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f . £ irt ö e c l x l í t n Don r o a m v n n x t f s s r a n f i n B u l f f t r m u h l .

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111. 6. T h e siege o f E sztergom in 1595. E n g rav in g by S ib m ach er (detail)

111. 7. T h e cle a re d T u rk is h gate lea d in g fro m th e W ater-Tow n to th e “ B u d a G a te ” R o u n d B astion

reality^{) . 34} It was at this tim e, however, th a t landscap- ing related to the construction o f the new basilica may have caused th e walls to be covered, since sig- nificant p arts o f the castle’s south an d southeast fortifications w ere in fact overlaid using th e enor- m ous a m o u n t o f e a rth ex tracted from th e m iddle o f Castle Hill. T his situation is reflected in György O rb á n ’s illustration from 1825,35 although the n orth - east cortina wall is still visible on it, holding back the earth infill. L ater the infill “spilled o ver” th e wall, covering up the gap betw een the two walls and eventually p a rt o f the Southern cortina wall itself.

T his state o f affairs is reílected in H. H um - m itzsch’s 1842 p a n o ra m a , as well as in A. von R eiffenstein’s o f 1865. T h e cadastral m ap o f 1868 m arks only the ro u n d bastion, a lth o u g h sm aller

sections o f th e S outhern c o rtin a wall could still be seen at this tim e at th e ed g e o f th e fill.36

T h e final filling u p o f th e S outhern co rtin a wall took piacé in 1936-38, w hen som é o f th e e a rth a n d ru b b le rem o v ed in th e excavation o f th e royal pal- ace was d ep o sited betw een th e two co rtin a walls, at th e sam e tim e as a sm aller excavation was b ein g c o n d u c te d at th e n o rth e a s t foot o f th e ro u n d bas­

tion. It was in th e la tte r excavation th a t a n o rth - facing e m b ra su re was fo u n d at th e base o f th e wall.

In 1938, a con crete cup ola was placed o n the th e n d ec ap itated g u a rd tower.

B etw een 1971 an d 1977, ap p ro x im a te ly 3000 cubic m etres o f e a rth w ere rem o ved from th e a re a o f th e ro u n d bastion a n d th e walls to free th em com pletely from th e ir e a rth covering. Alsó b ro u g h t

34 Ma t h e s 1827, T able II. 36 O n a p h o to g ra p h fro m c. 1890 in th e co llection o f th e

Balas-35 In th e collection o f th e Balassa B á lin t M u seu m , E szterg o m . sa B álint M useum .

Ot t o m a n Mi l i t a r y Co n s t r u c t i o n i n Es z t e r g o m 8 3

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111. 8. 1. “ F ran ciscan ” R o u n d B astion; 2. “T h e rm a l W ater B a th s” T ow er; 3. “T h e rm a l W ate r” F ortification; 4. S ection o f the S o u th e rn wall o f th e W ater-Tow n a n d th e g ro u n d p lá n o f th e R ü stem Pa§a B aths, a fte r Istv á n H o rv á th ’s excavations

to light at this tim e was th e d o u b le-a rch e d “T u rk ­ ish ” G ate m ad e o f stone lead in g from th e W ater- Town to th e ro u n d bastion (111. 7^{) . 37} D u rin g these o p eratio n s th e tow er built by S üleym an a n d m e n ­ tio n ed by Istvánffy was identified. Át th e sam e tim e it was d e te rm in e d th a t th e ledges o f th e ro u n d bastion a n d g u a rd tow er w ere n ő t O tto m an w ork (instead they probably w ere m ade from m edieval fo u n d a tio n elem en ts taken from St. A d a lb e rt’s Ca- th e d ra l^{) , 38} a n d th a t th e su b stru c tu re o f th e g u a rd tow er was massively built from sto n e.39

(2) “T h e rm a l W ater B aths” (H évízfürdő) Tower (in T urkish: Ilica Kulesi) (111. 3. 10). At th e

south-37 Fór th e 1 9 7 1 -7 7 re se a rc h a n d ex cav atio n s, cf. RégFüz S er I.

26 (1973), 1 0 1-102; 31 (1978) 108. T h e r e p o rts a re by István H o rv á th .

38 RégFüz Ser. I 26 (1973) 102; cf. Molnár 1967a, 85, 111. 6.

39 E arlier o n Molnár 1967a, 85; 1976, 100; we, too, h a d ex-p e cted a sex-p irá l stairw ell in th e in te rio r o f th e cylindrical b u ild in g . RégFüz Ser. I 25 (1972) 9 1 -9 2 ; cf. M R T 5, 117.

east e n d o f W ater-Town stands a ro u n d co rn er- bastion in the shape o f a th ree -q u arte rs circle. Along with th e n earby O tto m an baths, this ro u n d bastion was the work o f R üstem Güzelce, pa§a o f B uda. It was built betw een 1559 an d 1563, probably on the site o f a m edieval tow er. 40 It was severely d am ag ed d u rin g th e sieges o f 1594-95,41 as d ep icted by W.

M eyerpeck an d C. C ogo ran o in 1595.42 B etw een 1595 an d 1600 Miklós Pálffy h ad it rebuilt, at which tim e the town wall co nn ectin g it to th e “B u d a ” Gate was re n o v a te d^.43 T h e ro u n d bastion an d town wall a p p e a r o n a n u m b e r o f sev e n te en th -ce n tu ry en- gravings an d m ap s^.44 In th e siege o f 1706 the

west-40 Molnár 1967a, 8 5 -8 6 id en tifies th ese - m istak en ly - with th e “Sm all B ath s” o u tsid e th e wall, a n d w ith th e “T h e rm a l B ath s” (Hévíz) F ortification.

41 Némethy 1900a, 99; Istvánffy 1962, 278.

42 Lepold 1 9 4 4 , 5 2 , 1 7 2 . 49 Né m e t h y 1 9 0 0 a , 1 1 3 . 44 Lepold 1 9 4 4 , 1 3 7 , 1 7 1 .

111. 9. R em ains o f th e “ F erry G a te ” R o u n d B astion

e rn wall o f th e tow er an d th e tow n wall itself w ere blow n dow n. T h e y w ere re b u ilt in th e early eight- e e n th c e n tu ry.45 T h e n , in th e n in e te e n th century, th e n o rth e r n side was b u rie d u n d e r 4 -5 m etres o f e a rth filling.46 D u rin g an excavation in 1969, frag ­ m ents o f th e re -u sed six teen th -c en tu ry early R en- aissance re d m arble ledge from th e east wall o f the ro u n d bastion w ere u n e a r th e d.47

(3) “T h e rm a l W ater” (Hévíz) Fortification (alsó called M attyasovszky B astion; in T urkish: Sicak Su Kulesi) (111. 3. 11). C o n n ected to th e “T h e rm a l W ater B ath s” Tow er by only a linking wall, this fifteen-sided “r o u n d ” bastion h a d a d ia m e te r o f 22 m e tre s.48 It was m ade o f grey an d e site ashlar.

T h e S outhern h a lf stands today at full h eight, while the n o rth e r n h a lf was partly dism an tled . József M olnár co nsid ers it to have b een built by S inan in 1543,49 a lth o u g h elsew here he points o u t a kinship with th e tow er o f Karaka§ Pa§a bu ilt in B ud a b e­

tw een 1618 a n d 1621.50 M olnár alsó deals, sepa- rately, with the m asons’ m arks an d the in tere stin g ledge w ork on the ro u n d b astio n. 51 T h e co n stru c ­ tion o f th e fortification can be d a te d to th e p erio d

betw een 1605 (w hen th e T urks re c a p tu re d E szter­

gom fór th e second tim e) a n d 1663, since it does n ő t a p p e a r o n th e 1594-95 en grav in g s a n d m aps b ú t does fe a tu re in Evlia Qelebi’s 1663 ac c o u n t.52 It was severely d am ag e d in 1706, b ú t was reco n stru ct- ed , since it is show n as b ein g intact on A. K rey’s m aps o f 17 54 -5 6;53 it alsó a p p e a rs to be intact o n J á n o s P ach’s survey o f 1830.54 T h e tre n c h separat- ing th e ro u n d bastion, th e o u te r ra m p a rt a n d the town wall was fiiled to a d e p th o f 4 -5 m etres b e ­ tw een 1830 a n d 1850; a n d at th e sam e tim e the n o rth side o f th e ro u n d b astion was d ism an tled dow n to th e new g ro u n d level.66

(4) “F ranciscan” R o u nd B astion (111. 3. 9). T h is ro u n d b astion stood at th e S ou thern e n d o f K atona István utca, o n th e banks o f th e Little D anube. T h e O tto m an s pro b ab ly b u ilt it, b etw een 1543 a n d 1594.56 It first a p p e a rs o n C. C o g o ran o ’s 1595 m ap.

E ngravings a n d m aps from th e sev en teen th an d eig h te e n th ce n tu ry invariably show it.57 A ltho ugh it still existed in 1756 w hen a m ap by A. Krey d e ­ scribed it as th e “Franciscan R o u n d B astion” , 58 on a m ap m ad e a r o u n d 1763 it n o lo n g e r a p p e a rs.59 It

43 Le po l d 1 9 4 4 , 1 7 8 , 1 8 0 , 1 8 3 - 1 8 4 .

46 RégFüz Ser. I (1970) 82; István H o rv á th ’s ex cav atio n r e p o rt a n d d o c u m e n ta tio n : Balassa B álin t M u seu m , A rchives, inv.

no. 317/6.

47 Balassa B álint M u seu m , inv. no. 70.384.3. Cf. M R T 5, 117.

48 A cco rd in g to m e a su re m e n ts by J á n o s Pach in 1830. P hoto- copy o f th e o rig in a l d ra w in g h e ld by E szterg o m P rim atial A rchives: Balassa B álint M u seu m , A rchives, inv. no. 317/2.

49 Mo l n á r 1972, 2 7 -2 8 ; De r c s é n y i - Zo l n a y 1956, 57 alsó c o n sid er it to be fro m th e six te e n th cen tu ry .

50 Mo l n á r 1967a, 87.

51 Mo l n á r 1967a, 87; 1967b, 122—125: th e led g e e le m en ts carv ed o f s a n d sto n e w ere fa sh io n ed fro m th e é r a o f Á rp á d

dyn asty p ed estals, w hose o rig in a l fo rm s a re p re s e rv e d on th e sides facing th e in sid e o f th e w all (o n e such sto n e is in th e collection o f th e Balassa B álint M useum ).

52 Le po l d1936, 57; 1944, 1 9 ,4 9 , 52, 172; Ka rá c so n 1904, 275.

55 Le po l d 1944, 178, 183-184.

54 Balassa B álint M u seu m , A rchives, inv. no. 317/2.

55 Balassa B álint M u seu m , A rchives, inv. no. 317, Istv án H o r ­ v á th ’s e x cav atio n d o c u m e n ta tio n . See alsó: M R T 5, 118.

56 M R T 5, 118.

57 Le p o l d1944, 152, 161, 1 7 2 -1 7 3 , 178, 180.

58 Vil l á n y i 1 8 9 1 ,2 4 /1 0 0 . 59 Ma t h e s 1827, T able I.

Ot t o m a n Mi l i t a r y Co n s t r u c t i o n i n Es z t e r g o m 8 5 horizontally placed grid-like stru ctu re m ade o f thick beam s dow elled a n d nailed to g e th e r u sin g e n o r- used medieval stone carvings (Renaissance window- fram e elem ents an d so on) in its wall^.65

O u tsid e this gate th e tow n has n o houses, a n d

In 1599, Miklós Pálffy stren gthen ed the palisade,94

b ú t in 1605 it again passed intő O ttom an h a n d s,95

Ot id m a n Mil it a r y Co n s t r u c t i o n i n Es z t e r g o m 8 7

In 1663 Evlia Qelebi described it as follows: “T h e palisade ofT epeleden. East o f the casüe o f Esztergom, beyond a valley, there is a high hill. It was built anew by Hoca M oham ed Pa§a, who retook it from the enemy, houses with piánk roofs and piánk fences. T h e streets and houses are narrow. It has a cami, a headquarters,

2 0 0 soldiers, a sufficient arm oury, and good cannon.

This fortification stands on a wide egg-shaped hilltop with steep cliffs on all sides, therefore it has no moat except for a trench cut in the east side. T h ere is a well with wholesome water cut intő the rock inside the fortification. Should an enem y approach, in the first clash it would be a good idea, in o rd e r to prevent penetration o f this castle by the enemy, to level it to the gro u n d with m ines.” (111. 1 0 ) .97

lery) a n d barutgi-ba§i (m unitions q uarterm aster) agas, a n d in a sep arate division inside th e castle are th e

G Y U LA S IK L Ó S I

Military Events an d Fortification Work at Székesfehérvár