Ágnes HADHÁZY1 - Waleed A E ABIDO2 - István HENZSEL1
1Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, Institutes for Agricultural Research and Educational Farm, University of Debrecen, Hungary, hadhazy@agr.unideb.hu, hensel@agr.unideb.hu
2Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Postal office box 0205035516, Mansoura, Egypt madawy78@mans.edu.eg
Abstract
The research work was carried out in the Westsik’s crop rotation experiment in 2020. Our main purpose was to analyse the effects of different organic manures on the winter rye spike botanical parameters. The analysed spike parameters were length- and weight of spike, the seed weight of 1 spike, the rate of spike weight/seed weight of 1 spike and 1000 grain weight. According to our results, the applied straw manure or farmyard manure + chemical fertilizer or growing lupine as a main-, and second crop + chemical fertilizer was more effective than applying straw manure alone. The spike length- and weight data at straw manured crop rotation was significantly different from all of other manured crop rotations data. The farmyard manure application resulted in the most favourable effect on all analysed spike parameters. There was positive medium or close correlation between the seed weight/1 spike and spike length and 1000 grain weight.
Keywords: lupine green manure, farmyard manure, straw manure
Introduction
Winter rye (Secale cereale L.) is important cereal crop of sandy soil therefore, it is the main crop in our long-term field experiment. The application of organic and chemical fertilizer systems could increase and maintain the soil fertility and improve the soil physical and chemical properties and increase the carbon concentration in top soil and the plant yield, too (Kätterer, 2011). The organic manure has several benefits, like increasing the soil nutrient availability, the soil microbial activity, improving the soil structure, and increasing the soil water capacity (Han et. al. 2016). The addition of substances with high organic material content into the soil, such as farmyard manure or green manure increases the soil organic material content (Dersch and Bohm, 2001; Bradley, 2008) and improves the soil physical and chemical properties (Eghball, 2002). The botanical parameters of cereal crops (spike length, 1000 grain weight...) were increased by green manure with application of N fertilizer (Mosavi et al., 2009). The rye spike parameters are important yield components of rye, which influenced by both the soil fertility and the manuring system. The rye spike parameters, like length of spike, weight of spike, seed weight per
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spike determine the yield of rye, consequently they have strong correlation with rye yield (Kilic and Yaǧbasanlar, 2010).
Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyse the organic and inorganic fertilization effects on the botanical parameters of winter rye spike in a long-term crop rotation experiment.
Materials and methods
Our research work was carried out in 2020 in the Westsik’s crop rotation long-term field experiment maintained by the Research Institute of Nyíregyhaza, IAREF, University of Debrecen. The soil of this experiment is acidic (pH(KCl)=3,89-5,15), sandy soil with low humus content (0,4-1,0%) in the 0-20 cm soil layer. The Westsik’s crop rotation long-term field experiment includes fifteen crop rotations (C.R.), but this study focused on only six crop rotations (C.R.) i.e. (II, VI, VII, X, XI, XIII) as presented in Table 1. Our purpose was to analyse the difference between the applied organic manuring systems. The data presented in Table 1 shows that in the C.R. II lupine green manure as a main crop + NPK fertilizer, in C.R. VI 26.10 t ha-1 straw manure with NPK chemical fertilizer, in C.R.
VII 26.1 t ha-1 straw manure without any chemical fertilizer, in C.R. X (26.1 t ha-1) farmyard manure without any chemical fertilizer, in C.R. XI (26.10 t ha-1) farmyard manure with NPK chemical fertilizer, in C.R. XIII lupine green manure as a second crop with NPK chemical fertilizer are applied.
Rye spike samples were collected in the matured stage, four replications/parcel from 1 m
-2, on 13. 07. 2020. 10 pieces of spike were analyzed from the collected plant sample per replications. Our results concern 1 spike at present work (like spike length (cm), spike weight (g), the weight of seed/1 spike). To determine the seed weight of 1 spike (g), the seed weight was deducted from weight of 1 spike. To determine the 1000 grain weight (g), 1000 grains from each samples were measured.
The obtained data was statistically analysed using the IBM SPSS Statistical Software Package 21.0 version by one-way ANOVA. In addition, Pearson’s correlation analysis was done to find relations between the fertilization methods and rye spike botanical parameters.
Table 1. Number of crop rotations, fertilization methods and fertilization doses of the rye plant in the Westsik’s crop rotation experiment.
Number
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Results
Winter rye spike length, spike weight and seed weight of 1 spike:
The spike length was between 6.42 and 10.27 cm in the analysed crop rotations (Table 2). The shortest spike was measured in the C.R. VII (6.42 cm) and the longest was in C.R.
XI and II (10.13 and 10.27 cm). The spike length was 9.23, 9.35 and 9.40 cm in C.R. VI, X and XIII, respectively. With lupine green manure growing and farmyard manure plus chemical fertilizer application resulted in the longest spike in our experiment. The value of spike length in C.R. VII (6.42 cm) was significantly different from all of other crop rotations data.
The spike weight was between 0.7776 g (C.R. VII) and 1.6796 g (C.R. XI) in the analysed crop rotations (Table 2). Growing the lupine green manure as a first-, and second crop and applying straw manure plus chemical fertilizer resulted in the similar spike weight (1.3531 g, 1.3297 g and 1.3530 g in C.R.: II, VI, XIII, respectively). The best effect on the spike weight development was caused by farmyard manure with chemical fertilizer application. The smallest spike weight data was measured in C.R. VII (0.7776 g) which was significantly different from all of other crop rotations data. In CR VII the straw manure was applied without chemical fertilizer.
The seed weight of 1 spike data was measured between 0.6168 and 1.4544 g. The lupine green manure and straw manure plus chemical fertilizer application resulted in the similar data in C.R. II, VI and XIII (1.0945 g, 1.1122 g and 1.0924g, respectively) (Table 2). The best effect on the development of seed weight per spike was measured in the farmyard manure with or without chemical fertilizer application (C.R. X, XI; 1.4544g and 1.3850g, respectively). The difference between the C.R.VII and all of other C.R. data of seed weight/spike was significant (and the C.R. VII data was the lowest one 0.6168 g), which means the straw manure application without chemical fertilizer is not enough for producing high seed weight.
2. table. Rye spike length (cm), spike weight (g), seed weight of 1 spike (g) in Westsik’s crop rotation system in 2020 (mean±Standard Deviation, n=4). Number of crop rotation is defined in the Material and Methods
section. The winter rye spike weight – seed weight of 1 spike and 1000 grain weight:
The difference between the 1 spike weight and the seed weight was between 0.1608 g (C.R. VII) and 0.2781 g (C.R. XI) (Table 3). The lowest value was resulted by straw manure application without any chemical fertilizer (C.R. VII). The strongest effect on the
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counted data was found in lupine growing (as a main-, and second crop) with chemical fertilizer (C.R. II, 0.2585 g and C.R. XIII 0.2605 g) and farmyard manure application with chemical fertilizer (C.R. XI, 0.278 g) manuring systems.
The 1000 g grain weight was between 27.3652 g (C.R. VII) and 31.6251 g (C.R. XI) (Table 3). All of the applied organic manures (straw manure, farmyard manure and lupine green manure) with chemical fertilizer had very good effects on the 1000 g grain weight development (C.R. II, VI, X, XI and XIII). But, the farmyard manure application without any chemical fertilizer (CR. X) resulted in higher 1000 grain weight, than the straw manure + chemical fertilizer or lupine growing (as a main- and second crop) + chemical fertilizer application (C.R. II, VI and XIII).
3. table. Rye spike weight - seed weight of 1 spike (g) and 1000 grain weight (g) in Westsik’s crop rotation system in 2020 (mean±Standard Deviation, n=4). Number of crop rotation is defined in the Material and
Methods section.
Number of crop rotation (CR)
Difference between the 1 spike weight and the
seed weight (g)
Results of the correlation analysis
The results of correlation analysis indicated positive and tight correlation between the seed weight/1 spike and spike weight. This means if that the spike weight is higher there is higher seed weight into the spike.
The correlation was positive and medium between the seed weight/1 spike and spike length and the 1000 grain weight.
4. table. Correlation coefficients of the linear relationship (r=values) among seed weight of 1 spike and other botanical spike parameters (n=4).
Person’s correlation p˂0.05.** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level.* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level.
Discussion
The spike parameters are important botanical components of rye, which influenced by the applied fertilizing systems and soil fertility, too. According to our research results, application of farmyard manure + NPK fertilizer or lupine green manure + NPK fertilizer have the best effect on the spike length development (C.Rs. II. (10.27 cm) and XI. (10.13
Effect of different fertilization methods on the botanical parameters of winter rye spike
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cm)). Applying organic manure and inorganic fertilizer together, may increase the fertilizer efficiency which has a good effect on spike parameters development and finally the yield production (Kumar and Mishra 1992). The spike botanical parameters like length of spike, weight of spike, seed weight per spike determine the rye yield. The seed weight of 1 spike is one of the most important component of yield (Yaǧbasanlar and Ozkan, 1995 and Parado et. al., 1970).
The farmyard manure application results to the highest seed weight of one spike. There is not big difference between the farmyard manure application with or without chemical fertilizer. Data is not significantly different from each other.
The seed weight per spike is nearly the same in green manured crop rotations. These results are higher than results of straw manured C.R, while they are lower than results of farmyard manured C.R. Growing green manure as a main, and second crop, results to not only the more intensive crop growth, but also an increase the soil microbial activity, organic material content and improve the soil chemical and physical properties, too (Tejada et. al. 2008). Legume crop and green manure increase the soil organic carbon content, available nitrogen content and soil fertility which have good effect on the plant production (Stępień and Kobialka, 2019). The manuring systems with lupine green manure as a main- and second crop + chemical fertilizer have good effect on soil fertility and increase not only the botanical characters but also the yield components of plants (Grantina-Ievina and Ievinsh 2015; Stępień et al. 2016 & Qiuchen 2018). Using of leguminous green manure significantly increase the N accumulation in soil. Kristensen (1994) and Thorup-Kristensen and Bertelsen (1996) found that winter grown green manure significantly reduce the N losses from soil and there will be higher available N for the next crops.
The straw manure application without chemical fertilizer has the less effective on the 1000 grain weight in our experiment. The application of either straw manure or lupine green manure with chemical fertilizer are more effective on this character. The best result to the relevance of 1000 grain weight, are produce by farmyard manure with or without chemical fertilizer. The long-term mineral fertilization plus organic manure application leads to changes in the soil parameters, including a considerable increase in nitrogen content and organic material content of soil (Wang et al. 2009, Li et al. 2010, Kołodziejczyk et al. 2017). The mineral + organic manure application together increase the sorption capacity and the total content of C and N of soil comparison to organic or mineral fertilizer application alone (Stêpieñ and Kobiaɫka, 2019).
Positive correlation have between the analysed spike parameters, which means if the seed weight is higher in the spike, presumably the spike is longer and the spike weight and 1000 grain weight is higher, too. According to the results of Akram et al. (2008) the correlation are positive between some botanical parameters of spike, as the spikelet per spike, the number of seed/spike and 1000 grain weight. Several researcher indicates positive correlation between the grain yield, the number of grains/spike, the plant height and 1000 grain weight (Sandhu & Mangat, 1985., Eunus et al., 1986; Chowdhry et al.1991; Belay et al. 1993; Aycecik & Yildirim. 2006).
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Conclusion
Our results revealed that spike botanical parameters were influenced by the fertilization methods.
Combination of organic manure with chemical fertilizer recommended, because these manuring systems were the most effective. But the highest spike botanical parameters were reached with farmyard manure application. The farmyard manure could produce the same results both with and without chemical fertilizer application.
The lowest effect was reached by the application of straw manure without chemical fertilizer. The analysed data showed significant difference between the application of straw manure without chemical fertilizer and other organic manure + chemical fertilizer regarding the spike length, spike weight and seed weight/spike parameters.
Based on correlation analysis there were strong or medium positive correlation between the seed weight/1 spike weight and other analysed parameters.
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