T h e vilayet of Tem esvár was created after the O ttom an forces, b eg in n in g in 1551, system atically o ccupied th e fortresses o f th e K ingdom o f H u n g a ry in th e so- called T iszántúl (the reg io n directly east o f th e River Tisza). T his process actually beg an with the conquest o f O rsóvá in 1520; th e first m ajo r ev en t was the the T reaty o f Passarowitz (1718), although the great- e r p a r t o fits te rrito ry h ad b een occupied as early as the O ttom ans, tog ether with the fortress o f Ada-Kale;
a canal ru n n in g parallel to th e River C sern a was
ered m arkets, inns, türbes an d o th er sepulchral build
ings, fou ntain s an d brid ges - , as well as th e tech- tu re and the ornam entation o f these buildings showed a re m ark in g uniform ity. T h e architects usually came
c o n te m p o ra ry B osnia, since m any beylerbeyis an d cultural an d technological d evelo pm ent th at built on th e re m a in in g C hristian (and Jew ish) pop u latio n , as
O t t o m a n A r c h i t e c t u r e i n t h e Vi l a y e t o f T e m e s v á r 1 8 9 occupation o f th e town by the O ttom ans, Evlia Qelebi visited Borosjenő: “S tanding on the banks o fth e River Körös, th e fortress is re c ta n g u la r in g ro u n d plán a n d has small stone bastions. [...] 1 he gate is on its S o u thern side, th e key is held by th e aga o f the jan issaries w ho lives in th e fortress. Insid e, n e a r the gate, stands th e cami o f S ultan M ehm ed, beside it is a clocktow er constructed o f w ooden planks, an d a mill d riv e n by h o rse s. T h e new f ó r t [i.e. th e castle reno v ated by the Transylvanians] th at contains noth- ing b ú t the janissaries’ room s lies within the fortress.”
Lying on b o th sides o f th e K örös, th e varo§ was p ro te c te d by a palisade, eig h t stro n g bastions an d th ree w ooden gates (the Temesvár, Gyula an d V árad gates). “T h e solid a n d m ost graceful tile-roofed cami with a stone m inaret o f K öprülü M ehm ed Pa§a stands in this town; it is visited by m any fór praying.” Haseki O sm an A ga’s tiled -ro o fed cami stood in th e m iddle pasa's seray, with a pordco an d a bathhouse, was located n e a r th e G yula G ate. [...] So fa r the town has only walls an d the m oat were originally built in the Middle Ages. T h e re w ere fo u r camis inside the fortress, each seray o f th e C sanád bey is located beside this cami.
“T h e town has th re e medreses, th re e tekkes, four mektebs an d ab o u t th re e h u n d re d shops. A lthough th e re is no [covered] bazaar, it does have a small b ath h o u se an d th ree in n s. ” 14
T h e fortress was d em o lish ed in 1701, u n d e r the supervision o f A ustrian officers. T h e m edieval build
ings w ere alsó d estro y e d at this tim e. T h e 1717
A palisade built in 1571-72;17 in the laté sixteenth cen tu ry it h ad a g arriso n o f 260 soldiers th a t was
p o p u latio n becam e p re d o m in a n tly M uslim w ithin a few decades after the O tto m an occupation; it was the only tow n in the sancak th a t h ad a sizeable M uslim civilian p o p u latio n .
A ccording to the 1579 tax defter, the town had the following mahalle s: q u a rte r o f the sacred cami o f Ishak Bey, q u a r te r o f th e sacred cami o f Ali Bey (with th e türbe of the cami’s fo u n d e r), q u a r te r o f th e mescid of M ehm ed Aga, q u a rte r o fth e mescid o f Ilias K ethüda, a n d q u a rte r o fth e mescid o f K urd Bey. T h e o u te r fórt held th e sacred cami o f th e su h an : this can p e rh a p s be identified with the S uhan Süleym an Cami quarter.
An a d d itio n a l th r e e mahalles w ere p o p u la te d by H ungarians, a fo u rth by seven Serbian martolose s and their families.22 T h e town alsó had th ree medreses and, acco rd in g to Evlia Qelebi, eleven b a th h o u se s.23
HARAM (today: B anatska Palanka, Yugoslavia) T h e settlem en t was the seat o f o n e-d m e Krassó County, its m edieval fortress stood on th e left b an k o f th e D anube.
A palisade was constructed h e re d u rin g th e O tto m an p erio d . A ccording to Evlia Qelebi, th e stro ng - hold held a cami an d fifty shingle-roofed houses, only th e pa§a's seray was roofed with tiles. T h e varo§ had four mahalles: two of these were inhabited by Muslims, th e o th e r two by C hristians. T h e re w ere th re e camis and one bathhouse; the two m ain streets were covered with w ooden planks. T h e w ealthier in h ab itan ts h ad b ath h o u ses in th e ir h o u ses.24
JE N Ő . See B orosjenő.
KARÁNSEBES (today: Caransebe§, Rom ania) U ntil 1658 the town was th e seat o f t h e Lúgos an d K aránsebes banate of Transylvania; u n d e r O tto m an rule it functioned as a sancak seat. T h e
pentago-defence system: the town was ring ed by a m oat an d palisade, and there were th ree strongholds on the left bank o fth e River Maros (fortresses o f Lippa, Orta-Kale an d Narin-Kale) an d one on th e right bank (R adna) .26
T h e fortress o f L ippa was re c ta n g u la r in g ro u n d plán an d h ad four corner-bastions; its circum ference was ten th o u sa n d paces an d it h ad five gates: the Bridge Gate (or R adna Gate), the Azab Gate, the W ater G ate, th e T em esvár G ate a n d th e B attal (“e m p ty ”,
“u n u s e d ”) Gate. T h e M artolos G ate a n d th e B arrie r G ate w ere p a rt o fth e palisade p ro tec tin g th e neigh- b o u rin g o u te r mahalles.
T h e fortress had five camis a n d a mescid. O f these, the following are known by name: the Büyük Cami was built in 1552, it had a cupola with leaden roofing, suggesting that it had originally been a Christian church;
the Temesvár Cami stood beside the Temesvár Gate (Evlia Gelebi reco rd ed its building inscription, although he miswrote th e date); Alay Bey’s cami stood beside the Battal Gate; while the Haci Mescid lay in the G erm án quarter. O n e o f these was probably identical with the
“templum turcicum mechiett vulgo nunculpatum” on “the corner o f H íd utca and Ábrahám Diák utca” that already existed in the “first O ttom an p eriod” o f Lippa. In 1615 the ab a n do ned building was “tidied u p ” by a certain
“(Jelebi Tatar”, who had been perm itted to visit the town, and from 1616 it again served a building fór Muslim w orshippers.27
Evlia Qelebi alsó describes seven mektebs a n d a medrese. B efore 1688, th e re was alsó a karavanseray beside the River Maros: its g ro u n d floor was o f stone, the u p p e r storey was b uilt from w o od.28
T h e O rta-K ale (“M iddle F ort”) stood beside the fortress o f L ippa; co n stru c te d o f w'ood an d e a rth , it
21 Ev l ia 1976, 5 0 3 -5 0 4 . 22 Ká ld y- Nagy1982, 4 7 -5 4 .
23 F ó r th e excav atio n o f th e G yula fo rtress, cf. Pa rá di 1966, 1 3 5-165; Fe i.d2000, 2 5 7 -2 8 0 ; fór th e T u rk is h b a th h o u s es , cf. Ge r ő 1980, 77; fó r th e id en tific atio n o f th e O tto m a n -p e rio d b u ild in g s a n d th e excav atio n o f th e S ü ley m an C am i, cf. Gerelyes 1996 a n d h e r stu d y in this volum e.
24 Ev l ia 1962.
25 Ev l ia 1976, 5 3 4 -5 3 5 ; Se b e s t y é n 1984, 4 1 -4 3 . 26 Márk i 1895; Ev l ia 1976, 5 0 5 -5 0 9 ; Osman ACa, 69.
27 Márk i 1895, 243.
28 Osm an Aő a, 70.
O t t o m a n A r c h i t e c t u r e i n t h e Vi l a y e t o f T e m e s v á r 1 9 1 müezzins all lived in this fórt, which alsó incorp o rated the trea su ry an d th e g u n p o w d e r m agaziné. o f Karlowitz, the A ustrian im perial arm y dem olished th e fortifications o f L ip p a in 1702, a lth o u g h a small tels, the medreses, the tekkes, the schools a n d the camis, th e m ark é t a n d th e b azaar w ere all built by Sokollu A ustrian ad m in istration settled Catholic B ulgarians in th e town, th e re was still a “T urkish w atch-tow er”, imám, the muezzin, a n d the mehterba§i live here. Above its gate, beside th e p rison, stands a w ooden clock tower. T h e varo§ [town] itself lies on the piain beside th e fo rtre s s .” A ro u n d 1600 it h a d “so m é th re e
th e H ab sb u rg a n d th e O tto m a n em p ire s was draw n fed by the River Cserna. This canal m arked the b o rdér betw een th e two em p ires un til 1790. T h e canal ra n in an area called Zsellérföldek on the territo ry o f the Z aránd nahiye o f the one-tim e sáncok o f G yula. 42 A medieval town an d castle on the elevations rising above th e floodplain o f th e rivers Béga a n d Tem es. A r a th e r a m b itio u s re b u ild in g p ro je c t, u n d e r th e direction o f Castaldo, was com pleted before the 1551- 52 siege. T h e town was occupied in 1551 by the troops
O t t o m a n A r c h i t e c t u r e i n t h e Vi l a y e t o f T e m e s v á r 1 9 3
111. 1. W iew o f S olym os castle, 1816. A q u a re lle . N a tio n a l S z éch én y i L ib rary , B u d a p e s t
th e sketches d raw n by a n architect know n as “Rado- nia M eym ar” a ro u n d 1700;51 an d m aps p re p a re d by C ap tain P errette in 1716, following the arrival o f the im p erial tro o p s. 52
D u rin g the O tto m an p erio d T em esvár was m ade u p o f th e follow ing fo u r p a r ts:53
(1) T h e “C astle”, i.e. th e m edieval stone fortress.
It h a d fo u r cylindrical corner-b astio n s a n d a prism - sh a p e d gateh o u se. A palisade with cylindrical brick tow ers a t its co rn ers a n d a gatehouse resem bling the c itad e l’s ow n en circled it.
(2) T h e “F o rtress” was originally the town q u a r
te r enclosed by th e palisade lying beside th e castle;
in th e M iddle Ages it h ad several m on asteries an d ch u rc h e s. D u rin g th e O tto m a n p e rio d this tow n q u a r te r was th e varos an d was d o m in ated by Mus- lims, a lth o u g h th e re was alsó a “L atin mahalle”. T h e Fortress accom m odated the m ost im p o rtan t religious a n d com m ercial institutions an d their buildings. T h e palisade was constructed o f strong tim bers an d earth, w ith sev eral b astio n s a n d gates; th ese w e re th e following: the New Gate (or B elgrade Gate), a
small-51 O p r i§ 1 9 8 7 , 19 . 52 Op r i§ 1 9 8 7 , 2 2 - 2 3 . 53 P r e y e r 1 9 9 5 , 1 8 2 .
e r gate th a t led to th e Small Palisade, Bastion o f th e In n e r F ortress, G ate o f th e Bloody B astion, G ate o f the Janissaries, R ooster Gate with a w eathervane and clock tow er (with a kiosk above the tower), Bastion o f the Sipahis, Bastion o f the Arsenal, Gate o f the Azabs, Bastion o f the W ater G ate, an d W ater G ate (called L úgos G ate a fte r 1658). T h e F o rtress h a d fo u r separate town quarters.
(3) T h e suburbs bordered onto the above two parts.
Most im p ortan t am ong them were the G reat Palisade a n d th e Small Palisade; b o th w ere fortified with ra m p a rts a n d w ooden walls a n d w ere divided intő a totál o f ten mahalles. 54 T h e Small Palisade lay beside th e Castle an d was rin g ed by a m oat. T h e H ü n k á r Cam i, as well as a n o th e r cami, lay in this area. T h e G reat Palisade was the extensive n o rth w est-n o rth ern - n o rth ea st sub urb th at held a larger p o p u latio n th an all o th e r p arts o f the tow n p ú t together. Its eastern en d was called Sziget (“Islan d ”). T h e G re at Palisade h ad th ree camis, one o f which was the “attractive new Seid A hm ed Cam i beside the R ooster G ate an d the ra m p a rt” .55 T h e ch u rch o f th e Franciscan friars an d
54 O tte n d o r f f calls th e G re a t P alisad e S ziget (“ I s la n d ”) a n d th e Sm all Palisade R a tz e n s ta d t (“S e rb ian Q u a r te r ”).
55 H e r m a n n 1 9 4 3 , 7 3 .
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" " U l M H U in W n S k
111. 2. S to c k a d e o f S za rv as. U n k n o w n m aste r. E n g ra v in g fro m th e la té 16lh c e n tu r y
th e O rth o d o x ch u rc h lay in th e Sziget area. T h e re was an in n n e a r th e G ate o f th e Azabs.56 A totál o f two th o u sa n d houses b u rn e d dow n h e re d u rin g th e siege o f l 7 1 6 .57
(4) T h e G u n p o w d e r Mill (Baruthane) was located o n a n o th e r fortified island east o f th e fortress, n e a r the W ater G ate an d the Serbian church. T h ese areas w ere s u rro u n d e d by o th e r sparsely b u ilt-u p qu ar- ters with g a rd e n s a n d su m m er residences; m ost o f these w ere com pletely destro y ed d u rin g th e sieges.
O n e o f these was “the pa§a’s su m m er re sid e n ce”, w hose ru in s can still be seen today, n e a r th e n o rth - east exit from Tem esvár; “a few dervishes lived be- yond th e tow n q u a rte rs along th e ed g e o f th e tow n, at th e distance o f a ca n n o n shot, n e a r th e tö m b o f one o f th e ir saints. ” 58
T h e following Islam ic public b uildings a re m en tio n ed in th e w ritten sources:
- Camis, mescids. A ccording to O tte n d o rff, “T e
m esvár has eight large mescids, each with a high tower, built o f brick in th e custom ary m a n n e r a n d roofed with lead. T h e re are two in th e Town, to th e rig h t an d left o f the bazaar, one on the Island, a n d a n o th e r
56 O p r i§ 1 9 8 7 , 1 9 : o n “R a d o n ia M e y m ar’s” m ap.
57 Pre y e r 1 9 9 5 , 1 9 1 .
five in th e o u te r to w n q u a r te rs . T h e s e a r e th e following: the K adnca Mescid (on a m arkét, n e a r the inn), th e Klca M escid (n e ar th e B elg rad e ro a d ), th e H ü n k á r Mescid (this side o f the bazaar), the Cem cem e Mescid (on th e o th e r side o f th e bazaar, n e a r the Castle) a n d the Seid A hm ed M escid (in th e su b u rb , n ea r the R ooster Gate), with the töm b o f th e founder, who was stran g led in th e c o u rty a rd on th e o rd e rs o f the su h a n .”
Evlia Celebi m entions ten mescids: beside th e Seid A hm ed Pa§a C am i, he alsó describes th e S ilahtar Mescid (on th e Island), th e Ai§e-Kadin M escid an d th e M u rad iy e at th e e n d o f th e mahalle. H e alsó describes th ree simple, small w ooden mescidsw ith low w ooden m inarets: o n e by the G ate o f th e Azabs; o n e on th e b an k o f th e R iver T em es, beside th e S erbian ch u rch ; a n d a th ird at th e e n d o f th e Isla n d. 59 T h e citadel h ad fo u r camis; th re e o f these are m en tio n ed by name: the Süleyman Kan Cami, the Cemceme Cami a n d the §iket (?) Cam i.
A nother good source fór the camis an d mescids is the docum entation o f th e sultan’s chancellery. T hese docum ents m ention th e First Cam i an d its staff o f
58 H e r m a n n 1 9 4 3 , 7 7 . 59 E v l i a 1 9 7 6 , 4 9 9 .