OPPORTUNITIE S OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

ELEKTRoMo ^S JÁRMúvEK ALKALMazÁsat

OPPORTUNITIE ^{S OF} ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Dr. péter Bencs\, Dr. Katalin ^Voith2, associate professor| , senior researchfellot"l

','D"port*"nt ^of Fluid and Heat Engineering, t}niversity of Miskolc, HU-3515, Misknlc, Miskolc-

Eg,letemváros

ABSTRACT:

Nowadays, the number of vehi-

cles with minimum emissions that meet ^envi-

ronmental requiremerrts

is

increasing.

In

^this

paper, we present ^a comprehensive technological

study and comparison of clean electric vehicles,

This paper ^addresses this issue and summarizes

current

and future

strategies. Environmental

guidelines and policy incentives are constantly

increasing the number

of

electric vehicles ^and

the rapid development of technology.

1.INTRODUCTION

The literature review clearly ^{shows that the con-}

ditions for the introduction

of

electric vehicles

(EV) need to be examined on a country-specific

basis.

A

good example

is

^{European countries}

that are heavily relying on renewable ^energies,

such as France or Norway. Countries like Ger-

fiulny, the United Kingdom, ^{and the}

US

^should

focus on significantly reducing greenhouse gas

emissions from electricity generation [1]. The

tendency to purchase electric vehicles

is

influ-

errced by several factors, such ^as price, driving

experience

and

availability

of the

^necessary

infrastructure. During the investigation, special

attention

is paid to

environmental awareness

among the customers of electric vehicles. ^These

analyze aid policy makers and researchers ^to

introduce and encourage the utilization of new

technologies.

2.

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

vehicle manufacturers ^need electric vehicles at

fleet level to comply with ever-changing regula-

tions. At EU level, Regulation 2019163I sets the

new directions and expected emission ^standards

that vehicle manufacturers must follow _[2]. Cur-

rently reducing emissions of internal combustion

engines

is

^{stressed, however, this}

^is

^{no longer}

adequate. It is important to emphasize that each

vehicle manufacturer should ^examine the emis-

sion limit value for its ^entire vehicle fleet. Now-

adays, this has brought about changes that ^seem

to be narrowrng the category of mini-cars in the

manufacturers' fleet. The reason for this change

is

multi-directional compliance

with

^environ-

mental noríns ^and commercial ^demands.

Table 1.

summarizes

literature

^data,

which reflect the targets set by different manu-

facturers

(in

térms

of

^adverse environmental

emissions)

well _L2].

Compliance

with

^the

95 gCOz

/ ^km

^benchmark

^{will be}

^introduced

internationally

by

vehicle manufacturers ^(fleet

level) in 2021.

Table ]. CO2 emission ^{/ l"m}

The conclusion can be drawn from the ta-

ble data that

it

is essential to increase the fleet

level of electric vehicles in the future in order to

-X

_'n" expected targets at fleet level. Electric

vehic\es

in

the fleet produce 0 gCO2 / km ^and

thus Üave ^a positive impact on the fleet average.

/ m"primary

^{limiting adverse} emission pa-

rímercr of car manufacturers is compliance with

the COz standard. Examining several air quality

parameters from

a

health perspective may be

important

for

further investigations.

With

^the

continuous reduction

of

emissions,

NO"

^and

PM19 particulates remain a problem in the auto-

motive industry [3]. Today, air particle filters

are the solution for PMlg emissions of vehicles.

Auto-ignition

diesel

vehicles produce ^much

higher levels of

NO.

than petrol vehicles. Since

the introduction of ^the Euro 6 directive ^series in

2014, ^on7y new diesel vehicles equipped with a

2020 2030 Manufacturer

102 64

BMW

^(incl.

Mini)

I02 64 Daimler

92 58 Fiat

95 60

Ford

95 59

Hyundai

Kia

90 56

PSA

9I 51 Renault-

Nissan

92 58

Tovota

95 60

Volkswagen Group

l07 67 Volvo

50 3-4. SZÁM

CnB

r,XXr. évfolyamo 2020.

I§

lsel a]eJcslp

Jo 3

tueudole^ep

eI{1

$JtnbeJ osl€

{Jo^4,e{ü€4 uolslcep etl}Jo

uoll€c{dde aq1 ,suol]B^J3sqo p{I?

&gtqtsee; 'setgedord pelcedxe

slsug

Jo

uo eq1

1cnpold

e8pnt eq1

sJelunsuoc 1etluelod

Peelsu1 _esee

Jo

lolluec esn eq Álqeller ,pel€nl€^o pu€

ssoqruesn

slt

'1e>lreru

uo eqt

elqepe^€

Ápo

sr

uoI1?^oImI

.repctped

,Iequesso s€ eJI

uoll€^ouul

3o ecueldecc€

oq] sJeplsuoc osle

pue

lI

'1unoc

-c€

o}ut 1cnpold

eII}

esn

Jo

os€e

Jo

pu? Árllnn

eql

se{€tr osl€

lepotu

,selnql4}B pu€ eqJ

sepnllil€

I"nprnlput

scllslJelc€J€qc pu€

pnpo.rd

:uolslcep

;o

uolJ?^Ilou uorlecqdde

ur

^8urleru

e

sedÁ1

o,l.r1

ersq;

eJ€

,[9]

(wIa

suol}€^ouul

-

Jo uols eql uo sre3o11 uol}B^ouul

-íSJIO lepo6

pos"q

sI

>IJo./KeIII84i

uolslcep

Jo eql

u8rsep eq1

,[9J 1"touau.tDu

uorcDaa

,3ll ,t

,(,\gg)

seIoII{o^

cl4cele pu€

(\gH)

selclqe^

pr-rqÁq

'(gcI)

sgut8ue uol]snquoc

IpuJo}uI 8uoruu seld

-rculrd 8urleu-uotslcop pu€

sessecord 8upleur

-uolslcep

oql

Sel€J}snilI {Jo^\elu€4

uolslcop

Jo

_{oq} Jequmu}

Jo

,selclqe^ JI4ceIe

eq1

quAoJ8

e.rn1rU

egl soJuenuut

Álleer8 suolslcep

Jelunsuoc ^,[9]

1ro.uerue4 uolslcop eql

s.^&oqs

,8Id

,

,sessecord pu€ spue4 eJqru

el€w4se uec

e,la.

'e8pelnotn1 sFIl qu^\ ,seldlcuud ocloqc

siJe

-Iunsuoc eql eufiu€xe

Áresseceu o1

sr 1r

'sleletuer 8urÁpnls lelueuluoJl^ue slcedun -ed pue

oIT1116

SaTdIcNIdd NoIJJaTiIS,€

,[2J t"lodsutl,1t

pDoJ u!

uol1tsodruoc uolsslrua a4o1nc4lnd

ollrttd

,, ,8tl

§ó}§?.&]']}

pBoN

::'l

J8§Á

§Jij.-

a,...

,§*.r13:l|.,r!J

-l];

J§l*r,Fs

!rid*ür& l]t§§*{}* - J*áÁ

§;üz l§z. §

,6767'uIuÁ1o;^q,Ixxf 'aIEc

,Áuerureg

uolsstrue crxo} uI

uulyl\ oq}

selctlred ^oltrNd

snoue,r

ur8tro 3o

eqtr s^\oqs

,3lg

e

,sssse8 lsn€qxe ruo4 Állce4p u€ql

}snp

-{eoJq

tuJoJ Jo

eql

pu€ uI

SoJI}

pu€ eq}

p€oJ eql

Iuo4 suolssrure

elctped req8q eJqBeJ ÁlecldÁ1

solJes e^I}ce4p

9 pu€

§ oJna

'Á€poJ eg}

,surelsÁs 8ul

-{€Jq ol3lqe^

tuo4 lsnp o{eJq Áq

pelnqr4uoc

Á1

-1eefr erc suolsstrue

elelncrped

011114

,suolsslluo

petr€IeJ elclqe^

JequíU

epqcq

lou op suolsslllr)

I€}ueuluoJl^ue

osJelpe

peqlJcsep

Álsnolterd

Jo eql

ecueqdruoc pu?

s}ueruems€e{ü

egJ

tt]

uotltsodruoc llrud./o suotsslrua

p.lopas e 8tl

I{YZS ,t-g

r.nul]t][ö,

tt]

uotltsodtuoc

lo

^{'o^t} suolsstrua lDJopaS

,I

,3!_]

slcedur )

I€JuaIIJuoJL\u: cIJl3eIe solclqe^ eJ€ otr 33npeJ

uol]

Jo

-nqlJlslp pu€

uol}cnpo4ul

,SuoISSItuá

eqJ

OI],\d

o] lsotll

eql

o]nql4uo3 SJolceS

ploqesnoq

puE

I€uol]q4sul'1ercrarutuo3,uolsstrue

slelncrpei ^ol}{d

se3Jnos

Jo

Jo

eq]

uotltsodruoc eq]

s,t\oqs

,8tg

z

,suolssruIá 1saq8rq

aql

sosnúc

podsuer:

taq1

s./y\oqs

Álruelc

,8ta t

'"oN

Joc ^,]á{J€Iu

ot{t

peceld uo

uec eq

(uo;:

-Jnped

crfiele3

e,trlceleg)

Jo uJS

de"r1-'g1

(

-'' gíüc

"--'-"--'-'"""'':

§ i

,{$}!l 7

}i1!|§.ir$,|.

ül*Mp{r er!§l

§!!!§É**tl{}

a:!{

1!*

,1,1!,}

1.

B.r!.{ ..fi4.] }|

§$

?E§eli} ^!§sB

'l§l}rfl lw§sp; ^§.r!r*

'f{j§l§il!

.i*&1{

,§§ &ry,e ^rfr

ásr§E3

9sl ^ffi

}i§pü!d sr§srotd ^pü§

18§rffipu}

'j;§ §*§eq§$p 1]§lrB1!

l11i§!i]1}l]i

9i§ *n pnp*x| ^{§**pül

M tr!

§§ü3

31íal lLJ,]íilll1!11r liIlij]ltllilalí 1á§l §p§§l"*§§

%\ alqldi§V 9i§ §§l5*rl} ]]t]rl

ff{üt ül

(]1.tIalIi!n]

-|lIratat!I§lil,,!

il!l_rl\

model. During the discrete investigation, vehicle

profiles that are crrrrently available in ^{the mar-}

ket, and profiles that

will

be available

in

^the

future may be ^taken into account.

A

^detailed

evaluation procedure

is

described below [5].

During the evaluation, the following three ^op-

tions were developed:

o

ICE

-

internal combustion ^engine.

o HEV -

^hybrid system (consisting of internal

cornbustion engine and electric battery). The

battery is charged while driving.

o BEV -

fully electric ^vehicle with rechargea-

ble

battery. Charging can

be

done while

driving (recharging) and from an ^external

charging source.

Table 2. Attributes and attribute levels em-

in the

Parameter tests

in

Table

2.

must also

comply with applicable"laws ^and regulations in

the particular country. Car pricing ^{does not take}

the country's tax policy (incentives for electric

vehicles) into account. Based on the primary

results, it can be concluded that hybrid and elec-

tric vehicles will be competitors in the future. In

the case of electric vehicles, it must be kept in

mind that consumers are

also

changing their

basic ^r ehicle ^{r-rsage patterns.}

As

a result of the

nrode1 tests. the use of fully electric vehicles ^is

not e\pected

in

the near future. Hybrid drive

S},Sten]5

are a

compromise

for

^consumers

slr itchirrg from internal cornbustion ^engines,

4.

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

It is important to mention the

LCA

^{(Life Cycle}

Assessment) when inspecting electric vehicles, ^It

is a widely used method in the automotive indus-

try, which, with ^the right basic knowledge, can

bring significant decision benefits to both manu-

facturers and society.

Fig. 5 shows the energy mix expected in

the EU between 2015 and2050 [6].

x

§

1$

?§

3*

§,,

ts

5 ü

9

$t "§ \+, ^i ."s .§ § .Jü

::

x:L}lJ ö]ü?li §:0]0 a?ü!0

Fig. ^5.

EU

2015-2050 energl mix [6J

The figure shows that renewable ^energy

will play a ^{greater role in energy} production over

the projected period.

At EU

^level, the contribu-

tion of solid fuels ^{and rrrrclear eneígy} to energy

production

is

plarrrred

to

decline.

The

future

growth tendency of electric vehicles is ^analyzed

in the light of this basic information and current

legal principles.

There are several ^studies in the literature

examining where electric vehicles stand based on

their COz emissions

in

a life-cycle [7, 8]. The

aim is to identify large differences between ^die-

sel and electric vehicles. It

is

only possible ^to

determine exact results when analyzing ^{the pa-}

rameters presented in the previous chapters to-

gether. When testing diesel vehicles, ^the primary

consideration

is the

application

of

^emission

standards and test methods

in

accordance with

these laws. In the case of electric vehicles, ^the

main considerations ^{are the} battery capacity and

the ratio of renewable energies in the production

of electricity in connection with

LCA

[7, ^8].

ü x

x] n ,JrU

Attribute ICE

HEV BEV

Price (in thou-

sand €)

2 levels:

36.5, 40.5

3 levels:

36.5, 44.5,54 Accessories

standard

3 levels:

standard, upgraded

luxury

3 levels:

standard, upgraded luxury

3 levels:

standard, upgraded

luxury Maximum

speed (krr/h)

2 levels 180,

210

2 levels:

180,

2t0

3 levels 135,

17 5,

210

Driúng range

inkm

^{660 990}

3 levels

1 50,

I75, 200 Charging/ fuel-

ing time ⁵ min 3 min

Nurnber

of

people you

know who

drive that car

Many

3 levels:

no one,

few, more

than 10

3 levels:

no one,

few, more

than 10

§, ^{3-.{. SZ}

\}t ^CPB

^{t XXr.} évfolyam,2020.

2 levels:

33.5,40

3 levels:

4h,6h, 8h

t§

,o8€Jols Á8reue

1eeq,trr(g

sr Áepo1 pesn poq}etu

e8erols Á8reue

,§íJo^\lou

uV

Áltculcela Jo

Ál111q

-€ls oqt 8utseercut JoJ pe]Ins

1e,tn

Állue;rnc

e.le

suoll€1s .re,trod

crrlceleo"rpÁg ,eJnllu

eII}

uoq Jo ,(8reue eler.rdordde e8erols spoqleu

$

^{-senb e}

3o 1t 'qc-reeser uec eq 13ql pe}e}s 1ueurdole,tsp eq}

3:o

seuq leJe^es 1e 3ur1oo1

,selcrqe^

cl4cele

luo4 ^selJe11€q

8uqcÁce.r 3o

Jo eql

selduexs uees

oE€ set8rsue uec o3npeJ Jleql ,suolssiluo ^{e^11 e^€q}

elqe.A.t.oueJ

osn oTIJ Jo

,selclqe^

cIJpeIe

3o ecud ^1uepodurr uoll€Joplsuoc Euzuanldo ueq.t ^et41 ue

sr e8e.rols Á8,reue;o

}soc

,selclqo^

eq;

cl4cole

Jo Á8"re e8e.rols st roleur e ut onssl ^oq} uollnql4slp

-ue 'eltoqe poll€lep

qcJ€esoJ eql uo peseg

lsoc

eI

,t alqoJ

t] ,It

ptÉ

Átr;cr4cele

elp

ozITIq€}s

{eq

o1

tr€q}

$ol^op e8erols ,(8reus

IelJlsnput ur

esn lI

fl

ol

slql op

Áe,t o1

uourruoc

}sotu

,selJeneq

eqJ

8mlcÁcer :uollnlos

Ápue14 '1ecqceld l€ctruouoco

pu€

Álelueuruo.n^uo e

eJeql sI

'.rele,tto11

peilgpuq Álduls

1usurdtnbe 'pe.\1oserun st

se e

trInseJ

Jo

qcrqlr Álnp-Árresq

suI€uIoJ l€q1 ulelqoJd

g e

solJeil€q

elqee8reqc _poued

Jo

_,etul} 'sÁepemolq -er 8ut3euuu

ue,l,t8

€

lueilnc JoJ

uerrt8

€

(ItV) }3

.,(8reue

l?cl4celo qcgr!\ ^ssqddns

e

lrreilec Imoru€

Jo

'Állcedec

y

Álredord ^3Io pe8reqc e Á-relleq st

slt

.sdorp

Álcedec Áreleq eIIl'ses€eJcut

selc,(c

Jeqlunu Jo ^'1ezre1

e

^{e8;eqc o1 Jeqtoue} _,Io^eI

sV

eql e8reqc

uerrr8

Jo e

lslsuoc uec elcÁc

.sslcÁc eq1

Jeq pue ^e Jo ^1eraue3 Joplsuoc

|w e

8uÉreqcer _,ssecord Jo uol}BzlJepercIlc s]slsuoc elcÁc

Jo

selJo}}eq sI uoppgep eq1 ^pesn -iunu eql ^JoJ 8ur8reqcsrp 3

1uepodurl o1

tI

sl

'serrepeq 8utsn ueq16

,[91] sepo

elqde"6 -ue

osn selJolleq

uol-tunrqtrIT oIgBII3^?

Álletcreururoc epq,tr. '(ecueruro3.red

q8H

pu€

deeqc) sopou€

eltsodtuoc pIJqÁII uoqJ€c-uocllls

,6767 'uruÁ1o3^9

.IxxT 'ds3

ro3 1etluelod 1ee.É

s

eJegJ ,sl€umol

cg4uelcs

1euotsse;ord

tn

suollmnp

Áueur ere eJol{l pue

'pedole,rep 8ursq Ápuelsuoc eJ€

selJe}l€g ^,[6]

ernlcruls Ápoq

elorge^

eqt 8uru8rsep ueq,u

slced ,fteptq 3o

Á1

-pÉIJ

"w q8u

ezl|lln

3u{4

o1

osl€

eJ€

sJeJnlcBJ

-nuetr/T ,elclqe^

eII}

esn Jo

rure1-8uo1 oql

uIeIIIeIu elqes3u€IlcJelul

qlrn

Áuetu sJeJnlc€Jnueru

ol

sr 1ced Á"relleq

eq1 ,slced

Á:rrneq sq1 8uruor1

-tsoder

fi4eÉ

Áq

Jeluec Jo

slelclqe^ eq1

lsnpe

Jo

slg1 'e.rnlee3I os ^{oJeq} ,lteu eJ€ s,,(e,t o1}

tsoru 8unÉlsep 'selcrqen Áeql ere

ol 8uy!t

eql e{€tu

ueIL!\

,selclqe^

JoJ es€eJcul lq8lerlt

1uecgtu8rs e

sluese.rde.r

oEe

'ezls }I

uol}Ipp€ 01

,[6] uI

u8lsep

8qmp surelqord esn€c

ezls u€c

uoI}€II€lsuI

4eql o} Á8-reue JIeq} 'Álrsuep se u,lt,oqs _{,a!ú ut}

'L

enp ^3urqels o^\ ^pue e^€q ot ^8utsn dee1 eq1 ^selJeil€q

q

speou 1etceds ^Jo Álrruuru6 ,pu1u ^-uI

ntparu [6J

í&"nuato saulsuap

í&"laug

,t

,&lt

,{l{I§

uü}-n llu:

(n,t

t{lllú§*n 1,]

1.1rr!:,l

HIyZS,n-t

,l

§

i^üi

§1 if ür .}l

|1111q] íilsrr:rp,{á.r.T rr,E

,pesn

xrru Á8reue

Jo eqt

}ueluoc Á8reue olq?,treuoJ

eq1

8utseercut Ág pe,terqce

u€c oq

suolssrure

clxol _,Álspeg 8urmq eql 'uotlcnpord Jo uollonper

eq1

uo4cnpo"rd Jo

eq1 01

$

enp

selcrqe^

cl4cele Jo l€1ueuluoJl^ua ^uolssiluo

q

uotpnpord oql

osJe^

1seq8rq -pe

l€qt eq}

s,&\oqs Ál.reslc

,3lg

q

,uo4cnpo"ld 8ulrnp peseelal

ep}xop

Jo

sI cl4cele 1sour 'selctqe^

Jo

eqt

uoqffc

es"c ^{11 st 1uegodut e}ou o1 ul eql}

yJ,I

^'1uq} ut

,[gJ uotnnpold

alnqad, suotsstrua ruo"tt

lL4 cupap

uDruIpd

.3t,+ .g

rrqfial ^§]al!aaj.!

§lir&

_{.;

i ,B]§u fr§ll*J,uót{

000 000

I00,0 €z9

oJp -Á11

pedum4 1ueld;e,tod I€qlsryIoc

0§,

8§

T,I,0

1eeqlúg

ry6

^enuporÁg

^6g

§r8 0I

LO,T, ÁJ3}}€q

HI^I]N snu4 eloÁo1

000 LZ

Árelleq 60,I

uoI-1T idn-e 1tr1

[3]

1soc }uolu}SeAuJ

Iqruya] lsoc

edÁI }Iun

pr§ttE

'k!§ irl§k{

*alur]Jl§l!1

lidi

t;9 ^{WIü'L§§l1:}

Table 3. shows four energy storage methods and

their unit costs |12]. It

is

clear from the table

that the unit cost ofenergy storage is the highest

when using electric vehicles, Evidence ^shows

that reservoirs are

still

the most efficient sys-

tems, but have the highest investment costs _[13].

5.

SUMMARY

In this study, we have summarized the ^factors

influencing the future growth tendency of elec-

tric vehicles. The effect of standards that limit

toxic emissions has a positive effect on the pro-

duction of electric vehicles. It is clear that manu-

facturers

will

increase the proportion of electric

vehicles

in

their fleet due

to

lower emission

standards.

In

adűtion

to

the much-used COz

limits, other pollutants need

to

be taken into

account as well. Other pollutants include, for

example, NO*, which is primarily related to road

transport and transportation, shipping. The ^re-

search methods required

for the social

ac-

ceptance of electric vehicles were also presented

in

this study. The inspection ^method

will

help

decision makers and electric vehicle manufactur-

ers alike. Today, hybrid vehicles are the primary

competitor

for

electric vehicles.

We

also dis-

cussed the challenges and issues encountered in

the prodúction of electric vehicles in detail.

LCA

research shows that electric vehicles are ^con-

stantly improving their image (they produce less

adverse environmental emissions than internal

combustion engine vehicles), Further ^develop-

ment

of

energy storage

is

essential for further

development and increasing production.

6.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The research was supported by the EFOP-3.6.1-

16-00011 "Younger and Renewing University

-

Innovative Knowledge City

-

institutional devel-

opment of the University of Miskolc aiming at

intelligent specialization" project implemented in

the framework of the Széchenyi 2020 ^program,

The realization of these two projects is support-

ed by the European Union, co-financed by the

European Social Fund.

7.

REFERENCES

t1]

KUMAR,

Rajeev Ranjan;

KUMAR,

^Alok.

Adoption of electric vehicle: a literature review

and

prospects

for

sustainability.

Journal of

Cleaner Production, 2aI9,

II99II.

[2] FRITZ, Markus; PLÖTZ, Patrick;

FUNKE,

Simon A. The impact of ambitious fuel economy

standards ^_,i, .],; :-":.,:. ,t|take of electric ^vehi-

cles and si]...:-.. ^{r_ 1_1]} 3-L1_.5lgns. Energy Policy,

2019. 1_15:

ii"itt

^{,^,}

[3] EE_\

Rellr: ^\rr

^{;r-..rlrq in Europe}

-

²⁰¹⁸

report.

[4]

HASCOET.

\Iatthieu:

\DAMCZAK,

^LoTc,

At

source brake dust collection system. Results

in Engineering. l[tl1.). 5; 1L)L)OE3.

[5]

TCHETCHIK.

.{nat. et a1. The joint _effects

of driving

hedorrisnr

and

trialability

on

^the

choice betu-een inteínal combustion engine, hy-

brid, and electric rehicles. Technological ^Fore-

casting and SocialClrange. 2020, ^{151: 119815-}

[6]

BURCHART-KOROL.

Dorota, et al. Life

cycle impact assessment of electric vehicle ^bat-

tery

charging

in

^European

^Union

^countries.

Journal ofCleaner Production, 2020, ^120416-

[7]

BUCHAL,

Christoph;

KARL,

Hans-Dieter;

SINN,

Hans-Werner. Kohlemotoren, Windmo-

toren und Dieselmotoren: Was zeigt die CO2-

Bllanz? ^. ifo Schnelldienst, ^{20 1} 9, 1 2.08 : 40 -5 4.

[B] Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft Electric Ve-

hicles with Lowest CO: Emissions, ^2019.

19]

NÁDASI,

^Réka;

^TÓTH,

^Csaba;

^BALOG,

Péter. Towards the inductive on-road ^charging

system for electric buses: Inspection of the Hun-

garian electric

mobility

fleet. Transportation

Research Procedia, 20]19, 4I: 380-394,

[10] Kwon,

H. J,,

Hwang,

J.-Y.,

Shin, H.-J.,

Jeong,

M.-G.,

Chung,

K. Y.,

Sun,

Y.-K., &

Jung, H.-G. (2019). Nano/Microstructured Sili-

con Carbon Hy;brid Composite Particles Fabri-

cated with Corn Starch Biowaste ^as Anode Ma-

terials for Li-lon Batteries. Nano Letters, 20(1),

625

635.

111l

OMRANI,

Mahyar Mirzaei; JANNESARI,

Hamid. Economic and environmental assessment

of

reusing electric vehicle lithium-ion ^batteries

for load leveling in the residential, industrial and

photovoltaic power plants sectors, Renewable

and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019, 116:

109413.

t12] Dr, Barna

Hanula: Sustainable-sustain-

abilitl

LC,\. LCA

Center, 2019.

-

presentation.

[13]

GLEZGOUZ.

Mohammed, et al. Optimal

hlbric1 pr"rrrrped lrydro-battery storage scheme for

oi1--glid reneuable energy systems. Energy Con-

r ers ⁱ oll and -u'lanagement, 20 ¹ 9, |99 : 1 12046,

54 3-.l, SZ

\\I

^GÉB

LxxI.

^{évfolyam, 2020.}