A ADP, 175, 176, 387
ATP, 175, 176, 278, 287, 290, 291, 293, 294, 295, 296, 387-388, 628 Achromohacter, 343, 492-493, 495, 566 Aerohacter, 346, 586, 595
Agricultural chemicals, 118 Albacore, 60, 355
Albumins, 279-285, 287, 307 analysis, 281-284 fractionation, 284-285 Akaligenes, 492-493 Alcohols, 168, 174, 231-233 Alewife, 363
Alfonsino, 432
Algae, 264, see also Phytoplankton as human food, 5
Amino acids, 154, 158-163, 297, 299, 360-363, 537, 571, 597, 614-615, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 624, 629, 630
alanine, 154, 158, 370, 372, 593 α-alanine, 620
analysis, see Chemical composition arginine, 159, 160-163, 354, 355, 356,
357, 362, 363, 365, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 593, 616, 617, 622, 627 aspartic acid, 154, 159, 362, 372, 616,
617, 618, 619, 622
0-alanine, 361, 362, 616, 617, 618, 620 cysteine, 177, 362, 371, 616, 617, 626 cystine, 177, 362, 370, 622, 627 glutamic acid, 154, 158, 159, 362, 370,
372, 593, 617, 622, 630 glutamine, 618
glutathione, 154
glycine, 154, 159, 362, 369, 370, 371, 372, 593, 616, 620, 622
histidine, 154, 159, 160-163, 335, 336- 337, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 361, 362, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 622, 623
hydroxyproline, 619
isoleucine, 160-163, 617, 618, 619, 623, 627
leucine, 154, 160-163, 363, 618, 619, 623, 627
lysine, 154, 159, 160-163, 356, 357, 361, 362, 363, 616, 617, 619, 620, 623, 624, 627
methionine, 160-163, 177, 619 methylhistidine, 154, 362
phenylalanine, 160-163, 361, 617, 618, 619
proline, 154, 299, 362, 363, 370, 371, 372, 616, 617, 619
serine, 154, 370 threonine, 154, 160-163 tryptophan, 159, 160-163, 299 tyrosine, 562, 579, 619
valine, 154, 160-163, 617, 618, 619, 623, 627
Anchovies, 9, 150, 650 Angola, 155
Annual net production of freshwater fish, 47-48 of guano, 7
of ocean fish, 5, 36, 42-66 of phytoplankton carbon, 5 of salmon, 12
Antarctic Ocean, 172
Antibiotics, 489-490, 504-505, 569, 571, 626, 646-665
CTC, 504-505, 568-569, 571, 626, 646- 654, 655, 656, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664
distribution in ice blocks, 663-664 OCT, 626, 646, 649-654, 660, 662 Arctic Ocean, 172
Arsenic, 177
Atlantic Ocean, 48, 55, 57, 169 Icelandic waters, 16 Austria, 97
Ayu, 140, 158, 442, 459 Β
Bacillus, 492-493, 494, 514, 522, 566, 583
Bacteria, 487-543 see also specific genera aerobic, 491, 492-493 715
coliform, 575-576 coryneforms, 492-493 effect of nitrite, 645-646 fluctuation, 489-491 identification, 488 in oysters, 586-589, 594 inoculation experiments, 584 load, 498, 499
of fresh water fish, 629 of newly caught fish, 489-497 of shrimp, 564, 565, 566, 567,
575 on crabs, 581
optimum temperature, 487 relationship to NaCl, 526-527 Bacterium, 630
Baltic Sea, 8, 30 Banghai, 455 Bangos
see Milkfish Barbel, 436 Barents Sea, 22
Barracuda, 146, 150, 151, 181 Bass, 146
Bele, 455 Belgium, 96 Benzoate, 639, 666 Bering Sea, 182 Betabacterium, 630 Bighead, 138
"Bilgy" fish, 502 Black Sea, 8 Blanquillo, 187, 448
Bonito, 61, 187, 332, 341, 354, 359, oil, see Marine oils
Boric acid, 639, 667 Brain, 270, 367
Bream, 124, 162, 617, 619, 624 Bulgaria, 96
Burbot, 363 Burma, 134 Butterfish, 128
C Canada, 51, 67 Canned fish, 188 Carbon
in phytoplankton, 5 of fish, 5
Carotenoids, 178-179, 432-433
Carp, 78-80, 83, 84, 85, 88, 90, 91, 92, 94-98, 103-119, 122, 123-124, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 158, 281, 283, 284, 290, 294, 295, 296, 362, 387, 388, 428, 433, 441, 452, 617, 619, 623, 625, 628 varieties, 92, 104, 105-106, 124 Catch
age of fish in, 34-35, 79 causes of fluctuations, 13, 19 fresh water, 47, 48, 104 increase in, 41
northern hemisphere, 2, 45 ocean, 48
species composition, 42, 65 world, 42, 43, 44, 46, 50-51, 65 Catfish, 156, 169, 183, 452
Chemical composition, 145-192, 302-303 age, 164
albumins, see main entry alcohols, see main entry
amino acids, 159, 160-163, 361, 363, 537, 614-615, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 621, 627, see also main entry collagen, see main entry
fatty acids, see main entry gelatin, see main entry
geographical differences, 419-420, 436, 441
histamine, see main entry ichthycol, see main entry lipids, see main entry
marine mammals, 148, 182, 661 mineral, 174-177
myogen, 277-278, 279 myosepts, see main entry nitrogen, 153
nucleic acids, 157-158, 279, 301 nucleoproteins, 157-158, 177 peroxide, 238, 244
phosphorus, 175-176
protamines, see main entry and indi
vidual compounds protein, see main entry
seasonable difference, 150-152, 181, 418-419
sex differences, 149-150, 151, 181, 420 574,
657
squalene, 168, 231, 413 sulfur, 177
vitamins, see main entry water, 146, 147, 191-192, 301 China, 104, 122-126
Cholesterol, 166, 171, 218 Clams, 593-595
Clostridium, 346, 495, 592, 645, 662 Clupanodonic acid, 217
Clupeine, 158
Coalfish, 13, 14-15, 16, 58, 146, 149, 150, 182, 394
Cod, 9, 13, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26-27, 32, 56, 146, 149, 150, 156, 157, 160, 169, 178, 181, 182, 185, 271, 281, 282, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 307, 311, 312, 313, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 338, 353, 362, 363, 364, 391, 394, 414, 417, 419, 420, 424, 430, 440, 447, 450-451, 454, 455, 457, 458, 462, 489, 498, 499, 524, 530-531, 537, 540, 541, 643, 644, 648, 650, 656
Atlantic, 57, 153, 160, 277, 305, 361, 440, 444, 458
Gray, see Cod, Pacific Ling, see Lingcod liver oil, see Marine oils
Pacific, 57, 419, 434, 651, 655, 656 Rock, 187, 448
Collagen, 157
Conger eels, 185-186, 424 Conversion efficiency
caloric, 116 growth, 117 Copper, 177
Crabs, 369, 370, 371, 580-585, 652, 660 canning, 583-584
chilling, 582 pasteurization, 583 Crayfish, 370, 585 Crenilabrine, 158 Croaker, 160
Yellow, 649 Cusk, 363, 455, 462
Cuttlefish, 369 oil, see Marine oils Cyprine, 158 Czechoslovakia, 96
D Dab, 394
Dace, 141
Dark-fleshed fish, 333, 335, 338, 340, 354-360, 389, 450
Denmark, 67, 96 Depot fats, 174, 265 Distribution
see Geographical distribution Dogfish, 156, 167, 181, 232, 363, 364,
416, 419, 420, 421, 425 Atlantic, 420
oil, see Marine oils Pacific, 420 Dolphin, 174
oil, see Marine oils Ε Eberthella, 645
Eels, 139, 183, 362, 426, 427, 459 Eicosenoic acid, 214-215
Elasmobranchs, 62, 63, 154, 166, 167, 168, 218, 224-225, 283, 365-368, 494, 538, 541-542
England, see United Kingdom English Channel, 26
Enzymes, 242-243, 301, 331-332, 337; 365, 421-422, 445, 562, 597, 613' 624-626, 631
ATPase, 296, 387, 628 catalase, 625
cathepsin, 576, 625 decarboxylase, 332, 337 dehydrogenase, 626 dipeptidase, 625 phenolase, 562 proteinase, 624 thiaminase, 441-442 tyrosinase, 563, 579, 580 Erysipelothrix, 496
Escherichia, 346, 493, 522, 574, 582, 583, 586-588, 626
Ethmidium macuhtum, 49-52 Eyes, 427-428, 441, 446, 461
F Fats, 146, 147, 192
Fatty acids, 171, 174, 184, 211-213, 261- 265, 266-267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 318, 319, 320, 632
monoenoic acids, 214-215, 268-269, 270
polyenoic acids, 215-218, 260, 262- 263, 264, 265, 268, 269, 270, 272 saturated, 165, 166, 167, 169-170, 172, 173, 212, 213, 220, 222, 224, 226, 228
unsaturated, 165, 166, 167, 169-170, 172, 173, 212, 214-219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 261
Feeding
lake fish, 113-114 paddy field fish, 112-113 pond fish, 80, 84-89, 109-112 Filleting, 508-512
Fish consumption, 72 Fish culture
lakes, 112-113
pond, see Pond cultivation rice paddy fields, 112-113, 133, 135 tambaks, 130, 131-132
water reservoirs, 113
Fish meal, 65-66, 185, 438, 451, 453, 461 Fish population
age, 24
biological equilibrium, 31-34 dependent on specific food, 2 disease, 24
dynamics of 36, 88
long range fluctuations, 19, 25-30 Fish silage, 629-630
Fish solubles, 438 Fish trade, 68-71 Fisheries
economic aspects, 36-37 Greenlandic, 26 history, 41-44 Japanese, 61
maximum yield, 31-37 Norwegian, 25 Swedish, 25
wastes, 189 world, 41-74 Fishing grounds
Japanese, 2 Portuguese, 2 Fishing operations
deep sea, 44 dragging nets, 2 size of net mesh, 37
Flatfish, 13, 62-63, 337, 353, 354, 395, 396, 403, 420, 426, 445, 450 Flavobacterium, 492-493, 495, 566 Flora of fish (including shellfish), 498-
504, 505 after smoking, 518 fillets 511, 512
of salts and brines, 513-516 salted fish, 527-531 shrimp, 566
Flounder, 182, 419, 457, 648 Lemon, 651
Starry, 176 Yellowtail, 337, 359 Fluorine, 177 Flying fish, 426 Fontinine, 158
Food for fish, 80, 84-89, 106 animal, 86
carp, 115 for fry, 109
plant, 87, 88-89, 129 Formosa, see Taiwan France, 97, 100 Fraser River, 12 Freezing, 304, 620
effect on microorganisms, 519-524 freezing-out of water, 303-305, 306 immersion, 575
rate, 310 shrimp, 572-573
theories of freezing damage, 305-307 water—protein—salt system, 302-307 Fresh water fish, 165, 192, 429, 431, 441,
462, 613-634 Frigate Mackerel, 455
Frozen fish, 188, 301-320, 447, 631 desiccation, 315
freshness before freezing, 315-316 seasonal and biological effects, 316-317 temperature of storage, 311-315, 317-
318
thawing, 310-311 time of storage, 311-315
Fry production, 110, 124-125, 128-129, 137, 138
Funa, see Carp G Gaffkya, 493 Gales
promoting plankton production, 8 Garfish, 362, 441, 448
Gelatin, 156
Geographical distribution and liver oils, 436
and vitamin A yield, 419-420 food fish, 1
of fish catch, 44 sea fisheries, 3 George's Bank, 23 Germany
East, 95 West, 67, 95 Gilthead, 158
Glyceride, 166, 233-234, 271-272 Glycogen, 386, 388-389, 403, 628 Goldfish, 123, 432, 433, 461 Gourami, 128, 133, 154 Grayfish, 416
Greece, 100 Growth rate carp, 110 fish, 24, 107 Guano, 7 Guppy, 168 Gurnard, 337
Η
Haddock, 9, 24, 58, 146, 149, 150, 153, 156, 157, 178, 183, 184, 278, 296, 297, 301, 304, 311, 315, 361, 363, 419, 430, 440, 444, 524
Hake, 58, 59, 338, 363 South African, 181
Halibut, 177, 303, 304, 312, 413, 416, 434
Atlantic, 160, 169, 170, 181, 314, 315 Greenland, 26
Pacific, 33-35, 149 Handling, 498-535
and processing, 508-535 delivery to retailer, 512
effect of delayed handling, 569-571 exposure on quay, boxing, etc., 505-
507
gutting, 498-499 heading, 564
icing, 500-502, 564, 566, 577 on board ship, 498-505 on shore, 505-507 shrimp, 562
washing, 500, 501, 509, 563, 584-585, 595
Hawaii, 135-136
Heart tissue, 148, 367, 448, 451
Herring, 9, 14, 15, 21, 24, 25, 51, 146, 150, 157, 181, 185, 187, 192, 264, 361, 364, 424, 430, 431, 438, 451, 462, 527-530, 542-543
Atlantic, 49, 52, 441 Baltic, 149, 150, 286, 314 North Sea, 150, 170 oil, see Marine oils Pacific, 49, 52, 150, 168 Round, 52, 649 Higoi, see Carp
Histamine, 329-347, 359-360, 542-543 content of fish products, 330 histidine as a precursor, 336-337 produced through autolysis, 331-332
through microbial activity, 332-336 Proteus morganii, 342-346
responsible bacteria, 341-346 saurine, 340-341
white- and dark-meat differences, 338 Hong Kong, 138-139
Horse Mackerel, 151, 168, 335, 337, 354, 416, 650
Hungary, 96
Hydrogen peroxide, 600
Hypervitaminosis in humans, 413 Hypochlorite, 639-640
I Lobster, 537, 578-580, 653 Lofoten, 17, 18, 20, 21
Μ
Mackerel, 9, 60, 146, 147, 150, 151, 337, 354, 359, 387, 395, 417, 426, 447, 462, 542, 628
Atlantic, 160, 448, 451, 455 Chub, see Pacific
Frigate, see Frigate Mackerel Horse, see Horse Mackerel Indian, 168
Japanese, see Mackerel, Pacific Pacific, 331, 334, 335, 403, 419, 433,
441, 444, 455 Round, 648 Magur, 455 Malaya, 135 Marine mammals
see Chemical composition Marine oils, 259-272
body, 170, 180, 183, 215, 220-229, 266-267, 269, 270, 424
bonito, 216, 217, 218
cod liver, 184, 233-234, 260, 417, 433, 434, 436-437
cuttlefish, 231, 234 dogfish, 433 dolphin, 214
fish, 67, 164, 167, 169-170, 211-247, 269
herring, 213, 214, 219, 234, 242, 244, 260
liver, 169, 180, 181, 182, 184, 213.
214, 215, 222-225, 269, 270, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 428-429, 434, 435, 436, 437
oxidation processes, 234-242 plaice, 214
rancidity, 242-246 sablefish, 245 salmon, 212, 233
sardine, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 233, 234, 236, 433
shark liver, 180, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 230-232, 234, 430, 436, 437
Iceland, 67, 72 Ichthycol, 157 India, 72 Indian Ocean, 48 Indonesia, 130-133
Iodine, 171, 177, 266-267, 268, 269, 270, 272
Iridine, 158 Iro-goi, see Carp Iron, 177 Isaki, 657
Italy, 72, 97, 98-99, 100 Itoyo fish, 219, 231
J Jack Mackerel, 433
Japan, 67, 72, 103-119, 139-141 Jewfish, 230, 232, 434
Κ Kamaboko, 658, 659 Katsuworine, 158 Killifish, 363, 439 Kitol, 179, 432 Koi, see Carp Korea, 72, 126-127
L
Lamprey, 362, 364, 424, 425, 427, 428, 441, 459
Caspian, 433 River, 426 Ling, 182, 431, 455
Lingcod, 177, 303, 304, 643, 644, 647, 655
Lipids, 146, 147, 150, 164-166, 272, 318 factors influencing, 165
Liver, 148, 179, 180, 182, 186, 187, 188, 190, 270, 271, 413, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 424, 428, 434, 436, 438, 440, 441, 442, 445- 446, 449, 450, 451, 453, 457, 460, 461, 462, 617, 619
oil, see Marine oil vitamin A content, 418 Lizard fish, 314
Loach, 140-141
tuna, 218, 232
whale, 171-174, 214, 215, 219, 260, 261, 270, 271
Marketing
contamination, 507 fresh fish, 505 shrimp, 367
size of fish, 37, 82, 126 Menhaden, 9, 359, 433 Metabolism, 82-83 Microbiology
bacteria, see main entry flora, see Flora of fish fungi, 497, 518, 520 of sea water fish, 487-543 yeasts, 492, 520, 567, 587, 670 Micrococci, 492-493, 507, 566 Migrations, 13-17
Milkfish, 126, 128, 130-131, 132, 133, 136, 137
Milt, 158, 269, 271, 462 Mineral sea nutrients, 9 Mirror carp, 92, 105, 442 Moe mam, 450
Mollusks, 338-340, 353, 371-374 bacteriological examination, 598-599 Moray, 442
Mud carp, 124 Mullet, 146, 161, 459
Australian sea, 150
Grey or Gray, 124, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 181
Murmansk, 26 Sea, 151
Muscle, 148, 185, 275-301, 302, 303, 367, 386-389, 422-423, 453, 455, 521, 522, 523, 617, 619, 620, 621, 627 structure, 276
Mussels, 9, 146, 150, 151, 163, 441, 453 Myosepts, 156
Ν
Neovitamins A1 and A2, 430-431 Netherlands, 97
Newfoundland, 172 Newfoundland Banks, 14 Nigai, 141
Nigisu, 424
Nilem, 133 Nitrites, 641-646 Nitrogen
availability in sea water, 4 diamino, 355, 356, 357, 369 in fish, 153, 614-615, 620, 621
monoamino, 155, 355, 356, 357, 363, 571
non-protein, 154-155, see also main entry
protein, 155-157, 286, see also main entry
Nonprotein nitrogenous compounds, 353- 375, 537
ammonia, 366, 367, 370 creatine, 353, 361, 368, 387 purine, 356, 357, 361
trimethylamine oxide, 274, 360, 363- 364, 368, see also main entry urea, 365-366, 367, 541
Norway, 96, 182 North Sea, 23, 24, 37
Ο Ocean currents, 10
Alaska, 45 California, 7 Gulf Stream, 9, 46 Humboldt, 7 Kurushio, 11, 45 Labrador, 45 North Equatorial, 7 Norwegian, 21 Oyoshio, 10, 45 Ocean fish, 165, 192, 431 Octopus, 340, 373 Oilfish, 231
Oil oxidation, 631-632, see also Marine oils
Oysters, 150, 151, 188, 374, 585-593, 652, 653, 660
Ρ Pacific Ocean, 48, 55, 57 Parasites, 89, 93, 119 Pathogens
fish, 497, 632-633 man, 496-497
Perch, 146, 397, 623
Lake, 158, 362, 396, 403, 405, 617, 619, 624
Ocean or Sea, 164, 314, 421, 424, 648 Percine, 158
Philippines, 127-130 Phosphatides, 175, 271-272 Phosphorus
availability in sea water, 4 organic, 175-176 pond cultivation, 90 Photosynthesis, 4 Phytoplankton
algae, 4
consumed by Zooplankton, 5 diatoms, 264
source of vitamin B1 2, 453 Pilchard, see Sardine Pike, 98, 146
Pike-Perch, see Walleye Pirarucu, 455
Plaice, 9, 23, 24, 146, 284, 312, 314, 391, 394, 454
oil, see Marine oils Plankton
antibiotic properties, 489-490 as animal food, 5, 6, 151 as source of vitamin A, 413
conditions for optimum production, 8, 22
Plecoglossine, 158 Poland, 95-96
Pollock, 57, 58, 187, 286, 363, 415, 417, 419, 441, 448, 451, 462
Alaska, 57, 58, 418 Pollution, 88, 586 Pomfret, 455 Pompano, 146
Pond cultivation, also see Fish culture area, 95-98, 122, 127, 128, 133
brackish water, 98-101, 130, 131-132 Europe, 77-101
feeding, 80, 84-89, 110-111, 125 fertilization, 90-92, 117-118 history, 77-78, 103-104, 123, 127 liming, 90
location, 107
pond care, 89-92 sanitation, 89-90 types of ponds, 108 with ducks, 92 yield, 79-80 Pope, 362, 617 Porgy, 354, 448, 496 Porpoises, 174, 364 Prawn, 369, 371, 568
Production, see Annual net production and individual species
Productivity indicators of, 4 of sea, 1-2, 4
Protamines, 158, see also individual com
pounds Protein
actin, 292-293, 294, 386
actomyosin, 294-296, 307, 309, 310, 311, 314, 318, 322, 386
animal protein as human food, 73 denaturation, 302, 307-308, 309, 318,
320, 388 digestibility, 85, 88
extraction, 280-281, 285-287 fish, 275-320
liver, 420 muscle, 277-301 myofibril, 285-300 myoglobulin, 283, 284
myosin, 156, 157, 278, 290, 291-292, 294, 299, 300, 386, 388
percentage in fish, 146, 147, 148, 151, 158, 276-277
tropomyosin, 291, 296-297, 298, 299 Proteus, 342-346, 492-493
Pr. morganii, 342-346
Pseudomonas, 492-493, 501, 503, 504, 505, 516, 566, 577, 578
P. fragt, 504 R Ray, 365, 397
spotted, 167
Red Barsch, see Redfish Red meat, see Dark-fleshed fish Red Snapper, 161, 387, 403, 628
Redeye, 397, 403
Redfish, 9, 17, 18, 64, 178, 312, 314, 315, 391, 394, 433, 496
Retinene, 431
Rigor mortis, 385-406, 626-628 and keeping properties, 404-407 assessment, 389-397
chemical changes, 386-389 pH, 397-404, 406
Roach, 141, 396, 397, 403, 404, 433, 617 Rockfish, 281, 314, 339, 413, 415, 417,
418, 448, 459
Roe, 159, 184, 190, 232, 269, 271, 430, 431, 433, 434, 435, 457, 462, 463 Rohu, 462
Rosefish, see Redfish Roundfish, 337, 395, 657 Roumania, 96
S Sablefish, 359
oil, see Marine oils Saithe, see Coalfish Salmine, 158
Salmon, 30, 61-62, 146, 149, 158, 212, 359, 363, 428, 433, 444, 452, 643 Atlantic, 448
Australian, 151, 181 Chinook, see King Chum, 424, 651 Coho, see Silver Dog, see Chum Humpback, see Pink Indian, 434
King, 148, 164, 424 oil, see Marine oils
Pacific, 12, 359, 424, 448, 452, 648, 651
Pink, 424 Red, see Pacific Silver, 424, 647, 651, 655 Sockeye, see Pacific Spring, 177, 651 SalmoneUa, 346, 519, 588 Salting, 526-535
dry salting, 530-531 pickling, 527-530
Sardine, 53, 54, 55, 180, 185, 338, 341, 354, 359, 434, 459, 650
Atlantic, 150, 364 California, 14, 19, 28, 29 food for guano birds, 7 Indian, 28, 53, 151 Japanese, 433 oil, see Marine oils Pacific, 452
scaled, see main entry Saury, 341, 459 Sawfish, 166 Scaled sardine, 442 Scallops, 373-374, 597-598 Scombrine, 158
Sea Bass, 128, 354 Sea Elephants, 174 Sea of Japan, 170 Sea Robin, 459, 496 Sea Trout, 161 Seals, 174 Serratia, 492
Shad, 146, 147, 363, 462
Shark, 146, 156, 158, 182, 184, 230-232, 335, 365, 366, 367, 397, 413, 419, 424, 425, 429, 440, 450, 494 Black-fin, 166, 167
Cat, 362
Great Blue, 420, 421 Hammerhead, 413, 420 liver oil, see Marine oils New Zealand School, 213 Salmon, 420, 421 Soupfin, 416, 420, 421 Tiger, 166
Sheatfish, 433
Shellfish, 179, 187, 369-374, 447, 652- 653
Shigella, 346 Shinshu-goi, see Carp
Shrimp, 369-370, 562-578, 652-653 boiling, 576-577
Skate, 489, 490, 491, 537
Skin, 157, 426, 427, 441, 444-445, 498, 499, 509, 617, 619
Smelt, 61, 141, 146, 444, 617 Pond, 141, 441
Smoking, 512, 516, 631 cold, 513, 517 hot, 519
Sole, 9, 180, 395, 489 Lemon, 177, 490, 491 South West Africa, 67 Soviet Union, 67, 97, 104 Spain, 97, 100, 150
Spleen, 148, 189, 367, 461, 617, 619 Spoilage
chemical control, 639-670 cod, 538-541
crab, 581-582 defrosted fish, 525-526 elasmobranchs, 541-542 fresh-water fish, 613-634
herring and allied species, 542-543 microbial, 535-543, 639-670 oysters, 590-593
"pink" and "dun," 532-534, 669 salted fish, 531-535
sprats, 56, 150, 164, 183, 462 Squid, 14, 335, 340, 372, 596-597 Staphylococcus, 645, 662 Stickleback, Arctic, 168 Stickwater, 438
"Stinker" fish, see "Bilgy" fish Storage
dry refrigerated, 575 fate of nitrites, 643-645 ice, 502-504, 567-569 shrimp, 573-574
using refrigerated sea water, 574, 651 without direct ice contact, 568 Sturgeon, 98, 156, 157, 158, 362 Sturine, 158
Sweden, 96 Swellfish, 354
Swordfish, 183, 359, 424 Τ Taiwan, 104, 136-138
Tambak, see under Fish culture Tambakan, 133, 134
Tawes, 132, 133
Temperature
and bacteria, 489, 494, 501-502, 503, 507, 510, 511, 520, 522, 523 during marketing, 506-507 fish metabolism, 83, 106 for carp, 106
for pond cultivation, 90, 106 of Gulf Stream, 9
optimum for marine animals, 11 seasonal changes, 8
Tench, 83, 617 Thailand, 104, 134
Thiaminase, see under Enzymes
Tilapia, 126, 129, 132, 134, 135, 137, 139
Tocopherol, 184, 241, 245
Trimethylamine oxide, 155, 524, 525, 526, 537, 541
Trout, 61, 80-82, 84, 94, 95, 96, 97, 141, 146, 158, 363, 418, 442-443, 452, 457, 459, 617, 618, 620, 621, 625, 626, 631
Truttine, 158
Tuna, 59, 60, 146, 160, 169, 170, 183, 329, 341, 359, 362, 389, 413, 444, 450, 453, 457
Big-eyed, 425, 461
Bluefin, 164, 284, 355, 425, 446, 448, 451
Pacific, 10, 11
Skipjack, 60, 148, 158, 415, 417, 440, 448, 455
Yellowfin, 36, 60, 148, 415, 417, 451 Tunny, see Tuna
Turbot, 185 U Ukraine, 98
Union of South Africa, 67, 150
Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR), see Soviet Union
United Kingdom (UK), 67, 170 United States (US), 67, 104 Upwelling, 30
source of plant nutrients, 6 Urume-iwashi, see Herring, round Utilization of fish, 66, 72
V W Walleye, 362, 433, 617, 618 Washing, see Handling
Whales, 9, 172, 173, 179, 265, 364, 653- 654
Baleen, 174 Blue, 148, 164, 173 feeding, 9
Finback, 148, 164, 173, 417 Humpback, 173
oil, see Marine oils Sperm, 173
White-fleshed fish, 333, 338, 354, 360- 364, 388
Whitefish, 98, 152, 313, 461
Whiting, 24, 182, 296, 394, 430, 431, 441
Y Yamato-goi, see Carp Yellowtail, 314, 354, 440, 461 Yield
carp, 110, 112-114
maximum sustainable, 34-36 ponds, 79-80, 94-98, 122, 132 Yugoslavia, 95, 100
Ζ Zooplankton, 6, 178, 179, 364
for carp fry, 109
"Valli" culture, 99 Vibrio, 492-493, 495 Vitamins, 178-191, 411-463
ascorbic acid, see Vitamin C biotin, 187-188
carnitine, 454-455 choline, 459-461
cobolamin, see Vitamin B1 2
congeners of vitamin A, 428-433 folic acid, 187, 459, 460
niacin, 186, 455-457
pantothenic acid, 186-187, 457-459 pyridoxine, 187-188, 446-448 riboflavin, 185-186, 442-446 thiamine, 185, 438-442
vitamin A, 178-183, 231, 232, 240-241, 412-428
vitamin Bv see thiamin vitamin B2, see riboflavin vitamin B6, see pyridoxine
vitamin B1 2, 177, 189, 190, 448-454 vitamin C, 190-191, 242, 461-463, 569 vitamin D, 183-184, 433-437
vitamin E , 184, 437 vitamin F , 184-185 vitamin K, 185
