A Abscisic acid, 335
Abscisin II, see Abscisic acid
Acriflavine, effects on tissue cultures, 165
Adventitious roots, following infection, 380, 381
Aesculus fruits, growth-promoting sub
stances in, 342
Agar, uses in culture media, 11 Aging, in root cultures, 65, 68, 69 Ajmalicine, 273
Alkaloids, 231-234, 266-275 Allosteric effect, 246
Amino acids, see also individual acids as nitrogen sources, 34-36, 129 as storage compounds, 230 growth inhibition by, 36-38 in balanced nutrients, 38
in cultured tissues, responses to light, 250
in proteins in cultured tissues, 135 release from cultured roots, 29-34 responses to growth-regulators, 135,
249, 252-256, 259
soluble, in cultured tissues, 27, 130, 134, 274
7-Aminobutyric acid, 251, 252, 254-256 δ-Aminolevulinic acid, 289
Ammonium, as nitrogen source, 23-29, 128
Amylases, release to culture media, 172 Anatabine, 270
Aneuploidy, 168 Aneurin, see Thiamine Angiosperm
cells, culture of, 350-370 cultures of apices of, 87-91 Anthers, cultures of, 102-104
Anthocyanins, in cultured tissues, 282, 283
Antholysis, 384 Antiauxins, 68, 335
Antibiotics
production in cultures, 286 sterilization of, 120 Antithiamines, 55-57
Arginine, in cultured tissue, 131, 175, 176 Asparagine, in cultured tissue, 25 Atropine, 267, 268
Autoclaving, effects on media, 11 Auxins
in crown gall, 176, 398
interaction with kinetin, 158-160 with sucrose, 66, 67
postulated action of, 405 8-Azakinetin, 144
Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, 230 Β
Bacitracin, 300 Bakanae disease, 379
1,2-Benzopyrone, see Coumarin 2-Benzthiazolyloxyacetic acid (BTOA),
249, 259, 260, 272, 279, 280 structure of, 339
1-Benzyladenine, 143
Biochemical integration, role of organiza
tion, 295-304 Biochemistry
control of, in crown gall, 412-413 of growth induction, 331-350 Biosynthesis, chart of relations to pro
teins and nucleic acids, 303
Black's wound tumor disease, 397, 402, 414
Boric acid, see Boron Boron, in root cultures, 21 Bromelin, 240
BTOA, see Benzthiazolyloxyacetic acid Buds, formation of in cultured tissue, 158 Buffers, "solid," 10, 11
C Calcium
in ammonium-grown plants, 25 in peroxidase release, 157 446
Callus tissue, see also Tissue cultures definition of, 113, 125
initiation of, 121, 122
quantitative studies of, 123, 124 subculture of, 122, 123
Calyx, role of, in fruit growth, 101 Cambium, 150
Camphor, 235 Canavanine, 253, 255
Cancerous growth, see Tumor tissues Candicine, 275
Carbohydrates, soluble, in cultured roots, 46
in tissue cultures, 133
Carbon, nutrition and metabolism of, 131-133
Carbon sources, of root cultures, 47, 48 Cardolenide, 278
Carotene, 242 Carotenoids, 287-290 Carrot cultures
interstrain differences between, 162 plantlet formation in, 161, 162, 358,
368
Casein hydrolysate, 129, 130, 333, 343 Catechins, 338
Cell cultures
chemical composition of, 229-240 composition of walls, 52, 53 growth
division in, and, 351-353 embryogenesis in, and, 355-360 in development and morphogenesis,
367-370
morphogenesis of, 360-367
nutrient requirements of, 331-335 of free carrot cells, 353-355
techniques, see Cultural techniques Cell division, planes of, in free cells, 353,
354
Cesium, absorption by cultured cells, 244, 245
Chlorogenic acid, 155, 339
Chlorophyll, in cultured tissues, 125, 287, 290
Chloroplasts, development in cultures, 334
Chromosomes, aberrations of, in cultured tissues, 168
p-Chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid, 335 frans-Cinnamic acid, 275, 335
Coconut milk, see also Systems I and II active components of, 296, 342, 343 crown gall cultures and, 147, 148 effects on tissue cultures, 119, 120, 337 fractionation of, 340
in embryo cultures, 111
interactions with casein hydrolysate, 139
with other growth-regulators, 242, 243, 272, 360, 361, 363
Coenzymes, 53-63
Composition, biochemical, of cells, tis- sues, and organs, 229-240
Coniferin, 285
Control mechanisms, in development of cultured tissues, 300-304
Copper, in nutritional media, 22 Corn, growth-regulators in grain, 341 Coumarin, 278, 335
Crown gall
autonomy of cells, 401, 410-412 auxin-cytokinin interactions, 404, 405 cultures of, 174-179, 394-415 endogenous auxins in, 140 genetic consideration of, 410-421 heat treatment, 271
inception of, 115, 177, 395-398 metabolism of cultured tissue, 398-410 morphology of, 402-405
role of wounding, 395-397 tumorigenic principle, 395
Cultural techniques, 7-13, 117-124, 128, 142, 350, 351, 358, 359, see also Media
Culture media, see Media Cyanidin-3-glucoside, 283 Cyanidin-3-rutinoside, 283 Cytokinins
action of, 145-147, 405 definition of, 143
in grown gall, 399, 413, 414 interactions with other growth-regula-
tors, 336
Cytology of cultured tissues, 164-168 Cytomins, see Cytokinins
D Dehydroquinic acid, 156
5-Dehydroshikimic acid, structure of, 156
Deoxyribonucleic acid ( D N A ) in anther cells, 103
synthesis of, in wound healing, 397 2,4D, see 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
influence on growth, 272, 279, 280 on nitrogen compounds, 140, 249,
259, 260 in lignification, 156 synergistic effect of, 346 Differentiation
growth and, 295-297 in tissue cultures, 149-157 of free cells, 354, 355 Digitoxigenin, 277, 280 Digitoxin, 280
1- (7>7-Dimethylallyamino) adenine, 143 6- (7, Y-Dimethylallyamino) purine, 143 Ν,Ν-Dimethyltyramine, see Hordenine Diosgenin, 277
1,3-Diphenylurea, 143, 338 DNA, see Deoxyribonucleic acid Dormin, see Abscisic acid
Ε Edestin, 230
Embryo cultures, 108-113, 356, 357 of hybrids, 108, 109
Embryogenesis, in free carrot cells, 3 5 5 - 360
Embryoids, development of, 161-163, 296
Endopolyploidy, see Polyploidy Endosperm, role in embryogeny, 106 Energy metabolism, in normal and tumor
tissue, 407, 408
Environment, effects on chemical com
position, 240 Enzymes
in cultured tissue, 259-266, 263-265 induction of, 234
Epinasty, 380 Errera's law, 351 Ethylene, 380 Eugenol, 235
Explants, see tissue cultures F
Fe-EDTA, see Ferric sodium ethylene
diaminetetraacetate
Ferric sodium ethylenediaminetetraace
tate (Fe-EDTA), 10 Ficin, 240
Flavanoids, 283
Floral parts, pathological alterations of, 382-384
Flowers
cultures of, 98-102 effects of fungi on, 383
initiation of, in culture, 88, 89 Free cell cultures, see Cell cultures Fruits, cultures of, 98-102
Fungi, pathogenic, effects on flowers, 383
Fungisporin, 300 6-Furfurylaminopurine
action of, 143-146 340, 344, 345 in lateral root formation, 79 in lignification, 155, 284 in respiration, 157
interaction with auxins, 158-160 postulated action of, 400
G Galactose
as carbon source, 131, 132 in cell walls, 52, 53
inhibition of root growth by, 48-53 Galls, see also Crown gall
classes of, 385-394 culture of tissue of, 137 definition of, 384
Genetic stability, of cultured tissue, 116 Genetic tumors, 169-171, see also Kos-
tofFs and Black's diseases
Gibberellic acid, see also Gibberellins effects on RNA synthesis, 147
on sex expression, 99 in aging of root meristems, 66 Gibberellin A,, 68
Gibberellins
effects on cultured tissue, 141, 142 in apical growth, 90, 91
in morphogenesis, 159, 161 in plant diseases, 379
variability of effects of, 145 Glands, schizolysigenous, 235 Glucoerucin, 239, 278 Glucoiberin, 239, 278 Glucoibervirin, 239, 278 Glucose
as carbon source in roots, 39, 40
competition with other hexoses, 50, 51
Glucovanillin, 278 Glutamine
as nitrogen source, 35, 36 in cultured tissue, 251
7-Glutamyl compounds, 248-251 Glycerol, as carbon source, 132, 133 Glycosides, 239, 240, 275-279 Growth
amorphous, 384-415 analysis after Glaser, 352 cancerous, see Tumor tissues
differentiation of cultured roots and, 70-83
exogenous requirements for, 346-349 harmonious responses in, 379-384 induction
biochemistry of, 331-350 in cultured tissue, 240-247 pathological, responses of, 379-415 rate, of crown gall, 178
responses to Systems I and II, 347 Growth-Regulators, see also Coconut
milk, Aesculus fruits, Corn grains, specific substances, Systems I and II active and inactive forms of, 85 effects on glycosides, 276
on nitrogen compounds, 249, 259, 260
on soluble carbohydrates, 133 in callus initiation, 114, 121 in control mechanisms, 303, 304 in crown gall tissues, 176 in cultured tissue, 136-149 in embryo cultures, 111, 113 in habituated tissues, 179, 180 in lateral root formation, 79 in root cultures, 64-70 in sex expression, 99 in tumor tissue, 171
interactions with coconut milk, 360, 361, 363, 364
natural sources of, 148
production in cultures, 285, 286 vascularization in cultured tissue and,
152-154
Guanidino compounds, in crown gall cells, 175
Η Habituation
definition of, 116
in tumor tissues, 179-181 of cultured tissue to auxin, 287 Haploidy, 168
Harmine, 275 Hecogenin, 277 Hesperidin, 283
Hexitols 137, 139, see also individual hexitols
in coconut milk, 342 Hippeastrine, 275
Histological variability of cultured tis
sue, 151 Homoarginine, 257 Hordenine, 234
Hormones, see Growth-regulators 6- (4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl) amino-
purine (Zeatin), 144, 339, 344, 345 7-Hydroxy-7-Methylglutamic acid, see
7-Glutamyl compounds
Hydroxy-L-proline, 134, 135, 258 7-Hydroxyvaline, 230, 251, 252, Hyoscine, 268
Hyoscyamine, see Atropine Hyponasty, 380
I IAA, see Indole acetic acid IAN, see Indolylacetonitrile
Indole acetic acid, see also System II applied to roots, 64, 65, 77, 78 as synergist, 343
effects on cultured tissue, 272 on nitrogen compounds, 249, 259 on sex expression, 99
Indolylacetonitrile (IAN), applied to roots, 77
Inositol, see Mt/o-inositol Insect galls, see Galls Inulin, 229, 292
In vitro studies, contrasted with in situ conditions, 298-300
Iodide, in media for root cultures, 21, 22 Iodoamino acids, see Iodide
Iron, see also Ferric sodium ethylenedia- minetetraacetate
in nutrient media, 18, 19, 131
Irradiation, resistance of cells to, 244 Isoleucine, 382
Κ
Kinetin, see 6-Furfurylaminopurine Kinins, see Cytokinins
KostofFs genetic tumors, 397, 402 L
Latex, culture of laticiferous tissue, 2 9 2 - 295
Laticiferous tissue, chemical compounds of, 230, 232-234
Leaves
cultures of, 91-98
pathological modifications of, 381, 382 Leghemoglobin, 392
Leucoanthocyanins, 283, 338, 339 Leucocyanidin, 283
Leurocristine, 271 Leurosidine, 271 Leurosine, 271 Light
effects on cultured roots, 31-34, 66, 67
on nitrogen compounds of cultured tissue, 250
pigment formation in cultured tissue and, 289, 290
suppression of lateral roots, 83 Lignification, 153-157
Lignins, 283 Lithocholic acid, 280 Lycorine, 275
Lysogenic phage, in crown gall bacteria, 177
Lysopine, see N-a-Propionyl-L-lysine Lysopine, 175, 257
Μ Maackiain, 278 Manganese
effect on cell expansion, 20 in nutrition of root cultures, 19-21 nutritional interaction with magnesium,
19, 20
with molybdenum, 19, 20 Mannitol, 342
Mannose
as carbon source, 132
inhibition of root growth by, 48-53
Media, see also Sequential effect, Cul
tural techniques agar, 11
enzymes in, 132, 172, 173
for culture of immature embryos, 111 for tissue cultures
after Murashige and Skoog, 142 after White, 10, 26
growth-regulators in, 118, 119 tests of sterility, 10
Messenger ribonucleic acid, see m-Ribo- nucleic acid
7-Methyleneglutamic acid (7- M G A ) , 230, 250, 251
7-Methyleneglutamine ( 7- M G ) , 230, 250, 251
Mevalonic acid, 280
7-MGA, see 7-Methyleneglutamic acid 7-MG, see 7-Methyleneglutamine Molybdenum
in nitrate reduction, 23 in nutrition of root cultures, 21 Morphogenesis of free cells, 356, 3 6 0 -
367
Muscarine, 301
Mustard oils, see Glycosides Mutations, somatic, in cultures, 116 Μί/ο-inositol, see also System I
in coconut milk, 342 vascularization and, 78-83
Ν
NAA, see 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) effects
on nitrogen compounds, 249, 250-261 interaction with coconut milk, 243,
272
2-Naphthoxyacetic acid, 65 Nastic responses, 380
Neoplastic growth, see Galls, Tumors Neopyrithiamine, 55-57
Neopyrithiamine hydrobromide, 56 Neutral fraction, see Coconut Milk Nicotine alkaloids, 268-271 Nitrate
as nitrogen source, 22, 23 reduction of, 28
Nitrogen
compounds of, in cultured tissue, 27,
130, 134, 135, 230, 241, 244, 245, 247-257, 259
fixation in nodules, 392
metabolism, of crown gall, 408, 409 nutrition and metabolism of, in root
cultures, 22-39
nutrition of, in cultured tissue, 127- 131
organic sources of, 34r-36
sources for embryo cultures, 109 2-NOA, see 2-Naphthoxyacetic acid Nodulation in root cultures, 38, 39 Nucellus, 106
Nucleic acids of crown gall, 410
metabolism in root knot, 393, 394 regulators in biosynthesis of, 303
Ο Octopine, 257
Oils, see also Volatile oils in tissue cultures, 294 Organ cultures, 6-113
effect of developmental stage in, 6, 7 techniques of, 7-13
Organelles and associated compounds, 287-295
Organogenesis, in tobacco callus, 162 Organs, unique composition of, 229-240 Ovules, cultures of, 104-108
Oxythiamine, 55, 57 Ρ Papain, 240
Papaya, proteolytic activity of, 2 5 9 - 261
Parthenocarpic fruit, development in cul
ture, 101
Permeability, of cells in culture, 246 Peroxidase, 157
pH
changes in medium, 10, 24, 25 effect on iron availability, 40 Phlorizin, 43
Phosphorus, metabolism in crown gall, 409, 410
Phytochrome, 290
Phytohormones, see Growth-regulators Phytosterols, 276
Pinocytosis, in plant cells, 173
Plant hormones, see Growth-regulators Plastid pigments, 287-291
Plastoquinone, 288
Polarity, of root cells, 71, 73 Polyploidy, in plants and cultures, 165-
168
N-tt-Propionyl-L-lysine, 409 Proteins, see also Enzymes
allosteric effects of, 246
as storage compounds, 230, 257-259 control mechanisms and, 302-304 effect of kinetin on synthesis of, 145,
146
in growing and resting tissues, 2 5 7 - 266
patterns, by gel electrophoresis, 261, 266
patterns in differentiation, 240 synthesis in cultured tissue of, 136 uptake by cultured roots, 173 Protocatechuic acid, 338
Prosthetic groups, see Coenzymes Protoplasts, isolated, 350, 351 Pterocarpin, 278
Pyridoxine
feedback control of biosynthesis, 63 in root cultures, 62, 63
Pyrimidines, see Thiamine Q
Quiescent center, in roots, 70, 71 R
Reserpine, 271 Respiration
of crown gall, 406-408 of root cultures, 51, 52 in crown gall cells, 174 Ribonuclease
in tumor cells, 414 uptake by roots, 173
Ribonucleic acid, see also Deoxyribo
nucleic acid, Nucleic acids Ribonucleic acid
effects of auxin in synthesis of, 146 of iron on synthesis of, 18 of kinetin on, 145, 146 fractions in roots, 75 in anther cells, 103 regulators of, 303
m-Ribonucleic acid (m-RNA), 147, 303 RNA, see Ribonucleic acid
m-RNA, see m-Ribonucleic acid RNase, see Ribonuclease Root cultures
aging in, 65, 68, 69
carbohydrate uptake and metabolism, 39-53
criteria of growth, 13
differential application of nutrients, 13, 14
eflects of light on, 31-34, 66-67 growth and differentiation in, 70-83 growth-regulators in, 64-70
inorganic nutrition of, 15-22 nitrogen nutrition and metabolism of,
22-39
organic compounds released by, 29 species and varieties used, 14, 83-87 sugar release by, 41, 42
techniques of, see Cultural techniques thiamine requirements of, 55 Roots
formation in tissue cultures, 157, 158, 355
growth and differentiation of, 70-73 lateral, initiation of, 78-83 nodule formation of, 392, 393 structure and function of cap of, 71,
72 Rubber
synthesis in tissue cultures, 293 S
Sach's law, 351 Scopoletin, 155, 276 Scopolin, 155, 276 Scyllitol, 342
Sector cultures, see Root cultures Sequential effect, 84, 296, 360-367, 369 Sex expression, in flowers, 98-100 Shikimic acid, 155, 156, 284 Shoots
culture of, 87-91
initiation in tissue cultures, 158, 159 Skythanthine, 275
Solasonine, 275 Sorbitol, 342 Squalene, 280
Starch
as carbon source, 132 grains of, 242
in cultured tissue, 229, 291, 292 Stem tip cultures, 87-91
Sterols, see Phytosterols, Glycosides Strophanthin K, see Cardolenide Sucrose
as carbon source, 39-41, 333 effects on leaf cultures, 95-97
on root growth, 43, 44
in nutrition of cultured embryos, 109 interaction with auxin, 65, 66, 78 respiration of roots and, 45 translocation of, 46
Sugars, see also individual sugars as carbon sources for proteins, 136 vascularization and, 151, 152, 155 Sulfide, as sulfur source, 16, 17 Sulfolipids, 288, 289
Sulfate, as sulfur source, 16 Sulfur
in nutrition of cultured tissue, 128 of root cultures, 15-18
organic sources of, 17, 18 Syncytia, 393
Synergism, 341-346 Systems I and II, 345, 347
Τ
Tapetum, in cultured anthers, 104 Taxiphyllin, 278
Techniques, see Cultural techniques Temperature, effects on vascularization,
150
Teratomata, 403, 411 Terpenoids, 279-281
5,7,3,4-Tetrahydroxyflavone-3,4-diol, see Leucocyanidin
Thebaine, 275 Thiamine
in nutrition of callus cultures, 136-138 of root cultures, 6, 55-62
pyrophosphate, 58, 59 structure of, 55 translocation of, 62 Thiazoles, see Thiamine Tip cultures, see Root cultures
TIP (Tip) see Tumor-inducing principle
Tissue cultures, see also Callus cultures, Cell cultures, Organ cultures, Root cultures, Tumor cultures
behavior of nuclei and chromosomes, 168, 357
biochemical integration of, 295-304 biochemistry of organized and un-
organized, 286-295
carbon metabolism of, 131-133 cell division factors and, 336-341 compounds in organelles, 287-295 contrasts with conditions in situ,
246, 247
control mechanisms in, 300-304 cytology and variation of, 164-168 division of labor in, 297-300 effects of synergists in, 341-346 growth induction of, 240-247, 349,
350
growth limitations in, 335, 336, 3 4 6 - 349
growth regulating substances and, 136-149
in studies of metabolism, 247-286 inorganic nutrition of, 127-131 nitrogen nutrition of, 127-131 nonnutrient growth factors and, 335 nutrient requirements of, 331-335 organogenesis in, 157-164 proteins of, 134-136, 257-266 techniques, see Cultural techniques tissue differentiation in, 149-157 Tissues,
characteristic composition of, 229-240 Tobacco
frenching of, 382
morphogenesis of cultured, 159 Tomatine, 275
Totipotency
difficulties in demonstration of, 3 6 9 - 370
of cells (illustrated), 358, 368 of free cells, 352, 359
2,3,6-TPAA, see 2,3,6-Trichlorophenyl- acetic acid
Transformation in crown gall, 177-179, 413-415
Translocation
in organ and tissue cultures, 125-126 in root cultures, 74
patterns of, in plants, 62
Triacanthine, 143
2,3,6-Trichlorophenylacetic acid, 249, 259 Tryptophan, 65
Tumor-inducing principle, 177, 413-415, see also Crown gall
Tumor tissue cultures, 115, 116, 169-181 crown gall, 174-179
from virus-induced tumors 171-174 genetic tumors, 169-171
habituation of, 179-181 Tumors, see also Galls
spontaneous, 171 stability of, 170
U Ubiquinone, 288, 289 Urea, as nitrogen source, 129 Urease, 240, 259-261
V Vacuoles, secretory, 235 Vanillin, 278
Vascular cryptogams, culture of apices of, 90, 91
Vascularization
effects of growth-regulators on, 78-83 in callus cultures, 150, 152, 153, 154 in crown gall, 402
in cultured roots, 75-78 in root nodules, 392 Vasicine, 275
Vincaleukoblastine, 271 Vindolinine, 273 Viruses
effects on floral organs, 382, 383 induced tumors, 171-174 of Black's Disease, 414, 415
production of gibberellins and, 379, 380
synthesis of, 257, 258 Visnagin, 278
Vitamin B i , see Thiamine Vitamin Be, see Pyridoxine
Vitamins, see also individual vitamins definition of, 53
Vittae, 281
Volatile oils, 234-239, 279-281
w ζ
Wound healing, 240, 241 Zeatin, see 6- (4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut- Wound reaction, in tumor formation, 2-enyl)aminopurine
173 Zinc, in nutrition of root cultures, 22 X
Xylem, development of, in cultures, 78, 80, 81
