Following the o ccup ation o f B u d a in 1541, a signi- the new historical situation the Balkan provinces o f the O tto m an E m pire, especially B osnia an d H e r
zegovina, played a m ed iatin g role. T h e reason fór the increasingly stro n g contacts with the Balkans was nő t ju s t the m u tu al b o rd é r; a com plex in terp lay o f n u m e ro u s factors e x e rcised a significant B alkan inílu en ce over n early every area o f life, arch itectu re in clu d ed , in th e O tto m a n -in h a b ite d region s o f the
T h ey an d their relatives became highly placed military a n d civilian leaders in th e newly form ed vilayet o f B uda. Later, th e h ig h -ra n k in g officials a n d soídiers co n tin u ed to be m ade u p o f people from this region, an d extensive family an d ofFicial connections allowed th e m to ho ld o n to these positions to th e e n d o f th e structures known from w ritten sources an d authentic co ntem porary drawings.
In the second type, the apse was left an d a vestibule was a d d e d to ex p a n d the church. An exam ple o f this kind o f a lte ra d o n is the M emi Pa§a C am i in Pécs, o r the Sultan Süleym an Cami in the B uda Castle District con v erted in 1541 from th e m edieval C h u rch o f the Virgin M ary intő a m osque, an d the Fethiye Cami o r Clock M osque (alsó in th e B u d a C astle D istrict) co n v erted in 1596 from th e G othic C h u rch o f Mary M agdalene. Fór m osques co nv erted from churches, th e o riginal tow er served as th e m in aret, b ú t th ere w ere alsó cases in which an “O ttom an-style” m inaret was b u ilt b esid e a m edieval, fo rm erly C h ristian , ch u rch .
W ith re g ard to Balkan connections, the originally O tto m an buildin gs w ere substantially m o re im p o r
tan t. In this respect, referen ces a re to be fo u n d in the descriptions by Evlia Qelebi an d in o th e r sources, an d m any exam ples can be seen o n city m aps an d Balkans an d in occupied Hungary, was a m osque with a sq u are g ro u n d p lán , th re e arch ed segm ents, an o p e n v e stib u le , a c u p o la , a n d a m in a re t. T h e frequency o f these is indicated by the existing rem ains as well as by sev e n teen th -cen tu ry surveys draw n up by m ilitary eng in eers. A large n u m b e r o f B alkan parallels o f this g ro u n d -p la n a rra n g e m e n t are to be found, so m uch so that it may be considered the truly typical one, an d even with re g a rd to size th e re are com m issioning the given buildings alsó arises. From the standpoint o f analysis o f detail-forms, th e prim ary objects o f ex am in atio n a re th e m osques still sta n d ing, o r th e ir rem ains. T h e best o p p o rtu n ity h e re is p ro v id ed by th e Yakovali H asan Pa§a C am i in Pécs (shown on p. 2 o f the p resen t volume), the m ost intact form rem ain in g in H ungary. Built in the second half
111. 1. G azi K asim Pa§a C am i, Pécs (1 5 4 3 -1 5 6 4 )
o f th e six teen th century, this sm all cami is th e m ost o rn a te of any in th e country. A m ultiply co n to u re d stone fram e b o rd e rs th e e n tra n c e , a p o rta i p ro je c t
ing from th e p láne o f the facade. Above th e e n tra n ce th ere is a triangu lar-sh ap ed field fram ed by two rows o f stalactite d eco ratio n . O n th e low er p a r t o f this tr ia n g u la r field is a re c ta n g u la r n ic h e . S im ilar e n tra n c e a rra n g e m e n ts can be fo u n d at th e §i§m an Ib ra h im C am i in Pocitelj an d at th e B alagusa an d Lala M ustafa Cam is in Livno. In its p ro p o rtio n s th e m in are t of the Yakovah H asan Pa§a C am i is closest to th a t of the §i§man Ib ra h im Cam i. T h e floral o r n a m entatio n d ec o ratin g the walls is a m odest v ariadon on th e o rn a m e n ta tio n o f O tto m a n wall-tiles, w hich are u n k n o w n o n arch itectu ra l relics o f the p e rio d o f O tto m an occupation in H ungary.
T h e o th e r type is a re c ta n g u la r m o sque covered by a gabled roof, with an o p e n vestibule a n d a m in a
ret. Regrettably, only two buildings re p re se n tin g this ty p e a re still s ta n d in g today. O n e is th e S u h a n Süleym an C am i in th e fortress at Szigetvár, a n d the o th e r is the Özigeli H aci Ib rah im C am i in th e Vízi
váro s (W ater Tow n) d istric t o f E szterg o m . T h is ground plán can be alsó observed at Gyula’s Süleym an Cam i, the rem ains have b een excavated. Parallels to this latter type o f g ro u n d p lán occu r in th e B alkan provinces. Sim ilar g ro u n d plans are to b e observed at the H ü n k á r Cam i an d the C areva Cam i in Foca, as well as at th e Islam Aga A drevic C am i in Nis b u ilt in
th e early eig h tee n th century. T h e b est ex a m p le o f this type is th e Sultan S üleym an C am i in Szigetvár (111. 2), com m issioned by Sokollu M ustafa betw een 1566 and 1578. An L-shaped vestibule, originally with arcades, is attached to th e m osque. T h e mihrab niche was on th e enclosed so u th east side. A p arallel with its vestibule can be fo u n d in th e Edém Bey Cam i bu ilt in T ira n a in th e early e ig h te e n th century.
In b o th types o f g ro u n d p lán it is possible to observe an extrem ely large num b er o f details that were very com m on in th e O tto m an arc h ite c tu re o f the
Balkans.
T h e d istrib u tio n o f w indow s at th e Malko^ Bey C am i in Siklós can be co n sid ered a p arallel to the d istrib u tio n a t th e K aragöz C am i in M ostar, th e
§i§man Ibrahim Cami in Pocitelj, an d the Alaca Cami in Foca. Its m in a re t is p en ta g o n a l in design, as is th a t o f the Ali Pa§a Cam i in Sarajevo. B oth th e m in a
re t a n d the wings are accessible from a stairway built intő th e wall a n d o p en in g o u t o f a w indow recess. At th e F erh ad Pa§a C am i in B anja L uka, two spirál stairways fo rm e d in th e m ain wall lead to th e wing, as in th e case o f th e Fatih C am i in Pristina. T h e closest to th e m o sq u e in Siklós, how ever, is th e B anjabasi C am i in Sofia, w here th e en try likewise opens from a window recess an d connects to the wing.
T h e window s o f m ost m osques fe atu re th e ogee o r high arch generally em p lo yed in O tto m an a rc h i
tecture. T h e exception is th e Sultan Süleym an Cam i
Ba l k a n In f l u e n c e s i nt h e Mo s q u e Ar c h i t e c t u r eo f H u n g a r y 1 8 3
111. 2. S ultan S ü le y m a n Cami, Szigetvár (1566-1578)
a n d Koski M ehm ed Cam is in Mostar.
T h e mihrabs in H ungary, with two exceptions, were built o f brick, with varying stalactite arch enclosures.
T h e partially chipped rem ains o f these were recovered d u rin g th e re searc h w ork, a n d o f th em only two co uld be re co n stru cted . T h e mihrabs fór th e Gazi Kasim Pa§a C am i in Pécs a n d T oygun Pa§a C am i in B u d a w e re c a rv e d fro m sto n e. E lem en ts o f th e stalactite arches o f th e latter a re sim ilar to th e mihrab o f th e Alaca C am i in Foca.
Unfortunately, all o fth e vestibules o f o u r mosques have perished, with only details or fragments remaining.
T h e material in H ungary containsboth types ofcolum n used to support the arches of the vestibule. T h e stalactite capital was used in the Gazi Kasim Pa§a Cami in Pécs.
A parallel can be found in the vestibule o f th e Koski M ehm ed Pa§a Cami in Mostar. T h e vestibule o f the Ferhad Pa§a Cami, alsó in Pécs, features the so-called
Sarajevo, an d Haci M ehm ed, a n o th e r fo rm er pa§a o f B u da, fo u n d e d th e K aragöz Bey Cam i in M ostar.
Sokollu M ustafa, yet a n o th e r pa§a o f B uda, fo u n d e d a n u m b e r o f buildings in B u d a a n d H u ng ary, a n d is alsó know n to have fo u n d e d a com plex o f buildin gs in R u d o , B osnia. Kasim Pa§a - supcessively san- cakbeyi o f Eszék, M ohács a n d Pécs a n d m o re th an once pa§a o f B uda an d Tem esvár - founded H u n g ary ’s largest surviving m osque, th e Gazi Kasim Pa§a C am i in Pécs (111. 1) a n d alsó h a d a m osque b uilt in Eszék.
As can be seen from these few exam ples, close family a n d o fficial ties lin k e d H u n g a r y a n d B o s n ia - H erzegovina th ro u g h o u t the p erio d o f the O ttom an occupation. T h is fact played a d efm ing role n ő t only in m osque a rch itectu re , b ú t alsó in O tto m an a rc h i
tectu re in g enerál in H ungary, which should be seen as an extension o f Balkan O ttom an architecture, albeit with its ow n u n iq u e characteristics.2
2 F ó r f u r t h e r r e a d i n g : Ge r ó 1980; A c c o r d i n g t h e p e o p l e o f B a l k a n o r i g i n i n H u n g a r y : He g y i 1998. S e e a l s ó t h e s t u d y o f K l á r a H e g y i i n t h i s v o l u m e . W r i t t e n s o u r c e s : Ka rá c so n
1904; 1908; 1985; Ve l ic s - Ka m m e r er 1 8 8 6 -1 8 9 0 ; Ve ress
1906; R e g a r d i n g K a s im P a§ a C a m i a n d Y a k o v a li H a s a n C a m i a t P é c s c f . Go s z t o n y i w .d . ; Ge r ó 1 9 6 0 a; 1 9 76; S u l t a n S ü l e y m a n C a m i i n S z i g e t v á r c f. Ge r ó 1966; Ö z ig e l i H a c i
I b r a h im C am i a t E sz te rg o m cf. Ge r ó 1965; Malkoc; Bey C am i in Siklós cf. Ge r ő 1983; S ü ley m an C am i in G yula cf.
Ge r el y e s 1996, 1 0 2 -1 1 1 ; fó r an alo g ies in th e B alk an s cf.
Be jt ió 1 9 5 2 -5 3 ; Ay v e r d i 1981, II/3 .
* T h e re s e a rc h was s u p p o r te d by th e N a tio n a l R esearch F u n d (‘O T K A ’).
G H E O R G E L A N E V S C H I