Acetaldehyde
arsenite and oxidation of, 103 3-Acetaminopyridine
N A D analogues of, 9 Acetazolamide
see 2-acety lamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5- sulfonamide
Acethion, 233, 234 Acetic acid
catalase and, 385 metal binding and, 121 nitrification and, 621 oxidation of,
arsenicals and, 105 synthesis of, 10 Acetic thiokinase
alkali metals and, 343 monovalent cations and, 367 Acetoacetate
formation of
6-aminonicotinamide and, 11 arsenicals and, 103
diethylstilbesterol and, 11 succinate reduction and, 485 testosterone and, 11 iV-Acetyl-p-aminophenol, 88 2-Acetylamino-1,1,4 thiadiazole, 13 2-Acetylamino-l, 3,4-thiadiazole-5-sulfo
namide, 13 Acetylation
6-aminonicotinamide and, 9 Acetylcholine
acetylcholinesterase inhibition by, 196 dissociation of enzyme complex of, 210 eserine and, 209
nicotinamide and bronchospasm, 12 synthesis by brain, 534
Acetylcholinesterase, 193-203 acetyl form, 197, 199 active sites of, 193, 203 alkyl phosphates and, 198 carbamates and, 201
carbamyl form of, 201
comparative action of carbamates on, 213
distribution of, 206 esteratic site of, 194 hydrogen binding and, 197 hydrophobic bonds and, 194 hydroxylamine and, 200 kinetics of inhibition, 199 mechanism of action, 195
methanesulfonyl derivative of, 203 organophosphates and, 225 phosphoryl form, 199, 200 potency of inhibitors of, 199 prosthetic inhibitors of, 196
pyridine-2-aldoxime methiodide and, 200
radiation and, 633, 645, 646 rate equation for, 195
reactivation by choline, 200, 202, 203 reactivation by hydroxylamine, 200,
202, 203
reaction by pyridine-2-aldoxime me
thiodide, 200, 202 recovery from inhibition, 200 SDS and, 442
selective inhibition of, 211, 226 carbamates and, 212
species variation and, 227, 228 serine and, 202
substrate protection of, 202 taurocholate and, 448
tris (o-cresyl) phosphate and, 228 velocity constants for, 195, 199, 202 water and, 194
iV-Acetyl-D-glucosamine cell walls and, 35, 36 β-glucosides of, 36 lysozyme and, 35 muramic acid and, 36 teichoic acids and, 32 Acetylglutathione
binding of N A D and, 138
N-Acetyllactosamine
muramic acid synthesis and, 36 Acetylmethylcarbinol
arsenicals and, 102 Acetyl-j8-methylcholine
acetylcholinesterase and, 206 hydrolysis of
species differences and, 211 iV-Acetylmuramic acid
cell walls and, 33, 35 lysozyme and, 35
iV-Acetylmuramic acid peptide penicillin and, 33
iV-Acetylphenylalanylmelphalan ethyl es- ter, 172
Acetylphosphate
p-chloromercuribenzoate binding and, 132
mercaptide formation and, 138 3-Acetylpyridine
6-aminonicotinamide and, 9 dehydrogenase activity and, 8 NAD depletion and, 8 protection against, 8 structure of, 7
thiadiazole toxicity and, 14 vitamin antagonism by, 7
3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide coenzyme activity of, 7
dehydrogenase reactions and, 8 N A D depletion and, 8 occurrence of, 7 structure of, 7 synthesis of, 7, 8 Acetylsalicylate, 530 Acetylsulfanilamide, 534 Acidomycin
see actithiazic acid Acid phosphatase
beryllium and, 371 fluoride and, 402 lewisite and, 106 molybdate and, 413 molybdenum and, 356, 414 polyanionic inhibitors and, 450-457 quinones and, 148
Aconitase, 491
dialkydithiocarbamate, zinc salt and, 273
fluorocitrate and, 405, 492
inhibitors of, 491 metals and, 491 nabam and, 275 oxalomalate and, 494 oxine and, 280 Acridines
mutagenic action of, 304 Acriflavine
binding by trypanosomes, 301
structural requirements for trypanocidal activity, 298
ACTH
response to arsenicals and, 112, 113 Actinomycetin
cell wall degradation and, 36 cell wall structure and, 36 DNA synthesis and, 42 esterases and, 36
filamentous growth and, 29 nuclear abnormalities and, 30 peptidases and, 36
production in soil, 26 RNA synthesis and, 41 Actithiazic acid
antagonism by natural products, 29 biotin and, 45
Activating reactions organophosphates and, 230 Activation (of enzymes)
radiation and, 635, 636
"Activator-competitive" enzyme inhibi- tion, 457
Activators, 459 Activity coefficient
ion requirements and, 316 Acylanilides
photosynthesis and, 252 Acylhydrazides, 57 Adenine
ethidium bromide and incorporation of, 302,
structure of, 16 Adenocarcinoma 755, 165
inhibition of
6-aminonicotinamide and, 10 Adenine mononucleotides
nitrogen mustards and, 5 Adenosine diphosphatase
divalent ions and, 370
Adenosine diphosphate see A D P
Adenosine monophosphate see AMP and 2'-adenylic acid Adenosine-5 phosphatase
borate and, 411 Adenosine triphosphate
see ATP
Adenosine triphosphatase divalent ions and, 370
radiation and, 633, 634, 642, 643 2'-Adenylic acid, 496
Adenylic kinase metals and, 372
sensitivity to fluoride and, 367 Adenylosuccinic acid
synthesis of, hadacidin and, 41 Adnamine hydrochloride, 92 A D P
6-aminonicotinamide and, 10 electron transport and, 485
formylglycinamidine synthesis and, 41 Adrenaline
arsenicals and, 105 reserpine and, 535 Adrenaline oxidase, 88
Adrenergic blocking substances, 94 Adrenolytics, 93
Aerobacter aerogenes azide and, 419
magnesium requirements of, 313 respiration of,
nutritional state and, 417 Aerotonemetry, 555
African trypanosomiasis drugs in treatment of, 286 African violet
trypanosomiasis and, 291 Agaritine, 66
Aged mitochondria, 511 Aging
mechanism of, 224 Agmatine, 58
Aliphatic amine oxidase, 88 (see also monoamine oxidase) Akinetoplastic strains
trypanosomes and, 301, 302 Alanine
aromatic diamidines and oxidation of, 296
cell wall structure and, 33 lysozyme and, 35
conjugation with amitrole, 258 nitrogen mustard derivative of, 172 occurrence in mucopolysaccharide, 32 /3-Alanine
2,2-dichloropropionic acid and, 253 D-Alanine
arsenicals and oxidation of, 104 cell walls and, 33
cycloserine and, 34 L-Alanine
alanine racemase and, 34 cell walls and, 33 cycloserine and, 34, 45 Alanine racemase
cycloserine and, 34
pyridoxal phosphate and, 34 Alanine transaminase
cycloserine and, 45 D-alanyl-D-alanine
cycloserine and synthesis of, 28 D-alanyl-D-alanine synthetase
ATP and, 34 cycloserine and, 34
jS-j8-Alanyltetrahydrothiophenium salt, 185
Albumin
enzyme activation and, 460 mercaptide formation and, 130, 131 reactions with sulfonates, 446 Alcohol
arsenicals and oxidation of, 103 chain length and effect of, 529 effect on brain metabolism, 529 Alcohol dehydrogenase
arsenicals and, 103 borate and, 412 deoxyNAD and, 17 metal sensitivity of, 371 monovalent cations and, 367 radiation and, 633, 634 silver and inhibition of, 126 sulfhydryl groups in,
methods for determination of, 128 Aldehyde dehydrogenase, 70
Aldehyde oxidase azide and, 398
citrate and mechanism of action, 408 cyanide and, 377, 392, 393, 395, 397
Aldehyde oxidase—continued molybdenum and, 356 pyrophosphate and, 408
relative affinities of cyanide and azide for, 397
sulfhydryl groups and, 392 Aldehydes
toxicity in brain, 530 Aldolase
metal ions and, 369
polyanionic inhibitors and, 450, 459, 462, 463
sulfhydryl groups and structure of, 130 sulfhydryl groups in,
p-chloromercuribenzoate and, 129 Algae
photophosphorylation in, 586 Alcaligenes metacaligenes, 383 Aliesterase
aging and, 224
amino acid sequence in active center, 236
carbamates and, 212, 213 cholinesterase inhibitors and, 211 definition of, 206
esteratic site of, 207
organophosphates and, 225, 228 Alkali disease, 350
Alkali metals
plant growth and, 342, 343 Alkaline phosphatase
antrycide and, 305 beryllium and, 371
borate and competitive inhibition of, 412
fluoride and, 402
molybdenum and, 354, 356
polyanionic inhibitors and, 451-455, 459, 460
quinones and, 148 zinc and, 359
Alkaline pyrophosphatase calcium and, 370 cations and, 369 molybdenum and, 414 a-Alkylamines, 61 Alkylarylsulfonate, 439 Alkylating agents, 161-187
classification of, 162, 163 deoxyribonucleotides and, 182
DNA and, 180, 181, 183 mechanism of action of, 180 mutagenic action of, 180 N A D synthesis and, 4, 5 nucleoproteins and, 180 permeability to, 180 proteins and, 183
radiomimetic effects of, 11 receptor molecules for, 180 use and function of, 164 7-Alkylguanine, 181 Alkylphosphates, 197
acetylcholinesterase and, 198 mechanism of action of, 198 Alkylsuccinic acid, 486 Alkylsulfate, 439 Alloxan, 478 Allylthiourea
ammonia oxidation and, 626, 627 Alopecia
molybdenum deficiency and, 352 Alpha particles
relative biological efficiency of, 637 Alternaria oleracea
spore germination and, 326 toxicity of sulfur to, 328 Altenaria tenuis
metal ions and, 325 uptake of copper by, 327 Aluminum
complex with tetracyclines, 324 toxicity to plants
phosphorus metabolism and, 341, 342 Amine analogues, 59
Amine metabolism, enzymology of, 54
Amine oxidase (see also monoamine oxi- dase)
diethyldithiocarbamate and, 389 relative effects of azide and cyanide on,
397 Amines
chemical reactivity of, 53 competition among, 72 incorporation into proteins, 61 membrane effects of, 73 photophosphorylation and, 587 Amino acid decarboxylase
cyanide and, 391
D-Amino acid oxidase arsenicals and, 104, 106 azide and, 396
comparative effects of different arseni- cals on, 112
sulfide and, 407, 408 L-Amino acid oxidase, 64
ammonium ions and, 367 Amino acids
activation for protein synthesis, 42 alkali metals and, 343
alkylating agents and incorporation into proteins, 161
antibiotics and accumulation of, 43, 44 aromatic diamines and oxidation of, 296 arsenicals and, 104, 105
cell membranes and, 37 formation from glucose, 531 nitrification and, 620
reversal of antibiotic effects by, 46 streptomycin and excretion of, 39 Amino acridines, 302
2-Amino-4-arsenosophenol
comparative effects on enzymes, 112 decarboxylases and, 107
hydrolytic enzymes and, 106 hexokinase and, 104
metabolism of anaerobic bacteria and, 105
parasiticidal action of, 100, 114, 115 stability of BAL complex, 111 succinic dehydrogenase and, 104, 481 toxicity to normal and tumor bearing
animals, 113 Aminobenzoic acid, 291 7-Aminobutyric acid, 530 7-Aminobutyronitrile oxide, 67 Aminochlorambucil, 167
4-(2-aminoethyl) imidazole see histamine 6-Amino-5-fluoronicotinic acid
thiadiazole toxicity and, 14 Aminoguanidine, 57
3-Amino-4-hydroxyphenyl dichloroarsine hydrochloride, 112
4-Amino-5-imidazole carboxamide N A D and, 11
nicotinamide and, 11 nucleotide synthesis and, 11 structure of, 12
4-Amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide adenine dinucleotide, 11
4-Amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide mono- nucleotide, 11
6-Aminonicotinamide amine acetylation and, 9 anticancer effects of, 10 ATP levels and, 10
competitive inhibition and, 9 dehydrogenase activity and, 10 mammary adenocarcinoma and
x-rays and, 11 N A D levels and, 10 N A D P levels and, 10 nucleotide synthesis and, 9 structure of, 7
teratogenesis and, 10 thiadiazole toxicity and, 14 toxicity of, 9
6-Aminonicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthesis of, 9, 10
Aminonucleosides, 176 6-Aminopenicillanic acid
penicillin-like activity of, 26 p-Aminophenylarsine oxide
D-amino acid oxidase and, 104 (p-Aminophenyl) dichloroarsine
D-alanine oxidation and, 104
comparative effect on different enzymes, 112
7-Aminopropionitrile, 68 3-Aminopyridine
N A D analogues of, 9 2-Amino-l, 3,4-thiadiazole
nicotinamide and toxicity of, 13 uricogenic effects of, 13 Aminothiophenol
lewisite complex of, 109 3-Amino-l, 2,4-triazole
chloroplast development and, 253 conjugation of, 258
enzymes inhibited by, 254 Amiton
cholinesterase inhibition by, 220 oxidative degradation of, 233 toxicity of
penetration and, 235
Amitrole—see 3-amino-l, 2,4-triazole Ammonia
chloroform and oxidation of, 619
Ammonia—continued chlorophyll synthesis and
metal ions and, 334
complex formation with silver, 124 fixation of molecular nitrogen and, 606,
607
metal binding and, 121 nitrification and, 615, 621, 622 nitrous oxide and, 605
photophosphorylation and, 587 potassium requirements and, 315 relative effects on enzyme activity, 367 retention by soil, 617
Ammonia oxidation allylthiourea and, 626 chelators and, 626 copper and, 626
diethyldithiocarbamate and, 626 ethyl xanthate and, 626 hydrazine and, 627 inhibition of, 619 mechanism of, 627 salicylaldoxime and, 626 sewage and, 618
Ammonium nitrate utilization carbon monoxide and, 601 Ammonium sulfamate
weed killing action of, 244 Ammonium sulfate
mitochondrial respiration and, 587 weed killing action of, 244 Ammonium thiocyanate
nitrification and, 619 AMP
excretion of, 39
6-mercaptopurine and, 16 N A D synthesis and, 1, 3 Amphetamine, 61, 62, 90 Amylase, 442, 447
metal sensitivity of, 371 α-Amylase, 450, 451, 452, 459
^-Amylase, 460
Amylopectin sulfate, 450, 454, 455, 460 Amylose sulfate, 450, 454, 463 Amytal
brain phosphorylations and, 531, 532 brain respiration and, 518, 524-527 photophosphorylation and, 582 succinate oxidation and, 484, 485 Anaphylaxis, 12
Anemia
cobalt and, 357
gas-transporting capacity and, 542 molybdenum deficiency and, 352 zinc and, 359
Anaerobiosis
photophosphorylation and, 576 Anesthetics, 517-535
acetylation reactions and, 534 acetylcholine synthesis and, 525 anaerobic reduction and, 526 brain diaphorases and, 526 carbon dioxide transport and, 556 competition with substrate, 526 2,4-dinitrophenol and, 524 glucose utilization and, 533 glycolysis and, 533 homogenates and, 527 irreversible action of, 521 mode of action, 532 non-neural tissue and, 520 phosphorylations and, 534 physicochemical properties, 517 potassium and effects of, 523, 529 respiration in vitro and, 519 reversibility in vitro, 521 site of action, 525
specificity of oxidative inhibition, 520 steroids and, 534
stimulated respiration and, 522 substrates and effects of, 523 uncoupling and, 534 Aniline
methemoglobin and, 551
oxidation to phenylhydroxylamine, 551 Anions, 311-420
see also ions or specific substance e.g., chloride
enzyme inhibition and, 380-390 fluoride effects and, 403 fumarase and, 380
ionized groups in proteins and, 380, 381 mechanism of combination with pro
teins, 381
metalloenzymes and, 383-390 protein carboxyl groups and, 391 protein sulfhydryl groups and, 392 uncompetitive actions of, 382, 383 Ankistrodesmus braunii, 586 Anoxia, 518
Anthraquinones
inhibition of non-oxidative enzymes by, 149
Antibiotics, 23-47 action of, 30
biochemical abnormalities and, 30 biochemical effects of, 31 biochemical significance of, 28 cell lysis and, 30
cell membranes and, 37-40
cell wall synthesis and, 32, 33, 34, 36 chelation and, 46, 47
definition of, 23 detection of, 24 filamentous cells and, 29 formation of in nature, 25, 26 glycolysis and, 40
growth of microorganisms and, 31 nuclear abnormalities and, 30 nucleic acid synthesis and, 39, 41, 42 oxidative phosphorylation and, 31, 44,
510
protein synthesis and, 31, 39, 42, 43, 44 purine synthesis and, 41
resistance and, 27, 29, 30 resistance to, 40
respiration and, 40, 44, 45 RNA synthesis and, 41 selectivity of, 26, 27 toxicity and, 27 vitamins and, 45 Antidepressants, 535 Antimitotic agents
quinones as, 145 Antimycin, 485
coenzyme Q and, 44 election transport and, 28 Antimycin A
succinate oxidation and, 487
photophosphorylation and, 580, 583, 584
Antrycide
mechanism of action, 305
structural requirements for activity of, 304
Antrypol—see suramin Apyrase
divalent ions and, 370 Arabinose
occurrence in mucopolysaccharides, 32
D-Arabinose borate and, 344 Arginase
heavy metals and, 374 lewisite and, 106
macromolecular polyphosphates and, 452
pH and, 375
uncompetitive action of anions and, 383 Argon
hydrogen evolution and, 598 Aromatic diamidines
antagonism by, 296, 297 mechanism of action, 295, 298 metabolic effects of, 296 selective action of, 295 structure of, 294
trypanocidal action of, 294, 298 Arsenate
fluoride and, 401 fumarase and, 380 nitrogen fixation and, 611
oxidative phosphorylation and, 511 photophosphorylation and, 586
ribulosediphosphate carboxylase and, 564
succinate oxidation and, 485 Arsenic
selenium poisoning and, 351 Arsenical poisoning
BAL and, 110 Arsenicals, 99-115
aldehyde oxidation and, 102
amino acid metabolism and, 104, 105 antagonism to, 291
avidity for thiol groups, 289 binding by trypanosomes, 290 classification of, 100
dithiols and effects of, 109 enzyme activity and, 112 fatty acid oxidation and, 105 glucose metabolism and, 104 hydrolytic enzymes and, 105, 106 keto acid oxidation and, 102
lipoic acid dependent reactions and, 110 parasiticidal action of, 113, 114 pentavalent form, 100
pyruvate metabolism and, 102 reaction with thiols, 99, 101, 146 selective action of, 289, 290
Arsenicals—continued
succinate oxidation and, 102 succinic dehydrogenase and, 481 thioarsenite stabilities and, 111 thiol compounds and effects of, 107 toxicity of
hydrolysis constants and, 290 trypanocidal action of 287, 288, 289, 291 tumors and, 113
Arsenite
aldehyde oxidases and, 377 itaconate formation and, 494 keto acid oxidations and, 103 nitrite oxidation and, 625 photosynthesis and, 581 pyruvate metabolism and, 102 response to auxins and, 112
ribulosediphosphate carboxylase and, 564
steroid synthesis and, 112 transaminases and, 105 virus production and, 112 Arsenoacetic acid, 487 p-Arsenoaniline, 112 Arseno compounds, 100 p-Arsenosoaniline
lipase and, 106
succinate oxidation and, 104 succinoxidase and, 106 p-Arsenosobenzamide, 114 Arsenosobenzene
derivatives of
parasiticidal activity and, 114 hexokinase and, 104
keto acid oxidation and, 103 reaction with simple thiols, 101 reversal by BAL, 110
substitution of, in relation to parasiti- cidal activity, 113
urease and, 105
Arsenosobenzenethioglycolate, 111 p-Arsensobenzoie acid
/3-hydroxybutyrate oxidation and, 105 respiration and, 107
succinoxidase and, 107 Arsenosomethane
decarboxylases and, 107 hydrolytic enzymes and, 105 7-(p-Arsenosophenyl) butyric acid
D-amino acid oxidase and, 104
parasiticidal action of, 113 pyruvate oxidation and, 110 pyruvate utilization and, 103 i-(p-Arsenosophenyl) caproic acid
parasiticidal action of, 113 S-(p-Arsenosophenyl) valeric acid
parasiticidal action of, 113 Arsonoacetic acid
succinic dehydrogenase and, 290 Arsphenamines
oxidation of, 101
Treponema pallidum and, 101 Arylesterase
hydrolysis of carbamates and, 214 Arylsulfatase
uncompetitive inhibition by cyanide, 383
Ascorbic acid
antagonism to arsenicals and, 291 gas transport and, 551, 552 photooxidation of, 575
photophosphorylation and, 579, 583 photosynthesis and, 574
plant content of iodide and, 339 selenium toxicity and, 351 Ascorbic acid oxidase
auxins and, 248 copper and, 363 cyanide and, 388, 389 sulfide and, 407 Asparagine
aromatic diamidines and, 296 nitrogen fixation and, 606 Aspartic acid
cell walls and, 33
occurrence in mucopolysaccharides, 32 Aspergillic acid
chelation and, 46 Aspergillus niger
antagonistic action of metal ions and, 318
chlorate toxicity and, 340
diethyldithiocarbamic acid and, 323 ions and growth of, 313
magnesium requirements of, 316 toxicity of sulfur and, 328 trace metals and, 314 Assimilatory power, 560 Atabrine—see atebrin
Atebrin
FAD and, 588
monoamine oxidase and, 89 photophosphorylation and, 587 Atoxyl, 105
experimental trypanosomiasis and, 287 ATP
D-alanyl-D-alanine synthetase and, 34 amino acid activation and, 42 6-aminonicotinamide and, 10 amytal and synthesis of, 531 carbon dioxide reduction and, 560 catecholamine storage and, 93 chelation with metals and, 362 dinitrophenol and, 505
exchange reactions for, 505, 507, 513 formylglycinamidine synthesis and, 41 fructokinase and, 368
hydrolysis of, 505, 507
inhibitors of and photophosphorylation, 584
N A D synthesis and, 3, 15
non-cyclic photophosphorylation and, 569
oligomycin and, 488
photo-electron transfer and, 574, 578 photosynthetic, 251, 566, 567 phenylureas and, 251
solution of metal protein complexes and, 362
synthesis in brain, 525, 527 utilization in photosynthesis, 561 ATPase
aged mitochondria and, 511 maximum activity of, 508 nitrophenols and, 509 oligomycin and, 513
oxidative phosphorylation and, 507 Atropine, 200
Aureomycin, 510 chelation and, 324 Auxins
arsenicals and, 112
ascorbic acid oxidase and, 247, 248 cell wall formation and, 247 CoA derivatives of, 248 formation of
radiation and, 641 herbicidal action of, 245, 249
kinetics of action, 248, 249 structural requirements of, 246 Avertin, 520, 521
"Avidity series''
chlorophyll synthesis and, 331 8-Azaguanine
structure of, 16 Azapetine, 94 Azaserine
chemotherapy with, 176 glutamine and, 41 N A D synthesis and, 4
nicotinamide and, 5 purine synthesis and, 41 Azide
affinity for catalase, 399 aldehyde oxidase and, 394
combination with metalloenzymes, 388 cytochrome c and, 386
effects in vivo, 414-420 enzymes inhibited by, 396, 398 fermentation and, 419 mechanism of action, 395, 396 nitrate reductase and, 398, 399 nitrite oxidation and, 626 nitrogen fixation and, 608, 609 oxidation of
heme proteins and, 399, 400 penetration of, 415
phosphorylation and, 420 photophosphorylation and, 582 relative affinities for different enzymes,
397
reproduction and, 419 respiration in vivo and, 418 uncoupling and, 419 Azomercurial, 134 Azo mustards, 172 Azotobacter, 494 Azotobacter chroococcum
ion requirements of, 313 Azotobacter vinelandii, 397 Bacillin
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and, 29 antagonism by natural products, 29 cell wall structure and, 36
Bacillus subtilis, 474
Bacitracin
cell wall structure and, 36 cell wall synthesis and, 28 uridine nucleotides and, 34 Bacteria
detergents and, 444 Bacteriochlorophyll, 569 Bacteriocides
quinones as, 145 BAL, 481, 487
aldehyde oxidase and, 393 arsenical effects and, 103
arsenosobenzene inhibitions and, 110 cadmium inhibitions and, 377
inhibition of enzymes by quinones and, 146
lipoic acid and, 110 reaction with quinones, 147
Barban—see 4-chloro-2-butynyl iV-(3- chlorophenyl) carbamate
Barbiturates, 518, 524 age and sensitivity to, 528 Barium
pyrophosphatase and, 370 Basophilic granules
antrycide and, 305
phenanthridines and formation of, 301 stilbamidine and, 297
suramin and, 293 Bacteriophage synthesis
phenanthridines and, 302 Bayer 205
see suramin Bayer 3231, 177 Bayer A 139, 177 Bayer Ε 39, 177 Benzacridines
carcinogenesis and, 304 Benzimidazole
protein retention and, 248 Benzodioxane, 94
N' - (1,4 - Benzodioxane - 2 - methyl)- iV'-benzylhydrazine, 71
Benzoic acid
nitrogen fixation and, 608 Benzoquinone, 482, 584
hydrogen acceptor action of, 151 inhibition of nonoxidative enzymes by,
148, 149
oxidative enzymes and, 152 reaction with sulfhydryls, 147 Benzoquinoneacetic acid, 551 3-Benzoylpyridine
N A D analogues of, 9 Benzylhydrazine, 67
iV-Benzyl-2V-methyl-2-propylamine, 57 Benzyl penicillin
synthesis of, by microorganisms, 25 Berenil, 295
Beryllium
alkaline pyrophosphatase and, 369 phosphatases and, 371
pyrophosphatase and, 370 Bicarbonate
chlorophyll synthesis and, 337 metalloenzymes and, 410, 411 Bimodal dosage response
dialkyldithiocarbamates and, 271 Biochemical abnormalities
antibiotics and, 30 selenium and, 350 Biotin
actithiazic acid and, 45
Bis(ethylenimine) phosphorocarbamic acid derivatives, 176, 177
Bispyridinium oxime
reactivation of cholinesterase by, 223
"Blind staggers", 350 Blindness
selenium and, 350 Blood
flow through brain, 545 oxygen tension in, 545 respiratory function of, 540 Borate
enzyme inhibitions by, 411, 412 fumarase and, 380
nitrification and, 621 weed killing action of, 244 Boron
plant growth and, 312, 343, 345 toxicity in animals, 360 Botrytis fabae
metal ions and, 325 Brain
oxygen uptake by, 545 Brain cortex slices
alkylbarbiturates and, 519 ethanol and, 529
Brain cortex slices—continued ethylurethan and, 518
stimulation by anesthetics, 519 Brain respiration
salicylates and, 530
stimulation by cationic changes, 521, 522
stimulation by electrical impulses, 521, 522
substrates and, 523 Brillant blue
photophosphorylation and, 581 British antilewisite—see BAL Bromate
toxicity to plants, 339 Bromide
affinity for mercury, 122 fumarase and, 380 toxicity to plants, 338 5-Bromosalicylhydroxamic acid
conversion to 5-bromosalicylamide, 9 Butanedithiol, 109
Butyl-3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 582
Butyric acid
nitrification and, 621 Butyrycholinesterase, 209
carbamates and hydrolysis of, 214 Butyryl CoA dehydrogenase, 390 Cadaverine, 57, 59, 61, 297 Cadmium
binding of, 121
chlorophyll synthesis and, 331, 332 nitrogen nutrition and, 333 mechanism of fungicidal action, 265 spore germination and, 326 sulfhydryl enzymes and, 372, 377 tryptophan synthetase and, 376 Caffeic acid, 83, 84
Calcification fluorine and, 360 Calcium
antagonism by sodium, 342 brain respiration and, 521, 522 cation dependent enzymes and, 369 chelators and uptake of, 318 enolase and, 371
enzyme activity, magnesium activation and, 370
fluorosis and deficiency of, 360 growth and, 312
sparing action of, 313 transglutaminase and, 55 Calcium cyanamide
weed killing action of, 244 Captan
mechanism of inhibitory action, 281 thiophosgene and, 280
Carbamates, 207-219
acetylcholinesterase and, 200, 201 active center of cholinesterases and, 210 kinetics of inhibition of cholinesterase,
209
mechanism of inhibition, 207, 211 metabolism of, 214
selective activity of, 206
selective enzyme inhibition by, 211, 213 toxicity of, 205, 214, 219, 236
ionization and, 215, 216 selectivity and, 215
structure activity relationships, 216, 217
£-Carbamides, 489
Carbaminohemoglobin, 554, 555 Carbamoylcholine, 217
Carbohydrates
antibiotic production and, 25 cell membranes and, 37 Carbon dioxide
assimilation of, 562 ATP and reduction of, 560 carboxydismutase and, 564 chlorosis and fixation of, 337 metalloenzymes and, 410, 411 nitrogen gas and evolution of, 599 transport of, 553
Carbon disulfide nitrification and, 619 Carbon monoxide
absorption of, 541
cytochrome oxidase and, 546 deaths from, 539
diffusion gradient of, 547 elimination of, 548 hemoglobin and, 540, 541 myoglobin and, 540
nitrogen fixation and, 600-603 mechanism of inhibition, 602, 603 species variations, 601, 602
Carbon monoxide—continued oxygen and toxicity of, 546 removal from blood, 548 respiration and
availability of iron and, 417 response to, 547
stimulation by, 547 sulfcatalase and, 407 toxic levels of, 541, 542, 546 treatment for, 548
uptake of, 542 Carbonic anhydrase
acetazolamide and, 555
carbon dioxide transport and, 554 cyanide and, 389
dilution and activity of, 457 fluoride and, 405
inhibitors of, 554 isoelectric point of, 447 kidney and, 556 quinones and, 149
relative effects of azide and cyanide, 398 sulfide and, 407
sulfonamides and, 554, 556 Carbonyl groups (in proteins)
cyanide and, 391 Carboxyamidase
organophosphate degradation and, 232 Carboxydismutase— (see ribulosediphos-
phate carboxylase) Carboxyesterase
organophosphate degradation and, 232 Carboxyhemoglobin
critical levels of, 545, 547 equilibrium level of, 542 gas transport and, 541-551 isoelectric point of, 441 venous oxygen tension and, 546 3-(6-Carboxyhexyl)-l, 2-dithiolane
specific inhibition of nitrogen fixation by, 609
Carboxylase
arsenicals and, 106
comparative inhibition by different arsenicals, 112
Carboxymethyl cellulose sulfate, 451 Carboxypeptidase
cyanide and, 389
mercaptide formation and, 123 radiation and, 636
relative effects of azide and cyanide, 398 sulfide and, 407
zinc and, 390
Carcinogenic agents, 178, 179 Carcinogenesis
benzacridines and, 304 Cardiac output, 540 Carotenoids
fluoride and, 340 Carotid body, 547 Catalase
amitrole and, 254
affinity of cyanide and azide for, 397, 399
anions and, 383
differential effects of, 385 mechanisms of action, 384 pH and, 384
azide and, 396, 399
chlorophyll content and, 335 cyanide and, 386, 387, 399
mechanism of combination, 388 fluoride and, 404
isoelectric point of, 447
macromolecular inhibitors of, 452, 453 metal fungicides and, 266
metal ions and, 336 nitrite oxidation and, 626 nitric oxide and, 400
protection by against X-rays, 643 quinones and, 152
sulfide and, 406
mechanism of action, 407 zinc and, 359
Catechin, 84 Catechol, 92
Catecholamines, 79-95
competition for binding sites, 94 conjugation of, 88
inhibition of metabolism of, 87 oxidative deamination of, 88 receptor sites for, 94 reserpine and, 535 storage of, 93, 94
Catechol O-methyltransferase, 69, 70 Catechol oxidase
azide and, 396 Cathepsin
cyanide and, 391
Cathepsin synthesis radiation and, 636 Cationic detergents
cell membranes and, 37
Cationic stimulation of brain, 521, 522 anesthetics and, 523
ethanol and, 524
phospholipid synthesis and, 526 substrates and, 523, 524 Cation movements, 533 Cations, 311-420
(see also ions or specific substances e.g.
calcium)
affinities for specific groups, 371-374 anesthetics and, 523
brain respiration and, 521 chelation of
enzyme activity and, 374, 378 toxicity and, 379
enzyme activity and, 363-371 photophosphorylation and, 587 substrates and, 524
CB 1348, 165 CB 1414, 172 CB 3159, 173 Cell division
herbicides and, 250, 251 in plants
mercury and, 347, 348 lead and, 349
phenanthridines and, 300 suramin and, 293 thallium and, 349 Cell membrane
antibiotics and, 37, 40 composition of, 37 permeability and
polymyxin and, 38 polyphosphates and, 38 osmotic barrier and, 37 streptomycin action on, 39 Cell surface
diamidine sensitivity and structure of, 298
Cellulose
protection against radiation by, 625 Cellulose sulfate, 450, 454
Cell walls
antibiotics and, 32, 36 auxins and, 247
composition of
mucopolysaccharide and, 32 phospholipid and, 298 degradation of
actinomycetin and, 36 lysozyme and, 35 synthesis of
antibiotics and, 27, 28, 30, 34 chlorotetracycline and, 44 chloramphenicol and, 44 cycloserine and, 28 penicillin and, 33
uridine nucleotides and, 33 uridine nucleotide peptides and, 34 Cephalin
polymyxin complexes and, 38 Cephahsporium acremonium
toxicity of sulfur and, 328 Ceruloplasmin
anions and, 383 borate and, 412 Cesium
potassium requirements for growth and, 315
spore germination and, 326 Chagas disease, 286
Chalcone, 83 Chelated metals
toxicity of, 379 Chelation
antibiotics and, 46
dialkyldithiocarbamates and, 271 enolase inhibition and, 378 enzyme activity and, 374 enzyme extraction and, 361, 362 enzyme substrate relationship and, 363 peptidase activity and, 379
pyrophosphate and, 361 oxine and, 279
sulfhydryl groups and, 123 Chelators
ammonia oxidation and, 626 cell wall synthesis and, 247 chlorophyll synthesis and, 331 chlorosis and, 335
enzyme inhibitions by p-chloromercuri- benzoate and, 127
metal ion requirements and, 224, 318 oxine as, 322
phosphoglucomutase and, 377
Chelators—continued plant growth and, 334
succinic dehydrogenase and, 480 tetracyclines as, 324
toxicity of, 319
Chemical warfare agents, 482 Chemoreceptors, 547 Chi tin sulfate, 451 Chitosan, 456, 458 Chitosan sulfate, 451, 454 Chloral hydrate, 520 Chlorambucil
peptides of, 170
unnatural amino acid derivations of, 170 Chloramphenicol
amino acid accumulation and, 43 configuration of, 43
nucleic acid synthesis and, 28, 43 production in soil, 26
protein synthesis and, 28, 42, 44 induced enzymes and, 43 polypeptide synthesis and, 43 respiration and, 43
site of action, 43
streptomycin effects and, 39 Chloranil
fungicidal action of, 276 Chlorate
ammonia oxidation in presence of, 618 hemoglobin and, 551
mechanism of inhibition of nitrification, 622, 623
nitrogen fixation and, 608 toxicity to plants, 338, 399 weed killing action of, 244 Chlorella
chelators and ion uptake by, 318 toxicity of sulfur and, 328
Chloretone, 520, 525, 526, 527, 533, 534 electrical stimulation and, 523
potassium stimulated respiration and, 522, 523
substrates and effect of, 523 Chloride
affinity for mercury, 122 fumarase and, 380
"masked" sulfhydryl groups and, 124 photophosphorylation and, 578 Chlorobium, 566
2-Chloro-4,6-bis (ethylamino) -s triazine—
see simazin
2 - Chloro - 4,6 - bis(isopropylamino) - s triazine—see propazin
4 - Chloro - 2 - butynyl Ν - (3 - chloro - phenyl) carbamate
cell division and, 251 Chloroform
nitrification and, 619 p-Chloromercuribenzoic acid,
acetylphosphate and, 138
anions and effects on proteins, 128 binding to hemoglobin, 124
binding to proteins, 123, 128, 132, 146 combination with urease, 125
cytochrome reductase and, 133 enzyme inhibitions and, 119
enzyme inhibition and mercaptide for
mation, 131 D-esterase and, 229
estimation of sulfhydryl group and, 134, 135, 140
factors in mercaptide formation with, 130
glutamic dehydrogenase and, 126 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydro
genase and, 137
kinetics of mercaptide formation, 127, 130
lipoic acid and, 581, 584 N A D H and inhibition by, 134 nitrogen fixation and, 609 phosphoribulokinase and, 563 phosphorylase and, 139 photophosphorylation and, 581 rate of interaction with enzyme sulfhy-
dryls, 129
ribulosediphosphate carboxylase and, 564
succinic dehydrogenase and, 478 p-Chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid
mercaptide formation and, 127 6-Chloronicotinic acid
thiadiazole toxicity and, 14
3-3'Chlorophenyl)-l, 1-dimethylurea, 573 3 - (4 - Chlorophenyl) - 1 , 1 - dimethylurea,
572-576
3-(p-Chlorophenyl)-l, 1-dimethylurea photosynthesis and, 251
Chlorophyll
auxin and loss of, 248 electron expulsion from, 578 photosynthesis and, 567 et seq.
Chlorophyll b, 571 Chlorophyll synthesis
bicarbonate and, 337
competition for metal ions and, 335 fluoride and, 340
iron deficiency and, 329, 330 metal ions and, 332
chelation and, 331
nitrogen nutrition and, 333, 334 site of inhibition, 336
stability constants and, 333, 334 valence and, 333
Chloropicrin, 224 Chloroplast agglutination
metal ions and, 346 Chloroplast concentration
fluoride and, 340 Chloroplast development
herbicides and, 253 Chloroplasts, 563-588
arsenite and, 581 atebrin and, 587, 588 cyanide and, 582 ferricyanide and, 578
manganese oxidation and, 330 uncoupling agents and, 580 valinomycin and, 588 Chlorosis
carbon dioxide fixation and, 337 chelators and, 335
herbicides and, 253 metal ions and, 331 thallium and, 349 vanadium and, 346 Chlorpromazine
ATP production and, 527, 528, 529 brain cortex respiration and, 528 cell permeability and, 529 entry into brain, 529 monoamine oxidase and, 71 protein synthesis and, 528 stimulated respiration and, 528 uncoupling and, 528
Chlortetracycline
cell wall synthesis and, 44 fermentation and, 44
nitroreductase and, 46 nucleic acid synthesis and, 44 proflavin and, 47
protein synthesis and, 44 riboflavin and, 46 Cholesterol synthesis radiation and, 636 Choline dehydrogenase
arsenicals and, 106 suramin and, 293 Choline oxidase
tyramine and, 61 Choline phenyl ethers, 90 Cholinesterase
activation of organophosphates and, 230 active sites of, 206
arsenicals and, 106 carbamates and, 205
hydrolysis of carbamates by, 214 inhibition by thio ethers and, 231 kinetics of inhibition with carbamates,
204
mechanism of inhibition by carbamates, 210
mechanism of inhibition by organo- phosphates, 222
mechanism of reactivation, 224 organophosphates and, 220 phenylcarbamates and, 218 pyrazolyl carbamates and, 219 quinones and, 148
radiation and, 645, 646
reactivation after organophosphate treatment, 223
reactivation by thiols, 107
selective action of carbamates and, 213 selective action of organophosphates
and, 225
selective inhibition by organophos- phates
species variations and, 228
substituted phenylcarbamates and, 217 Choline p-tolyl ether (TM6), 90 Cholinylmethylphosphorofluoridate
cholinesterase inhibition by, 220, 224 cholinesterase reactivation by, 224 Chondroitin sulfate, 442
Chondroitin-4-sulfate, 451 Chromaffin granules, 95
/3-Chromans
formation of, and oxidative phosphoryl- ation, 156
Chromatium, 566, 577, 580, 581 Chromatophores, 565, 569, 574, 588
aging of, 577 ferricyanide and, 578 Chromium
chlorophyll synthesis and, 332 nitrogen nutrition and, 333
Chronic idiopathic methemoglobinemia, 552, 553
Chronic leukemia, 175
Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 175 Chymotrypsin
active center of, 205 aging and, 224
amino acid sequence in active center, 236
esteratic site of, 210
macromolecular polyphosphates and, 452
phosphorylation of by organophos- phates, 220
CICP-see isopropyl iV-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate
Cirrhosis
selenium and, 350
Citrate condensing enzyme, fluoro com- pounds and, 405
Citric acid
enzymes inhibited by, 408-410 fluoride and, 403
fumarase and, 380
fungicidal action of sulfur and, 267 metabolism of
methylisothiocyanate and, 275 nabam and, 275
streptomycin and, 39 metal ion requirements and, 318 oxidation of
metal ions and, 368, 369 radiation and, 642 streptomycin and, 45 papain and, 392 synthesis of
6-aminonicotinamide and, 11 arsenicals and, 103, 110 diethylstilbesterol and, 11 testosterone and, 11
Citric acid cycle inhibitions in, 473-496 Citrogenase
dichlone and, 277 Cobalt
adsorption of oxygen by, 358 aldolase and, 369
antagonistic action of metal ions and, 318
bacterial growth and, 312 binding of, 121
budding and, 266
chelation of and enzyme activity, 374 chlorophyll synthesis and, 329, 332
avidity constant of metals and, 333 nitrogen nutrition and, 333
dimethyldithiocarbamic acid toxicity and, 323
enzyme inhibition and solubility pro- duct of, 372
enzyme patterns and, 336 polycythemia and, 357
protection by oxine complexes and, 321, 322
pyrophosphatase and, 369 relative effects on enzymes, 368
ribulosediphosphate carboxylase and, 564
toxicity to animals, 357, 358 toxicity to plants, 345, 346 tryptophan synthetase and, 376 Coenzyme A
arsenical action and, 111 auxins and, 248
captan and, 281 dichlone and, 277 radiation and, 634
Coenzyme Q—see Ubiquinones Coenzyme Qi, 485
COHb—see carboxyhemoglobin Competitive inhibition, 474
"Concentration quenching,'' 320 Congo red, 446, 447, 488 Conjugation
herbicides and, 258 Contact free energy, 194 Copper
accumulation in plants, 349 adenylic kinase and, 372 ammonia oxidation and, 626
Copper—continued
ascorbic oxidation and, 363 binding of, 121
blood levels of sulfate and, 353 chelation of
dialkyldithiocarbamates and, 271, 272 enzyme activity and, 374
chlorophyll synthesis and, 331, 332 nitrogen nutrition and, 333 competitive inhibition by, 378 deficiency of
molybdenum toxicity and, 352, 359 zinc and, 359
diethyldithiocarbamic acid toxicity and, 323
enzyme activity and molybdenum and, 356, 414 fungicidal action of, 264, 265 fungus morphology and, 266 lipoic acid dehydrogenase and, 367 manganese action and, 369 oxine complex of
toxicity and, 321, 322 phosphoribulokinase and, 563 reaction with cystine, 264 storage of, 358
sulfate, molybdenum interrelations and, 355
toxicity of,
to animals, 358, 359 to microorganisms, 326 tryptophan synthetase and, 376 uptake of, 327
weed killing action of, 244 Copragen—see ferrichrome Corpuscular volume, 541
Corticosteroids, radiation and, 644 Corticosterone, 534
Cortisone, response to arsenicals and, 113 Creatine phosphate, synthesis in brain, 531 Cresolase, oxine and, 280
Cyanate
nitrification and, 620 nitrite oxidation and, 625 nitrogen fixation and, 609 Cyanide
affinity for catalase, 399 affinity for mercury, 122 aldehyde oxidase and, 393, 394 conversion to thiocyanate, 357
cytochrome sa and, 419 effects in vivo, 414-420 enzyme inhibition and
azide and, 398
metal removal and, 390 reversal of, 389 FAD enzymes and, 395 Hill reaction and, 572
D-a-hydroxy acid dehydrogenase and, 383
mechanism of action on metalloproteins, 385-389
nitrogen fixation and, 608, 609 phosphatases and, 405 photophosphorylation and, 582 photosynthesis and, 565 plant respiration and, 244 protein carbonyl groups and, 391 protein disulfide group and, 391
enzyme activity and, 392
relative affinities for different enzymes, 397
respiration and, 417, 418
ribulosediphosphate carboxylase and, 565
sulfhydryl enzymes and, 377 Cyclic thioarsenites, 109
pyruvate oxidation and, 111 Cyclohexamide
nucleic acid synthesis and, 44 protein synthesis and, 44 Cyclophosphamide—see endoxan Cycloserine, 87
cell wall structure and, 36 cell wall synthesis and, 32
D-alanyl-D-alanine and, 28 D-Cycloserine
alanine racemase and, 45
D-alanyl-D-alanine synthesis and, 45 cell wall synthesis and,
D-alanyl-D-alanine and, 34
uridine nucleotide accumulation and, 34 L-Cycloserine
action of, 45 Cysteine
budding and, 266
dialkyldithiocarbamate inhibitions and, 270
enzyme inhibitions by magnesium and, 406
Cysteine—continued
extraction of enzymes and, 362 inhibition of enzymes by quinones and,
146
lewisite complex of, 109
mercury toxicity in plants and, 348 phosphoglucomutase and, 377 protection against quinones by, 154 reaction with mercurials, 129 reaction with quinones, 147
reactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phos- phate dehydrogenase by, 137 reactivation of phosphorylase by, 139 reversal of antrycide effects by, 305 reversal of arsenical effects by, 107 reversal of mercurial effects by, 132 Cystine, 476
content of in phosphorylase 139 molybdenum toxicity and, 355 reaction with copper, 264 Cytochrome
nitrite oxidation and, 623
photophosphorylation and, 580, 583 photosynthesis and, 567, 568 reduction of, 625
SDS and, 442 Cytochrome a2
respiration and, 419 Cytochrome c
azide and, 386, 396 bicarbonate and, 410 coenzyme Q and, 44 cyanide and, 387 radiation and, 633, 644 reduction of
cyanide and, 394 phosphate and, 409
relative affinities of cyanide and azide and, 397
release of, 644 sulfur and, 276 Cytochrome c oxidase
molybdate and, 413 Cytochrome c peroxidase
azide and, 396 Cytochrome c reductase
anions and, 382
bicarbonate and, 410, 411 chelators and, 408
cyanide and, 395
ions and, kinetics of effects of, 375, 376 Cytochrome oxidase, 443, 456, 470
azide and, 396
bicarbonate and, 337, 410, 411 CO and, 546
cyanide and, 386 in vivo effects of, 416 fluoride and, 404 molybdenum and, 356 radiation and, 642, 643
relative affinities of different enzymes and, 397
relative dependence on, 415 respiration in vivo and
relative action of cyanide and azide, 418
SDS and, 443 state of iron in, 387 zinc and, 359 Cytochrome reductase
mercaptide forming agents and, 133 Cytostatic agents
quinones as, 145 Cytoxan—see endoxan
2,4-D—see 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Dalapon—see 2,2 dichloropropionic acid DAM—see diacetyl monoxime
DAO—see diamine oxidase
DCMU—see (3', 4'-dichlorophenyl)-l, 1'- dimethylurea
D D U P
comparative toxicity of, 235 Deacetylchondroitin sulfate, 456 Deacetylchondroitin-4-sulfate, 459 Deacetylhyaluronate, 459 Deacylation, 197 Deamidation
nicotinamide and, 4 Decarboxylase
arsenicals and, 107 Decarboxylation
captan and, 281
Decylbenzenesulfonate, 442 Degranol, 175
Dehydrogenases deoxyNAD and, 17
Demeton
cholinesterase inhibition by, 221, 231 oxidation of, 231
Denaturation detergents and, 442 Deoxy ATP
deoxyNAD and, 17 Deoxycytidine deaminase
radiation and, 640 Deoxypyridoxine, 85 Deoxyribonuclease
activation by radiation, 636 metal ions and, 375
poly anionic inhibitors and, 450, 451, 452, 461
quinones and, 149 radiation and, 632, 633
protection against, 635 Deoxyribonucleic acid—see D N A Deoxyribonucleotides
alkylating agents and, 182 Depressants, 517-535
mode of action, 532 Detergents, 438
aggregates of, 440 bacteria and, 444
complex formation with proteins, 465 denaturation and, 442
effect on biological function, 441 effect on spermatozoa, 445 enzymes and, 442, 443 interaction with proteins, 439 lipids and, 444
mechanism of action, 445 penicillin binding and, 34 pH and effects of, 440, 441 specificity of action, 445 viruses and, 444
Dextran sulfate, 450, 454, 463, 464 DFP—see diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate 1 , 4-Diacetoxy-2 , 3-dichloronaphthalene,
277
1,2-Diacetylethylene
specific inhibition of nitrogen fixation, 609
Diacetyl monoxime
reactivation of cholinesterase by, 223 Dialkyldithiocarbamate, ferric salt
citrate formation and, 272
Dialkyldithiocarbamate, zinc salt aconitase and, 273
keto acid metabolism and, 273 metabolic activity and, 270 Dialkyldithiocarbamates
bimodal dosage response to, 271 mechanism of enzyme inhibition, 273 mechanism of fungicidal action, 270 species variation and sensitivity to, 272 Diamine oxidases
arsenicals and, 105 distribution of, 58 location of, 57
mechanism of action, 58 properties of, 88, 89 semicarbazide and, 58 specificity of, 57 Diamines
protection of nucleic acids by, 297 Diamino acids
nitrogen mustard derivative, 172 1,4-Diaminobutane—see putrescine 1,10-Diamino-n-decane, 456, 459 1,5-Diaminopentane—see cadaverine Diaminopimelic acid
occurrence in mucopolysaccharide, 32 2,5-Diamino-l, 3,4-thiadiazole, 13 p-(2,4-Diaminotriazinyl-6)-aminoarseno-
sobenzene, 114, 288 Diaphorase, 526
copper and, 367 thiocyanate and, 382 Diastase
chelation of metals and, 374 Diazinon
cholinesterase inhibition by, 221 metabolism and, 234
O-Diazoacetyl-L-serine—see azaserine 6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-Norleucine—see DON Dibenamine, 94
Dibenzyline, 94 Dichlone
fungicidal action of, 276, 277 spore germination and, 326 2,6-Dichlorobenzoic as.d, 255
2 , 3 - Dichloro - 1 , 4 - naphthoquinone — see Dichlone
2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenol photophosphorylation and, 581 photosynthesis and, 574
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyaeetie acid breakdown of, 257
CoA derivative of, 248 conjugation of, 258 detoxication of, 253 protein retention and, 248 selective action of, 245 structure of, 246
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyaeetonitrile
hydrolysis of, and herbicidal activity, 255
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetyl aspartic acid, 255, 258
2,4-Dichlorophenoxybutyric acid, 256 CoA and oxidation of, 248
2,4 - Dichlorophenoxyethylsulfate (so
dium), 255
2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy) isobutyric acid activity of, 246
2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy) propionic acid activity of, 246
3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-l, 1-dimethylurea photosynthesis and, 251, 572-576 0-2,4-Dichlorophenyl O-methyl isopropyl-
phosphoroamidothioate—see zytron iV-(3,4 Dichlorophenyl)-2-methyl pentan-
amide
oxygen production and, 252
2,4 - Dichloro - 6 - phenylphenoxyethyl- diethylamine
synergistic action of, 219 2,2-Dichloropropionic acid
pantothenic acid synthesis and, 253 3,4-Dichlorotoluene
fungicidal action of, 276 Dicoumarol, 485
hydrogen transfer and, 157 uncoupling by, 156, 510 Dicyelohexylcarbodiimide, 17
<S-Dicysteinylbutane, 184
Dideoxy-D-mannitol derivatives, 175 Diethyldithiocarbamate, ammonia oxida
tion and, 626 Diethyl nicotinamide
histamine release and, 12
Diethyl ρ - nitrophenylphosphate—see Paraoxon
Diethyl phosphates, 200
Diethylphosphoric anhydride, see TEPP
Diethylsafranine, 480 Diethylstilbestrol
tumor inhibition and, 10 Diffusing capacity, 542 Digitonin, 94
Dihydrolipoic acid
dialkyldithiocarbamates and, 272 reversal of arsenical inhibitions by, 110 specific inhibition of nitrogen fixation
and, 609
α-Dihydrolipoic dehydrogenase cadmium and, 377
Dihydrostreptomycin protein synthesis and, 44 3,4-Dihydroxyamphetamine, 82 O-Dihydroxy benzene, 145
p-Dihydroxybenzene—see catechol, 145 3,4-Dihydroxycinnamic acid, 83
5 - (3,4 - Dihydroxycinnamoyl) salicylic acid, 84
Dihydroxy phenylalanine—see DOPA 3 , 4 - Dihydroxyphenylethylamine—see
dopamine
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, 84 Dihydroxyphenylserine, 79
Diisonitrosoacetone
reactivation of cholinesterase by, 223 Diisopropyl-p-nitrophenylphosphate
classification of esterases and, 229 selective action of, 226
Diisopropyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphoro- thionate
comparative toxicity of, 235 Diisopropyl phosphoric anhydride
selective action of, 226
Ν, W-Diisopropylphosphorodiamidic an
hydride, 225-227
Ν, iV'-Diisopropylphosphorodiamidic fluo
ride, 226, 227
Diisopropylphosphorofluoridate cholinesterase inhibition by, 220 classification of esterases and, 229 hydrolysis of, 214
phosphorylation of chymotrypsin by, 222
selective action of, 225, 226 toxicity of, 234
Diisopropylphosphorofluoridatase (DFP-ase), 229, 232
Diisopropylphosphorothionate comparative toxicity of, 235 Diisothiocyanate
nabam and, 274 Dilution
enzyme activity and, 457, 458 polycations and, 459
Dimefox
cholinesterase inhibition by, 221 oxidation of, and cholinesterase inhibi
tion, 230
0,j3'Dimercaptodiethyl ether lewisite complex of, 109 0,0'Dimercaptodiethyl sulfide, 109 1,3-Dimercaptopropanol, 109 2,3-Dimercaptopropanol
see BAL
α,/8-Dimercaptopropionic acid, 109 Dimeric state
fluoride and, 403 Dimetan
comparative action on esterases, 213 structure of, 218
Dimethanesulfonates, 174 Dimethoate, 233
cholinesterase inhibition by, 221 toxicity of, 234
l-Dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl chloride, 38
Dimethylammonium ion, 196 Dimethylcarbamoyl choline
cholinesterase and, 210 Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride
cholinesterase and, 209, 210 classification of esterases and, 229 hydrolysis of 214
Dimethyldithiocarbamic acid, 323 Ν , ΛΓ-Dimethylethylenethiuram monosul-
fide
glucose metabolism and, 276 1,7-Dimethylguanine, 181 Dimethylnitrosamine, 179 N-Dimethyltryptamine oxide, 67 2,3-Dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-bromo-p-ben-
zoquinone oxidation and, 154
4- (p-Dimethylaminobenzeazo) phenylmer
curic acetate
mercaptide formation and, 127
2,3-Dimethyl-l,4-naphthoquinone succinate oxidase and, 154 Dimethyl p-nitrophenylphosphate
selective action of, 226
/S-(Dimethylthiocarbamyl) thioacetic acid activity of, 246
Dimetilan, 215 Dimidium bromide
nucleic acid synthesis and, 301
reversal of effects of by nucleic acids, 302 DINA—see diisonitrosoacetone
4,6-Dinitrocarvacrol, 510 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol, 504 Dinitro-a-naphthol, 504 2,4-Dinitrophenol
acetylsalicylate and, 530 algae and, 586
creatine phosphate and 505
α-ketoglutaric acid oxidation and, 495 mechanism of action, 505, 506 narcotics and, 524
nitrite oxidation and, 624 photophosphorylation and, 585 protein binding of, 509
stimulation of fungal respiration by, 267 2,6-Dinitrophenol
derivatives of, 508, 509 lipid solubility of, 508 pK value of, 508 2,4-Dinitrothymol, 510
DINP—see diisopropyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate
Dinucleotide definition of, 1 Dinucleotide analogues, 6 Ν, W-Dioctylacetamidine
specific inhibition of nitrogen fixation, 609
Dipeptidase sulfide and, 408 o-Diphenols
manganese reduction and, 330 Diphenylamine, 580
Diphenylarsine mitosis and, 112 1,3 Diphosphoglyceric acid
enzyme complex of, 38
Diphosphopyridine nucleotide—see N A D Diptheria toxin, 444
2,5-Dipropoxy^3,6-bis (ethylenimino)p- benzoquinone
glycolysis and, 153
Di-n-propyl phosphorofluoridate selective action of, 226 a, α'-Dipyridyl, 480
metal binding and, 374 Diquat, 256
Disaccharides cell walls and, 35 Dissociation
enzyme inactivation and, 459 Dissociation constants
mercaptides and, 122 Disulfide bonds, 459
enzyme activity and reduction of, 405 Disulfide group
cyanide and, 391 Disulfide reductase cadmium and, 373 metal ions and, 372 Disulfides
reaction with mercury, 126
Dithiols—see also under individual com
pound e.g. BAL cadmium and 377
combination with metals and, 373 cyanide and, 392
reversal of arsenical effects by, 108, 109 thioarsenite stability and, 111
Dithionate
xanthine oxidase and, 395 Dithizon, 134
Diuron—see 3- (3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l, 1- dimethylurea
DNA—see also nucleic acid alkylating agents and, 180 alkylation of, 181, 183
antagonism of diamidine action by, 297 antibiotics and, 30
breakage of
radiations and, 637 interaction with acridines, 302
protection of deoxyribonuclease by, 635 reaction with merphalan, 167
RNA synthesis and actinomycin and, 41
sedimentation coefficient of, 304 transforming principle and, 30
DNA-polymerase
ethidium bromide and, 302 radiations and, 639
D N A polymerization (in vitro) radiation and, 640
D N A synthesis actinomycin and, 42 antrycide and, 305 ethidium bromide and, 303 nitrogen mustards and, 5 phenanthridine and, 301 radiations and, 637, 640
mechanism of action, 640 nucleoside accumulation and, 638 thymidylic kinase and, 639 Dodecylbenzenesulfonate, 441 DON, 51
D-Dopa, 85 2,4-Dopa, 87 2,5-Dopa, 87 3,4-Dopa, 87 Dopa
effects of α-methyl dopa on level of, 81 Dopacetic acid, 85
Dopa decarboxylase, 80
carbonyl trapping agents and, 86 inhibition by isoniazid, 86 inhibitors of, 80-85
pyridoxine deficiency and, 85 Dopamine, 69, 85, 87
Dopamine-/3-oxidase, 80 Doriden, 524
Doryl—see carbamoyl choline Dowex
protection against radiation by, 635 DPN—see N A D
D T diaphorase, 510 Duponol, 133, 441 Duraquinone
oxidative phosphorylation and, 154 Dystopic complexes, 57, 60
Ε 39 Bayer—see 2,5-dipropoxy-3,6- bis(ethylenimino)-p-benzoquinone Edestin
solubility of, 362 Egg albumin, 441 Ehrlich ascites cells
ethidium bromide and, 303
