C ard in al F arn ese’s service in Italy. His individualis- tic style a n d com positional solutions a re obvious to
111. 1. G e o rg H o efn ag el: View o f E sztergom . E n g rav in g . 1595
p e rsp e c tiv e (111. 2) . 2 T h e castle, th e tow n a n d P árkány can be iden tified from th e ir details. Pon- toon b rid g es a re d ep icte d e ith e r side o f K örtvélyes Island; cam ps o f th e C hristian soldiers a re show n on b o th banks o f th e D anube. We see th e g u n em placem ents on P rim ate’s Islan d , a n d alsó th e wall a n d palisade p ro te c tin g th e Víziváros (“W ater- Tow n”). T h e castle is b ein g b o m b a rd e d from Szent Tam ás-hegy (“Szent Tam ás H ill”). T h e en g rav in g alsó shows th e two re c ta n g u la r tow ers o f th e basili- ca, along w ith its ro u n d tow er th a t h a d b een trans- ío rm e d intő a m in are t. Párkány, on th e oppo site side of the D anube, is in flam es, a n d th e battle fo u g h t against th e O tto m an s on 3 -4 A ugust 1595 can be seen o n th e rig h t side o f t h e pictu re. T h is is again a very ch aracteristic battle scene: the elabo- rate com position, th e accu rate details an d th e in- scriptions are all im p o rta n t accessories.
W ilhelm Dilich (1571-1650), w ho was from Kas- sel, becam e fam ous on accou nt o f his views o f H u n gárián castles pu b lish ed in 1600. M any o f these w ere still b eing copied a ce n tu ry later. His view o f Esztergom was p a r t o f a series o f c o p p e r engrav - ings p ub lished in his Ungarische Chronica (111. 3) . 3
Dilich h ad a p red ilectio n fór faithfully d ep ictin g a landscape in th e fo re g ro u n d as th e sta rtin g p o in t from which he o ffered his b ird ’s eye view. His views o f V isegrád an d P est-B uda follow th e sam e
pat-2 Siege o f E sztergom . 1595. Paper, c o p p e rp la te e tc h in g . 41.5 x 35.5 cm . Inv. no. 5515 T. In sc rip tio n : s t r ig o n iu ma t c a e -sa r ia n sis o b se ssv m / a n n o c h r. M. d. xcv. / S ig n a tu re : V iro C lariss. E t e tre n u o D. / m a t t h ia e t h a l m a n o / E q uiti Aur.
A u g u stae V ind. / P ra e to ri VRb. DD. D o m in io C ust.
tern : th e wide, m e a n d e rin g riv er plays th e role o f focal p o in t in these depictions. D ilich’s view o f Esz
terg o m alsó includes Párkány: th e castle, the tow n a n d th e defensive works. His finely ex e cu ted vedu- tas, rich in m in u te details, w ere usually accu rate an d it is p e rh a p s no coincidence th a t th e V isegrád albu m pu b lish ed by H á u fler - Szerelm ey in 1 8 4 7
cop ied Dilich’s en g rav in g o r else u sed it as an aid to com position.
H ans S ilberm acher (d. 1611), a p a in te r a n d etch- e r from N u rem b erg , was one o f Dilich’s earliest followers. A n o th er was W ilhelm Peter Z im m erm ann
( 1 5 8 9 - C . 1 6 3 0 ) . Each h ad a highly distinctive an d easily identifiable style. S ibm acher’s depiction o f the
1 5 9 5 siege is alm ost an aerial view, with th e small figures entirely filling th e space (111. 4 ) . 4 H e h ad little in terest in buildings an d th eir details, a n d de- spite the ex plan atory inscriptions these can be id e n tified only with difficulty. T h e co p p e r eng ravin g re p ro d u ce d h ere ap p e are d in H iero nim us O rtelius’s Chronologia (N urem berg 1 6 0 3 ) , th e exam ple in the H istorical Gallery o f th e H u n g á riá n N ational M use
u m com es from p. 1 7 5 o f a later edition (Ortelius Redivivus et continuatus...) published in N u rem b erg in 1 6 6 5 . Besides his p o rtray al o f events, Sibm acher alsó m ad e various p o rtraits to illustrate O rteliu s’s text, an d th eir jo in t w ork resulted in o n e o f th e m ost p o p u la r volum es o n the Fifteen Years War.
3 View o f E sztergom . Paper, c o p p e rp la te e tch in g . 15 x 24 cm.
Inv. n o . 71.27.
4 Siege o f E sztergom . 1595. Paper, c o p p e rp la te e tch in g . 18.7 x 28.4 cm . Inv. no. T. 281.
Pr o b l e m s o f Au t h e n t i c i t y i n t h e De p i c t i o n o f H u n g á r iá n Ca s t l e s 4 9
111. 2. D om inicus C ustos: Siege o f E sztergom . E n g rav in g . 1595
111. 3. W ilhelm Dilich: View o f E sztergom . E n g rav in g . 1600
111. 4. H a n s (Jo h a n n ) S ib m ach er: Siege o f E sztergom . E n g rav in g . 1603
2i <Srfct>(r$t3Wd<iI>ín6fúv©Mní ÍDitSfiafiíiifíMmiSMíSSíiKf&aulí/ ÍBim’cilNr'Stircfcnmucftfeíirgrofi/
Sonrucf i mii (Kid) (mifíni Sllamt/ £>& ifjonw í S3 crgícr gnxm mit jvaufi / <£r abjujicbcn fid) cntfcölcp.
111. 5. W ilhelm P é ter Z im m e rm an n : Siege o f E sztergom . E n g rav in g . 1603
Pr o b l e m s o f Au t h e n t i c i t y i n t h e De p i c t i o n o f Hu n g á r iá n Ca s t l e s 51
a sa a
111. 6. J u s tu s van d e n N y p o o rt: Siege o f E sztergom . Veduta. 1683
A. d e Jtrrr.K te g r a n t i . d e W a tc r j t a d - t , C . ^ a K a ia * . U d e D o n t u t w . Ji de> K i v i r J ra ,* ^
111. 7. G á sp á r B o u ttats: View o f E szterg o m . Veduta. Second h a lf o f th e 17lh c e n tu ry
W ilhelm P eter Z im m erm an n , too, m ad e c o p p e r engrav in gs fór a volum e on th e Fifteen Years War:
Sám uel D ilbaum ’s Eikonographia, p u b lish ed in two volum es betw een 1603 an d 1607 in A ugsburg. T h e 1595 siege o f E sztergom is show n from above - from a b ird ’s eye view a n d acco rd in g to th e inseription in verse depicts the scene in which “Arch- d uk e M atthias ro u ts th e T u rk s” (111. 5) . 5 Inscrip- tions in verse a p p e a r on all Z im m e rm an n ’s illustra- tions, to g e th e r w ith ex p lan a tio n s to aid o rien ta - tion. T h e se e x p lan a tio n s are certainly useful since his dep ictions a re ra th e r schem atic an d th e details can be iden tified only with difficulty.
O v er a ce n tu ry h ad to pass befo re th e T urkish siege o f V ienna in 1683 an d the re c a p tu re o f B uda from th e T urks in 1686. B etw een these two notable events, th e re was n ee d to in fo rm th e E u ro p e a n public o f th e m any battles fo u g h t in H ungary.
G raphic d epictions o f these events, p u b lish ed in m any th o u san d s o f copies, w ere m ade by a wide variety of artists. T h e se depictions reflect efforts to com bine to p o g rap h ic al accuracy a n d au th en ticity with th e stylistic richness o f B aroque art. T h is is why d u rin g this p e rio d we m ostly e n c o u n te r works satisfying th e d e m a n d s nő t only o f artistic quality, b ú t alsó o f accuracy with re g a rd to detail.
T h e nam e o f th e D u tc h m a n Ju stu s van d e n Ny- p o o rt (1625-1692) should be m en tio n ed first. He cam e to C entral E u ro p e in 1683, in sam e year illus- tratin g the title page o f the N agyszom bat alm anac with a view o f th a t town. H e alsó m ade two pictures showing the siege o f V ienna an d one show ing the siege o f Esztergom . T h e year 1686 saw the
publica-5 Siege o f E sztergom . 1publica-59publica-5. Paper, c o p p e rp la te etch in g . 15.8 x 26 cm . Inv. no. T. 4212.
tion o f his m ost im p o rtan t a n d best-knowm w ork, a collection o f 1 1 0 co p p e r etchings a n d engravings fór a geom etry textbook p ro d u c ed fór Jo sep h I, who h ad b een crow ned king o f H u n g a ry at the age o f nine. A nton E rn st B u rck h a rd t von B irckenstein, a m ilitary e n g in ee r who served in th e rá n k o f lieuten- a n t colonel as th e ch ief e n g in e e r o f Győr, w rote the text. N y p o o rt’s tow nscape illustrations are usually quite accurate, an d the sam e is tru e o f his works show ing castles in w estern H u n g a ry an d th e castles on Esterházy estates along th e D anube. (N ypoort received quite a n u m b e r o f com m issions from th e palatine, Pál Esterházy.) Besides th eir accuracy, these depictions are alsó im p o rta n t o n account o f the g en re scenes shown in the fo reg ro u n d . It has often been n oted th a t they are u n iq u e in the history o f H u n g á riá n B aroque, despite the fact th a t they re flect th e usual clichés o f this p erio d , albeit at a high level artistically. N ypo ort’s folios have a geom etric design at the top, a view o f th e castle in question in the m iddle, an d a g en re scene in th e fo reg ro u n d . O n th e folio depicting Esztergom th e re is a lőne figure on horseback slogging am o n g the hills in- stead o f th e usual lively scene (111. 6 ) . 6 T h e depiction o f th e casde an d th e hill is accurate an d to som é ex te n t quite rich in detail, insofar as this is possible in th e case o f a d istant prospect.
W ith re g a rd to style a n d com position, G asp ard B o u ttats’s veduta series show ing th e castles o f Hun
gary has m uch in com m o n with N y p o o rt’s illustra
tions. B outtats (1640-1695) rarely gives b ird ’s eye views: his dep ictio ns are - as in the case o f his p ro s p e c t o f E sztergo m - usually fro n ta l views
6 View o f E sztergom . Paper, c o p p e rp la te e tc h in g . 19 x 12.8 cm . Inv. no. T. 3444.
Pr o b l e m s o f Au t h e n t i c i t y i n t h e De p i c t i o n o f Hu n g á r iá n Ca s t l e s 5 3
111. 8. J o h a n n Ja c o b von S a n d ra rt: Siege o f E sztergom Veduta. 1683
111. 9. F ra n z Jasch k e: View o f E sztergom . A q u atin t. First h a lf o f th e 19,h c e n tu ry
was com pletely transform ed. Two exam ples will be sufficient to show the changes th at h ad taken piacé by the laté eighteenth an d early n ineteenth centuries.
T h e p ro sp e ct o f E sztergom m ad e by F ried rich B e rn h a rd W ern er (1690-1778) em ploys th e old
in m in d th a t these w orks o f g ra p h ic a rt are nő t m erely good visual sources a n d d o cu m en ts - al
th o u g h th e ir usefulness in this re g a rd c a n n o t an d sh ou ld n ő t b e overlooked b ú t w orks o f a r t o f varying s ta n d a rd an d occasionally special quality. 11
7 View o f E sztergom . P aper, c o p p e rp la te e tc h in g . 10.6 x 26 cm . Inv. no. T. 2286.
8 L ib eratio n o f E sztergom . Paper, c o p p e rp la te etc h in g . 16.6 x 28.9 cm . Inv. no. T. 299.
9 View o f E sztergom . Paper, c o lo u re d c o p p e rp la te en g ra v in g . 24.3 x 35.5 cm . Inv. no. T. 298.
10 View o f E sztergom . P aper, a q u a tin t. 35 x 45 cm . Inv. no. T.
5122.
11 B u b i c s 1880, 21; L e p o l d 1944, 17-18, No. 19; R ó z s a 1955, 11, No. V I; C e n n e r - W i l h e l m b 1957, 191, 198, N o. 22; 196 6 - 67, 2 3 2 -2 3 3 ; F a u s e r 1978, 267, N o. 4841; G a l a v i c s 1986;
1993; F ü l e m ü l e 1989, 128, No. 10; B a s ic s 2000.
Z O L T Á N B E N C Z E