nickel, radiation effects on, 1 3 3 - 1 3 4 Niobium, radiation effects on, 134 Nuclear reactors, 1 1 2 - 1 1 4
Nylon, as solid lubricant, 2 7 9 - 2 8 0 Ο
Oxides, as solid lubricants, 2 9 4 Ρ
Phenolic resins, as bearing materials, 2 1 7 Phthalocyanines, as solid lubricants,
2 9 7 - 2 9 8
"Pigments," in solid lubricants, 2 6 2 , 2 6 6 - 2 6 8
Plastics,
effects on, 1 5 0 - 1 5 1 lubricating, 2 7 4 - 2 8 0
temperature effects on, 3 0 9 theory of, 2 5 8 - 2 6 1
Polyacetal, as bearing material, 2 2 2 , 2 2 8 - 2 2 9
Polyamides, as bearing material, 2 2 2 , 2 2 8 , 2 2 9
Polychlorotrifluoroethylene, as solid lubricant, 2 7 7
Polymethylmethacrylate, as solid lubri
cant, 2 8 0 Polytetrafluoroethylene,
as bearing material, 2 2 2 , 2 2 9 - 2 3 4 as solid lubricant, 2 7 5 - 2 7 7
(See also Teflon)
Pseudo-alloys, as bearing materials, 2 1 6 P . T . F . E . , see Polytetrafluoroethylene
R
Rad, definition of, 130 Radiation,
effects on materials, 1 0 1 - 1 7 2 on alloys, 1 3 1 - 1 4 2
atomic displacement in, 1 1 5 - 1 1 8 on ceramics, 1 2 4 - 1 2 5 , 1 4 2 - 1 4 7 introduction of impurity atoms in,
1 2 3 - 1 2 4
ionization and excitation phenom
enon in, 1 1 9 - 1 2 1 on metals, 124, 1 3 1 - 1 4 2
on organic materials, 125, 1 4 7 - 1 5 1 property changes in, 125—129
on semiconductors, 1 2 5 on solid lubricants, 3 1 1 - 3 1 2 transmutation in, 1 2 1 - 1 2 3 electromagnetic, 1 0 5 - 1 0 6 exposure units, 1 2 9 - 1 3 0 fundamentals of, 1 0 2 - 1 1 5 hazards of, 1 5 1 - 1 5 4 nature of, 1 0 2 - 1 0 8 personal safety in, 151—154 protection against, 1 5 6 - 1 6 4 sources of, 1 0 8 - 1 1 5 types of, 104
Radioactive decay, types of, 109 Reactor coolants, radiation effects on,
148
Resin-bonded solid lubricants, tem
perature effects on, 3 0 9
Resin laminates, as solid lubricants, 2 8 0 Roentgen, definition of, 1 3 0
Roentgen-Equivalent-Physical, definition of, 130
s
Sanders graphitization process, 1 2 - 1 4 Semiconductor, radiation effects on, 125 Silver, as bearing material, 2 1 6
Solid lubricants, 2 2 1 , 2 4 3 - 3 2 6 advantages of, 2 4 7
application processes, 2 7 2 - 2 7 3 applications of, 3 1 3
in aerospace industry, 3 1 5 in marine industry, 3 1 4 - 3 1 5 in metal-processing industry, 3 1 3 -
3 1 4
atmospheric effects on, 3 1 0 - 3 1 1 bonding agents for, 2 6 8 - 2 6 9 chemical coatings as, 2 9 9 electroplated coatings as, 2 9 9 environmental effects on, 3 0 8 - 3 1 3 evaluation techniques for, 299—309 flame-sprayed, 2 9 5 - 2 9 6
fluorocarbon resins as, 2 7 5 - 2 7 9 friction tests on, 3 0 4
gas-entrained powders as, 2 9 8 - 2 9 9 , 3 0 0 - 3 0 3
gaseous, 2 6 1
high-temperature bonded films as, 2 8 1 - 2 8 7
load and other effects on, 3 1 2 - 3 1 3 lubricating plastics as, 2 7 4 - 2 8 0
nonlaminar solids as, 260-261 nylon as, 279-280
"pigment" in, 262 plastics as,
application of two wearing parts, 280
temperature effects on, 309 powdered, 296-298
temperature effects on, 309 pretreatments in, 269^-272 resin-bonded, 261-274
friction and wear data on, 265 performance of, 263-264 pigments for, 262, 266-268 requirements for, 264 temperature effects on, 309 soft metals as, 26U-261, 292-293
temperature effects on, 309 techniques of, 245-246 temperature effects on, 309-310 theory of, 247-261
laminar solids in, 250
metallic friction and wear in, 2 4 8 - 250
of plastic, 258-261 types of, 245-246 vapor-deposited, 288-292 wear-resistant, 293-295 wear tests on, 299-309 Stainless steels,
austenitic, 368-370, 380, 390-391, 398 maraging, 367-368, 377-380, 390,
397-398
martensitic, 363-365, 373, 388-389, 393-396
radiation effects on, 133
semiaustenitic, 365-367, 374-377, 389-390, 386-397
Steels, alloy, high-strength, see Alloy steels
Τ
Talc, as solid lubricant, 257-258 Tantalum, radiation effects on, 133-134 Teflon, friction value of, 259-260 Teflon FEP, as solid lubricant, 277 Thermal-neutron flux, definition of, 129 Thermoplastics, as bearing materials,
222, 228
Tin, as bearing material, 178, 188-194 Titanium, radiation effects on, 135 Tungsten, radiation effects on, 134 Tungsten disulfide, as solid lubricant,
257
U
Uranium, radiation effects on, 137-146 V
Vapor-deposited solid lubricants, 288- 292
Viking bearing fatigue test machine, 185 w
Whitemetal alloys, as bearing materials, 188-194
applications of, 193-194 with copper-lead, 208
effect of composition on properties, 188-190
manufacture of, 191-193 properties of, 193-194
Ζ
Zinc, as bearing material, 178, 215-218 Zirconium, radiation effects on, 133
