A
Acanthamoeba, see Pseudopod morphology Acellular slime molds, see Cytoplasmic
streaming (Physarum) Acrasia
contact following, 387-390
hyaline pseudopod movement, 393-394 intracellular particle movements, 390 motive power, 392-399
movement and locomotion of, 387-405 surface movements, 396-402
Actin, 123, 594, 596, 620, 621
Actinophrys, see Axopodial movement Active shearing force, 33, see also Proto-
plasmic streaming (Characeae) and foraminiferan movement, 106, 409-
410, 426-428
Actomyosin, 123, 156, 425, 626 in motile cells, 155
and plasmodial myosin B, 122 Adenosine triphosphatase activity
in frog embryos, 375
in glycerinated fibroblasts, 369 in Physarum, 91-93
of plasmodial myosin B, 113 of cell surface (Ameba), 277
Adenosine triphosphate, 425, 625-626, 630 and Acetabularia, glycerated, 18 and ameboid movement, 158-161, 166,
184, 239-240, 243, 247, 275-277 on isolated systems, 156-157, 159-161 on viscosity, 122
and fibroblasts, 365-367, 369-373 and motive force (amebae), 268-269 and muscle contraction, 276 and Physarum streaming, 4, 81, 276 and plasmodial myosin B, 112-116 Adhesion
between slime mold amebae, 387-389, 399-401
Aglantha, see Mitotic apparatus
Allogromia, see Cytoplasmic streaming (Foraminifera)
Ameba, see also Pseudopod morphology (Ameba), and Ultrastructure
giant multinucleate, 303-321 food ingestion, 309-311 general characteristics, 305-309 gel/sol ( At/ A8) ratio, 311-313
response to environmental stimuli, 309-311
streaming in broken cells, 313-316 streaming in capillaries, 313
Ameboid movement, 143-171, 237-256, 279- 302, see also Adenosine triphosphate, Ameba, Cell membrane, Deuterium oxide, Direct current, Divalent cations, Isolated cytoplasm, Mitosis, Motive force, Pseudopod morphology of ectoplasm, 283-287
effect of high energy phosphates, 268- 269
of hydrostatic pressure, 300-301 of illumination, 296-300
and external pressure gradient, 261-264 feedback control, 211-215, 249-250, 255 and food ejection, 223-235
formation of lateral ridges, 292-293 front contraction theory, 164-166, 186-
187, 233-235, 237-239, 316-320 function of nucleus, 206-209, 248 motive force measurements, 264-268 movement of endoplasm, 289-290
of granules, 287-289, 291 of pellicle, 280-283
nature of recruitment zone, 243-245 origin of syneretic fluid, 293-295 plasmagel network, 245-249 speed regulation, 249-250
tail contraction theory, 164-166, 233-235, 239-243, 279-280, 316-320
tension transmission, 292 trophic mechanisms, 250-251
Amoeba proteus, see Ameboid movement, Cell membrane
Amoeba striata, see Ameboid movement, food ejection
Anisotropy, optical, 594, see also Bire- fringence
Antigen-antibody studies, see also Fluores- cent antibody studies
635
in actomyosin, 375 of amebae, 209-211
Arbacia, see Echinochrome granule move- ments, Saltatory movements
AJA ratio, see Gel/sol ratio ATP, see Adenosine triphosphate Axial rods, see Axopodial movement,
Axiostyle Axopodia, 445-456
fine structure, 447-449
function of axopodial skeleton, 454-455 movements, 449-454
Axostyle, 41, 533, 621
formation locus in filopods, 443 in Rhizopods, 437-439, 442-443
Β
Basal bodies, 456, 535, see also Ultra- structure
Basophilia, 529
"Beading", see Cytoplasmic drop forma- tion
Bidirectional streaming (Foraminifera), 428, 431, see also Cytoplasmic stream- ing (Foraminifera), and Organelle movement (Plant tissue culture) Birefringence, see also Mitotic apparatus
changes in, during mitosis, 556-557, 570 form, in mitotic apparatus, 595
intrinsic, in mitotic apparatus, 595 of mitotic apparatus, 123
in Physarum, 88, 116-120 in reticulopods, 423
Brownian movement, 71, 149, 159, 474, 495, 503
c
Calcium ions, see Divalent cations Carbon dioxide
and streaming in Physarum, 71, 74, 78 Cataphoretic movement, see Ion concen-
tration Cell membrane
of Amoeba proteus, 143-171 changes in area of, 150-151
dynamics of, during movement, 144- 148
formation of new membrane, 147, 151- 154
membrane turnover, 148-150, 169
and cell interior, interchange, 153 and cell motility, 359-360
and cellular slime mold movement, 387- 402
composition of (Ameba), 256 formation, site of, 280
Cell movements (inflammation and im- munity), 351-364
cellular interactions, 357-358, 361-362 single cells, 353-357, 359-361
Cell types, see Cell movements (inflamma- tion and immunity), Morphogenesis (sea urchin)
Cellular slime molds, see Acrasia Centrifugation
and chloroplast exfoliation, 21-23 effect on echinochrome granule move-
ment, 478
on endoplasm (Characeae), 25-26 on Spisula eggs, 514-515 microscope, 25, 136 Centriole, 513, 535, 539
Chaos carolinensis (Chaos chaos), see Ameba, giant multinucleate
Chaos chaos, see Motive force Chaetopterus, see Mitotic apparatus Chara, see Characeae
Characeae, see Cytoplasmic drops (Chara- ceae), Protoplasmic streaming (Chara- ceae)
Chloroplast, see also Plant cell organelle movements
behavior (Characeae), 21-29 chain phenomenon, 28
effect of light on movement of, 498 pleomorphism, 499
rotation of, 497
transformation of, 487-491, 493, 498 Cilia, 532-533, 539-541
Clasmatosis, 356-357 Cleavage, see Cytokinesis Contact guidance, 336-337
Contractile fibrils, see also specific mole- cules
attachment to echinochrome granule, 480-481
Contractile proteins, see also Actomyosin, Plasmodial myosin B, Proteins in Physarum, 4, 81
Contraction, see also Protoplasmic move- ment
of cell surface (Acrasina), 396-402 in isolated mammalian cells, 360-361 molecular mechanism, 625
of sea urchin mesenchyme, 336, 339-341, 343
Con traction-hydraulic theory (Ameboid movement), 331-332, see also Ameboid movement, tail contraction theory Cortex, see also Ectoplasm
in Amoeba proteus, 146
in Characeae, 19, 21-25, 26-27, 29, 33 egg, 482
Cortical gel, see Cortex Cyphoderia, see Filopodia Cysteine, 153, 161, 370
Cytokinesis, 150-151, 372, see also Hydro- static pressure
Cytoplasmic drops (Characeae), 31-41 endoplasm effusion, 31-33
movement, fibrils, 34-39 isolated drop, 33-34 (Physarum), 90
Cytoplasmic drop formation ("beading"), 411, see also Cytoplasmic streaming (Foraminifera)
in amebae, 177, 181-182, 184, 425 in Filopods, 439
Cytoplasmic fibrils, see also Cytoplasmic drops (Characeae)
in isolated ameboid cytoplasm, 163-164 (Physarum)
association with cortex, 105 cytochemistry of, 88-93 differences in occurrence, 94-101 fibrillar network, 83-88
similarity to myxomyosin, 91, 93 Cytoplasmic filaments, see Infraciliature,
Mitotic apparatus, Motile systems with continuous filaments
Cytoplasmic streaming
(Characeae), see also Cytoplasmic drops (Characeae)
cell organization, 19-21 chloroplast exfoliation, 21-25 endoplasm behavior, 25-27 role of cortex, 19-29
streaming in plasmolyzed cell, 25 in filopods, 440-441
(Foraminifera), 106, 407-432 in cell body, 421-422
fibril-droplet transition, 414-417, 424- 426
general description, 408-410 mechanism of, 426-429
particle motion velocities, 417-420 pseudopod extension and retraction,
411
pseudopod proliferation, 412-414 reticulopodial network, 414 in mammalian cells in culture, 359 (Physarum), 69-78, 111-123, see also
Direct current
temperature difference cycle, 77 pressure-flow mechanism of, 81 temperature dependence of, 606 within axopods (heliozoan), 451
D
Deuterium oxide
effect on Amoeba proteus, 173-187 form stability, 177-182
gel/sol ratio, effect on, 177, 184 mass contraction phenomenon, 182-183
mechanism of action, 183-184 post pressure recovery, 183 Dictyostelium, see Acrasina Dinitrophenol
and Acrasina, 397
and plasmodial myosin B, 115 Direct current
effect on ameba, 244, 295-296
and motive force of ameboid move- ment, 269-272, 274-275
effect on Physarum migration, 125ff Dissosteira, see Mitotic apparatus Divalent cations, see also Ion concentra-
tion
effect on ameboid movement, 631 on echinochrome granules, 479 on mitotic apparatus, 536
on plasmodial myosin B, 114-115, 122- 123
on protein conformation, 625-626 on sol-gel transformations, 171, 186 and fibroblast relaxation, 367-373 interaction with albumins, 456 and isolated ameboid cytoplasm, 161
Ε
Echinochrome granule movements, 471- 483
Ectoplasm, 248, 307, 311-313, 315, 316-319, see also Ameboid movement and Cortex
Emperipolesis, 357*358, 361
Endoplasm, 31-34, 233-234, 307, 311-313, 315, see also Ameboid movement, Cytoplasmic drops (Characeae), Cyto- plasmic streaming (Characeae), Proto- plasmic streaming (Characeae) Endoplasmic reticulum, 547, see also Sol-
gel transformations in Acetabularia, 15-16 and cell movement, 155, 360 and cytoplasmic streaming, 4 and saltatory movements, 520-523 transformation of, 493
Entropy, 135, 597, see also Mitotic appa- ratus, thermodynamic studies Extractions, see Salt extraction
F
Feedback mechanisms, see Ameboid move- ment
Fibers, chromosomal, 595, see also Mitotic apparatus
Fibrillar polygons or loops, see Cytoplas- mic drops (Characeae)
Fibroblast, see Relaxation
Filopodia, 433-443, see also Cytoplasmic streaming (Foraminifera), Monovalent cations, Morphogenesis, Neuron move- ment, Pseudopodia
characterization of, 433-436 structure and function of, 436-441 Filosa, see Filopodia
Flabellula, see Pseudopod morphology Flagella,
bacterial, 606, 608, 610, 621 mastigamebae, movement of, 199 Flagellipodium, see Pseudopod morphol-
ogy
Fluorescent antibody studies on Amoeba proteus, 148-150
Fountain-zone theory (Ameboid move- ment), see Front contraction theory
Free energy, difference in (AF), 597 Front contraction theory, 324-327, 637-631,
see also Ameboid movement and foraminiferan movement, 426-427 Fundulus, see Saltatory movements
G
Gel, contraction of, 595
Gelation, see Sol-gel transformation Gel/sol ratio, 186, 629, 632, see also Ameba,
Ameboid movement, Deuterium oxide, Hydrostatic pressure, Temperature Gliding movements, 612
Glycerine models of fibroblasts, 365-373 of Physarum, 88-90, 118 G rex cells, see Acrasina
H
Haemanthus, see Mitotic apparatus Halistaura, see Mitotic apparatus
Heavy water, see Deuturium oxide, effect on Amoeba proteus
Helioflagellates, 455-456, see also Pseudo- pod morphology
Heliozoa, see Axopodial movement, Hy- drostatic pressure
Heparin, effect on ameba, 240
Hyaline ectoplasm, see Hyaline layer Hyaline layer, 182, 243-245, 249-250, 305,
306, 309, 316, 317, 318, see also Ame- boid movement
Hyaline pseudopods, 403-404, see also Acrasina, Pseudopod morphology Hyalodiscus simplex, 404, see also Ultra-
structure
Hyaloplasmic veil, 353-354, 358-360 Hyalosphenia, see Filopodia
Hydrostatic pressure, 151-152, 169, 628, see also Ameboid movement, Deu- terium oxide
and cytokinesis, 374 effect on Elodea, 28, 29 effect on heliozoan, 447 and gel/sol ratio, 177, 184 and gel solation, 174, 177, 183-184 as motive force in Acrasina, 395-397
in Physarum, 77
I
Incubation, of cytoplasmic fibrils (Chara- ceae), 39
Infraciliature, see Motile systems with continuous filaments
Interfacial force, see Active shearing force Internodal cell, see Cytoplasmic drops
(Characeae), Cytoplasmic streaming (Characeae)
Intracellular movements, see also Acra- sina, Echinochrome granule move- ments, Neuron movement, Plant cell organelle movements, Saltatory move- ments
in egg of Psammechinus, 482 organelle rotation, 135 Iodoacetate
effect on echinochrome granule move- ment, 479-480
and plasmodial myosin B, 115
Ion concentration, regional differences in Physarum, 125-134
Ionic gradients, intracellular, hypotheses concerning, 135
Isolated cytoplasm
(Amoeba proteus), 154-171 active component, 161
motile cytoplasmic fraction, 155-160 motility conditions, 160-161 streaming of, 159-161, 324-327, 630
(Characeae), see Cytoplasmic drops (Characeae)
κ
Kinetochores, see Motile systems with continuous filaments
Kinoplasm, see Plant cell organelle move- ments, cytoplasmic network
L
Lateral ridges, see Ameboid movement Lecquereusia, see Filopodia
Light, effect of, see also Ameboid move- ment, Chloroplast
on giant uninucleate amebae, 311, 318
Lilium, see Mitotic apparatus
Lithium, in sea urchin development, 347 Lymphocytes, 353
M
Magnesium ions, see Divalent cations Mastigamoeba, see Pseudopod morphology Mayorella, 281-283, see also Pseudopod
morphology
Mayorellidae, see Pseudopod morphology Membrane, of isolated endoplasmic drops,
41
Metabolic inhibitors, see specific com- pounds
Metachromasy
in cell wall of Acetabularia, 13 in Spisula eggs, 504-505
Micromanipulation
of cytoplasmic fibrils (Characeae), 38, 40 double chamber work with amebae,
257-264
effect on ameba, 243-244
Mitochondria, see also Plant cell organelle movements
gradient in sea urchin egg, 346 pleomorphism, 486-487
transformation of, 487-491, 493, 498 Mitosis, 356, 570-573, see also Mitotic
apparatus, Relaxing grana and ameboid movement, 174 amitotic, 531-532
anastral, 527-531 astral, 531
"bubbling" associated with, 357, 363 cinematographic description of, 570-573 intranuclear, 531
in Pectinaria and Spisula eggs, 507-512 Mitotic apparatus, 547, 549-597, see also Mitosis, Motile systems with continu- ous filaments, Saltatory movements effect of low temperature, 573-574 orienting centers, 580-583 spindle birefringence, 552-556 thermodynamic studies, 574-580 Monovalent cations, see also Ion concen-
trations, Lithium effect on filopods, 437-439
on plasmodial myosin B, 114-115 and fibroblast relaxation, 367
and isolated ameboid cytoplasm, 158, 161
and sol-gel transformation, 135
Morphogenesis (sea urchin), 333-349 archenteron formation, 339-341 behavior of filopodia, 335-338 coelom formation, 343-345 exogastrulation, 348-349 gastrulation, 340-341
morphogenetic gradient, 345-348 primary mesenchyme migration, 335-338 secondary mesenchyme migration, 341-
342
skeleton formation, 338-339
Motile systems with continuous filaments, 527-548
formation of filaments, 537-541 movements without filaments, 543 production of movement, 541-543 structural features, 527-537
Motive force, see also Neuron movement of ameboid movement, 257-277
and cytoplasmic streaming, 26 and size of plasmodium (Physarum), 76 Myosin, 123, 596
Myxomyosin, 122, 156, see also Contractile proteins, Cytoplasmic fibrils (Phy- sarum)
Ν
Naegleria, see Pseudopod morphology Neuron movement, 377-385
extension-retraction of filopods and fibers, 379-380
filopod adhesiveness, 381 migration of neurons, 377-379 motile force, sites of, 383-384
particle migration, re: axoplasm, 381-383 peristalsis, 380-381
Newtonian flow, see Rheology Nitella, see Protoplasmic streaming
(Characeae)
ο
Organelle movements, 33-35, see also Ame- boid movement, Intracellular move- ments, Plant cell organelle movements (plant tissue culture), 43-68
constricted strand within, 56-58 cytoplasm-transvacuolar strand, 51-53 effect of time, 58-61
transvacuolar strands, 45-51 two directional movements, 53-56
Organization of movement (Physarum)*
69-78
description of movement, 69-72 model, 72-75
Oscillosignum, see Pseudopod morphology
Ρ
Parachloromercuribenzoic acid, and plas- modial myosin B, 115
Pectinaria (Cistenides), see Saltatory move- ments
Pelomyxa carolinensis, see Ameba, giant multinucleate
Pelomyxa palustris, 632, see Ameba, giant multinucleate
PH
effect on filopod formation, 440 intracellular, 597
Physarum, see Adenosine triphosphate, Birefringence, Cytoplasmic fibrils (Physarum), Hydrostatic pressure, Ion concentration, Organization of move- ment, Plasmodial myosin B, Ultra- structure
Pinocytosis, 256, 353, 354 in amebae, 148, 150-154 in neurons, 381-383
Plant cell organelle movements, 485-502 chloroplasts, 497-499
cytoplasmic network, 491-495 Golgi bodies, 495-496 mitochondria, 485-491 nucleus, 496-497 sphaerosomes, 495 Plasmagel, see Ectoplasm Plasmagel sheet, 629, 632 Plasmasol, see Endoplasm Plasmodial myosin B, 111-116, 156
comparison with myxomyosin, 122 enzymatic properties, 113-116 physical properties, 112-113
Pleomorphism, see appropriate structure Potential, transmembrane, in Physarum,
134
Pressure-flow mechanism, see Cytoplasmic streaming
Pressure gradient theory, see Tail contrac- tion theory
Proteins, see also specific proteins albumin, action on heliozoan, 447, 456 α-helix, 620, 625
α-proteins, basic structure of, 599-602 and chromosome movements, 605-606 helices, motive principle in, 602-604 involvement in muscular contraction,
604-605
superhelices, stable, 606-612 unstable, 612-619 Protoplasmic movement
screw-mechanical basis of, 549-597 Pseudopod morphology
(Ameba), 189-219
(Mayorellidae, Hartmannelidae, Mastig- amebae), 189-219
Pseudopodia, see also Filopodia, Axopodia role in morphogenesis of sea urchin
larva, 333-349
R
Relaxation (fibroblasts), 365-375 Relaxing agent, see Relaxing grana Relaxing grana, 171
action of cysteine on, 370-371 of mersalyl on, 370-371 effect on mitosis, 374-375 and fibroblast motility, 367-373 Recruitment zone, 292, see also Ameboid
movement Ribonuclease, 625 Rheology
and hyaline layer, 149 sol flow model, 289-290
Rhizoid cell, see Cytoplasmic streaming (Characeae)
Rhizopoda, see Filopodia
Rotational streaming, see Cytoplasmic streaming (Characeae)
S
Saltatory movements, 503-525, 623, see also Echinochrome granule movements discussion of hypotheses concerning, 512-
520, 522-523
in grex cells (Acrasina), 390, 404 during interphase, 506-507
in isolated ameboid cytoplasm, 158, 159 during mitosis and meiosis, 507-512 in Physarum, 70
ultrastructural studies, 520-522 in unfertilized eggs, 504-505 Salt extractions, motile cells, 156-157 Sarcoplasmic reticulum, see Endoplasmic
reticulum, Relaxing grana Shearing force, 451
Sol-gel theory, see Ameboid movement, rear contraction theory
Sol-gel transformation, 186, 233-234, 316- 320, 331, 627, see also Divalent cations, Hydrostatic pressure
in amebae, 293-295, 300-301 and endoplasmic reticulum, 16 in filopods, 442
in foraminiferans, 425 and ionic gradient model, 135 in Physarum, 71
Spisula, see Saltatory movements Stereoplasmic core, see Axostyle
Streaming, see also Cytoplasmic streaming in dissociated cytoplasm, 324-327 Streaming energy, source of in Myxomy-
cètes, 4
Subulamoeba, see Pseudopod morphology Surface precipitation reaction, 151, 170 Syneresis, 164, 254, 318, 323, see also Ame-
boid movement
τ
Tail contraction theory, 324-327, see also Ameboid movement
Temperature, see also Mitotic apparatus effect on ameboid movement, 165
on echinochrome granule movement, 477-478
on gel/sol ratio, 187 Testacea, see Filapodia
Thecamoeba, see Pseudopod morphology Tissue culture, see also Organelle move-
ment
guinea pig spleen, 351-352 of neurons, 377
Torsion
within axopods (heliozoan), 454-455 Tube-wall contraction hypothesis, 331-332,
see also Tail contraction theory Tonoplast, 19, see also Ultrastructure
Trimastigamoeba, see Pseudopod mor- phology
U
Ultrastructure, see also Cytoplasmic streaming (Foraminifera), Saltatory movement
of Acetabularia, 7-18 cell wall, 13-15 chloroplasts, 11 crystals, 11 hyaloplasm, 13 mitochondria, 11-13 vacuole and tonoplast, 9-11
Ameba (Hyalodiscus), ground cytoplasm of, 80
of contracted gel (ameba), 161-164 cytoplasmic fibrils, 41
of foraminiferan reticulopod, 423-424 of Physarum, 83-88, 90
Ultraviolet irradiation
microbeam experiments, 580-583, 621
ν
Vanella, see Pseudopod morphology Velocity
(cell movement)
lymphocytes, 354 neurons, 379 Physarum, 127 plasmocytes, 354
(cytoplasmic streaming), see also Cyto- plasmic streaming (Foraminifera), Plant cell organelle movement in Characeae, 20, 25
in filopods, 441 in neurons, 381 in Physarum, 70 in reticulopods, 417-420 (membrane formation), 152
Vexillifera, see Pseudopod morphology Viscosity
changes in plasmodial myosin B, 111-113
w
Waves
of expansion in Physarum, 72 propagation of, 623-624 standing, 617
taxonomy of, 624-625
transmission rate, cytoplasmic fibrils, 37
