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1. Introduction 1. 1. Cover page
2. Introduction 1. (Title)
3. History
4. Signal transduction
5. Cell communication pathways 1.
6. Cell communication pathways 2.
7. Mechanisms of cytokine action 8. Extracellular signaling molecules 9. Three stages of cell signaling 10. Characteristics of the response 11. Main types of receptors 12. Types of cell surface receptors 13. Ligand-gated ion channels
14. 7- transmembrane spanning receptors 15. Mechanism of neurotransmission
16. Synapse between two neurons – neurotransmission 17. Two types of enzyme receptors
2. Introduction 2. 1. Cover page
2. Introduction 2. (Title) 3. Intracellular receptor signaling
4. Ligands binding to intracellular receptors 5. Steroid receptor superfamily
6. Glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation 7. Genomic and non-genomic glucocorticoid effects
8. Hormones are classified into three categories based on their structure
9. Primary hormone-secreting glands 10. Other hormone-secreting glands 11. Other chemical messengers 12. Basic characteristics of cytokines 13. Environmental stimuli as signal initiators 14. Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
15. TLR types 3. Extracellular receptors – ion-
channels
1. Cover page
2. Extracellular receptors – ion channels (Title)
3. Scheme of the signal transduction of cell surface receptors 4. Receptor families
5. Extracellular receptor types
6. Receptors
7. More receptors using the same second messenger system 8. Receptor - ligand interaction
9. Functional groups of ligands
10. Ionotropic receptors (ligand gated ion channels) 11. Ion channel receptors
12. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 1.
13. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 2.
14. The axon terminal 15. “Electric” organs in animals
16. Blocking the neuromuscular transmission 4. Extracellular receptors - G-
protein coupled receptors
1. Cover page
2. Extracellular receptors - G-protein coupled receptors (Title) 3. The structure of 7-transmembrane-spanning (7-TM) receptors
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4. 7-TM receptor family 1.
5. 7-TM receptor family 2.
6. 7-TM ligands 7. Inactive GPCR
8. Active GPCR
9. 7-TM receptors bind to G-proteins = G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) 10. cAMP-PKA pathway
11. G-proteins 1.
12. G-proteins 2.
13. G-protein signaling 14. GPCR regulation
15. Monomeric G-proteins (Ras family) 16. Ras regulation
17. Ras function – MAPK cascade 18. Ras-MAPK cascade
5. Enzyme-linked receptors 1. Cover page
2. Enzyme-linked receptors (Title) 3. Receptors with enzyme activity 4 Receptor classes 1.
5. Receptor classes 2.
6. Introduction
7. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) families 8. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family 9. Main steps of RTK activation 10. Dimerization of GF receptors 11. Autophosphorylation of RTKs 12. Members of the initial signal complex 13. Members of the signaling complex 14. Ras-MAPK pathway
15. Parallel MAPK pathways 16. MAPK-activated kinases (MKs) 17. Turning-off the pathway
18. MAPK/ERK in growth and differentation
6. Second messengers 1. Cover page
2. Second messengers (Title) 3. Second messengers
4. General scheme of intracellular signaling 5. Discovery of second messengers - cAMP 6. Synthesis of cAMP
7. cAMP activates Protein kinase A 8. PKA targets
9. Phospholipase C 10. IP3 receptor pathway
11. Gases as second messengers: NO way!
12. NO synthesis 13. NO-cGMP pathway
14. cGMP
15. Protein kinase G 16. Functions of NO
7. The calcium signal 1. Cover page
2. The calcium signal (Title) 3. Physiological role of Ca2+ 1.
4. Physiological role of Ca2+ 2.
5. Cytoplasmic Ca2+ is kept low 6. Measuring intracellular Ca2+
7. Ca2+-channels in the ER
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8. Ca2+-influx through plasma membrane channels
9. Intra/extracellular compartments of Ca2+-signaling, Ca2+-channels 10. Store-operated Ca2+-entry (SOCE)
11. IP3
12. Several pathways use the Ca2+ signal 13. Ca2+-regulated target proteins 1.
14. Ca2+-regulated target proteins 2.
15. Effector mechanisms of Ca2+-signaling 16. Calcium in phototransduction
8. Transcription factors 1. Cover page
2. Transcription factors (Title)
3. Structural groups of transcription factors 1.
4. Structural groups of transcription factors 2.
5. Functional domains of transcription factors 6. Nuclear receptor superfamily
7. Mechanism of steroid receptor action 8. Functional groups of TFs
9. Signal-dependent TFs
10. TFs in T cell activation induce cytokine production 11. Structure of STATs
12. Regulation of transcription 13. Mechanism of gene regulation
14. Growth factor induced TFs and their biological effect 15. Some important transcription factors
16. Transcription factors and diseases 9. B cell receptor (BcR) signaling 1. Cover page
2. B cell receptor (BcR) signaling (Title) 3. B cell development
4 Early lymphopoiesis
5. The stage specific crucial events involved in B lymphoid commitment
6. Genetic control of lineage commitment in early lymphopoiesis 7. Early B-cell development in the bone marrow
8. The Ig gene rearrangement
9. Expression pattern of transcription factors involved in B cell commitment and differentiation
10. Immunreceptor Tyrosin-based Activation Motif 11. Acute antigen signalling
12. Co-stimulatory pathways of BcR signaling 13. Long term BcR stimulation
14. The positive (CR2) and negative (FcγRIIb) B cell regulation model 15. Role for lipid rafts in B-cell activation
16. Lipid rafts
17. Overview of BcR signaling 10. T cell receptor (TcR) signaling 1. Cover page
2. T cell receptor (TcR) signaling (Title)
3. Role of transcription factors in thymocyte development 4. Th - Tc cell decision
5. Molecules of the „immunological synapse”
6. Costimulatory pathways regulate the TcR signal 7. Binding of ZAP-70 kinase
(Zeta-chain Associated Protein kinase 70 kDa) 8. Phosphorylation sites of the ZAP-70 kinase 9. The role of ZAP-70
10. T cell activation pathways
11. 2 signals are required for T-cell activation 12. Initial steps of T cell activation
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13. Th differentiation
14. Anergy
15. Similarities in TcR and FceR signaling 16. Characteristics of Src and Syk family kinases 17. Non-receptor tyrosin kinases
18. Characteristics of Src family kinases 19. Overview of TcR/CD3 signaling pathway
11. Fc receptor signaling 1. Cover page
2. Fc receptor signaling (Title) 3. Mast cell activation mechanisms
4. Selected mediators produced by mast cells.
5. Other mast cell activators 6 IgE bound FcεRI 7. IgE bound FcεRII
8 IL-4 and IL-13 signal induce IgE switch 9. The IgE promoter region
10. Signal transduction pathways 11. FcεRI mediated signaling
12. Similarities in TcR and FcεR signaling 13. Biological effects of FcεR signaling 14. Mast cell mediators
12. Fcγ receptor signaling 1. Cover page
2. Fcγ receptor signaling (Title) 3. Types of human Fcγ receptors 4. Mouse Fcγ receptors 5. Role of ITAMs
6. Activatory Fcγ receptor signaling 7. Steps of Fcγ signaling
8. Inhibitory Fcγ receptor signaling 1.
9. Inhibitory Fcγ receptor signaling 2.
10. ITIM
11. Overview of Fcγ receptor signaling 12. Triggering agents and regulatory cytokines 13. Role of FcRs: enhanced phagocytosis 1.
14. Role of FcRs: enhanced phagocytosis 2.
15. Role of FcRs: enhanced phagocytosis 3.
16. ADCC
13. Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors I.: Cytokine/chemokine signaling
1. Cover page
2. Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors I.: Cytokine/chemokine signaling (Title)
3. Cytokine groups 4. Cytokine receptors
5. Characteristics of multichain cytokine receptors 6. Cytokine signaling – overview
7. The structure of JAK and STAT proteins
8. JAK 1.
9. JAK 2.
10. STAT 1.
11. Human STATs
12. STAT 2.
13. Regulation of JAK/STAT signaling 14. JAK inhibitors
15. Chemokines
16. Chemokine signal through receptors coupled with G-proteins 17. Chemokine signaling pathways
14. Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors 1. Cover page
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II.: Growth factors
2. Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors II.: Growth factors (Title) 3. Growth factors (GFs)
4. Growth factors (GFs) – History 5. Growth factors
6. Receptors with TK activity
7. “Complete” and “incomplete” receptor tyrosine kinase 8. RTK families
9. Kinase-phosphatase balance 10. Growth factor receptors 11. Receptor-like PTPs (21) 12. Nontransmembrane PTPs (17)
13. Growth factor receptors and tyrosine phosphorylation 14. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling
15. GF receptor signaling pathways 1.
16. GF receptor signaling pathways 2.
17. Overview of EGF signaling
18. General characteristics of GF signaling
19. Different GF receptors use the same signaling pathways 20. Natriuretic peptide signaling
15. Signaling in the innate immune system; PRR signaling
1. Cover page
2. Signaling in the innate immune system; PRR signaling (Title) 3. Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
4. Endocytic Pattern-Recognition Receptors (PRRs) 5. Signaling Pattern-Recognition Receptors 6. Signaling PRRs found in the membranes of the
endosomes/phagolysosomes 7. Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
8. Toll-like receptors-pattern recognition 9. The horseshoe structure of TLR3 10. TLR types
11. TLR signaling 1.
12. TLR signaling 2.
13. TLR related transcription factors 14. Toll-like receptor inhibitors 15. Inflammatory cytokines
16. Opsonins
17. Secreted PRRs 18. Complement receptors
19. Overview of complement receptor (CR) and Toll-like receptor signaling
16. G-protein-linked receptors 1. Cover page
2. G-protein-linked receptors (Title) 3. Nomenclature
4. 7-transmembrane (7-TM) spanning receptors
5 GPCR
6. Structure of 7-TM receptors
7. GPCR subtypes
8. Activation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) 9. G-proteins
10. G-protein heterotrimer
11. Catecholamine hormon synthesis 12. Epinephrine and analogues 13. cAMP-PKA pathway
14. Primary Action of Epinephrine in a Liver Cell 15. Glucagon signaling
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16. Serotonin receptor 17. Types of serotonin receptor 18. Receptor desensitization
17. Signaling in tumor cells 1. Cover page
2. Signaling in tumor cells (Title)
3. Immune selection in the development of cancer: no two tumors are alike
4. Tumor and activated T cells
5. What happens when Fas-stimulated immune cells resist to die?
6. TGF-β signaling in tumor signaling and cancer progression 7. Fas signal
8. Growth factors (GFs)
9. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) families 10. GF signaling pathways
11. GF receptors as therapeutic targets 12. HER gene family
13. HER2 genetics in cancer 14. Anti-EGFR resistance in NSCLC 15. Colorectal cancer and EGFR
16. VEGFR2 receptor signaling in endothelial cells 17. Kinase inhibitory profiles of anti-angiogenic agents 18. Overview of EGF signaling
18.&19. Apoptosis pathways 1. Cover page
2. Apoptosis pathways (Title) 3. „The process of natural death”
4. Role of apoptosis
5. When would it be advantageous to the organism?
6. The actual steps in cell death require 7. Apoptosis signals
8 Mechanism of apoptosis: caspases 9. Initiator caspases
10. The caspase cascade can be activated by 11. Apoptosis pathways
12. Intrinsic apoptotic pathway 13. Mitochondrial apoptosis pathway 14. Permeability transition pore
15. Apoptosome
16. Bcl-family
17. What causes all these changes in the mitochondria?
18. Apoptosis pathways in activated T cells 19. Extrinsic apoptotic pathway: death receptors 20. Role of death receptors: Fas
21. TNF receptor mediated apoptosis 1.
22. TNF receptor mediated apoptosis 2.
23. TNFR signaling 24. Controlling apoptosis
25. BID a bridge between the extarcellular and mitochondrial apoptosis pathways
26. Effector molecules
27. Membrane lipid transport with scramblases 28. PS labelling with Annexin V
29. Efferocytosis
30. Cell surface events also can inhibit apoptosis
20. Ion channel receptors 1. Cover page
2. Ion channel receptors (Title) 3. Ion channel receptors
4. Cys-loop ion-channel receptors
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5. Vertebrate anionic Cys-loop receptors 6. Vertebrate cationic Cys-loop receptors 7. Ionotropic glutamate receptors 8. Nicotinic Ach receptor 9. Common neurotransmitters 10. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 11. Neurotransmission
12. Neurotransmitters 13. Acetylcholine receptors 14. Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) 21.&22. Intracellular/nuclear receptor
signaling
1. Cover page
2. Intracellular/nuclear receptor signaling (Title)
3. History
4 Mechanism of action 5. Transcription factors 6. Studying transcription factors 7. Luciferase reporter assay
8. Ligands
9. Species distribution of nuclear receptors (NRs) 10. Intracellular receptors
11. Nuclear receptor superfamily
12. Structural organization of nuclear receptors 13. Mechanism of steroid receptor action 14. Time scale of glucocorticiod (GC) action 15. Types of NRs
16. Class I receptor action 17. Type I NRs
18. Cytoplasmic receptor complex 19. Class II receptor action 20. Type II NRs
21. Heterodimer of the nuclear receptors 22. DNA binding
23. Genomic action of nuclear receptors 24. Structure of DBD
25. Gene regulation
26. Transrepression and selectivity of ligands 27. Regulation of nuclear receptors 1.
28. Regulation of nuclear receptors 2.
29. Therapeutic implications – hormone analogues 23. Non-genomic steroid hormone
signaling pathways
1. Cover page
2. Non-genomic steroid hormone signaling pathways (Title) 3. Glucocorticoid action
4. Basics
5. GR signaling pathways 1.
6. GR signaling pathways 2.
7. Genomic steroid actions
8. Genomic and non-genomic GC effects
9. Evidences
10. Direct membrane effects
11. Membrane GR
12. Evidences for mitochondrial GR 13. Mitochondrial GR actions
14. Ligand induced mitochondrial GR translocation in DP thymocytes 15. Mitochondrial GR translocation
16. Summary of genomic and non-genomic glucocorticoid effects
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24. Complement- and Toll-like receptors
1. Cover page
2. Complement receptors (Title) 3. Basic functions of the complement
4. Opsonins
5. Secreted pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) 6. Role of complement receptors
7. Complement receptors 1.
8. Complement receptors 2.
9. CR1
10. Role of CR1
11. CR2
12. C5aR
13. Overview of complement receptor (CR) and Toll-like receptor signaling
14. Toll-like receptors - pattern recognition 15. Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
16. TLR types 25. Receptor interactions, signaling
cross-talk
1. Cover page
2. Receptor interactions, signaling cross-talk (Title) 3. Introduction
4. Mechanism of interaction 5. Levels of signal “cross-talk”
6. More receptors using the same second messenger system 7. Growth factor receptor – integrin signaling interaction 8. EGF signaling
9. General characteristics of GF signaling 10. Ras – an important signaling switch 11. BcR and FcγRIIB cross-talk
12. Non-genomic GR signaling – interaction of GR with cytoplasmic TcR signaling proteins
13. TNFR – GR cross-talk 1.
14. TNFR – GR cross-talk 2.
15. Transcription factor cross-talk 16. Convergence of signaling pathways
26. Wnt signaling 1. Cover page
2. Wnt signaling (Title) 3. Discovery of Wnts 4. Wnt family proteins
5. Frizzled (Fz) family receptors 6. Canonical pathway
7. Non-canonical pathways 8. Wnt signaling pathways 9. Canonical Wnt pathway 10. β-catenin in cellular adhesion 11. Alzheimer’s disease 1.
12. Alzheimer’s disease 2.
13. Inhibition of Wnt and Tcf signaling in the canonical pathway 14. PKC isoforms in Wnt signaling
15. The classical view of three independent Wnt 16. Wnt signalling pathways in diseases 17. Wnt target genes
18. Rheumatoid arthritis
19. Molecular changes of Wnt4 signaling in the ageing thymus 27. Signaling in the nervous system 1. Cover page
2. Signaling in the nervous system (Title)
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3. Synapse between two neurons - neurotransmission 4. Mechanism of neurotransmission
5. Receptors
6. Receptor - ligand interaction 7. Ion channel receptors
8. 7-transmembrane-spanning receptors (7-TM)
9. 7-TM ligands 10. Nicotinic Ach receptor 11. Neurotransmission 12. Acetylcholine 13. Adrenergic receptors
14. Blocking the neuromuscular transmission 28. Pharmacological influence of the
signaling
1. Cover page
2. Pharmacological influence of the signaling (Title) 3. Potential drug targets in signaling pathways 4. Various levels of intervention 1.
5. Various levels of intervention 2.
6. Blockade of surface receptors with monoclonal antibodies 7. Selected kinase inhibitors in clinical development 8. Calcineurin and rapamycin
9. Rapamycin
10. Toll-like receptor inhibitors 11. ERB signaling intervention 12. Proteosome inhibitors-Bortezomib 13. Apoptosis signaling intervention 14. HSP-90 inhibitors
