Subject Index
Acari (Mites), 363 A
and decomposition processes, 391 biological activity, 389
detritus-feeding, 392, 393 distribution, 367
distribution patterns, 371 diurnal movements, 371 feeding habits, 375, 377 feeding rate, 387 in litter, 371 life forms of, 372 metabolism, 388, 392 parasitic, 379 respiration rates, 390 seasonal fluctuations of, 373 seasonal movements, 371 taxonomy of, 364 vertical distribution, 370 Achromobacter, 45 Actinomycetaceae, 112 Actinomycetes, 111
effect on Protozoa, 183 nitrogen fixation by, 121 pigments of, 118 spores, 116 thermophilic, 120 Actinophages, 114 Actinoplanaceae, 112 Aeration of soil, 28 Affinity index, 454
Aggregation centres (Enchytraeidae), Agrobacterium, 45, 46 245
Aldrin, 500 Algae, 129
abundance of, 131 as food for Astigmata, 382 as food for Protozoa, 184
interactions with other soil organisms, 139
Algae—contd nutrition of, 135 of rice fields, 136
Algal cells, number in soil, 130 Alginates, degradation of, 121 Amino acids, 6
Amitrol, 499 Amoebae
cysts of, 167
inter-relationship with bacteria, Anabiosis (Nematodes), 203 166 Anaerobic bacilli, distribution, 30 Antibiotic index, 130
Antibiotics, 39, 435 from root tissues, 463 in soil, 100, 436 in unsteralized soil, 436 production, 120, 123, 440, 470 volatile, 438
Arthrobacter, 42, 43, 44, 47 Arthropoda, 323
aggregated distribution, 326 effect of cultivation on, 329 fauna of mull and mor, 323 fauna of tropical soils, 327 horizontal distribution, 326 in surface litter, 328 population, 330
succession in carrion, 349 vertical distribution, 326, 328 Aschiza, 356
Astigmata, feeding habits, 382 Atrazine, 499
Autochthonous bacteria, 35, 42 flora, 42
Autotrophs, 42
Axenic culture (Nematodes), 200 Azotobacter, 16, 28, 31, 45, 46
effect of algae on, 139 in the root region, 455
Bacilli, distribution of anaerobic, 30 B Bacillus spp., 43, 44
Bacteria, 16
as food for Cryptostigmata, 382 as food for Protozoa, 179 autotrophic, 38, 42 dispersal, 25
distribution in soil, 22
effect on protozoal encystment, 181 Gram-negative, 46
influence of pH on, 31
inter-relationship with amoeba, 166 in wormcasts, 294
mycolytic, 100 nitrifying, 46
nutritional grouping of, 40 of rhizosphere, 454
optimum temperature range, 31 Bacteriostatic agent, 57
Beetles, see under Coleoptera Bibionidae, 351
Biological control, 444 Biological equivalence, 311 Biomass
of algae, 129 bacterial, 17 of Collembola, 404 of earthworms, 272 of Enchytraeidae, 253 of Protozoa, 162, 163 Bogs
fauna of, 158
succession in Sphagnum, 369 Brachycera, 355
Calorific equivalent (Enchytraeidae), 255
C
Calyptratae, 357 Carbohydrates, 6 Carbon dioxide
and earthworm respiration, 308 concentration in soil atmosphere, 30 effect on fungal activity, 91
effect on nitrification, 31 effect on Protozoa, 177 evolution from oat straw, 27 level in soils, 12
Carrion
arthropod succession in, 349 decomposition, 347
Cecidomyidae, 355 Cellulomonas, 44 Cellulose, 6
decomposition of, 121, 489 digestion by Mollusca, 417 Ceratopogonidae, 351 Chilopoda, 331 Chitin breakdown, 488 Chlamydospores, 73 Chloro-aliphatic acids, 498 Ciliates
distribution, 154 encystment, 168 Clay, 3
minerals, 4
Climate, effect on soil turnover in Collembola, 407
C:N ratio, 488
effect of earthworms on, 305 Cocoon production
in Enchytraeidae, 232 in Lumbricidae, 262 Coleoptera, (Beetles) 342
coprophilous, 350
decomposition of carrion by, 347 decomposition of plant material by, feeding habits, 344 408
predators, 342, 346 Collembola, 397
aggregation of, 401
as indicators of soil conditions, 402 biomass of, 404
effect of climate on, 407 extraction techniques, 400 fecundity of, 399
food of, 399
geographical distribution, 398 humus formation by, 408 life cycles, 398
metabolic activity, 406 parthogenesis in, 399 population densities, 405 seasonal fluctuations of, 402 sexual reproduction in, 399 taxonomy of, 398
vertical distribution of, 402
Coniferous woodland as habitat of Enchytraeidae, 235
Corynebacteria, 44 Crumb structure, 293, 430
Cryptostigmata
coprophagous species, 386 feeding habits, 382, 384 feeding on wood, 387 Cryptostomy (Protozoa), 170 Cultivated soils, 368
Cultivation, effect on arthropod fauna, Culture 329
enrichment, 495 of Nematodes, 200 of Protozoa, 150 Cyclorrhapha, 356 Cysts
of Amoebae, 167 of Ciliates, 168
Cytology of Nematodes, 200 Dalapon, 498 D
DDT, 500
Denmark, habitats of Enchytraeidae, Dermatophilaceae, 112 235
Desiccation
and survival of Tipulidae, 354 effect on Nematodes, 203 Diapause {Allolobophora spp.), 271 Dieldrin, 500
Dilution cultures of algae, 129 of protozoa, 161
Dilution plate technique, 16, 451 Diplopoda, (millipedes) 333
assimilation of food by, 338 digestion by, 336
distribution of, 333 feeding and ecology, 333 food consumption of, 336 litter consumption by, 337 Diptera, 350
feeding habits, 352 Direct counts
of bacteria, 17 of Protozoa, 161
Direct inoculation method, 59 Direct observation
of algae, 129 of fungi, 54 of Protozoa, 150 Dispersal of bacteria, 25
Distribution of Acari, 370
of anaerobic bacilli, 30 of Arthropods, 326 of bacteria, 22 of Collembola, 398 of Diplopoda, 333
of earthworms, 275, 286, 288 of Enchytraeidae, 218 of Mollusca, 422 of Nematodes, 199 of Protozoa, 152 Drought resistance
in Enchytraeidae, 233 in Lumbricidae, 260 in Nematodes, 205
Earthworm respiration, 306 E and ambient temperature, 308 and body size, 309
and carbon dioxide concentration, 308 and exposure to light, 308
and oxygen tension, 307 diurnal rhythm, 307
Earthworms, see under Lumbricidae Edaphosphere, 451
Edge effect, 442 Enchytraeidae, 213
aggregation in, 242
aggregation and survival, 248 asexual reproduction, 232 biomass, 253
cocoon production, 232 distribution, 218 drought resistance, 233
effect of drought on numbers, 240 energy flow, 256
extraction of, 225 feeding mechanism, 228 food of, 227
influence of temperature on repro- duction, 231, 240
inverse relationship between sexual maturity and prevalence of juveniles metabolic activity, 253 237
numbers in soil, 224, 241 oxygen consumption, 248 parthogenesis in, 232
Enchytraeidae—contd.
population ecology, 235
population metabolism, 248, 252 reproductive biology, 230 selective feeding of, 228 taxonomy, 213
temperature-induced mortality, 239 Encystment and excystment (of proto-
zoa), 167, 168
effect of bacteria on, 181 Endocommensals, obligate, 184 Endogenous soil fauna, 151 Endothal, 500
Energy
consumption by soil population, 331 flow, 256, 391
Enrichment culture, 495 Enzymes
of Mollusca, 416
of soil and litter invertebrates, 209, Extraction 229
of Collembola, 400 of Enchytraeids, 225 of Protozoa, 150 Exudates
from plant roots, 89, 93, 359,449,458, organic, 23 460
Facultative heterotrophy of algae, 138 F Faecal pellets
analysis, 388 of Collembola, 400 Fairy rings, 96 Fatty acids, 117 Fauna
of bogs, 158 endogenous, 151 of forest soils, 157 of grassland soil, 156, 326 of mineral soils, 158 of peat, 158 Faunal diversity, 156 Fensterflanzen, 137 Field capacity, 10, 11 Flagellates
pigmented, 131 respiration of, 174 Flotation method, 61, 72
Foliar sprays, effect on rhizosphere, 461 Forest soils
distribution of testacean species in, fauna of, 157,324,325 160
Frass, 481 Fructifications, 76 Fulvic acid, 7 Fumigants, 500 Fungal hyphae
in soil, 70
and wormcast stability, 295 viability of, 71
Fungal sporulation, 78 Fungal succession, 79 Fungi, 51
as food for Astigmata, 382 as food for Cryptostigmata, 382 as food for Protozoa, 183 dung inhabitants, 69 growth patterns, 92 in rhizosphere, 457 isolated from soil, 66 keratinolytic, 85
"number" in soil, 58 of root surface, 465 parasitic, 100 predacious, 84
"root-inhabiting", 66 R/S values for, 452
"soil-inhabiting", 66 zoophagaceous, 184 Fungicides, 500 Fungistasis, 88, 438 Fungus gnats, 351 Fusarium, 59
Gastropods, food of, 424
G
General inhibitory factor, properties of, Glomeris,439 337
litter consumption of, 337 Gram-negative bacteria, 46 Grassland soils
arthropod fauna of, 326, 327 fauna of, 156
Gravel, 3
Gravitational water, 10 Green manure, 24 Ground water, 10
H layer, 488 H Hemicelluloses, 6
Herbicides, 493, see also names of indi- vidual substances
Histosphere, 451 Humic acids, 6-10, 490
formation, 122 precursors, 118 Humin, 7 Humus, 5, 490
formation by collembola, 408 priming effect in decomposition, 39 Hydrocarbons, 117
Hymatomelanic acid, 7 Hyphal growth, 90 Hyphal isolation, 61
Hyphomycetes, Nematode trapping, 84 Immersion techniques, 59 I
Immersion tubes, 60, 453 Impression slides, 453
Indicators of special environmental conditions, 370
Inhibitory substances, 39, 439, see also Antibiotics
Inositol polyphosphate, 7
Insecticides, 343, 500, see also names of individual substances
Insect mull, 408
Insects, wood-eating, 350
Insolation, effect on soil fauna, 328 Isolation methods, 56
Isopoda, {see Woodlice) food of, 360
parasites of, 357 water relations of, 359 Isoptera, {see Termites) 340
feeding and digestion, 341
Jones and Mollison technique, 55, 453 J
Keratin, decomposition of, 121
K
Lag curve for nitrification, 36, 37
L
Lag phase, 35
Laminarin, degradation of, 121
Light intensity, effect on root flora, 467 Lignin, 6
decomposition of, 489 Litter
consumption by earthworms, 297 consumption by Glomeris, 337 consumption by millipedes, 337 decomposition by mites, 393 decomposition by Mollusca, 430 decomposition by Nematodes, 209 fauna of litter layers, 209
influence of A. caliginosa on de- composition, 317
litter layers, 80 mites in, 371
palatability to earthworms, 297 production, 479
weight of, 482
Lumbricidae, 259, see also Earthworms activity, 267, 270
and circulation of plant nutrients, biomass, 272 302
breeding life, 265
carbon combustion by, 309 carbon consumption, 306 cocoon production, 262, 287 colour forms of, 288, 289 consumption of plant litter, 297 diapause, 271
distribution of, 275, 286, 288 drought resistance, 260 effect on C:N ratio, 305 effect on soil aeration, 297 effect on soil structure, 293 fecundity of, 263
food as population determinant, 278 food preference, 281
growth period, 264 incubation period, 263
influence on soil micro-organisms, 313 main groups, 261
metabolism, 305 nitrogen excretion, 302 numbers, 273
optimum temperature for activity, 270 oxygen consumption, 311
parasites of, 357 parthogenesis, 262 pH response, 283 pigmentation, 261
529 population aggregation, 274
population sampling, 272 production of wormcasts, 267 relationship of activity and soil tem-
perature, 268 reproduction, 262 seasonal activity, 268, 271 vertical distribution, 264 Lysis
of Actinomycetes, 114 of myalia, 99
Manure M
effect on arthropod fauna, 329 farmyard, and arthropods, 330 green, 24
Mechanical analysis, 3
Mesostigmata, feeding habits, 379 Microbial activity, patterns of, 33 Microbial explosion, 33
Micrococcaceae, 47 Microsites, 30
Millipedes, see under Diplopoda Mineral fraction, 4
Minerals parent, 3 secondary, 3
Mineral soils, fauna of, 158 Mites, see under Acari Moder, 485
Moisture tension, see Water tension Mollusca (Snails), 413
and soil formation, 430 cellulose digestion by, 417 digestive enzymes, 416 distribution, 422
effects of temperature and moisture on, 423
environmental factors influencing distribution and behaviour, 425 estimating population, 421 excretion, 420
food, 416, 424 general anatomy, 415 locomotion, 418 nomenclature, 413 numbers, 421, 430 origins, 414 parasites of, 357 populations, 430
Mollusca—contd.
predators of, 428 respiration, 420 water relations of, 427
Monoxenic culture (Nematodes), 200 Monuron, 499
Moorland, as habitat of Enchytraeidae, Mor soils, 5, 367, 484 235
arthropod fauna of, 327
distribution of earthworms in, 275 fauna of, 324
"Most probable number" method, 63 Mull, 367, 484
distribution of earthworms in, 275 fauna of, 324
Mycelial strands, 72 Mycetophylidae, 351 Mycobacteria, 45 Mycorrhiza, 52
ectotrophic, 53 endotrophic, 53
Mycorrhizal associations, 450 Mycostasis, 87
Myriapoda, 331 Nematocera, 351 N Nematoda, 197
and decomposition of litter, 209 culture, 200
cytology, 200
drought resistance, 205 ecological categories, 206 ecology, 199
effects of desiccation, 203 food, 207
geographical distribution of, 199 influence of soil moisture on, 202 metabolic activity of populations, 208 movement, 201
numbers in soil, 208 nutrition, 206
oxygen consumption of, 201 sense organs of, 201 sex determination, 200 sex ratio, 200
taxonomy, 198 water relations, 201
Nematode-trapping Hyphomycetes, 84
Nitrifying organisms, 38, 46, 455
Nitrification, 36, 37 Nitrobacter, 45 Nitrogen
amount mineralized, 304 as a food constituent, 278 effect of protozoa on fixation, 182 excretion by Lumbricus, 278, 302 fixation by Actinomycetes, 121 fixation by Cyanophyta, 136 metabolism of millipedes, 339 Nitrosomonas, 45
Number of bacteria in soil, 16 Nylon mesh, 56
O
Observation boxes, 56 Organic matter, 5 Oribatid mites, 486 Oxygen consumption
of earthworms, 311 of field populations, 312 Oxygen tension
and earthworm respiration, 307 effect on Protozoa, 177 reduced, 91
P
Parasites, 357 of earthworms, 357 of snails, 357 of woodlice, 357 Parasitic associations, 450 Parthogenesis
in Collembola, 399 in Enchytraeidae, 232 in Lumbricidae, 262 Partition methods, 61, 72 Pauropoda, 331
Peat fauna, 158
Permanent wilting point, 10, 11, 27 Pesticides, 494
pF scale, 10 pH, 31
response of earthworms, 283
tolerance of individual protozoan species, 175
Phenoxyacetic acid derivatives, 496 2,4-D, 36
Phenylcarbamates, 498 Phenylurea compounds, 498
Phoresis, 380 Phyllosphere, 481 Pigments
of Actinomycetes, 118 of Lumbricidae, 261 Plagiostomy (Protozoa), 170 Plant litter, see Litter Plant material
as food for Astigmata, 382 comminution by Collembola, 408 decomposition, 348
Plant protection chemicals, 493 Polysaccharides, 6
Population biology of Enchytraeidae, 235 of Nematodes, 199 Population sampling
of earthworms, 272 of Mollusca, 421 Potato scab, 122 Prédation, 101, 210
by Prostigmata, 379 on cabbage root fly, 346 on Mollusca, 428
serological method of studying, 343 Priming effect, 39
Protozoa, 149
annual production of, 186 cosmopolitan character of, 151 culture, 150
distribution of, 152
effect of soil moisture on, 174 effect on actinomycetales, 183 estimates of activity, 187 extraction, 150
food preferences, 178 in relation to vegetation, 178 life history, 167
morphology, 169 movement, 171 distribution of, 152
nutritional requirements, 171 pH tolerance, 175
plasticity, 170
respiratory activity, 172, 174 seasonal trends in population, 164 Prostigmata, feeding habits, 379 Pseudomonas, 45, 47
Quotients of similarity, 369 Q
Ray fungi, 111 R
Reproduction, see under separate orders Resting hyphae, 71
Rhizobium spp., 45, 455 Rhizomorphs, 72
Rhizopods, distribution, 154 Rhizoplane, 451, 462
Rhizosphere, 23, 43, 53, 138, 141, 166 450, 451
bacteria, 454 effect, 443, 459
effect of foliar sprays on, 461 fungi, 457
Roots
antibiotic production near, 470 antibiotics from, 463
flora, effect of light intensity, 467 maceration of, 463
root surface, 462 surface fungi, 465
Root material, amount of, 481 Rose bengal, 57
Rossi-Cholodny slides, 55, 59, 452 R/S values, 450, 457
for fungi, 452 Salmonella, 19 S Sand, 23
Schizophora, 356 Sclerotia, 61, 73, 87
Screened immersion plates, 60 Seed coat microflora, 459 Selective media, 63
Selective methods of isolation, 63 Sex ratio in Nematodes, 200 Silt, 3
Simazine, 499
Snails, see under Mollusca Soil aeration, 28
and earthworm distribution, 290 effect of earthworms on, 297 Soil atmosphere, 12, 29
carbon dioxide concentration, 30 Soil bacteria
distributional patterns, 22 factors limiting activity, 20 moisture requirements, 26 respiratory activity, 18 Soil desiccation method, 59
Soil dilution plates, 56, 57, 65, 451 Soil impression slides, 55, 453 Soil moisture, 10
and distribution of Lumbricidae, 286 effects of, 457
effects on cocoon production by A.
chlorotica, 287
effect on protozoan numbers, 174 influence on Nematodes, 202 Soil partition methods, 61, 72 Soil percolators, 495
Soil pH, influence on bacteria, 31 Soil plate method, 58
Soil sections, 54 Soil spora, 87 Soil staining, 55
Soil structure, effect of earthworms, 293 Soil temperature
and earthworm activity, 268 and earthworm distribution, 288 Soil turnover of Collembola, 407 Soil-washing methods, 453 Sporangiospores, 116 Spores, 74
actinomycete, 116 dispersal, 98 dormancy, 88 germination, 89 longevity in soil, 75 Spore population, 58
Sporulation of Streptomyces, 118 Sterilization of soil, partial, 185 Straw, rate of decomposition, 27 Streptomyces spp.
numbers in soil, 119 sporulation of, 118 Streptomycetaceae, 112 Succession
of fungi, bacteria, and protozoa, 95 in a Sphagnum bog, 369
Successional patterns, 481 Sugar fungi, 35
Symphyla, 332 Synusiae, 369 Taxonomy T
of Acari, 370 of Collembola, 397 of Enchytraeidae, 213 of Nematodes, 198
Termites, see under Isoptera Termite mound, 340
and soil profile, 340 Testacea
communities, 159
species distribution related to pH, 176 species in forest soil, 160
vertical distribution of species, 161 Thiobacillus, 31
Tipulidae, 354
Toxic chemicals, degredation of, 494 Trichoceridae, 351
Vegetation in relation to Protozoa, 178 V Vertical distribution
of Acari, 370
of arthropods, 326, 328 of Collembola, 402 of earthworms, 264 of Testacea, 161 Vesicles, 72
Vesicular arbuscular endophytes, 70
Washing W boxes, 62 techniques, 62 Water, 10
Water tension, 11, 27 Weathering of rocks, 2 Wood-eating insects, 350 Woodlice, see under Isopoda Wormcasts
bacteria in, 294
microbial population of, 315 production of, 267
stability of, 294, 295
water-stable aggregates in, 294 Xanthomonas, 47 X
Yeasts, as food for protozoa, 184 Y
Zymogenous bacteria, 35, 42 Z
