Subject Index
A
A b s c i s s i on layer, 115 role in d e f e n s e, 1 1 4 , 1 1 5 Acalymma vittata, 3 6 3 , 3 6 4 Acervulus, 2 1 2
Acetate pathway, 1 2 8 , 1 3 9 Acetyl C o A, 97, 98 Actidione, 2 0 3
Adaptation, cytoplasmic, 34 A d e n i n e, 4 0 2 , 4 0 3
A d e n o s i ne d i p h o s p h a te ( A D P ), 9 5 A d e n o s i ne triphosphate (ATP), 84, 9 5 A e c i o s p o r e, 2 1 2
A e c i u m, 2 1 2 Aerobacter, 328
Agallia constricta, 4 8 1 - 4 8 4 Agallia quadripunctata, 4 8 1 Agalliopsis novella, 4 8 1 , 4 8 2 Agrobacterium, 3 2 8 , 3 2 9 , 3 3 0 , 3 3 2 Agrobacterium rhizogenes, 3 3 2
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 72, 73, 88, 1 8 2 , 3 2 6 , 3 3 2 , 3 4 4 - 3 4 6
auxin production, 73
Air pollution, d a m a ge to plants, 5 6 3 - 5 6 7 Albugo, 2 1 5
Alcohol, 9 5 , 9 7
Alcoholic fermentation, 9 7 Alfalfa
crown wart, 2 1 5 d o d d er on, 3 7 9 - 3 8 4 dwarf virus, 4 1 2 , 4 1 4 leaf spot, 21 6 m o s a ic virus, 3 9 8 potash deficiency, 5 7 0 Algal virus (LPP-1), 3 9 8 , 4 0 1 Alkali injury, 574
Alkaloids, 125
A l m o n d, Rhizopus hull rot a nd blight, 25 4 Alternaria, 2 1 7
Alternaria kikuchiana toxin, 6 7 Alternaria solani, 6 5
Alternaric acid, 6 5 A m i n o p e p t i d a s e, 5 7 á-Amylase, 58, 7 5 â-Amylase, 5 7 Amylopectin, 57, 58 A m y l o s e, 5 7 , 5 8 Anastomosis, 29, 30 Anguina, 5 0 2 , 5 0 4
Antagonistic plants, control with, 183 Antheridium, 2 3 3 , 2 3 4 , 263, 264 Anthracnose, 2 1 9
Antibiotics, 4 1 , 2 0 2 , 4 5 4 Antimetabolite, 63 Antioxidants, 5 6 7 Aphanomyces, 2 1 5
Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi, 5 0 2 , 5 0 5 , 5 4 2 - 5 4 4
Aphis gossypii, 4 4 4 , 4 9 4 Aphis spiraecola, 49 4 A p o t h e c i u m, 2 1 2 A p p le
bacterial spot, 110 bitter rot, 21 6 black rot, 1 1 7 , 2 1 6 crown gall, 3 4 2 fire blight, 3 3 4 - 3 4 2 heat injury, 554 h e r b i c i de injury, 5 7 5 p o w d e ry m i l d e w, 123, 21 6 rust, 2 1 7
scald, 554 silver leaf, 117 watercore, 5 5 5 , 5 5 7 winter injury, 5 5 5
A p p le scab, 2 1 , 22, 29, 126, 133, 165, 216, 2 6 6 - 2 7 2
g e n e t i cs of, 147-149 A p p r e s o r i u m, 38 Arbutin, 133
Arceuthobium, 3 7 9 , 3 9 0 - 3 9 3 Armillaria, 2 1 7
Ascocarp, 2 1 3
613
Ascochyta, 21 6 Ascochyta pisi, 132 A s c o g e n o us h y p h a e, 2 2 1 A s c o g o n i u m, 2 6 3 , 2 6 4 A s c o m y c e t a e, 21 6
genetics of, 146 Ascorbic acid, 1 0 2 , 5 6 6 Ascorbic acid oxidase, 102 A s c o s p o r e, 2 1 2 , 2 1 3 Ascus, 2 1 2 , 2 1 3 Aspergillus, 2 1 7
Aster yellows, 4 1 4 , 4 3 2 , 4 4 7 - 4 5 5 Aster yellows virus, 4 5 1 - 4 5 3 Aureomycin, 2 0 3 , 4 5 4 Auxin(s), 7 0 - 7 4 , 1 3 6
in crown gall tumors, 73 in virus-infected plants, 74 Avenacin, 125
Â
Bacillus, 328, 329
Bacteria, plant pathogenic, 3 2 2 anatomy, 324
classification, 3 2 7 - 3 2 8 e c o l o gy a nd s p r e a d, 32 6 identification, 328
m e c h a n i s ms of d i s e a se induction, 3 3 1 morphology, 3 2 3
multiplication a nd g e n e t i c s, 3 2 5 variability in, 31
Bacterial canker a nd g u m m o s is of stone fruits, 68, 3 6 7 - 3 7 7
Bacterial d i s e a s e s, 3 2 2 control, 3 3 2
effect of moisture on, 167 genetics, 156
s y m p t o m s, 3 3 0
Bacterial soft rot of v e g e t a b l e s, 3 5 4 - 3 6 1 Bacterial wilt
of cucurbits, 3 6 1 - 3 6 7
of s o l a n a c e o us crops, 7, 72, 79, 8 1 , 156, 1 6 3 , 1 7 0 , 1 8 2
B a c t e r i o p h a ge (phage), 3 1 , 1 8 2 , 3 3 0 B a n a n a, bacterial wilt, 72
Barberry
eradication of, 176, 3 2 0 stem rust of w h e at on, 3 1 3 - 3 2 0 Barley
loose smut, 3 0 1 - 3 0 5
p o w d e ry m i l d e w, 1 4 6 - 1 47 stripe m o s a ic virus, 3 9 8 Barley yellow dwarf, 4 6 2 - 4 7 0
Barley yellow dwarf virus, 157, 4 6 3 - 4 6 5 B a s ic functions
in living cell, 4 0 8 in plants, 2-4 B a s i d i o m y c e t a e, 2 1 7
genetics of, 151 B a s i d i o s p o r e, 2 1 2 , 2 1 3 B a s i d i u m 2 1 2 , 2 13 B e an blight, 8 1
halo blight, 1 3 5 , 1 5 6 lesion n e m a t o d e, 5 3 0 p o w d e ry m i l d e w, 170 rust, 2 1 7
southern m o s a ic virus, 1 3 5 , 4 1 2 s u n s c a l d, 5 6 2
y e l l ow m o s a ic virus, 4 0 9 B e et
boron deficiency, 5 7 1 d a m p i ng off, 2 3 2
curly top virus, 1 6 8 , 4 2 5 , 4 5 5 - 4 6 2 yellows virus, 8 6 , 3 9 8
Belonolaimus, 5 0 2 , 5 0 4
B e n z e ne c o m p o u n d s, control with, 198, 199
B i o c h e m i c al d e f e n s e, 1 2 2 - 1 4 1 a b s e n ce of c o m m on antigens, 126 altered biosynthetic pathways in, 139 altered respiration, 138
deficiency in essential nutrients in, 1 2 5 - 1 26
detoxification of p a t h o g en toxins, 137 exudates from l e a v e s, 123
from roots, 124
h y p e r s e n s i t i ve reaction in, 1 3 8 , 1 4 0 inactivation of p a t h o g en e n z y m e s, 137 i n d u c e d, 127
inhibitors
p r e s e nt in plants, 124 r e l e a s ed by plants, 123 phenol-oxidizing e n z y m es in, 133 p h e n o l ic c o m p o u n ds in, 1 2 8 - 1 3 2
r e l e a s ed from g l y c o s i d es in, 133 phytoalexins, 1 3 1 - 1 3 2
pre-existing, 123
proteins a nd e n z y m e s, role in, 134 substrates resistant to e n z y m es in,
1 3 5 - 1 36
Biological m e t h o ds of control, 1 7 8 - 1 84 Biosynthetic p a t h w a ys in d i s e a s ed plants,
139
Blackheart of potato, 5 5 5 , 5 6 2 Blight, 4
Blueberry, s t u b by root, 5 4 8 B o r d e a ux mixture, 1 1 , 1 9 2
Boron-deficiency d i s e a s e s, 5 7 1 - 5 7 3 Boron-toxicity d i s e a s e s, 5 7 4 Botran (dichloran), 1 9 8 , 1 9 9 Botrytis, 1 2 3 , 1 7 8 , 2 1 7 Botrytis cinerea, 6 5 Botrytis ricini, 136
B r e a k d o wn of host resistance, 2 6 B r e e d i ng of resitant varieties, 1 7 9 - 1 8 1 Bremia, 2 1 6
B r o m e g r a ss m o s a ic virus, 4 0 0 B r o o m r a p e s, 3 7 9
B r o wn rot fungi, 5 5
B r o wn rot of stone fruits, 1 6 3 , 2 1 6 , 2 8 0 - 2 8 8
B u nt or stinking s m ut of wheat, 10, 3 0 5 - 3 1 2
c
C a b b a ge
black ringspot virus, 164 boron deficiency, 5 7 3 clubroot, 8 8 , 1 6 9 , 2 2 5 - 2 3 0 Caffeic acid, 7 2 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 1 Calcium-deficiency d i s e a s e s, 5 7 0 Canker, 4
bacterial, of stone fruits, 3 6 7 - 3 7 7 fire blight, 3 3 4 - 3 4 2
C a p s u l e, bacterial, 8 1 , 3 2 3 C a p t a n, 199
C a r b on dioxide, 8 3 , 8 4 C a r b o r u n d u m, 4 2 0 Carboxy cutin e s t e r a s e, 4 5 C a r b o xy cutin p e r o x i d a s e, 4 5 C a r b o x y p e p t i d a s e, 5 7 Carrot
aster y e l l o ws virus, 4 4 7 - 4 5 5 bacterial soft rot, 3 5 4 - 3 6 1 lesion n e m a t o d e, 5 3 2 , 5 3 3 C a t a l a s e, 135
Catechol, 7 2 , 1 2 4
C e d a r - a p p le rust, 7 2 , 1 7 6 , 2 1 7
C e l e ry
bacterial soft rot, 3 5 4 boron deficiency, 5 7 1 early blight, 2 1 7 late blight, 2 1 6 C e ll Wall
as barrier, 109 composition, 3 8 , 4 6 e n z y m a t ic degradation, 4 3 proteins in, 5 5
C e l l o b i o s e, 5 2
C e l l u l ar d e f e n se structures, 1 1 8 - 1 1 9 C e l l u l a s e s, 5 2
Ci e n z y m e, 5 2 Cx e n z y m e s, 53 Cellulolytic e n z y m e s, 5 2 C e l l u l o s e, 4 7 , 5 1
a m o r p h o u s, 4 7 , 5 2 c o m p o s i t i on of, 5 1 crystallinity of, 4 7 degradation of, 5 1 - 5 3 microfibrils, 4 7 , 5 1
Cephalosporium, 2 7 3 , 2 7 6 , 2 7 7 Ceratocystis, 2 1 6
Ceratocystisfimbriata, 1 3 0 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 4 Ceratocystis ulmi, 6 5 , 2 7 3 - 2 7 7
Cercospora, 1 2 3 , 2 1 7 C e r e s a n, 196
C h e m i c al control of d i s e a s e s, 1 8 6 - 2 0 5 m e c h a n i s ms of action, 2 0 5
m e t h o ds of, 1 8 6 - 1 9 2 types of c h e m i c a l s, 1 9 2 - 2 04 C h e m i c al w e a p o ns of p a t h o g e n s, 4 0 Cherry
bacterial canker a nd g u m m o s i s, 3 6 7 - 3 7 7
b r o wn rot, 2 8 0 - 2 8 8 leaf roll virus, 4 2 4 leaf spot, 1 1 4 , 2 0 3 , 2 1 6
necrotic ringspot virus, 4 7 0 - 4 7 8 y e l l o ws virus, 2 0 4 , 4 3 1
C h e s t n ut blight, 6 , 6 5 , 1 7 4 , 2 1 6 C h i l l i ng injury, 5 5 5 - 5 5 9
on p e a s, 5 5 8
C h l a m y d o s p o r e, 2 1 0 , 2 1 2 Chloranil, 197
Chlorella, 6 3
C h l o r o g e n ic acid, 7 2 , 1 2 5 , 1 2 9 - 1 3 1 Chlorophyll, 8 3 , 8 4 , 8 5
C h l o r o p h y l l a s e, 8 5
C h r y s a n t h e m u m, foliar n e m a t o d e, 5 4 1 - 5 4 5
Circulative viruses, 4 2 2 Circulifer tenellus, 4 5 6 , 4 5 8 Citric acid, 97, 98
Citrus canker, 109, 1 1 0 , 1 7 4 , 1 7 6 Citrus tristeza virus, 4 9 3 - 4 9 4 Cladosporium, 217
Cladosporium carpophilum, 114 Cladosporium cucumerinum, 119 Cladosporium fulvum, 3 3 , 1 4 9 Claviceps, 21 6
C l e i s t o t h e c i u m, 2 1 2
Clubroot of crucifers, 8 8 , 1 6 9 , 215, 2 2 5 - 2 3 0
Coccomyces, 21 6
Coccomyces hiemalis, 114, 203 Cochliobolus miyabeanus, 133 C o d e, 1 5 8 , 4 0 5
C o d i n g, 404
C oA ( c o e n z y me A), 9 7 , 9 8 C o e n z y m e s, 42, 96, 97 Colladonus montanus, 4 2 3 Colletotin, 6 5
Colletotrichum, 2 1 7 Colletotrichum circinans, 124 Colletotrichum fuscum, 6 5 C o n i d i o p h o r e, 2 1 0
C o n i d i u m, 210, 2 1 2
Conifers, dwarf mistletoe, 3 9 0 - 3 9 4 Conjugation, 3 1 , 3 2 5
Control of plant d i s e a s e s, m e t h o d s, 1 7 3 - 2 05
biological, 1 7 8 - 1 84 chemical, 1 8 6 - 2 0 5 cultural, 1 7 5 - 1 78 physical, 184-186 regulatory, 1 7 4 - 1 75
Copper-deficiency d i s e a s e s, 5 7 2 C o p p er fungicides, control with, 192 Coremium, 2 7 4 - 2 7 7
Cork layer, 112, 113 role in d e f e n s e, 111-114 Corn
leaf spot, 68 root rot, 164 smut, 72, 2 9 6 - 3 0 1 Stewart's wilt, 3 3 , 1 5 6 s t u b by root, 5 4 7 stunt virus, 7 6 , 4 3 2
Corynebacterium, 328, 329, 3 3 0 , 3 3 2 Corynebacteriumfascians, 7 8 , 5 0 8 Coryneum, 2 1 7
Cotton
angular leaf spot, 127 crinkle-leaf d i s e a s e, 5 7 5 Fusarium wilt, 138 C o u p l i n g, of respiration a nd
phosphorylation, 9 5
C o v e r ed s m ut of barley a nd w h e at (bunt), 3 0 5 - 3 1 2
Criconema, 502, 5 0 5 Criconemoides, 5 0 2 , 5 0 5 Crinkle-leaf d i s e a se of cotton, 5 7 5 Cronartium, 2 1 7
Cronartium ribicola, 176 C r op rotation, 177 C r o ss protection, 181 Crossing-over, 27, 28
C r o wn gall, 4 , 4 1 , 73, 8 8 , 1 8 2 , 3 4 2 - 3 4 6 of rose, 344
Crucifers blackleg, 216
clubroot of, 8 8 , 1 6 9 , 2 1 5 , 2 2 5 - 2 3 0 white rust, 2 1 5
C u c u m b er
bacterial wilt, 3 6 1 - 3 6 7 m o s a i c, 4 4 2 - 4 4 7
m o s a ic virus, 157, 1 7 0 , 1 7 6 , 444 necrotic ringspot virus in, 4 7 7 scab, 119
C u c u r b it
bacterial wilt, 3 6 1 - 3 6 7 curly top, 4 5 5 d o w ny m i l d e w, 21 6
Cultural m e t h o ds of control, 1 7 5 - 1 7 8 Curly top of sugar beet, 1 6 8 , 4 5 5 - 4 6 2 Curly top virus, 4 5 6 - 4 5 9
effect on starch accumulation, 8 5 Cuscuta, 379, 3 8 0 - 3 8 3
on alfalfa, 3 8 1 , 3 8 3 C u t i c le
c o m p o s i t i on a nd structure, 38 role in d e f e n s e, 108
Cuticular wax, composition, 38, 4 4 Cutin
composition, 4 4 , 4 5 degradation, 44 Cutin e s t e r a s e, 44
C y c l o h e x i m i de (Actidione), 2 0 3
C y p r ex (dodine), 2 0 1 C y t o c h r o me c, 97, 98 C y t o c h r o me o x i d a s e, 97, 98 Cytokinins, 7 6 - 7 8
C y t o p l a s m ic adaptation, 34 C y t o p l a s m ic d e f e n se reaction, 120 C y t o s i n e, 4 0 2 , 4 0 3
D
D a c o n il 2 7 8 7 , 1 9 8 , 1 9 9
D a m p i ng off, 1 6 6 , 1 7 0 , 2 3 0 - 2 3 8 , 5 0 7 D e f e n s e, in plants, against p a t h o g e n s, 105
b i o c h e m i c a l, 1 2 2 - 1 4 1 , see also B i o c h e m i c al d e f e n se structural, 1 0 7 - 1 21 D e f e n se reaction
cytoplasmic, 120
h y p e r s e n s i t i ve (necrotic), 120 D e f e n se structures
a b s c i s s i on layers, 1 1 4 , 1 1 5 cellular, 1 1 8 - 1 19
cork layers, 111-114 cuticle, 108
e p i d e r m al cell walls, 109 g u m s, 1 1 7 , 1 1 8
histological, 1 1 1 - 1 1 7 i n d u c e d, 111 internal barriers, 110 natural o p e n i n g s, 1 0 9 , 1 1 0 pre-existing, 108
sheathing of h y p h a e, 119 s w e l l i ng of cell walls, 118 tyloses, 1 1 5 , 1 1 6
wax, 108
Deficiency d i s e a s e s, 5 6 8
Deficiency in essential nutrients, role in plant d e f e n s e, 1 2 5 - 1 2 6
D e h y d r o f u s a r ic acid, 64, 2 9 3 D e h y d r o q u i n ic acid, 1 2 8 , 1 2 9 D e o x y r i b o n u c l e a s e, 6 0
D e o x y r i b o n u c l e ic acid ( D N A ), 5 9 , 4 0 1 D e o x y r i b o s e, 5 9 , 4 0 2
Detoxification of p a t h o g en toxins, 1 3 7 - 1 38
D e x o n, 1 9 8 , 1 9 9 Dextrins, 58
Diabrotica undecimpunctata, 363, 364 Diaporthin, 6 5
D i c h l o n e, 197
D i c h l o r an (Botran), 1 9 8 , 1 9 9
D i c h l o r o p r o p e n e - d i c h l o r o p r o p a ne ( D D ), 5 1 2
Difolatan, 2 0 0
D i h y d r o x y a c e t o n e, 96, 97
Dinitro-o-cresol (Elgetol), 1 9 8 , 1 9 9 2,4-Dinitrophenol ( D N P ), 9 9 , 1 3 8 D i n o c ap (Karathane), 1 9 8 , 1 9 9 D i p h e n y l, 190
D i p h o s p h o g l y c e r a t e, 9 6 , 9 7 D i s e a se
c a u se of, 2 classification, 7 concept, 2
control of, see Control of plant d i s e a s es
cycle, 2 0 definition, 5
e c o n o m ic importance of, 5 e n v i r o n m e nt in relation to, 1 6 1 - 1 7 1 e s c a p e, 158
identification, 13 infectious, 7 , 1 7
m e c h a n i s ms of induction, 5 noninfectious, 9 , 5 5 2 stages of d e v e l o p m e n t, 20 Disinfection, 1 8 4 , 1 8 5 , 1 9 0 Disinfestation, of w a r e h o u s e s, 191 D i s s e m i n a t i o n, of p a t h o g e n s, 23, 213,
3 2 6 , 4 1 8 D i t h a n e, 1 9 5 , 1 9 6 Ditylenchus, 5 0 2 , 5 0 4
Ditylenchus dipsaci, 1 8 4 , 1 8 5 , 5 3 7 - 5 3 9 D N A, see D e o x y r i b o n u c l e ic acid D o d d e r, 3 7 9 - 3 8 4
virus transmission by, 4 2 4 D o d i ne (Cyprex), 2 0 1 Dolichodorus, 5 0 2 , 5 0 4 D o r m in or a b s c i s in II, 79 D o w ny m i l d ew
of cucurbits, 21 6
of g r a p e, 1 1 , 1 6 5 , 1 7 4 , 2 1 5 , 2 4 8 - 2 5 4 D u t ch e lm d i s e a s e, 6 5 , 1 7 4 , 2 1 6 , 2 7 2 - 2 8 0 D w a r f m i s t l e t o es of conifers, 3 9 0 - 3 9 4 D y r e n e, 200, 2 0 1
Å
E l g e t o l, 1 9 8 , 1 9 9
E lm
bark b e e t l e s, 2 7 6 , 2 7 8
D u t ch e lm d i s e a s e, see D u t ch e lm d i s e a se
E m b d e n - M e y e r h of pathway, 9 5 Endothia parasitica, 65, 216 E n v i r o n m e n t al factors
d i s e a s es c a u s ed by, 9 , 5 5 2 - 5 7 6 effect on d i s e a s e, 1 6 1 - 1 7 1 plant d i s e a se e p i d e m i cs and, 171 E n z y m a t ic degradation
of cell wall s u b s t a n c e s, 4 3 - 5 6
of s u b s t a n c es contained in cells, 5 6 - 6 0 E n z y m e s, 4 1 , 4 2 - 6 1
activity of, in d i s e a s ed plants, 4 2 - 6 1 , 102
classification, 43 formation, 4 0 6 , 4 0 8 inhibitors, 1 3 6 , 1 3 7 E n z y m e s, see specific n a m es
E p i d e m ic d i s e a s e s, effect of e n v i r o n m e nt on, 171
E p i d e r m al cell walls role in d e f e n s e, 109 structure, 38 Eradication, 176 Ergot, 6, 2 1 6
Erwinia, 89, 327, 328, 329, 3 3 1 Erwinia amylovora, 1 3 3 , 1 6 9 , 1 8 2 , 202 ,
326, 3 3 1 , 3 3 6 - 3 3 9
Erwinia corotovora, 3 5 6 - 3 5 8 Erwinia tracheiphila, 3 6 3 - 3 6 6 Erysiphe, 21 6
Erysiphe graminis hordei, 146 Erysiphe graminis tritici, 146 Erythrose, 9 7 , 1 2 8 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 9 E t h y l e ne
activity of, 79
production in hosts, 134, 5 6 3 production by p a t h o g e n s, 79 E t h y l e ne d i b r o m i de ( E D B ), 190, 5 1 2 Etiolation, 562
E x u d a t e s, fungitoxic, 1 2 3 - 1 24
F e r m e n t a t i o n, 9 5 , 9 7
F i re blight, of a p p le a nd pear, 1 6 3 , 1 6 5 , 1 6 9 , 1 8 2 , 3 3 4 - 3 4 2
F i x ed c o p p er c o m p o u n d s, 193 F l a g e l l a, 32 4
F l a v i n, 9 6 , 9 7 , 9 8 F l a v o n o i d s, 130 F l ax
Fusarium wilt, 124 g e n e t i cs of, 152-154 rust, 1 2 7 , 1 6 8 , 2 1 7 F l o o d i ng
d a m a ge by, 5 6 1
for n e m a t o de control, 5 1 0 F o l i a ge sprays a nd dusts, 187 Foliar (chrysanthemum) n e m a t o d e,
5 4 1 - 5 4 5 F o l p e t, 2 0 0 Fomes, 2 1 7
Forma specialis (special form), 2 5 Frost d a m a g e, 5 5 5 , 5 5 7
F r u c t o s e, 9 6 , 9 7
Fruiting b o d i e s, types of, 2 1 2 F u m i g a n t s, 190, 5 1 1 , 5 1 2 , 5 1 3 F u n g al d i s e a s e s, 2 0 9
control of, 2 2 3 genetics of, 1 4 5 - 1 56 s y m p t o m s, 2 1 8 F u n gi
F
Facultative parasite, 19 Facultative saprophyte, 18 F e r b a m, 1 9 4 , 1 9 5
c i a s s i n c a u o n, z io e c o l o gy a nd s p r e a d, 2 1 3 identification, 2 1 7 life cycles, 2 2 1 , 2 2 2
m e c h a n i s ms of d i s e a se induction, 2 2 0 morphology, 2 1 0
reproduction, 2 1 0 F u n gi Imperfecti, 21 6 F u n g i c i d e s, 192-204, 22 4 Fusarial toxins, 63
Fusarial wilt, 11, 6 3 , 1 6 2 , 2 8 8 - 2 9 5 F u s a r ic acid, 6 4 , 1 3 8 , 2 9 3
Fusarium, 30, 3 1 , 89, 124, 138, 162, 178, 2 0 4 , 2 1 7 , 5 0 7
Fusarium oxysporum f. batatas, 117 Fusarium oxysporum f. cubense, 72 Fusarium oxysporum f. lycopersici,
2 8 9 - 2 9 1
Fusarium oxysporum f. pisi, 124 F u s a r i um wilt of tomato, 1 3 6 , 1 3 8 ,
2 8 8 - 2 9 5
G
Galacturonic acid, 4 7 , 4 8 G a m e t a n g i u m, 2 5 6 , 2 5 7
G e l s, effect on water translocation, 90 G e ne
interaction, 155 modifer, 155 regulatory, 158 structural, 158
Gene-for-gene hypothesis, 152 G e n e t ic c o d e, 158,
G e n e t ic recombination, 27, 28 G e n e t i cs
of a p p le scab, 1 4 7 - 1 49
of bacterial d i s e a s es of plants, 156 of cereal rusts, 155
of d i s e a s es c a u s ed b y fungi, 1 4 5 - 1 5 6 of flax rust, 1 5 2 - 1 5 6
of late blight of potato, 145 of leaf m o ld of tomato, 149 of p o w d e ry m i l d e w s, 146 of smuts, 151
of viral d i s e a s es of plants, 156
of v i r u l e n ce a nd of resistance, 1 4 3 - 1 5 9 G i a nt cells in root-knot infected tomato,
518
Gibberellafujikuroi, 75, 76 Gibberella zeae, 164 G i b b e r e l l ic acid, 7 5 , 2 0 4 , 4 3 1 G i b b e r e l l i n s, 7 4 - 7 6
Glomerella, 2 1 6 G l u c o s e, 5 2 , 5 7
oxidation, 9 6 , 9 7 production, 83 â - G l u c o s i d a s e, 5 2 , 9 1 Glutathione, 102 G l y c e r a l d e h y d e, 96, 9 7 Glycolic acid o x i d a s e, 103
Glycolysis or glycolytic pathway, 9 5 - 9 7 , 100
0 - G l y c o s i d a s e, 133 G l y o d i n, 2 0 0 Glyotoxin, 124
Glyoxalate cycle or shunt, 9 5 , 9 7 , 9 8 G o l d en n e m a t o d e, 183
Gomphrena virus, 3 9 8 , 4 0 0 , 4 0 9 G r am staining reaction, 3 2 8 G r a pe
black rot, 21 6
crown gall, 343
d o w ny m i l d e w, 1 1 , 1 6 5 , 2 1 5 , 2 4 8 - 2 5 4 fanleaf virus, 4 2 4
p o w d e ry m i l d e w, 2 1 6 Graphium, 2 7 4 , 2 7 6 , 2 7 7 G r a s s es
d o w ny m i l d e w, 21 6 p o w d e ry m i l d e w, 21 6 Griseofulvin, 204 G r o w th inhibitors, 78 G r o w th regulators, 4 1 , 6 9 - 7 9
d i s e a se control and, 204 G u a n i n e, 4 0 2 , 4 0 3 Guignardia, 21 6
G u m, effect on water translocation, 90 G um barrier, role in d e f e n s e, 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 Gymnosporangium, 2 1 7
Gymnosporangiumjuniperi-virginianae, 7 2 , 1 7 6
Ç
Haploidization, 31 H a u s t o r i u m, 21 4 H e at injury, 554, 5 5 5 , 5 5 6
H e at treatment, control by, 1 8 4 - 1 8 5 Helicotylenchus, 5 0 2 , 5 0 4 Helminthosporium, 2 1 7
blight of oats, 4 1 , 7 7 , 1 1 7 , 1 3 7 Helminthosporium carbonum, 6 8 , 1 3 0 Helminthosporium victoriae, 6 5 H e l m i n t h o s p o r o l, 75
H e m i c e l l u l a s e, 53
H e m i c e l l u l o s e, d e g r a d a t i on of, 53 Hemicycliophora, 502 , 5 0 5 H e r b i c i de injury, on a p p l e, 5 7 5 H e r m a p h r o d i t i c, 2 1 3
Heterocyclic c o m p o u n d s, control by, 199 Heterodera, 5 0 2 , 5 0 4
Heterodera glycines, 5 2 2 - 5 2 6 Heterodera rostochiensis, 183 Heterokaryosis, 29
Heterothallic, 2 1 3 H i g h - e n e r gy b o n d s, 9 5
H i g h - t e m p e r a t u re effects, 5 5 4 - 5 5 6 on p e p p er fruit, 5 5 5
on potato sprouts, 55 6 Hircinol, 131
H i s t o n e s, 139 Homothallic, 2 1 3
Hoplolaimus 502, 504 H o r s e r a d i sh m o s a ic virus, 164 H o st range, of p a t h o g e n s, 19
c h a n g es in, 2 5 Hot-air treatment, 185 Hot-water treatment, 184 Hybridization, 27 H y d r o c y a n i de ( H C N ), 124 H y d r o g en fluoride injury, 5 6 3 H y d r o l a s e s, 4 3
H y d r o q u i n o n e, 133 Hylemyia cilicrura, 3 5 7 Hylurgopinus rufipes, 27 6 H y p e r p a r a s i t i s m, 182
H y p e r s e n s i t i ve reaction, in d e f e n s e, 120, 1 3 8 , 1 4 0
I
IAA, see Indole-3-acetic acid Identification of d i s e a s e s, 13
of bacteria, 328 of fungi, 217 of viruses, 4 2 9 Immunity, acquired, 4 2 5
I m p r o p er agricultural practices, 5 7 5 Inactivation, of p a t h o g en e n z y m e s, 137 I n a d e q u a te oxygen, d i s e a s es c a u s ed by,
5 6 1 - 5 6 2
Inclusion b o d i e s, virus, 4 1 6 Incubation period, 22 Indicator plants, 14
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 7 0 - 7 4 Infection, 2 1
by virus, 4 0 5 - 4 1 0 Infectious d i s e a s e s, 17 Inhibitors
of e n z y m e s, 136, 137 fungitoxic
i n d u c ed by p a t h o g e n s, 127 p r e s e nt in plants, 124 r e l e a s ed by plants, 123 of growth regulators, 72, 78 of respiration, 9 9 , 1 3 8 Inoculation, 20 I n o c u l u m, 20
Insect transmission, of virus, 4 2 1 - 4 2 3 Insect vectors, control of, 191 Inspection, regulatory, 174 Interference, 181
Internal barriers, role in d e f e n s e, 110 Invasion, 22
I PA [N6-(2-isopentenyl)adenosine], 77 I p o m e a m a r o n e, 1 2 9 , 1 3 1
Iron-deficiency d i s e a s e s, 5 7 1 I s o a m y l a s e, 59
Isocitrate, 9 7 , 9 8 Isocoumarin, 129, 132 I s o m e r a s e s, 4 3
Ê
Karathane, 1 9 8 , 1 9 9
" K i c k b a c k" action, of fungicides, 187 Kinetin, 77, 204
Koch's postulates, 14
K r e bs c y c le or tricarboxylic acid pathway, 9 5 , 9 7 , 9 8 , 1 0 1
L
L a c c a s e, 5 5 Lactic acid, 95, 97
L a te blight of potato a nd tomato, 10, 33, 65, 7 2 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 7 , 1 6 2 , 1 6 5 , 2 3 9 - 2 4 8
genetics of, 1 4 5 - 1 46 L a t e nt viruses, 4 1 5 L e af m o ld of tomato, 33
genetics of, 149
L e s i on n e m a t o d e s, 5 2 8 - 5 3 5 L e s p e d e z a, dodder, 3 7 9 L e t t u ce
aster y e l l o ws virus, 4 5 0 b ig vein virus, 4 2 4 d o w ny m i l d e w, 21 6 Life cycles
of fungi, 2 2 1 - 2 2 3 of n e m a t o d e s, 5 0 1 L i g a s e s, 4 3
L i g ht
d i s e a s es c a u s ed by, 5 6 2
effects on d i s e a se d e v e l o p m e n t, 1 6 7 - 1 6 9
on virus infectivity, 168 L i g in
c o m p o s i t i on a nd degradation, 5 4 - 5 5 d e g r a d i ng e n z y m e s, 54, 5 5
transmethylase, 5 5 L i l a c, p o w d e ry m i l d e w, 2 1 6
L i me sulfur, 193 L i p a s e, 5 9
L i p i d s, d e g r a d a t i on of, 5 9 L i p o l y t ic e n z y m e s, 5 9 Longidorus, 4 2 4 , 5 0 2 , 5 0 5 , 5 0 8
L o o se smut, of barley a nd wheat, 3 0 1 - 3 0 5 L o s s e s, from d i s e a s e, 5
L o w - t e m p e r a t u re effects, 5 5 5 - 5 5 9 L y a s e s, 4 3
L y c o m a r a s m i n, 63, 2 9 3
Lycopersicon esculentum, 149 Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium, 149
Ì
Macrosteles fascifrons, 4 5 1 , 4 5 2 , 4 5 3 M a g n e s i u m - d e f i c i e n cy d i s e a s e s, 5 6 9 M a i ze d w a rf m o s a i c, photosynthesis, 8 5 M a l a t e, 9 7 , 9 8
M a l t a s e, 59 M a l t o s e, 58
Malus baccata, 148 Malus sylvestris, 147 M a n e b, 196
M a n g a n e s e - d e f i c i e n cy d i s e a s e s, 5 7 3 M a n g a n e se toxicity, 5 7 4 , 5 7 5 M a p l e, tar spot, 2 1 6
M a s k ed s y m p t o m s, virus, 4 1 5 M e c h a n i c al forces of p a t h o g e n s, 3 7 M e c h a n i c al inoculation, of viruses, 4 1 9 M e c h a n i s ms
of action of fungicides, 2 0 5 of d i s e a se induction, 5 of growth regulator action, 69 of p a t h o g en attack, 3 6 of toxin action, 6 2 of variability, 26 Melampsora, 2 1 7 Melampsora lini, 127
g e n e t i cs of, 152 M e l a n o id p i g m e n t s, 9 1
effect on translocation of water, 9 1 Meloidogyne, 7 2 , 8 8 , 2 0 4 , 5 0 2 , 5 0 4 ,
5 1 5 - 5 1 7
M e r c u r ic chloride, 196 M e r c u ry fungicides, 196 Meso-inositol, 74
M e s s e n g er R N A, 7 1 , 75, 7 7 , 4 0 6 , 4 0 8 , 4 1 0
virus R NA as, 4 0 9 , 4 1 0
M e t a b o l i s m, in d i s e a s ed plants, 100 M e t h i o n i n e, 6 3
Methyl b r o m i d e, 5 1 1 , 5 1 2 5-Methyluracil, 4 0 3 M i c e l l e, 4 7 , 5 1 Microfibril, 4 7 , 5 1 Microsphaera, 2 1 6 M i d d le lamella, 4 6 , 4 7 M i l d e w, 2 1 9
M i s t l e t o e, 3 7 9 M o i s t u re
d a m a ge by e x c e ss of, 5 6 1 by lack of, 5 6 0
effect on infectious d i s e a s e s, 165 M o l y b d e n u m - d e f i c i e n cy d i s e a s e s, 5 7 2 Monilinia fructicola, 132
M o s a i c s, 4 1 5
M u s k m e l on m o s a ic virus, 4 2 0 - 4 2 1 Mutants, b i o c h e m i c a l, 148 Mutation, 32
M y c e l ia Sterilia, 2 1 7 M y c e l i u m, 210, 2 1 1
effect on water translocation, 89 in v e s s e l s, 8 9 , 1 1 8
M y c o p a r a s i t i s m, 182 M y c o p l a s ma ( P P L O ), 4 5 2 Mycosphaerella, 21 6 M y l o n e, 5 1 1 , 5 1 2 M y x o m y c e t e s, 2 1 5 Myzus persicae, 4 4 4
Í
N a b a m, 195
N A D ( N A D H2) , 9 6 - 9 8 , 1 0 1 N A DP ( N A D P H2) , 9 6 , 9 7 , 1 0 2 N a r c i s s u s, b u lb n e m a t o d e, 5 3 5 Narcotics
effect on d i s e a se resistance, 138 on respiration, 99
Natural o p e n i n gs
as d e f e n se structures, 1 0 9 , 1 1 0 in penetration, 2 1
Necrotic d e f e n se reaction, 1 2 0 , 1 2 1 Necrotic lesions, 114
Necrotic ringspot of stone fruits, 4 7 0 - 4 7 8 Necrotic ringspot virus ( N R S V) 1 1 4 , 4 7 3 Nectria, 21 6
N e m a g o n, 5 1 1 , 5 1 2
N e m a t o c i d e s, 1 9 0 , 5 1 1 , 5 1 2 , 5 1 3
N e m a t o d e s, 4 9 9 anatomy, 500, 5 0 1 classification, 5 0 4 - 5 0 5 e c o l o gy and s p r e a d, 5 0 3
interrelationships with other parasites, 5 0 7 - 5 0 9
life cycles, 5 0 1
morphology, 4 9 9 , 5 0 0 , 5 0 3 parasites of, 183
penetration, mechanical, 3 9 size a nd s h a p e s, 5 0 3 types of, 503
N e m a t o de d i s e a s es of plants, 4 9 9 control, 5 0 9 - 5 1 2
chemical, 5 1 1 - 5 1 2 cultural practices, 5 0 9 - 5 1 0 heat treatment, 5 1 0
m e c h a n i s ms of d i s e a se induction, 5 0 6 s y m p t o m s, 5 0 5 - 5 0 6
Neutralization test, virus, 4 2 7 Nicotiana glutinosa, 1 1 4 , 1 6 4 N i c o t i n a m i d e - a d e n i n e - d i n u c l e o t i de
( N A D ), 9 6 - 9 8 , 1 0 1
N i c o t i n a m i d e - a d e n i n e - d i n u c l e o t i de p h o s p h a te ( N A D P ), 9 6 , 9 7 , 1 0 2 Nitrogen-deficiency d i s e a s e s, 5 6 8 Nitrogen dioxide, injury by, 564
N o n c y t o c h r o me s y s t e ms of oxidation, 102 Noninfectious d i s e a s e s, 9 , 5 5 2 - 5 7 6 N o n o b l i g a te parasite, 18
Nutrition, effect on d i s e a se d e v e l o p m e n t, 1 6 9 - 1 71
Nutritional deficiencies, 5 6 8 - 5 7 3 N u c l e ic acid
c h a n g es in, 139 degradation of, 59
in virus synthesis a nd infection, 4 0 1 , 4 0 2 , 4 0 3
N u c l e o t i d e s, 6 0 , 4 0 2
Ο
Oats
barley yellow dwarf virus on, 4 6 2 - 4 7 0 Helminthosporium blight, 4 1 , 6 5 , 77,
1 1 7 , 1 3 7 , 2 1 7 l o o se smut, 1 5 1 , 1 5 2 O b l i g a te parasite, 18 Olpidium, 2 1 5
Olpidium brassicae, 4 2 4
Onion
aster y e l l o ws on, 4 5 1 bacterial soft rot, 354 d o d d er on, 3 8 0 s m u d g e, 124 smut, 2 1 7
stem a nd b u lb n e m a t o d e, 5 3 5 - 5 4 1 O o s p o r e, 2 1 1 , 2 1 2
Operator g e n e , 159 O p e r o n, 159 Orchinol, 131 Orobanche, 3 7 9
Overwintering, of p a t h o g e n s, 2 3 Oxalacetate, 9 7 , 9 8
Oxanthiin, 2 0 1 Oxazolinones, 125 Oxidation
through cytochrome o x i d a s e, 9 7 , 9 8 noncytochrome s y s t e ms of, 102 terminal, 96, 9 7 , 1 0 1
Oxidative phosphorylation, 9 5 O x i d o r e d u c t a s e s, 4 3
O x y g e n, d a m a ge b y lack of, 5 6 1 - 5 6 2 O x y q u i n o l i ne sulfate, 2 0 2
O z o ne injury, 5 6 4 - 5 6 6
Ñ
P a n o g e n, 196 P a r a s e x u a l i s m, 30 Parasite
definition of, 17 faculative, 19 nonobligate, 18 obligate, 18
Parasites of n e m a t o d e s, 183 Parasitic higher plants
d i s e a s e s, 3 7 8
important g r o u ps of, 3 7 9 Parasitism, 17
Paratylenchus, 5 0 2 , 5 0 5 Particulate matter, injury by, 5 6 7 Pasteur effect, 9 5
abolition of, 100 Pathogenicity, 17
variability of, 2 4 P a t h o g e ns
attack of plants by, 3 6
d i s s e m i n a t i on of, 2 3 , 2 1 3 , 3 2 6 , 4 1 8 effect of, on plant
absorption of water by roots, 88 photosynthesis, 8 3 - 8 6 respiration, 9 5 - 1 0 3 translocation, 8 7 - 9 4 transpiration, 9 2 host range of, 19 overwintering of, 2 3 in relation to plant cells, 8 reproduction of, 2 2 variability of, 2 4 Pea, blight, 21 6
chilling injury, 5 5 5 , 5 5 8 enation m o s a ic virus, 4 0 9 Fusarium wilt, 3 0 , 1 2 4 m o s a ic virus, 157 P e a ch
b r o wn rot, 2 8 0 - 2 8 8 canker, 2 1 6 leaf curl, 2 1 6 m o s a ic virus, 4 2 3
necrotic ringspot virus, 4 7 0 - 4 7 8 p h o ny p e a ch virus, 8 4 , 4 1 2 , 4 1 4 p o w d e ry m i l d e w, 2 1 6 , 2 6 0 - 2 6 6 Rhizopus soft rot, 2 5 4
w e s t e rn X - d i s e a se virus, 4 2 3 y e l l o ws virus, 1 6 5 , 4 3 0 Pear
fire blight, 1 3 3 , 1 6 9 , 1 8 2 , 3 3 4 - 3 4 2 Helminthosporium canker, 114 s c a b, 2 6 6
Pectic acid, 4 8
Pectic acid t r a n s e l i m i n a s e, 5 0 Pectic s u b s t a n c es
c o m p o s i t i on of, 4 7 degradation of, 4 7 Pectin, 4 8
Pectin chain-splitting e n z y m e s, 4 9 Pectin g l y c o s i d a se or p o l y g a l a c t u r o n a s e,
4 9
Pectin l y a se or t r a n s e l i m i n a s e, 5 0 Pectin m e t h y l e s t e r a s e, 4 9
Pectin-degrading e n z y m es (pectinases), 4 9 - 5 0
inhibition of, 5 1
Pectin-protein-polyvalent cations, role in plant d e f e n s e, 136
Pectinic acid, 4 8
Pectolytic e n z y m e s, 4 9 - 5 0 Penetration, 2 1
Penetration p e g, 3 8 Penicilliumy 2 0 2 , 2 1 7
Penicillium griseofulvum, 204 P e n t a c h l o r o n i t r o b e n z e ne ( P C N B ), 198,
199
P e n t o se pathway, 9 5 , 9 6 , 9 7 , 1 0 1 , 1 3 9 P e p p e r, s u n s c a ld injury, 5 5 5 P e p t i d a s e, 5 7
P e p t i de linkages, 5 6 Periconia circinata, toxin, 6 7 P e r i t h e c i u m, 2 1 2
Peronospora, 21 6 P e r o n o s p o r a c e a e, 1 0 , 2 1 5 P e r o x i d a s e, 1 3 0 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 5
Peroxyacyl nitrates (PAN) injury, 5 6 7 P h a g e, 3 1 , 1 8 2
Phaseolin, 1 2 9 , 1 3 2 P h e l l o g e n, 1 1 2 , 1 1 3 Phenol(s), 1 2 5 , 1 2 8 Phenol o x i d a s e s, 130
Phenol-oxidizing e n z y m e s, 1 3 0 , 1 3 3 P h e n o l i cs or p h e n o l ic c o m p o u n d s, 9 1
" c o m m o n" p h e n o l i c s, 130 g l y c o s i d e s, 9 1
as inhibitors of pectolytic e n z y m e s, 5 1 nature a nd origin, 1 2 8 , 1 2 9
from nontoxic g l y c o s i d e s, 133 P h l o em
effect of viruses on, 94 nutrient transport, 93 Phloretin, 1 2 9 , 1 3 3 Phloridzin, 133 Phoma, 1 7 0 , 2 1 1 , 2 1 6 Phomopsis, 21 6 Phoradendron, 3 7 9 P h o s p h a t a s e, 60
P h o s p h o e n o l p y r u v a t e, 9 6 , 9 7 P h o s p h o g l u c o n a t e, 9 6 , 9 7 P h o s p h o l i p i d a s e, 59
Phosphorus-deficiency d i s e a s e s, 568 Photoperiod, effect on d i s e a s e, 168 Photosynthesis, effect of p a t h o g e ns on,
8 3 - 8 6
Phragmidium, 2 1 7 P h y c o m y c e t e s, 2 1 5
g e n e t i cs of, 145 P h y g o n, 197 Phyllosticta, 2 1 6 Physalospora, 2 1 6
Physalospora cydoniae, 1 1 7 , 1 1 8 , 2 1 1 Physical m e t h o ds of control, 1 8 4 - 1 86 Phytoalexins, 1 3 1 - 1 3 2
Phytophthora, 1 7 0 , 2 1 5 , 5 0 7
Phytophthora infestans, 10, 33, 6 5 , 72, 130, 132, 133, 139, 145, 204, 2 4 1 - 2 4 5 Phytophthora parasitica, 6 5
Picolinic acid, 137 P i g m e n t s, m e l a n o i d, 9 1 Pine
blister rust, 2 1 7
dwarf mistletoe, 3 9 1 , 393
Piricularia oryzae, 6 4 , 1 0 9 , 1 1 7 , 1 3 7 , 204 Piricularin, 6 4 , 1 3 7
Pisatin, 1 2 9 , 1 3 2 Plant d i s e a se
classification, 7 concept, 2 definition, 5
e c o n o m ic importance, 5 identification, 13
interference with b a s ic functions, 3, 4 m e c h a n i s ms of induction of, 5 Plant pathology
history of, 9 objectives, 2 s c i e n c es related to, 2 Plant quarantine, 174 P l a s m a g e n e s, 34 P l a s m o d e s m a t a, 46, 93
virus m o v e m e nt through, 4 1 1 , 4 1 2 Plasmodiophora, 2 1 5
Plasmodiophora brassicae, 8 8 , 1 6 9 , 2 2 6 - 2 2 8
Plasmopara, 2 1 5
Plasmopara viticola, 2 5 0 - 2 5 2
P l e u r o p n e u m o n i a - l i ke organisms ( P P L O ), 4 5 2
P l um
bacterial canker, 3 6 7 - 3 7 7 brown rot, 2 8 0 - 2 8 8 Podosphaera, 21 6
Podosphaera leucotricha, 123 Pollen transmission of viruses, 4 2 1 Polygalacturonase, 4 9
P o l y g e n ic resistance, 179 Polymyxa graminis, 424 Polyphenol, 128
Polyphenol oxidase, 72, 9 1 , 1 0 2 , 1 2 8 d i s e a se resistance and, 133 terminal oxidation and, 102 Polyporus, 2 1 7
Polyram, 2 0 2
P o l y r i b o s o m es or p o l y s o m e s, 1 5 8 , 4 0 8
P o l y s a c c h a r i d es
effect on water translocation, 80, 9 0 plant d i s e a s es and, 4 1 , 8 0 - 8 1 Postharvest d i s e a s e s, control of, 190 Potassium-deficiency d i s e a s e s, 5 6 9 , 5 7 0 Potato
bacterial soft rot, 355, 356, 358 blackheart, 555 , 5 6 2
c o m m on s c a b, 1 1 4 , 1 2 4 , 1 6 6 , 1 6 9 frost d a m a g e, 557, 5 6 0
high t e m p e r a t u re d a m a g e, 55 6
late blight, 10, 33, 6 5 , 72, 130, 132, 133, 1 3 7 , 1 4 5 - 1 4 6 , 1 6 2 , 1 6 5 , 2 3 9 - 2 4 8 leaf roll virus, 86
m op top virus, 4 2 4 p o w d e ry scab, 2 1 5 Pythium soft rot, 2 3 2 - 2 3 3 Verticillium wilt, 125 wart, 2 1 5
X virus, 1 6 9 , 4 1 9 , 4 2 4 , 4 3 0 Y virus, 7 9 , 4 2 3
y e l l ow dwarf virus, 1 7 6 , 4 0 0 , 4 1 4 , 4 2 6 P o w d e ry m i l d e w, 2 1 , 2 2 , 1 6 6 , 1 7 0
g e n e t i cs of, 146
of rose a nd p e a c h, 2 6 0 - 2 6 6 Pratylenchus, 502, 5 0 4 , 5 3 0 - 5 3 4 Precipitation or precipitin reaction, 4 2 7 P r o g a m e t a n g i u m, 2 5 6 - 2 5 7
Propagative virus, 4 2 2 Protein subunits, 398, 3 9 9 Proteinase, 5 7
Proteins
c o m p o s i t i on of, 5 6 degradation of, 57
e n z y m es and, role in d e f e n s e, 1 3 4 - 1 3 5 Proteolytic e n z y m e s, 5 7
Protocatechnic acid, 7 2 , 1 2 4 Prunus serrulata, 4 7 5 Prunus tomentosa, 4 7 5
Pseudomonas, 89, 3 2 7 - 3 3 0 , 332, 35 6 Pseudomonas citri, 1 0 9 , 1 1 0
Pseudomonas mors-prunorum, 68, 3 7 1 Pseudomonas papulosum, 110 Pseudomonas phaseolicola, 1 3 5 , 1 5 6 Pseudomonas savastonoi, 72
Pseudomonas solanacearum, 8 1 , 1 5 6 , 1 6 3 , 182
auxin production, 72 ethylene production by, 79 Pseudomonas stewartii, 3 3 , 1 5 6
Pseudomonas syringae, 1 1 7 , 3 6 9 - 3 7 5 Pseudomonas tabaci, 1 6 9 , 1 7 0 , 1 8 2 , 3 3 1
wildfire toxin, 6 2
Pseudoperonospora, 21 6 Pseudoperonospora humuli, 2 0 3 Pseudopeziza, 2 1 6
Puccinia,31,155,217
Puccinia graminis, 2 5 , 3 3 , 1 5 5 Puccinia graminis avenae, 25, 155 Puccinia graminis tritici, 2 5 , 2 9 , 1 3 9 , 1 5 5 ,
1 7 6 , 3 1 5 - 3 1 7 P y c n i d i u m, 210, 2 1 2 P y c n i o s p o r e, 2 1 2
Pyrus serotina, effect of toxin on, 68 Pycnium, 2 1 2
Pyruvic acid, 95, 96, 9 7
Pythium, 1 6 6 , 1 7 8 , 2 1 5 , 2 3 3 - 2 3 5 , 5 0 7
Q
Quarantines a nd inspections, 1 7 4 - 1 7 5 Quinone fungicides, 197
Quinones, accumulation of, 7 2 , 1 3 0
R
R a c e, p a t h o g e n, 2 5 Radiation, control by, 186 Radopholus, 502, 504 Radopholus similis, 184 R e c o m b i n a t i o n, genetic, 27, 28 Refrigeration, control by, 186
Regulatory m e t h o ds of control, 1 7 4 - 1 7 5 R e p r e s s or m o l e c u l e, 159
Reproduction, of p a t h o g e n s, 22, 210, 3 2 5 R e s i s t a n ce
to d i s e a s e, 11
effect of phenol-oxidizing e n z y m e s, 133 genetics of, 143
m o n o g e n i c, 179 nature of, 1 5 7 - 1 59 polygenic, 179 Resistant varieties
b r e a k d o wn of, 26 control through, 1 7 9 - 1 8 1 Respiration
of d i s e a s ed plants, 98 effect of p a t h o g e ns on, 9 5 - 1 0 3 inhibitors of, 9 9 , 1 3 8
Respiratory pattern, c h a n g es in d i s e a s ed plants, 100
Respiratory rate, control m e c h a n i s ms for, 99, 100
Rhizoctonia, 1 1 3 , 1 2 6 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 6 , 1 7 0 , 2 1 7 , 5 0 7
Rhizopus, 216, 2 5 4 - 2 5 8
soft rot of fruits a nd v e g e t a b l e s, 2 5 4 - 2 6 0 of s q u a s h, 25 6
of s w e et potato, 1 1 4 , 1 8 5 , 2 5 4 - 2 6 0 R h o d o d e n d r o n, frost d a m a g e, 5 5 9 Rhopalosiphum fit chit, 464 Rhopalosiphum maydis, 464 Rhytisma, 21 6
R i b o n u c l e a se ( R N a s e ), 60, 404 R i b o n u c l e ic acid (RNA), 5 9 , 4 0 1 - 4 0 3
sites of synthesis, 4 0 9 R i b o s e, 5 9 , 9 6 , 9 7 , 4 0 2 , 4 0 3 R i b o s o m e s, 4 0 6 , 4 0 8 - 4 1 0 R i b u l o s e, 96, 9 7
R i ce blast d i s e a s e, 6 4 , 1 0 9 , 1 3 7 b a k a n ae or foolish s e e d l i ng d i s e a s e,
75, 76 R i n g s p o t s, 41 6 Rishitin, 132
R N A, see R i b o n u c l e ic acid
R NA p o l y m e r a se (replicase, symthetase), 4 0 6
Root exudates, 124
Root-knot, n e m a t o d e s, 72, 8 8 , 1 6 3 , 5 1 4 - 5 2 1
Root-nodule bacteria, 18, 5 2 2 , 5 2 3 Root rot, Pythium, 2 3 0 - 2 3 8 R o se
crown gall, 344
p o w d e ry m i l d e w, 216, 2 6 0 - 2 6 6 rust, 2 1 7
Roselinia, 2 1 6
Rotylenchulus, 5 0 2 , 5 0 4 Rotylenchus, 5 0 2 , 5 0 4 Rusts
cereal, 217, 3 1 2 - 3 2 1 g e n e t i cs of, 1 1 , 1 5 5
s
Sanitation, 177
S a p r o p h y t e, facultative, 18 Satellite virus, 3 9 8 S c ab of a p p l e, 2 6 6 - 2 7 2
Schizaphis graminum, 46 4 Sclerospora, 216
Sclerotinia, 1 0 , 2 1 6
Sclerotinia fructicola, 2 8 1 - 2 8 5 Sclerotinia fructigena, 1 3 7 , 2 8 1 Sclerotinia laxa, 2 8 1
Sclerotium, 2 1 7 Sclerotium rolfsii, 170 Scolytus multistriatus, 2 7 6 Scopoletin, 7 2 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 0 S e d o h e p t u l o s e, 9 6 , 9 7 S e ed
disinfection, 1 8 4 , 1 8 9 disinfestation, 1 8 4 , 1 8 9 Seed-corn maggot, 3 5 7 , 3 5 8
S e ed rot, c a u s ed b y Pythium, 2 3 0 - 2 3 8 S e ed treatment, 1 8 4 , 1 8 9
S e e d l i ng yellows, tristeza, 489, 4 9 3 S e m e z a n, 196
Septoria, 21 6
Serological m e t h o d s, 3 2 9 , 4 2 7 Sexual-like p r o c e s s e s, in bacteria, 31 Sheath
around hypha, 119 role in d e f e n s e, 119 Shift, in pathways, 139 Shikimic acid, 129
pathway of, 1 2 8 , 1 2 9 , 1 3 9
Shiro-fugen, necrotic ring spot, 4 7 5 , 4 7 6 Skyrin, 65
S l i me layer, in bacteria, 8 1 , 3 2 3 S m ut
bunt or stinking, 3 0 5 - 3 1 2 corn, 2 9 6 - 3 0 1
genetics of, 1 5 1 - 1 5 2
loose, of barley a nd wheat, 3 0 1 - 3 0 5 S n ow mold, of cereals a nd turf, 162 S o d i um hypochlorite (Chlorox), 190 S o d i um ortho-phenylphenate, 191 Soft rot of fruits a nd v e g e t a b l e s, 4 1
bacterial, 3 5 4 - 3 6 1 Rhizopus, 216, 2 5 4 - 2 6 0 Soil
fumigants, 1 9 0 , 5 1 1 , 512, 5 1 3 reaction ( p H)
d i s e a s es c a u s ed by, 574 effect on d i s e a s e s, 169 sterilization, 184, 5 1 1 , 513 treatment, 190
Solanum demissum, 145 Solanum nigrum, 183 Solanum stoloniferum, 146 Solanum tuberosum, 145 Sooty m o l d s, 19
Sorghum, effect of toxin on, 67 Sour cherr y
necrotic ringspot virus, 4 7 0 - 4 7 8 yellows virus, 7 6 , 2 0 4 , 4 3 1 Southern b e an m o s a ic virus, 135 S o y b e an cyst n e m a t o d e, 1 7 4 , 5 2 1 - 5 2 8 S p e r g o n, 197
S p e r m a g o n i u m, 2 1 7 S p e r m a t i u m, 3 1 5 Sphacelotheca, 2 1 7 Sphaerotheca, 21 6
Sphaerotheca pannosa, 2 6 1 - 2 6 4 Spongospora, 2 1 5
S p o n t a n e o us generation, 10 S p o r a n g i o p h o r e, 2 1 2 , 2 5 5 , 2 5 7 S p o r a n g i u m, 2 1 0 , 2 1 2 , 2 5 5 , 256, 2 5 7 S p o r es
types of, 210, 2 1 2
in v e s s e l s, effect on translocation, 89 S p o r i d i u m, 207, 3 0 9
S p o r o d o c h i u m, 2 1 2
S p o t t ed c u c u m b er b e e t l e, 3 6 3 , 3 6 4 Sprays a nd dusts, 187
S q u a sh
bacterial wilt, 3 6 1 Rhizopus soft rot, 25 6 Starch
accumulation in virus-infected plants, 8 5 , 8 6 , 9 3
composition, 57, 58 degradation, 5 7 - 5 9
depletion, in tristeza-affected plants, 4 9 2 , 4 9 6
S t em a nd b u lb n e m a t o d e, 1 8 4 , 5 3 5 - 5 4 1 S t em pitting
c a u s ed by tristeza virus, 4 8 9 , 4 9 1 virus, on a p p l e, 4 1 6
S t em rust of wheat, 2 5 , 29, 33, 155, 163, 176, 3 1 2 - 3 2 1
Stereum purpureum, 1 1 7 , 2 1 7 Steroid glycoalkaloids, 130
Stinking s m ut (bunt) of wheat, 3 0 5 - 3 1 2 Stomata
dysfunction of, 9 2
role of, in d e f e n s e, 1 0 9 , 1 1 0 Stone fruits
bacterial canker a nd g u m m o s i s, 68, 3 6 7 - 3 7 7
blight, 2 1 7
brown rot, 1 6 3 , 2 1 6 , 2 8 0 - 2 8 8
necrotic ringspot virus, 114, 117, 4 7 0 - 4 7 8
Storage organs, hot-air treatment, 185 Strain, virus, 4 2 5
S t r e p o g e n i n, 64
Streptomyces, 3 2 3 , 3 2 8 S t r e p t o m y c e s - g r i s e u s, 2 0 2 , 2 0 3
Streptomyces scabies, 1 1 4 , 1 2 4 , 1 6 6 , 1 6 9 Streptomycin, 2 0 2 , 2 0 3
Striga asiatica, 3 7 9 , 3 8 5 - 3 8 7 on corn, 3 8 6 , 3 8 7
S t r i p ed c u c u m b er b e e t l e, 3 6 3 , 3 6 4 Stroma, 2 1 6 , 2 7 0
Structural d e f e n s e, 1 0 7 - 1 2 1 , see also D e f e n se structures
Stubby-root n e m a t o d e, 5 4 6 - 5 5 1 Stylet-borne viruses, 4 2 2 S u c c i n a t e, 9 7
S u g ar b e e t
curly top, 1 6 8 , 4 5 5 - 4 6 2 y e l l ow virus, 8 6
Sulfur-deficiency d i s e a s e s, 5 7 1 Sulfur d i o x i de injury, 564 Sulfur fungicides, 193
inorganic, 193 organic, 194 S u n s c a ld injury, 5 5 4
of b e an p o d s, 5 6 2 of p e p p e r, 5 5 5
Sweetclover, w o u nd tumor virus in, 4 7 8 - 4 8 7
S w e et orange, tristeza, 4 8 8 - 4 9 8 S w e et potato
black rot, 1 2 7 , 1 3 0 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 4 Rhizopus soft rot, 1 1 4 , 2 5 4 - 2 6 0 wilt, 117
S w e l l i ng of cell wall, 118 role in d e f e n s e, 118 S y m b i o s i s, 18
S y m p t o m l e ss carrier, 4 1 5 S y m p t o m s, 2 1 9 , 3 3 0 , 4 1 4 Synchytrium, 2 1 5
Synchytrium endobioticum, 4 2 4
Syncytium, 5 2 5 , 5 2 6
Ô
T a b t o x i n i n e, 63 T a n n i n s, 130 Taphrina, 2 1 6 T e l i o s p o r e, 2 1 2 , 2 1 3 T e l i u m, 2 1 2 T e m p e r a t u re
as c a u se of d i s e a s e, 5 5 3 - 5 6 0
effect on d i s e a se d e v e l o p m e n t, 1 6 2 - 1 6 5 T e r m i n al oxidation, 9 6 , 9 7 , 1 0 1
T e r r a c h l o r ( P C N B ), 1 9 8 , 1 9 9 Tetracyclines, 2 0 2
Thanatephorus, 2 1 7 Thielaviopsis, 1 7 0 , 2 1 7 Thielaviopsis basicola, 163 T h i r a m, 194
T h y m i n e, 4 0 3 Tilletia, 2 1 7
Tilletia caries, 1 5 1 , 3 0 6 - 3 1 0 Tilletia contraversa, 1 5 1 , 3 0 6 Tilletia foetida, 1 5 1 , 3 0 6 T i s s ue culture, control by, 178 T M V , see T o b a c co m o s a ic virus T o b a c co
black root rot, 1 6 3 , 2 1 7 d o w ny m i l d ew (blue m o l d ), 2 1 6 etch virus, 76, 8 5 , 4 3 2
flecking, by o z o n e, 56 6 leaf curl virus, 76 m o s a i c, 12
effect of t e m p e r a t u re on, 164 g e n e t i cs of, 157
necrosis virus, 4 2 4 o z o ne injury, 5 6 4 - 5 6 6 rattle virus, 4 0 0 ringspot virus, 4 2 0 , 4 2 5 stunt virus, 4 2 4
wildfire d i s e a s e, 62, 169, 170, 182, 3 4 9 - 3 5 4
T o b a c co m o s a ic virus ( T M V ), 3 3 , 1 3 0 , 1 5 7 , 169, 170, 177, 398, 400 , 4 0 1 , 4 0 3 - 4 0 5 , 4 1 9 , 4 3 4 - 4 4 1
synthesis, 4 0 6 - 4 1 0 T o m a to
aster y e l l o ws virus, 4 5 0 black ring virus, 4 2 4 boron deficiency, 5 7 1 , 5 7 2
c u c u m b er m o s a ic virus on, 4 4 5 curly top virus, 85, 4 5 8 Fusarium wilt, 1 3 6 , 1 3 8 , 1 7 0 late blight, 1 4 5 - 1 4 6 , 2 3 9 - 2 4 8 leaf mold, 3 3 , 1 4 9 - 1 5 1 , 2 1 7 p o t a s s i um deficiency, 569, 5 7 0 ringspot virus, 4 2 5
root knot, 51 6
spotted wilt virus, 164, 4 0 0 tobacco m o s a ic on, 4 3 4 , 4 3 6 T o x ic soil minerals, 573 Toxins
in plant d i s e a s e, 4 1 , 6 1 - 6 9 host-specific, 6 5 - 6 9 m e c h a n i s ms of action, 6 2 of w i de host range, 6 2 - 6 5 types of, see specific n a m es Toxoptera aurantii, 4 9 4 Toxoptera citricidus, 494 T r a ce e l e m e n t s, 568 Transduction, 3 1 , 3 2 5 Transfer R N A, 4 0 6 , 4 1 0 , 4 1 1 Transferases, 43
Transformation, 3 1 , 3 2 5 Translocation
effects of p a t h o g e ns on, 93 of organic nutrients, 93 o f v i r u s , 4 0 9 , 4 14
of water through xylem, effect of, 88 bacterial cells in x y l em on, 8 9 gels a nd g u ms in v e s s e l s, 9 0 m e l a n o id p i g m e n t s, 9 1 m y c e l i um a nd spores, 89 p a t h o g e n ic p o l y s a c c h a r i d e s, 9 0 p a t h o g e n s, 87
tyloses, 9 1 , 1 1 6 v e s s el c o l l a p s e, 9 0 T r a n s m e t h y l a s e, 5 5
Transpiration, effect of p a t h o g e ns on, 9 2 T r ap crops, 183
Tricarboxylic acid pathway, 9 5 Trichoderma viride, 124
Trichodorus, 424, 5 0 2 , 5 0 8 , 5 4 7 - 5 5 1 Trichodorus christiei, 547, 548, 5 4 9 T r i s t e za d i s e a se of citrus, 4 8 8 - 4 9 8 Tristeza virus, 4 9 3 - 4 9 4
T u m or inducting principle, 73 T u r n ip yellow m o s a ic virus, 4 0 4 Tylenchorhynchus, 502 , 504 Tylenchulus, 5 0 2 , 5 0 4 T y l o s es
effect on water translocation, 9 1 , 9 2 formation, 9 1 , 1 1 6
role in d e f e n s e, 1 1 5 - 1 17 Typhula, 162
u
U m b e l l i f e r o n e, 1 2 9 , 1 3 0 Uncinula, 2 1 6 U n c o u p l i n g, 99 Uracil, 4 0 2 , 4 0 3 U r e d i u m, 2 1 2 U r e d o s p o r e, 2 1 2 Urocystis, 2 1 7 Uromyces, 2 1 7 Urophlyctis, 2 1 5 Ustilago, 2 1 7 Ustilago avenae, 151 Ustilago maydis, 7 2 , 2 9 6 - 2 9 9 Ustilago nuda, 1 5 1 , 3 0 1 - 3 0 3
V
Valsa, 1 1 7 , 1 7 7 , 2 1 6 V a p a m, 5 1 1 , 5 1 2
Variability of p a t h o g e n s, 24 in a b s e n ce of sexual p r o c e s s e s, 32 m e c h a n i s ms of, 26
during sexual p r o c e s s, 2 7 Variant, 2 5
Variation, stages a nd types of, 2 5 Vascular browning, 91
Vascular wilts, 4, 22, 89 Venturia, 213, 2 1 4 , 2 1 6
Venturia inaequalis, 22, 29, 33, 126, 133, 2 6 7 - 2 7 0
b i o c h e m i c al mutants, 148 genetics of, 147
Verticillium, 8 9 , 1 2 5 , 1 7 0 , 1 7 8 , 2 1 7 , 5 0 7 V e s s e ls
b r o w n i ng of, 91 c o l l a p se of, 90 p l u g g i ng of, 8 9 , 9 1 Victorin, 6 5 - 6 7 , 1 3 7 Victoxinine, 66 Viral d i s e a s e s, 3 9 5
a c q u i r ed immunity, 4 2 5 control, 1 7 8 , 4 3 0 - 4 3 2 cross protection, 4 2 5 e c o n o m ic importance, 4 3 0 genetics of, 1 5 6 - 1 5 7
