THE SZAPOLYAIS

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A F o r g o t t e n H u n g A r iA n r o y A l D y n A st y : THE SZAPOL Y AIS

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THE SZAPOLYAIS

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From the 1460s onwards, the Szapolyai family played a decisive role in the history of Hungary for more than a hundred years.

The studies in this volume highlight the extraordinary careers of members of the family’s first generation, which made them the greatest landowning magnates of the country. Relying on the wealth, prestige and military force of the dynasty, John, a member of the second generation, successfully governed Transylvania for a decade and a half; it was partly due to this achievement that in 1526 the majority of Hungarian noblemen found him worthy of the orphaned throne of Louis II. The writings in this volume explore King John’s foreign, urban and church politics, the cultural trends at his court, as well as his relations with the Ottoman Empire, and those of his successors (Queen Isabella and her son John II, elected king of Hungary). What we learn from these texts is that the history of the Szapolyais can be divided into two parts: after their successful rise as kings of Hungary, their family background was no longer sufficient for effective governance. The country became a battleground for global empires, and the Szapolyais,

similarly to the Jagiellonians, were unable to overcome their vulnerable circumstances. After

centuries of the subject being neglected, this volume undertakes to give the last Hungarian royal dynasty the evaluation it deserves.

RECONSTRUCTION AND REMEMBRANCE RECONSTRUCTION AND REMEMBRANCE

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THE ANTI-OTTOMAN STRUGGLES OF ÈwPÈw'0 `wLm ØwdÏP

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INTRODUCTION

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education; even though, due to his age, he had no experience of battle, I would QRWFDOOKLPLQFRPSHWHQWEHFDXVHLQᦱᦵᦰᦶGXULQJWKHZDUVDJDLQVW.LQJRIWKH Romans Maximilian I of Habsburg, he fought alongside palatine Imre Perényi and captain general of the Lower Parts and ispánRI7HPHV-´]VD6RPLDVWKH third captain general.^ᦳ The position of voivode of Transylvania became vacant XSRQWKHUHVLJQDWLRQRI&RXQW3ªWHU6]HQWJ\·UJ\LZKRDOVRKHOGWKHR̒FHRI MXGJHUR\DOZKRGXHWRKLVLOOQHVVZDVXQDEOHWRUHPDLQLQR̒FHDVLWHQWDLOHG military duties.^ᦴ At the same time the other border protection commander, the ispán of Temes comes comitatus Temesiensis, was also appointed, although WKHSRVWKDGE\WKHQEHHQYDFDQWIRUWZR\HDUVEHFDXVHRIWKHGHDWKRI-´]VD Somi. This position was obtained^ᦵ by István Báthori of Ecsed, nephew of a previous voivode of Transylvania of the same name.^ᦶ

Neither the time of the appointments nor the identical family background of the two men can be regarded as a coincidence. The former was motivated by the PLOLWDU\VLWXDWLRQWKHVHYHQ\HDUSHDFHWUHDW\ZLWK6XOWDQ%D\H]LGᦱᦴᦸᦱ˩ᦱᦵᦱᦲ KDGH[SLUHGDQGLQᦱᦵᦱᦰRQO\DQDUPLVWLFHDJUHHPHQWFRXOGEHQHJRWLDWHGZLWK KLP)XUWKHUPRUHQHLWKHUGLGQHZVDERXWKLVKHLU6HOLPDXJXUZHOOIRUWKH Hungarian military leadership.^ᦷ On the other hand, paying frontier soldiers serving at border castles and occasionally employed mercenaries was the task of the current ispán-captain general or of the voivode, who made the payments retrospectively. This means that military commanders able to perform these GXWLHVˬZLWKWKHLURZQUHVRXUFHV˭KDGWREHIRXQGIRUERWKSRVLWLRQVRUPRUH FRUUHFWO\IRUDOOWKUHHLIZHDOVRLQFOXGHWKHUHJLRQRIWKH'DOPDWLDQ&URDWLDQ Slavonian banate.^ᦸ By this time, the Szapolyai family had without any doubt become the wealthiest family in the country, preceded only by the king; there ZHUH DSSUR[LPDWHO\ ᦱᦰᦰᦰᦰ WD[SD\LQJ WHQDQW SORWV RQ WKHLU GRPDLQV^ᦹ The

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second and the third places on our imaginary podium were occupied by György, ,VWY¢QDQG$QGU¢V%¢WKRULRI(FVHGZLWKDSSUR[LPDWHO\ᦸᦰᦰᦰWD[SD\LQJWHQDQW plots under their command.^ᦱᦰ To this we can add that both newly appointed FDSWDLQVZHUHDERXWWKHVDPHDJHDVZHKDYHVHHQ-RKQPD\KDYHEHHQERUQLQ ᦱᦴᦹᦰRUᦱᦴᦹᦱDQG,VWY¢QDFRXSOHRI\HDUVHDUOLHUVRPHWLPHEHWZHHQᦱᦴᦸᦵDQG ᦱᦴᦹᦰ^ᦱᦱ so they must also have been on good terms because of their age.

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WKHQHZO\DSSRLQWHG'DOPDWLDQ&URDWLDQ6ODYRQLDQEDQ^ᦲᦷ3ªWHU%HULV]O´ELVKRS RI 9HV]SUªP LQ̑LFWHG D VHULRXV GHIHDW RQ WKHP DW 'XELFD WRGD\ LQ %RVQLD DQG+HU]HJRYLQD0HDQZKLOH-RKQ6]DSRO\DLYRLYRGHRI7UDQV\OYDQLDVWDUWHG EHVLHJLQJWKHIRUWRI6]HQGUĒZLWKWKHFOHDULQWHQWLRQRIEULQJLQJUHOLHIWRWKH EDQ.^ᦲᦸ $IWHU WKH ˬZDU VHDVRQ˭ DQG WKH FDPSDLJQ HQGHG WKH YRLYRGH UHWXUQHG home, or better to say to Buda, and did not arrive back in his province until the end of the year.^ᦲᦹ6HHWKHPDSRQWKHIROORZLQJSDJH

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-RKQ 6]DSRO\DL PRVW OLNHO\ FHOHEUDWHG 1HZ <HDU˭V (YH LQ .ROR]VY¢U &OXM 1DSRFDIURPZKHUHDWWKHHQGRI)HEUXDU\KHWUDYHOOHGWR6]ªNHO\Y¢V¢UKHO\

0DURVY¢V¢UKHO\7£UJX0XUHĠWRDGPLQLVWHUMXVWLFHDWWKHFRXUWRIWKH6]ªNHO\V

$IWHUWKHPHHWLQJGUHZWRDFORVHKHWUDYHOOHGWR*·UJªQ\*XUJKLXZKHUHKH VSHQWWZRZHHNVEHIRUHFRQWLQXLQJKLVWULSWR6]¢V]VHEHV6HEHĠLQVRXWKHUQ Transylvania.^ᦳᦰ3XUVXDQWWRWKHZDUSODQDGRSWHGDWWKHGLHWRIᦱᦵᦱᦴ^ᦳᦱ and after he had held up the Ottoman envoy on his journey back home from Buda, he is OLNHO\WRKDYHVHWȐWRFDWFKXSZLWKKLVWURRSV^ᦳᦲ,Q7LERU1HXPDQQ˭VDSSRVLWH words, we “in essence know nothing” of the raid,^ᦳᦳ but, thanks to some indirect information, certain things at least are clear. The army led by Szapolyai is likely to have crossed the border in the middle of May. Since the campaign came to be FRLQHG DV ˬ%XOJDULDQ˭ WKH\ PXVW KDYH HQWHUHG WKH WHUULWRU\ RI WKH 2WWRPDQ (PSLUHDW6]·UªQ\DQGIROORZLQJWKHOLQHRIWKHULYHU'DQXEHWKH\PD\KDYH reached the area around the castle of Vidin. Transylvanian troops did not take part in the raid, as it did not concern the defence of the province, but the EDQGHULD controlled by prelates, barons, and also by counties (possibly in the /RZHU 3DUWV GLG GR VR WKLV ZRXOG DOVR H[SODLQ WKH LQLWLDO VXFFHVVHV RI WKH UHEHOOLQJWURRSVOHGE\*\·UJ\'´]VDLQ0D\DQG-XQH^ᦳᦴ In a letter written LPPHGLDWHO\ DIWHU KLV UHWXUQ 0LNO´V 7»U´FL GHSXW\ YRLYRGH RI 7UDQV\OYDQLD called the raid a “lucky tour”,^ᦳᦵDQGWKHUHLVQRUHDVRQIRUGRXEWLQWKLVUHVSHFW the aim of the incursion into Ottoman territory may clearly have been to cause a disturbance, and to highlight the Hungarian peace proposal made to Sultan

ᦲᦷ˘Arch. ,ᦱᦰᦰ

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ᦳᦰ˘,ELG ᦱᦱᦰ 1RUEHUW & 7´WK ˬ$] ᦱᦵᦱᦴ P¢UFLXVL RUV]¢JJ\ĲOªV 3ROLWLNDW·UWªQHWL HVHPªQ\HN 0DJ\DURUV]¢JRQDSDUDV]WK¢ERU»NLW·UªVªLJ˭LQ&7´WKDQG1HXPDQQHGV.HUHV]WHVHNEĒO lázadókᦴᦴ˩ᦴᦵ

ᦳᦱ˘2QWKLVVHH&7´WKˬ$]ᦱᦵᦱᦴP¢UFLXVLRUV]¢JJ\ĲOªV˭ᦶᦳ˩ᦶᦹ ᦳᦲ˘,ELGᦶᦶ

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(9)

(10)

Selim, who at the time was heading to Asia Minor.^ᦳᦶ By the time the army, led E\ -RKQ 6]DSRO\DL UHWXUQHG WR .DU¢QVHEHV &DUDQVHEHĠ WKH VLWXDWLRQ LQ Hungary had changed substantially, and the military manoeuvres planned at the diet were cancelled.^ᦳᦷ

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,Q 'HFHPEHU ᦱᦵᦱᦴ -RKQ 6]DSRO\DL YRLYRGH RI 7UDQV\OYDQLD DQG UR\DO FDSWDLQ general,^ᦳᦹZDVDOUHDG\EDFNLQ.ROR]VY¢UZKHUHKHUHPDLQHGXQWLO)HEUXDU\ᦱᦵᦱᦵ presumably to deal with the consequences of the uprising.^ᦴᦰ He subsequently left 7UDQV\OYDQLDDQGLQPLG)HEUXDU\ZH̐QGKLPRQKLVRZQGRPDLQVLQ/LSSD /LSRYD^ᦴᦱIURPZKHUHKHWUDYHOOHGWRWKHWHUULWRU\RIWKHEDQDWHRI6]·UªQ\

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when he was once again in Szászsebes, Transylvania.^ᦴᦳ7KH̐UVWLQIRUPDWLRQRQ what happened between the two dates can be found in the will of Imre Török, EDQ RI 1¢QGRUIHKªUY¢U %HOJUDGH GDWHG ᦱ 0D\ DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH ZLOO ,PUH 7·U·NGLFWDWHGKLV̐QDOZLVKZKLOHKHZDVSUHSDULQJIRUDFDPSDLJQDJDLQVWWKH Ottomans.^ᦴᦴ That the campaign did indeed take place is proved by several VRXUFHVWKH̐UVWRIWKHVHZKLFKDOVRJLYHVDQDFFRXQWRIWKHYRLYRGH˭VGHIHDWLV DOHWWHUGDWHGᦱᦵ0D\DQGVHQWE\.LQJ6LJLVPXQGRI3RODQGWRKLVZLIH%RUE¢OD -RKQ6]DSRO\DL˭VVLVWHU^ᦴᦵ7KHVHFRQGFDQEHIRXQGLQ,PUH3HUªQ\L˭VOHWWHURI FRPPDQGIURPᦱᦳ-XQH^ᦴᦶ while the third is also a letter of command, but written E\-RKQ6]DSRO\DLRQᦳ$XJXVW^ᦴᦷ8QIRUWXQDWHO\RXUFKDUWHUVRXUFHVIDLOXVLQ

ᦳᦶ˘,ELGᦱᦱᦲᦱᦵᦲ&7´WKˬ$]ᦱᦵᦱᦴP¢UFLXVLRUV]¢JJ\ĲOªV˭ᦶᦵ ᦳᦷ˘1HXPDQQˬ%XOJ¢ULD˩(UGªO\˩7HPHVY¢U˭ᦱᦵᦱ

ᦳᦸ˘)RUDVXPPDU\RQWKHFDPSDLJQVHH7DP¢V3¢ORVIDOYL)URP1LFRSROLVWR0RK¢FV$+LVWRU\RI 2WWRPDQ˨+XQJDULDQ:DUIDUH᤬᤮ᤳᤴ˨᤬ᤰ᤭ᤱ7KH2WWRPDQ(PSLUHDQG,WV+HULWDJHᦶᦳ/HLGHQ

%RVWRQᦲᦰᦱᦸᦳᦵᦱ˩ᦳᦵᦳ&7´WKˬ(J\OHJHQGDQ\RP¢EDQ˭ᦴᦵᦲQRWHᦶᦰ

ᦳᦹ˘capitaneus generalis regie maiestatis˩WKHWLWOH̐UVWDSSHDUVE\KLVQDPHRQᦱ'HFHPEHUᦱᦵᦱᦴ 01/2/')ᦲᦴᦵᦷᦳᦹ7KHODVWNQRZQLQIRUPDWLRQRQKLVR̒FHRQWKLVRFFDVLRQLVIURP ᦸ0DUFKᦱᦵᦱᦶSzapolyai oklt.ᦳᦷᦴ

ᦴᦰ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦳᦵᦹ˩ᦳᦶᦰ

ᦴᦱ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦳᦶᦱᦱᦸ)HEUXDU\ᦱᦵᦱᦵ

ᦴᦲ˘01/ 2/ ') ᦲᦵᦴᦹᦶᦷ %HWZHHQ ᦱᦵᦱᦳ DQG ᦱᦵᦱᦹ -RKQ 6]DSRO\DL DOVR KHOG WKH R̒FH RI EDQ of Szörény (Arch. ,ᦱᦵᦳ

ᦴᦳ˘01/2/'/ᦶᦳᦰᦰᦴ

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ᦴᦶ˘01/2/')ᦲᦶᦹᦷᦳᦴTXRGTXDPYLVVXSHULRULEXVGLHEXVWHPSRUHTXRVFLOLFHWGRPLQRZD\YRGD7UDQV silvanis!LQH[SHGLWLRQHFRQWUD7KXUFRVVHSUHSDUDEDW.

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this respect, as no further information is preserved about the campaign in any of them.^ᦴᦸ

The most detailed account of these events can be found in the work Memoria rerumDFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKWKHDUP\OHGE\YRLYRGH-RKQ,VWY¢Q%¢WKRULispán of Temes, Imre Török and Mihály Paksi, EDQVRI1¢QGRUIHKªUY¢UDQGWKHˬNLQJ˭V OLHXWHQDQW˭/¢V]O´&KHUWLQJHU^ᦴᦹOHIWIRUWKHFDPSDLJQRQᦲᦴ$SULORQWKHNLQJ˭V RUGHUV 6ROGLHUV IURP WKH -DNVLFV DQG 6]DNRO\L IDPLOLHV DOVR WRRN SDUW LQ WKH manoeuvre. The troops set out from Nándorfehérvár and, following the line RIWKH'DQXEHUHDFKHGWKHIRUWRI=VDUQ´DQGVWDUWHGEHVLHJLQJLW<HW6LQDQ

>UHFWH %DOL@ WKH VDQMDNEH\L RI 6HPHQGLUH 6PHGHUHYR ˰VWUXFN EDFN DJDLQVW them with some Turks and some local people. There, the Hungarians were GHIHDWHGURXWHGDQGWKH\ORVWWZRORUGV0LK¢O\3D[\DQGWKHNLQJ˭VSUHYLRXVO\

PHQWLRQHG *HUPDQ OLHXWHQDQW DQG KDG WR OHDYH EHKLQG RXWVWDQGLQJ ̐JKWHUV entire camps, cannons, treasure, coaches, and those who were able to leave left, in JUHDWVKDPHDQGKDYLQJVX̏HUHGJUHDWGDPDJHDQGUHWXUQHGWR1¢QGRUIHKªUY¢U In the struggle, Sinan Bey drove away the enemy as one would drive away animals; ten Turks, as they say, drove away one hundred armed soldiers.”^ᦵᦰ

This description from an unknown author is well complemented by a report from the other side, prepared for Prince Süleyman by Báli, VDQMDNEH\L of 6HPHQGLUH$FFRUGLQJWRWKLVUHSRUWWKH+XQJDULDQDUP\FURVVHGWKH'DQXEH RQᦲᦱ$SULODQGVWDUWHGEHVLHJLQJWKHIRUWRI=VDUQ´7KH2WWRPDQVPRELOL]HG WKHHQWLUHVROGLHU\RI5XPHOLDDQGRUGHUHGLWWRJDWKHULQ6]HQGUĒ,QWKHHQG they did not wait for the entire force to gather, as the defenders of the fort in desperation asked for assistance, and so, under the leadership of Bali Bey, a counterattack was launched against the Hungarians. According to the report, one of the Ottoman troops attacked the infantry, another the camp, and after a long and violent struggle the army, led by Szapolyai, had to retreat, but did so LQDQRUJDQL]HGPDQQHU7ZRRIWKH+XQJDULDQJHQHUDOV˩0LK¢O\3DNVLEDQ of Nándorfehérvár, and Gáspár, EDQRI6]DE¢FV˩ORVWWKHLUOLYHVLQWKHVWUXJJOHV and their heads were sent to the sultan.^ᦵᦱ

ᦴᦸ˘7KLVLVVRPHZKDWVXUSULVLQJDVDWOHDVWDGR]HQOHWWHUVGDWHGEHWZHHQHDUO\0D\DQGODWH-XQH ᦱᦵᦱᦵDUHNQRZQWRH[LVWLQZKLFKRQHZRXOGZLWKRXUFXUUHQWPLQGVHWH[SHFWWKHHYHQWWREH PHQWLRQHGWKHHQYR\VRI%UDVV´GLGQRWPHQWLRQWKLVLQWKHLUOHWWHUVHQWIURP3R]VRQ\WR WKHLUFLW\RQᦱᦷ0D\01/2/')ᦲᦴᦶᦷᦰᦸOLNHZLVHQRPHQWLRQRILWZDVPDGHE\)HUHQF 9DMDLLQKLVOHWWHUIURP3R]VRQ\%UDWLVODYDRQᦲᦹ0D\01/2/'/ᦹᦷᦶᦴᦶHYHQWKRXJK he reported about many other things (the uprising of the tenant peasants [Hung. MREE¢J\@LQ

&DULQWKLDWKHRFFXSDWLRQRIWKHIRUWVRI%RÎDFDQG.RWRULQ%RVQLDE\WKH2WWRPDQV ᦴᦹ˘:HNQRZKLVIXOOQDPHIURP7DP¢V3HOHL˭VˬQRWHVRQWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHSHULRG˭%¢OLQW/DNDWRV

‘Az erdélyi káptalan és a püspöki udvar tagjai görbe tükörben. Történeti bejegyzések Pelei 7DP¢VIĒHVSHUHV(UDVPXVN·WHWªEHQ>ᦱᦵᦱᦵ˩Fᦱᦵᦳᦰ@˭Fonsᦱᦶ>ᦲᦰᦰᦹ@ᦴᦵᦶDQGIURPᦱᦵᦱᦳZKHQ KHZDVFDSWDLQRIWKH7UDQV\OYDQLDQDUP\&7´WKˬ$]ᦱᦵᦱᦴP¢UFLXVLRUV]¢JJ\ĲOªV˭ᦴᦶ ᦵᦰ˘Memoria rerum, ᦱᦸ˩ᦱᦹ 7KH GHDWKV RI 3DNVL DQG &VHUWLQJHU ZHUH DOVR UHSRUWHG E\ 3HOHL

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On the basis of these two reports and the aforementioned charters, it seems possible to reconstruct the essence of the campaign. The Hungarian army, led E\-RKQ6]DSRO\DLYRLYRGHRI7UDQV\OYDQLDDQGUR\DOFDSWDLQJHQHUDO^ᦵᦲ which represented a major military force,^ᦵᦳVHWRXWIURP1¢QGRUIHKªUY¢URQᦲᦱ$SULO DURXQGWKHGD\RI6DLQW*HRUJH^ᦵᦴWRWKHIRUWRI=VDUQ´RQO\ᦱᦶNPDZD\7KH nearly identical dates presented in the two reports contrast with the previously FLWHG ZLOO RI ,PUH 7·U·N GDWHG ᦱ 0D\ ZKLFK MXGJLQJ E\ LWV WH[W KDG EHHQ drawn up before the troops departed.^ᦵᦵ8QWLOIXUWKHUHYLGHQFHLVXQFRYHUHGWKH FRQWUDGLFWLRQFDQEHUHVROYHGLQWZRZD\VRQHSRVVLEOHH[SODQDWLRQLVWKDW,PUH Török joined the army later, possibly after the counterattack of the Ottomans had been launched; another explanation may be that the EDQ wrote his last wish before the clash with the Ottoman relief forces. As the news of the defeat UHDFKHG3R]VRQ\%UDWLVODYDRQᦱᦵ0D\WKHVLHJHRIWKHIRUWPXVWKDYHODVWHG for at least two weeks, including the time needed for deployment, so the battle LWVHOILVOLNHO\WRKDYHWDNHQSODFHVRPHWLPHEHIRUHᦱᦰ0D\^ᦵᦶ (The news from 1¢QGRUIHKªUY¢UUHDFKHGWKHQHJRWLDWLRQVLQ3R]VRQ\ZLWKLQ̐YHGD\V^ᦵᦷ

6HYHUDO PDMRU ̐JXUHV LQ WKH +XQJDULDQ DUP\ ORVW WKHLU OLYHV LQ WKH ̐JKW against the relief forces. Even though each source mentions two names, the QDPHV OLVWHG RQO\ SDUWLDOO\ RYHUODS 7KH GHDWK RI ,PUH 7·U·N˭V FRPSDQLRQ Mihály Paksi, EDQ of Nándorfehérvár, is mentioned in both aforementioned sources, as well as in the notes of Tamás Pelei and in the letter written in 3R]VRQ\RQᦲᦲ0D\E\*\·UJ\6]DWP¢ULELVKRSRI3ªFV^ᦵᦸ/¢V]O´&KHUWLQJHU˭V name features among the deceased in the Memoria rerum and in the works of Tamás Pelei and Szerémi. The name of Gáspár Paksi, however, only appears

6L[WHHQWK&HQWXU\˭LQ3¢O)RGRU1¢QGRU(.RY¢FVDQG%HQFH3ªULHGVğHUHIH6WXGLHVLQ +RQRXURI3URI*ª]D'¢YLGRQ+LV6HYHQWLHWK%LUWKGD\ᦲᦱ^st&HQWXU\6WXGLHVLQ+XPDQLWLHV

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ᦵᦲ˘-RKQ6]DSRO\DL˭VWLWOHRIUR\DOFDSWDLQJHQHUDOH[SODLQVKRZKHZDVDEOHWROHDGWKHWURRSVWR WHUULWRULHVIDUEH\RQGKLVSODFHRIGXW\DVFDSWDLQJHQHUDOKHZDVPRUHVHQLRUWKDQDOOEDQs and the count LVS¢QFRPHV of Temes, who in turn was also the captain general of the Lower 3DUWV)RUPRUHGHWDLOVRQWKLVVHH0LN´ˬ,VPHUHWOHQRUV]¢JJ\ĲOªVLHPOªN˭ᦴᦶᦶ̏

ᦵᦳ˘$SDUWIURPWKHQDPHVRIWKH+XQJDULDQOHDGHUVOLVWHGWKLVLVDOVRFRQ̐UPHGE\WKHUHSRUWRI the Venetian envoy, which states that many soldiers were deployed (Pálosfalvi, From Nicopolis to Mohácsᦳᦵᦱ

ᦵᦴ˘$FFRUGLQJWR*\·UJ\6]HUªPLWKLVWRRNSODFHLQ0D\6]HUªPLMagyarország romlásáról, ᦷᦱ˩ᦷᦲ ZKLOHDFFRUGLQJWR0LNO´V,VWY¢Q̏\LWRFFXUUHGLQ-XO\,VWY¢Q̏\Magyarok dolgairól, ,ᦱᦱᦵᦴ Both works need to be treated critically; for such criticism, see Gábor Nagy, ‘Szapolyai István ªV-¢QRVDODNMD,VWKY¢Q̒0LNO´V+LVWRULDHM¢EDQ˭3XEOLFDWLRQHV8QLYHUVLWDWLV0LVNROFLQHQVLV6HFWLR Philosophicaᦱᦳᦳᦲᦰᦰᦸᦲᦶᦷ˩ᦲᦹᦴHVSHFLDOO\ᦲᦷᦳᦲᦷᦶᦲᦷᦸ

ᦵᦵ˘6HHHDUOLHULQWKHDUWLFOH

ᦵᦶ˘2Qᦲ0D\WKHSHRSOHRI3R]VRQ\GLGQRW\HWNQRZRI0LK¢O\3DNVL˭VGHDWK01/2/'/

ᦴᦷᦱᦰᦳ,QKLVOHWWHUWR,VWY¢Q5R]JRQ\LVHQWIURP%XGDRQᦸ0D\VHFUHWDU\-¢QRV*RV]WRQ\L gave an account of various developments, but he did not mention the anti-Ottoman campaign 01/2/'/ᦲᦵᦵᦶᦲ

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ᦵᦸ˘01/2/'/ᦸᦹᦰᦵᦴ

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on the list of casualties due to a case of mistaken identity. The Ottoman report mentions only a “EDQRI6]DE¢FV˱ZLWKRXWJLYLQJKLVQDPH^ᦵᦹ so this person could not have been Gáspár Paksi, as he had been ispánRI$UDGVLQFHᦱᦵᦲᦲ^ᦶᦰ and KDG QHYHU KHOG WKH R̒FH RI EDQ &RXQW *\·UJ\ 0HU]LQL .RUE¢YLDL RQ WKH other hand, who was at the time the EDQRI6]DE¢FVGLGLQGHHGGLHDW=VDUQ´

DWOHDVWDFFRUGLQJWR6]HUªPL˭VFKURQLFOH^ᦶᦱ)XUWKHUPRUHZHKDYHHYLGHQFHWKDW LQDGGLWLRQWRYRLYRGH-RKQ6]DSRO\DLRI7UDQV\OYDQLDispán István Báthori of Temes, EDQs Imre Török and Mihály Paksi of Nándorfehérvár and EDQ György 0HU]LQL.RUE¢YLDLRI6]DE¢FVUR\DOFDSWDLQ/¢V]O´&KHUWLQJHUDQGWKHEDURQHV EDQGHULDWL^ᦶᦲ ,VWY¢Q DQGRU 0¢UN -DNVLFV^ᦶᦳ DQG -¢QRV 6]DNRO\L^ᦶᦴ ERWK 0LNO´V 'HUHQFVªQ\L^ᦶᦵ˩ODWHUWKH6]DSRO\DLV˭FDVWHOODQDQGispán of Torna^ᦶᦶ˩DQG-DNDE

%¢Q̐RI$OV´OHQGYD^ᦶᦷ also participated in the campaign. As far as can be judged RQWKHEDVLVRIWKHLQIRUPDWLRQDYDLODEOHWRXVWKHYRLYRGH˭VFDPSDLJQZDVWKH result of concerted action in accordance with decades of cooperation between the WKUHHFDSWDLQVGHIHQGLQJWKHERUGHUVZKLOHWKH'DOPDWLDQ&URDWLDQ6ODYRQLDQ EDQ3ªWHU%HULV]O´ELVKRSRI9HV]SUªPZDVDWWKHIURQWLHURIKLVEDQDWHUHDG\

for action,^ᦶᦸ the Transylvanian voivode and the captain general of the Lower 3DUWV,VWY¢Q%¢WKRULODXQFKHGDSUHHPSWLYHDWWDFNZLWKLQWKHLURZQFRQ̐QHV to ease the situation in the banate.

After the failed siege, those who survived returned to their places of duty.

So the voivode of Transylvania returned to Transylvania, where he stayed until the middle of October,^ᦶᦹ and worked on organizing the defence of the southern borders of the province against Ottoman invasion, which did not in the end happen.^ᦷᦰ

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$WWKHWLPHRIWKH2WWRPDQVLHJHDQGRFFXSDWLRQRI1¢QGRUIHKªUY¢ULQᦱᦵᦲᦱ 6]DSRO\DLZDVSXUVXDQWWRKLVR̒FLDOGXWLHVFDUU\LQJRXWWKHGHIHQFHRIKLV SURYLQFHDWWKHHQGRI-XO\KHZDVLQ6]¢V]VHEHV^ᦷᦳDQGLQ6]¢V]Y¢URV2UÄĠWLH the usual gathering place for Transylvanian troops.^ᦷᦴ)URPWKHUHKHWUDYHOOHGWR .ROR]VY¢UIURPZKHUHDIWHUDFRXSOHRIGD\V˭VRMRXUQ^ᦷᦵ he travelled on through Lippa,^ᦷᦶWKHQ9DQQD6YHWR]DU0LOHWLÈ%RGURJFRXQW\ZKHUHKHKDGOHIWKLV troops,^ᦷᦷDUULYLQJDWWKHUR\DOFDPSLQ%¢WDRQᦱᦳ6HSWHPEHU^ᦷᦸ Here they discussed the military situation,^ᦷᦹDQGDIWHUWKHVXOWDQ˭VDUP\ZLWKGUHZDQGLQRUGHUWRWU\

to retake the border fortress of key importance, the king and his councillors, at the camp near Mohács,^ᦸᦰDSSRLQWHG,VWY¢Q%¢WKRULDQG-RKQ6]DSRO\DLFDSWDLQV of the troops to be launched. They also convoked another armed diet to be held LQMODN,ORN^ᦸᦱ In the end, however, the campaign did not take place, due to an

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epidemic that had broken out among the soldiers;^ᦸᦲ at a meeting held in Pécs,^ᦸᦳ it was decided that it should be postponed until the following year, and that, in order to secure the defence against fraying Ottoman armies, the palatine should EHVHQWWR3ªWHUY¢UDG3HWURYDUDGLQZKLOH6]DSRO\DLDQGKLVDUP\VKRXOGVWD\

in Syrmia.^ᦸᦴ In addition, a diet was convoked in Buda on the day of Elisabeth.

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his son Teodosie, several pretenders appeared in the country. Initially, the leader RI WKH WHUULWRULHV QHLJKERXULQJ :DOODFKLD 0HKPHG %H\ GLVWULFW JRYHUQRU RI 6LOLVWUDLQWHUYHQHGLQWKHEDWWOHVIRUWKHWKURQHRQ7HRGRVLH˭VVLGH1HYHUWKHOHVV LQ'HFHPEHUᦱᦵᦲᦱKHKDGWKHYRLYRGHH[HFXWHG7KHWKURQHZDVRFFXSLHGIRU D VKRUW SHULRG E\ 5DGX GH OD $IXPDĤL EXW KH GLG QRW HQMR\ WKH VXSSRUW RI 0HKPHG%H\HLWKHU:KDWLVPRUHLQ0DUFKᦱᦵᦲᦲKHZDVHYHQGHIHDWHGE\KLP DWWKHVHWWOHPHQWRI&OHMDQLDIWHUZKLFKKH̑HGWR7UDQV\OYDQLD7KHUR\DOFRXUW of Hungary did not stand still in the wake of these events. Although the royal couple, Louis II and Mary, left for their coronation and to settle other matters LQ%RKHPLDDWWKHHQGRI)HEUXDU\ᦱᦵᦲᦲDQGGLGQRWUHWXUQXQWLOWKHHQGRI

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-RKQ 6]DSRO\DL OHIW %XGD LQ WKH PLGGOH RI 0DUFK ᦱᦵᦲᦲ DQG KHDGHG IRU the place he was stationed, Transylvania. He spent the rest of the year near

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importance for the defence of Transylvania, Szapolyai tried to cooperate with 5DGX WR FKDQJH WKH VLWXDWLRQ 7KH ̐UVW FDPSDLJQ ZKLFK WRRN SODFH EHWZHHQ ᦷDQGᦱᦸ-XQHᦱᦵᦲᦲKDGRQO\SDUWLDOUHVXOWVDOWKRXJKWKHEH\ was defeated at the settlement of Grumazi, and Radu could be repositioned to the lead of the voivodeship, Mehmed Bey returned in the beginning of August and fought three YLFWRULRXV EDWWOHV *KHUJLĤD %XFKDUHVW DQG 6ODWLQD DJDLQVW 5DGX ZKR RQFH DJDLQ ̑HG WR 7UDQV\OYDQLD 7KH VHFRQG FDPSDLJQ WRRN SODFH LQ WKH DXWXPQ 7KLVWLPHVHULRXVSUHSDUDWLRQVKDGEHHQPDGHWRHQVXUHWKHRXWFRPH̐UVWO\

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It is noteworthy, and certainly not a coincidence, that István Báthori, ispán RI 7HPHV FRXQW\ ZDV DORQJ WKH VRXWKHUQ IURQWLHU PRUH H[SOLFLWO\ LQ )XWDN )XWRJDWH[DFWO\WKHVDPHWLPH2FWREHU˩1RYHPEHUDV6]DSRO\DLZDV̐JKWLQJ LQWKHQHLJKERXULQJSULQFLSDOLW\RI:DOODFKLDᦱᦶ2FWREHU˩ᦱᦳ1RYHPEHU7KH Hungarian military leadership was thus aware of the opportunities provided by WKHHQHP\˭VDWWHQWLRQEHLQJGLYLGHG,WFDQEHQRDFFLGHQWWKDWLQWKHVXPPHURI ᦱᦵᦲᦶWKH\VXJJHVWHGDGLYHUVLRQLQ:DOODFKLD^ᦹᦰ

lwL!ȋǛǟǜǠȌ⁹¹

7KHSUHVHQWHVVD\LVXQDEOHWRȐHUDGHWDLOHGSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHHYHQWVRIᦱᦵᦲᦶ as the sources describing the occurrences prior to the battle have not yet been XQFRYHUHG 7KHUHIRUH ZH ZLOO KDYH WR EH FRQWHQW WR UHFRQVWUXFW 6]DSRO\DL˭V movements until the end of August on the basis of charters issued by the voivode in the same year. (I will not touch upon the historically inaccurate issue of whether or not the voivode was deliberately late for the battle; modern historical OLWHUDWXUH KDV DOUHDG\ SURYLGHG DQ DQVZHU WR WKDW TXHVWLRQ^ᦹᦲ )URP ODWH 1RYHPEHUᦱᦵᦲᦵ-RKQ6]DSRO\DLZDVLQKLVSURYLQFHLQ'ªYD+HDWWHQGHGWKH ZHGGLQJEHWZHHQWKH:DOODFKLDQYRLYRGH5DGXDQGWKHGDXJKWHURIWKHHDUOLHU voivode, Basarab. He also gave commands regarding the garrison of the fort of 3RMQ¢U3RHQDULORFDWHGLQWKHWHUULWRU\RIVDLGYRLYRGHVKLS^ᦹᦳ)URPKHUHKH PRYHGKLVVHDWWR6]HEHQ6LELXDVHWWOHPHQWKHOHIWDIWHUVRPHˬH[FXUVLRQV˭LQ March,^ᦹᦴ DIWHU ZKLFK KH PRYHG WR (Q\HG $LXG WKH DVVLJQHG PRELOL]DWLRQ point for the Transylvanian forces.^ᦹᦵ )URP WKH SURYLQFLDO GLHW RI (Q\HG KH travelled to Szászsebes, from where he kept an eye on the southern borders of Transylvania, and made reports to King Louis II on the situation and on the intention of the Ottomans.^ᦹᦶ At the same time, preparations were also made to protect themselves from Ottoman incursions.^ᦹᦷ He convoked a provincial diet WREHKHOGLQWKHIROORZLQJPRQWKLQ0HGJ\HV0HGLDĠ^ᦹᦸ where it was decided to mobilize the entire Transylvanian army because of the expected Ottoman attack.^ᦹᦹ )URP 0HGJ\HV -RKQ 6]DSRO\DL UHWXUQHG YLD 6]HEHQ^ᦱᦰᦰ to Szászsebes, ZKHUHZHNQRZKHZDVSUHVHQWXQWLOODWH-XO\^ᦱᦰᦱ:KLOHKHZDVWKHUHKHUHWXUQHG IRUDVKRUWWLPHWR0HGJ\HVVLQFHWKHNLQJ˭VHQYR\ZKRDUULYHGRQᦲᦷ-XO\

LQIRUPHG WKH DWWHQGHHV RI WKH SDUWLDO SURYLQFLDO GLHW RI WKH UR\DO FRXQFLO˭V

˝ᦹᦰ˘-¢QRV%6]DE´A mohácsi csata%XGDSHVWᦲᦰᦰᦶᦱᦶᦹ˩ᦱᦷᦰ

˝ᦹᦱ˘)RUDVXPPDU\VHH3¢ORVIDOYLFrom Nicopolis to Mohács,ᦴᦲᦴ˩ᦴᦴᦴ

˝ᦹᦲ˘6HH%6]DE´A mohácsi csataᦱᦶᦸ˩ᦱᦷᦱ

˝ᦹᦳ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦵᦰᦶ˩ᦵᦰᦸᦱ'HFHPEHUᦱᦵᦲᦵ

˝ᦹᦴ˘ᦲᦱᦷ-DQXDU\ᦱᦵᦲᦶᦲᦵ)HEUXDU\ᦱᦵᦲᦶSzapolyai oklt.ᦵᦱᦸᦵᦱᦰ˩ᦵᦱᦱ

˝ᦹᦵ˘1HXPDQQˬ'´]VDOHJ\Ē]ĒMH˭ᦱᦰᦰSzapolyai oklt.ᦵᦱᦲ˩ᦵᦱᦳᦱᦲ˩ᦱᦳ0DUFKᦱᦵᦲᦶ

˝ᦹᦶ˘ᦱᦶ0DUFK˩ᦲᦹ$SULOᦱᦵᦲᦶSzapolyai oklt. ᦵᦱᦴ˩ᦵᦱᦵᦵᦱᦷ˩ᦵᦱᦹ

˝ᦹᦷ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦵᦲᦱᦲᦹ$SULOᦱᦵᦲᦶ

˝ᦹᦸ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦵᦲᦰᦲᦹ$SULOᦱᦵᦲᦶ

˝ᦹᦹ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦵᦲᦲ˩ᦵᦲᦴ1HXPDQQˬ'´]VDOHJ\Ē]ĒMH˭ᦱᦰᦰ ᦱᦰᦰ˘ᦲᦴ˩ᦲᦵ0D\ᦱᦵᦲᦶSzapolyai oklt.ᦵᦲᦲ˩ᦵᦲᦳ

ᦱᦰᦱ˘ᦱᦰ-XQH˩ᦳᦱ-XO\ᦱᦵᦲᦶSzapolyai oklt.ᦵᦲᦴᦵᦲᦷ˩ᦵᦲᦸ

(18)

resolution. Consequent to the resolution it was then decided that a major part RIWKH7UDQV\OYDQLDQPLOLWDU\IRUFHVVKRXOGJDWKHULQ.ROR]VY¢URQᦹ$XJXVW^ᦱᦰᦲ and then head to Hungary. The voivode was demonstrably in the city from ᦱᦱ$XJXVW^ᦱᦰᦳDQGKHPD\KDYHVHWȐE\VWDJHFRDFKWRDWWHQGWKHNLQJVRPHWLPH DIWHUᦲᦴ$XJXVW^ᦱᦰᦴDVZDVUHSRUWHGLQGHWDLOLQWKHZRUNRI,VWY¢Q%URGDULFV^ᦱᦰᦵ

SUMMARY

7KHGHFDGHDQGDKDOIRI-RKQ6]DSRO\DL˭VUXOHDVYRLYRGHRI7UDQV\OYDQLDFDQEH judged as successful from the point of view both of contemporaries and of posterity. The province was not attacked during this period, not even once.

)XUWKHUPRUHZLWKWKHFRQVHQWDQGPDQGDWHRIWKHUR\DOFRXUWWKHYRLYRGHOHG several campaigns and raids to the areas neighbouring Transylvania, and even to WHUULWRULHVIXUWKHUDZD\:LWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIWKHVLHJHRI=VDUQ´KLVFDPSDLJQV DQGUDLGVZHUHVXFFHVVIXODQGKLVWZRH[SHGLWLRQVWR:DOODFKLDGXULQJWKHVDPH year stand out from the military history of the era in every respect. Apart from his anti-Ottoman struggles, he earned his fame as a successful military leader UDWKHUHDUO\E\VTXDVKLQJWKHXSULVLQJRIᦱᦵᦱᦴZLWKRXWDQ\PDMRUVDFUL̐FHQRW HYHQWKHIDLOXUHVX̏HUHGDW=VDUQ´WKHIROORZLQJ\HDUFRXOGWDUQLVKKLVJORU\

)RUWKH+XQJDULDQQRELOLW\HDJHUWRFRQWLQXHWKHDQWL2WWRPDQZDUVLWPD\

WKXVKDYHVHHPHGDQREYLRXVFKRLFHWRPDNH-RKQ6]DSRO\DLZKRKDGDOUHDG\

proved himself in these campaigns, king of Hungary.

ᦱᦰᦲ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦵᦲᦸ1HXPDQQˬ'´]VDOHJ\Ē]ĒMH˭ᦱᦰᦰ ᦱᦰᦳ˘Szapolyai oklt.ᦵᦳᦰ

ᦱᦰᦴ˘2QWKLVGD\KHZDVVWLOOLQ.ROR]VY¢USzapolyai oklt. ᦵᦳᦱ

ᦱᦰᦵ˘,VWY¢Q%URGDULFV,JD]OH®U¢VDPDJ\DURNQDNDW·U·NNHOW·UWªQWPRK¢FVL·VV]HFVDS¢V¢U´O. Translation E\7LERU.DUGRVLQ7DP¢V.DWRQDHG0RK¢FVHPOªNH]HWH%XGDSHVWᦱᦹᦷᦶᦳᦰ

(19)

A F o r g o t t e n H u n g A r iA n r o y A l D y n A st y : THE SZAPOL Y AIS

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From the 1460s onwards, the Szapolyai family played a decisive role in the history of Hungary for more than a hundred years.

The studies in this volume highlight the extraordinary careers of members of the family’s first generation, which made them the greatest landowning magnates of the country. Relying on the wealth, prestige and military force of the dynasty, John, a member of the second generation, successfully governed Transylvania for a decade and a half; it was partly due to this achievement that in 1526 the majority of Hungarian noblemen found him worthy of the orphaned throne of Louis II. The writings in this volume explore King John’s foreign, urban and church politics, the cultural trends at his court, as well as his relations with the Ottoman Empire, and those of his successors (Queen Isabella and her son John II, elected king of Hungary). What we learn from these texts is that the history of the Szapolyais can be divided into two parts: after their successful rise as kings of Hungary, their family background was no longer sufficient for effective governance. The country became a battleground for global empires, and the Szapolyais,

similarly to the Jagiellonians, were unable to overcome their vulnerable circumstances. After

centuries of the subject being neglected, this volume undertakes to give the last Hungarian royal dynasty the evaluation it deserves.

RECONSTRUCTION AND REMEMBRANCE RECONSTRUCTION AND REMEMBRANCE

THE SZAPOLYAIS

A F o r g o t t e n H u n g A r iA n r o y A l D y n A st y : THE SZAPOL Y AIS

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THE SZAPOLYAIS

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Contents

THE ANTI-OTTOMAN STRUGGLES OF ÈwPÈw'0 `wLm ØwdÏP

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THE ANTI-OTTOMAN STRUGGLES OF ÈwPÈw'0 `wLm ØwdÏP

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