IN THE LIBRARY OF THE HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
T h e r e i s no r e a s o n to consider one language m o r e i m p o r t a n t than o t h e r s f r o m a g e n e r a l or a h i s t o r i c a l point of v i e w . However, t h e r e a r e always key l a n -guages which have a distinguished place in t h e consideration of c e r t a i n h i s t o r i c a l p r o b l e m s . In the very complex context of t h e h i s t o r y of the A l t a i c languages Chuvash undoubtedly plays such a r o l e . F o r t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of the h i s t o r y of the T u r k i s h languages Chuvash i s e s s e n t i a l b e c a u s e it p e r t a i n s to and i s the only living m e m b e r of a group of Turkish l a n g u a g e s which s e p a r a t e d the e a r l i e s t f r o m the main body of the P r o t o Turkish d i a l e c t s . Thus it is i m p o s s i b l e to r e c o n s t r u c t P r o t o T u r k i s h without c o n s i d e r i n g the l i n g u i s t i c data r e c e i v e d f r o m the study of Chuvash. In the debated question of the r e l a t i o n s h i p between the Turkish and M o n -golian languages Chuvash h a s a special position in that it shows a s e r i e s of p e c u l a r i t i e s c o m m o n to Mongolian and C h u v a s h , but not s h a r e d by the o t h e r Turkish l a n g u a g e s . Chuvash itself h a s a v e r y complicated i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p with the Kipchak Turkish languages of t h e Volga r e g i o n , T a t a r and B a s h k i r on the one side and with the F i n n o - U g r i a n languages of t h i s a r e a , the P e r m i c
(Votyak, P e r m y a k and Ziiryen) and Volga ( C h e r e m i s and Mordwin) g r o u p on the o t h e r . None of the linguistic and ethnogenetic p r o b l e m s of these l a n g a u g e s and peoples can be solved without a c o r r e c t i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the Chuvash d a t a . Finally neither the linguistic nor t h e ethnic and political h i s t o r y of the Hungarians can be investigated without r e f e r e n c e to the background i n f o r m a t i o n contained in the h i s t o r y of the Chuvash language.
Thus one could be entitled to think that the h i s t o r y of the Chuvash language i s one of the m o s t c a r e f u l l y s t u d i e d a s p e c t s of Turkology and A l t a i s t i c s in g e n e r a l . But t h i s is not the c a s e . Though we do have fundamental w o r k s on s e v -e r a l s p -e c i f i c and d-etail qu-estions of Chuvash linguistic h i s t o r y , th-e b a s i c w o r k s t h e m s e l v e s s e e m to be unduly n e g l e c t e d . T h e r e is no s e r i o u s academic e d i t i o n of any of the m o n u m e n t s of the history of t h e Chuvash language; most of t h e m a r e not even published and not a few a r e unknown a t l e a s t to those s c h o l a r s who a r e i n t e r -ested in the p r o b l e m s r e f e r r e d to a b o v e .
T h i s specific situation h a s , of c o u r s e , its s p e c i a l c a u s e s . If we d i s r e g a r d s c a t t e r r e d g l o s s e s and p r o p e r n a m e s , t h e r e a r e two g r o u p s of written d o c u m e n t s which contain linguistic m a t e r i a l c o n c e r n i n g the history of the Chuvash language
and t h e d i a l e c t s n e a r e s t to i t . The f i r s t g r o u p c o n s i s t s of w o r d s and a very few s e n t e n c e s s c a t t e r e d in epigraphical t e x t s w r i t t e n in Arabic and dated to the 13th and 14th c e n t u r i e s . Though most of them have been known for m o r e then 250 y e a r s we a r e only now in t h e position to u n d e r t a k e a thorough investigation of t h e m b e c a u s e t h e i r e a r l i e r editions w e r e u n r e l i a b l e . [1]
To the second group pertain r e l a t i v e l y late w o r d l i s t s and texts c o l l e c t e d , w r i t t e n and p a r t l y published in the 18th and t h e f i r s t half of the 19th c e n t u r y . The e a r l i e s t of these is a s h o r t word-list c o l l e c t e d by the Swedish p r i s o n e r of w a r P h . I. STRAHLENBERG b e f o r e 1721 and published in 1730 in h i s f a m o u s ' D a s N o r d -und O s t l i c h e Theil von Europa -und Asia ' [ 1 / a ] . F r o m the following period we know of the following i t e m s :
collected published or compiled
1. M a t e r i a l s published by G . F .
MILLER[2] 1733 1758 2. J . E . FISCHER'S two m a n u s c r i p t s ,
s a m e a s No. 1, but r e a r r a n g e d and commented[3]
3. An a n s w e r to the q u e s t i o n n a i r e compiled by TATI§ŐEV[4]
4. R u s s i a n - T a t a r - C h u v a s h - M o r d v i n w o r d - l i s t [ 5 ]
5. R u s s i a n C h u s v a s h C h e r e m i s --Mordvin wordlist[6]
6. A eulogy on the E m p r e s s Katharine(7]
7. A g r a m m a r edited by PUCEK-GRIGO-ROVIÖ[8]
8. M a t e r i a l s in P A L L A S ' ' R e i s e . . . ' [ 9 ] 9. The second edition of No. 7. [10]
10. An occasional poem w r i t t e n in K a z a n [ l l ] I I . M a t e r i a l s collected by K. MILKOVlÖ[12]
12-16. W o r d - l i s t s drawn up according to the i n s t r u c t i o n s of PALLAS and used for the compilation of No. 19. [13]
17. R u s s i a n - C h u v a s h w o r d - l i s t [ 1 4 ]
1737 1737-1738 1737-1738
1767 1767
1768-1769
1783
1769 1771 1775 1781 1827
1784-1785 1785
18. T a t a r , Chuvash, Mordvin and w o r d - l i s t
With t h e s e t e x t s e n d s t h e f i r s t p e r i o d of t h e h i s t o r i c a l m o n u m e n t s and r e c o r d s on t h e C h u v a s h l a n g u a g e .
The second p e r i o d saw t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of such i m p o r t a n t w o r k s as the C h u v a s h g r a m m a r of VISNEVSKIJ (1836) [35], t h e c o m p a r a t i v e R u s s i a n C h u v a s h -H u n g a r i a n g r a m m a r of E. DEÖKO (1856) [36], it a l s o w i t n e s s e d t h e fieldwork of two o u t s t a n d i n g s c h o l a r s , A. REGULY (1843, 1846) [37] and A.AHLQUIST ( 1 8 5 6 - 1 8 57) [38], t h e l i t e r a r y and s c i e n t i f i c a c t i v i t y of S . M . MIHAJLOV ( 1 8 2 1 1 8 6 1 ) [39], t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s of V . A . SBOEV (1856)[40] and the R u s s i a n -C h u v a s h d i c t i o n a r y of V . P . GROMOV ( b e f o r e 1841) [41], to m e n t i o n only t h o s e w o r k s which contain o r i g i n a l Chuvash m a t e r i a l .
Between t h e s e t w o p e r i o d s a s m a l l w o r d l i s t w a s c o l l e c t e d , in 1835, by F . A . VOLEGOV, a c l e r k in the c o u r t of Count S t r o g a n o v . P r e v i o u s l y — in 1833 — V O L E G O V (1790-1856) h a d c o l l e c t e d a P e r m y a k w o r d - l i s t of about 3. 000 i t e m s which w a s published by K . R É D E I in 1968[42]. T h e Chuvash w o r d s a r e c o n t a i n e d in a s m a l l e r pentaglott w o r d l i s t w h e r e , b e s i d e the Chuvash a n d R u s s i a n P e r m y a k , Z i i r y e n a n d Votyak w o r d s a r e l i s t e d . Both the g r e a t P e r m y a k w o r d - l i s t and the p e n t a g l o t t w o r d - l i s t w e r e handed o v e r to R E G U L Y in 1843, and a r e now kept in the D e p a r t m e n t of M a n u s c r i p t s and Old Books of the L i b r a r y of t h e Hungarian A c a d e m y of S c i e n c e s . T h e l a t t e r under the s i g l a M. Nyelvtud 4 / 1 4 / Ш .
In his above m e n t i o n e d book K. R É D E I d r e w a t t e n t i o n t o the h i t h e r t o u n p u b l i s h e d Chuvash w o r d - l i s t . It will be p u b l i s h e d by my s t u d e n t K l á r a AGYAGÁSI, but I would like h e r e t o u n d e r l i n e i t s i m p o r t a n c e f o r Chuvash s t u d i e s by giving s o m e e x a m p l e s .
The phonemic s y s t e m of Chuvash d i f f e r s in many p o i n t s f r o m that of the o t h e r T u r k i s h l a n g a u g e s . One f a c t o r influencing the d e v e l o p m e n t of the p r e s e n t s y s t e m w a s s u r e l y F i n n o - U g r i a n linguistic c o n t a c t s but a l s o s o m e i m p o r t a n t i n n e r d e v e l o p m e n t s played a s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e . T h i s c o n f u s e d so much t h e shape of Chuvash that s o m e s c h o l a r s w e r e i n c l i n e d to see in it a T u r k i c i z e d F i n n o - U g r i a n l a n g u a g e , o t h e r s c o n s i d e r e d it i m p o s s i b l e to find any r e g u l a r c o r r e s p o n d e n c e between Chuvash and t h e o t h e r T u r k i s h l a n g u a g e s at l e a s t a s f a r a s i t s v o c a l i s m . w a s c o n c e r n e d . T h i s i m p r e s s i o n w a s a l s o s t r e n g t h e n e d by the i n a d e q u a t e d e s c r i p t i o n of Chuvash t e x t s and w o r d s . The C y r i l l i c s c r i p t u s e d f r o m the b e g i n n i n g to r e c o r d the Chuvash l a n g u a g e h a d evident s h o r t c o m i n g s and could not d i s t i n g u i s h in m a n y c a s e s a m o n g p h o n o l o g i c a l l y r e l e v a n t s o u n d s . This w a s m a i n l y t h e situation b e f o r e the o r t h o -g r a p h i c a l r e f o r m of J A K O V L E V , who a i m e d a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a phonemic r a t h e r t h a n a phonetic o r t h o g r a p h y of C h u v a s h ; h e s u c c e e d e d in h i s e f f o r t s in a m e a s u r e u n p a r a l l e l l e d in any other o r t h o g r a p h y . The situation b e f o r e JAKOV -L E V ' s r e f o r m was a l s o r e n d e r e d c o n f u s e d by t h e m i x i n g of f o r m s f r o m the two m a i n d i a l e c t s of C h u v a s h , t h e Higher or V i r y a l and the Lower o r A n a t r i . F u r t h e r , over t h e c o u r s e of t i m e t h r e e c e n t r e s w e r e a c t i v e in c o l l e c t i n g a n d publishing C h u v a s h m a t e r i a l s : N i z n i j Novgorod (now G o r k i ) , Kazan and S i m b i r s k (now U l i a n o v s k ) . In all of t h r e e c e r t a i n o r t h o g r a p h i c a l t r a d i t i o n s d e v e l o p e d and a s f a r a s we c a n j u d g e , t h e i r s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s a l s o h a m p e r the work of r e c o n s t r u c t i n g the C h u v a s h linguistic s y s t e m of the 18th and e a r l y 19th c e n t u r i e s . In t h i s context the w o r d - l i s t of VOLEGOV i s of s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t . It c o n t a i n s Chuvash w o r d s
taken f r o m the ' Soőinenija p r i n a d l e ï a ë ô i j a к g r a m m a t i k e Öuvaáskago j a z y k a ' compiled under the guidance of V. PUCEKGRIGOROVlÖ (1767, No. 7). As V O L E -GOV h a s r e m a r k e d in his l e t t e r to REGULY dated on the 4th M a r c h of 1841 he
" c o l l e c t e d " (sobral) the Votyak and Chuvash w o r d s during "he changed h o r s e s at the p o s t - s t a t i o n s in the r e g i o n s of Vjatka and K a z a n " . He c a m e to the conclusion that the Chuvash language — which in his t i m e s has been c o n s i d e r e d by most of the s c h o l a r s a s a F i n n o - U g r i c one — i s not r e l a t e d to Ziiryen, P e r m y a k and Votyak.
We have to suppose that "collected" m e a n s "checked" since d i s c r e p a n c i e s between VOLEGOV's m a t e r i a l and the ' S o ő i n e n i j a ' a r e m i n i m a l . Thus we have in our hands a control of the 'Soőinenija' made by a linguistically untrained p e r s o n 68 y e a r s a f t e r i t s publication.
The alveolar spirant ^ x r in i n t e r v o c a l i c position b e c o m e s s y s t e m a t i c a l l y a media lenis spirant in Chuvash. The o l d e r orthography denoted this by the Cyrillic l e t t e r r, the new orthography used £ b e c a u s e this change i s conditioned and thus the media lenis c h a r a c t e r is allophonic. Also VOLEGOV u s e d
г to r e n d e r the allophone of - x - in intervocalic position e . g . in the word с о г а л ъ " b e a r d " (present orthograyphy c ä у а л which we shall t r a n s l i t e r a t e in the following with Latin l e t t e r s ) . However in the case of the word säxan " r a v e n " , w h e r e we would expect in VOLEGOV's text * с ю г а нь we find instead с ю х а и Ь with the к denoting the tenuis spirant c o u n t e r p a r t . This unexpected notation i s c o r r o b o r a t e d by the ' T h e s a u r u s ' of АёмARIN [43], where he gives in his phonetic t r a n s c r i p t i o n àôhan for the Viryal and sáhan for the Anatri d i a l e c t . We know that for s e v e r a l r e a s o n s ASMARIN's work h a s to be used with g r e a t caution, but in t h i s c a s e VOLEGOV and aSmARIN c o r r o b o r a t e each o t h e r . And this gives us the key to the etymology of the word. It i s c l e a r l y a secondary f o r m f r o m an e a r l i e r sötxan "gluttonous" derived f r o m the verb s ő t - " s w a l l o w " . In f a c t we find beside the meaning " r a v e n " f o r sáxan a l s o the meaning "glutton" a s w e l l . The unvoiced c h a r a c t e r of the - x - has been p r e s e r v e d by the p r e c e d i n g unvoiced - t - , and secondary voicing did not occur in m o s t dialects until r e c e n t t i m e s . Since the word s ő t - / s á t - g o e s back to the P r o t o T u r k i s h form y ü t - "to swallow", well a t t e s t e d in old T u r k i s h texts and modern d i a l e c t s , we can r e c o n s t r u c t the p r o t o
f o r m of the Chuvash word as*yûtqan, an old Turkish name f o r the r a v e n , h i t h e r t o unknown to me f r o m other s o u r c e s .
The R u s s i a n word А о ч к 3 " b a r r e l " b e c a m e piőke in Chuvash. The f r o n t vocalic c h a r a c t e r i s somewhat puzzling and can only be explained by a s u p -posed and i n t e r m e d i a t e fornTpiőka. VOLEGOV has this f o r m a s п и ч к а .
All Turkish languages have for the word " r i c h " bay or its r e g u l a r d e v e -lopments. It is only Chuvash and Mongolian which have an underlying f o r m bayan which developed r e g u l a r i l y in Chuvash into puyan. This extended form w a s i -dentical to the n a m e of the famous A v a r r u l e r Bayan and thus the history of the word is of wide h i s t o r i c a l i n t e r e s t . VOLEGOV has the longer f o r m , but he a l s o r e c o r d e d the s h o r t e r f o r m à у Й both with the p r e s e r v a t i o n of the i n i t i a l b - , though Turkish initial consistently b e c a m e p - in Chuvash. This is a l s o r e f l e c t e d in VOLEGOV's m a t e r i a l in such w o r d s a s п р ь " h a i l " < PT*buz п у р З Я
" f l e a " < PT*bur<5a or n ы p b " t h r o a t " < F F * b o r a z e t c . If Ay и i s not a
m i s t a k e (it cannot be t h e v e r b p u y - " t o b e r i c h " , b e c a u s e VOLEGOV q u o t e s a l l v e r b s in the f i r s t p e r s o n p r e s e n t , and n e v e r in t h e i r s t e m f o r m . In t h i s c a s e the SoÖinenija h a s buy " r i c h e s s " ) it r a i s e s t h e suspicion t h a t in old Chuvash bay w a s the o ri g in al w o r d , and bayan i s a M i d d l e Mongolian l o a n w o r d , which g r a d u a l l y t o o k the place of t h e o r i g i n a l T u r k i s h f o r m . In this c a s e t h e n a m e of Bayan c a n only be of Mongolian o r i g i n .
It i s highly significant to the h i s t o r y of the Chuvash language that t h e c o n s o n a n t 1 b e c a m e s p i r a n t and d i s a p p e a r e d in c e r t a i n p o s i t i o n s . On the o t h e r h a n d the p i c t u r e i s o b s c u r e d by the few c a s e s where ^Ll h a s been p r e s e r v e d . Two s u c h e x a m p l e s a r e s á l t á r " s t a r " f r o m P T * yultuz and i l t a n "gold" f r o m P T
* a l t a n . Now in VOLEGOV we find с ь о . ц a p i . e . s ő d a r with the m e a n i n g
" s t a r " , w h e r e the - 1 - h a s d i s a p p e a r e d . T h i s could happen only through a f o r m
* s o v t a r which i s not a t t e s t e d , but its p a r a l l e l f o r m f o r iltan i . e . "ivtan can a c t u a l l y b e found in AŐMARIN' s T h e s a u r u s . T h u s the two data c o r r o b o r a t e each o t h e r o n c e m o r e and we s e e that the tendency f o r to d i s a p p e a r was a l s o p r e s e n t in C h u v a s h in t h e s e c a s e s .
VOLEGOV' s m a t e r i a l gives u s t h e key to the h i t h e r t o unsolved e t y m o l o g y of t h e word s a n t a l ä k " c l i m a t e , w e a t h e r " . JEGOROV[44] h a s proposed t h a t t h e f i r s t p a r t of the w o r d e m b o d i e d the P e r s i a n jahän " w o r l d " while the second w a s t h e Chuvash word t a l ä k " s o m e t h i n g r o u n d " a s in sultalâk " t h e round y e a r " c f . B a s h k i r y'il t ä ü l e g e " t h e round y e a r " . T h i s i s however i m p o s s i b l e f o r s e m a n t i c a n d phonetic r e a s o n s . T h e r i g h t etymology w a s suggested by BUDENZ[45] who w a s , h o w e v e r , unable t o solve the s e m a n t i c and phonetic p r o b l e m s involved.
BUDENZ c o n n e c t e d t h e w o r d with the d e m o n s t r a t i v e pronoun s a v ^ savâ and r e f e r r e d t o a p a r a l l e l d i a l e c t a l f o r m s a v ä n t a l ä k with the s a m e meaning. He a r g u e d t h a t it m e a n t "the one which i s t h e r e , f a r " . Now " c l i m a t e , w e a t h e r " and " f a r "
c a n n o t b e c o n n e c t e d . N e i t h e r can the f i r s t s y l l a b l e of s a n t a l ä k be connected with s a v o r s a v a . A f o r m * sa v a n - would have developed into è u n - . T h e r e f o r e RA£ÄNEN[46] r e j e c t e d B U D E N Z ' s e t y m o l o g y and JEGOROV joined h i m .
But in the w o r d - l i s t of VOLEGOV we find the f o r m с ь о н д а л ы к i . e . s u n d a l à k , and not with t h e m e a n i n g " c l i m a t e , w e a t h e r " but a s H e d o " s k y " . T h i s s o l v e s both p r o b l e m s c o n n e c t e d with the e t y m o l o g y of BUDENZ. On the s e m a n t i c s i d e it i s c l e a r that the sky w a s e u p h e m i s t i c a l l y called " t h e one f a r above", a s kök " t h e b l u e " i s a l s o a s i m i l a r e x p r e s s i o n f o r " s k y " . A s in m a n y Mongolian a n d T u r k i s h languages the w o r d s f o r " s k y " and " w e a t h e r " a r e t h e s a m e and the r e s t r i c t i o n to the s e c o n d m e a n i n g i s r e c e n t . T h e phonetical s i d e a l s o b e c a m e c l e a r . The original f o r m w a s sundalàk, t h e r e g u l a r d e v e l o p m e n t f r o m savä+n+ta+
+l'ik. T h i s i s c o r r o b o r a t e d by AŐMARIN, who c i t e s the following data: s a n t a l ä k , s a n t a l ä x , s a v ä n t a v l ä k , s a v â n t a l a k "pogoda, s v e t " . In the Soöinenija we find a l s o the f o r m santaläk с я н ^ а л ы к with the m e a n i n g s " v e k , s v e t ili v s e l e n n a j a " , while in t h e g r a m m a r of VTSNEVSKIJ (1836) sandal'ik " m i r , pogoda" i s g i v e n . T h u s t h e r e g u l a r d e v e l o p m e n t of - a v â - i . e . u can be found in t h e Soöinenija and at VOLEGOV, while the - a v â - > a d e v e l o p m e n t due t o the s t r e s s on the syllable a f t e r it and being o r i g i n a l l y a p a r a l l e l f o r m to sundalàk b e c a m e g e n e r a l i z e d .
These a r e only a very few e x a m p l e s to indicate the value of the Chuvash w o r d - l i s t of VOLEGOV. I hope that the s c h o l a r l y publication of t h i s and other h i s t o r i c a l monuments of the Chuvash language will provide a solid fundation for a h i s t o r i c a l g r a m m a r of Chuvash, which will be essential if all the p r o b l e m s which I have mentioned above a r e to be solved.
N o t e s
1. For more details see my introductory r e m a r k s in: RONA-TAS A . , — FODOR S . , Epigraphica Bulgarica IStudia Uralo-Allaica 1.1, Szeged 1973, pp. 10—40, and the bibliography given there pp. 177-188.
l a . The name of the author was originally T a b b e r t . He was raised to the nobility in 1707 by King Charles ХП who bestowed on him the family name, Stralenberg. In his works published in German he used the form Strahlenberg. The full title of his work r u n s : Das nord- und östliche Theil von Europa und A s i a , in so weit solches das gantze Russische Reich mit Siberien und der grossen Tatarey in sich begreiffet, In einer historisch-geographischen Beschreibung der alten und neuern Zeiten, und vielen andern unbekannten Nachrichten vorgestellet. Nebst einer noch niemahls ans I.icht gegebenen 'Tabula Polvglotta' von zwey un dreyssigerley Arten T a t a r i s c h e r Völcker Sprachen und einem Kalmuckischen ' Vocabulario', Sonderlich aber einer grossen richtigen Land-Charte von den benannten Landern und andern verschiedenen Kupfferstichen, so die Asiatisch-Scythische Antiquität betreffen; bey Gelegenheit der Schwedischen Kriegs-Gefangenschaft in Russland, aus eigenen sorgfaltigen Erkundigung, auf denen verstatteten weiten Reisen zusammengebracht und ausgefertiget von Philipp Johann von STRAHLENBERG, Stockholm, in Verlegung des Autoris, 1730. It is possible that t h e r e existed also an other edition with an altered t i t l e -page, published in Leipzig. Reprint of the original in the s e r i e s 'Studia U r a l o - A l t a i c a ' , Szeged 1976, contributed by J.BENJAMINS Amsterdam. There exist an English (1736, 1738) a French (1757), a Spanish (1780) and a Russian translation of the book. The English version is somewhat altered, in some places it is r e a r r a n g e d and complemented with additional r e m a r k s by its t r a n s l a t o r . The French edition does not contain the complete text, however, it was published together with three smaller p a p e r s on the Mongols by other authors. The Spanish translation follows the French one. The Gth, 7th and 8th c h a p t e r s , and at a later date the 12th were translated into Russian by TATI&ŐEV. There also exists a complete I?] Russian translation, which in spite of a number of r e f e r e n c e s to it, has been never published. The manuscript of this translation has now been found and located by A . N . KONONOV (1972, 49)in the Rukopisnvj otdel Biblioteki Akademii nnuk SSSR, Leningrad.
No. 1 6 . 1 3 . 1 6 . STRAHLENBERG was captured by the Russians in 1709 and was sent to Siberia. He arrived in Tobolsk on the 26th of August, 1711 and here he made the acquaint-anceship of several scholars, among them TATIÍŐEV and MESSERSCHMIDT. He stayed in Siberia until May 1722 a r r i v i n g in Moscow at the beginning of 1723. In August he left Moscow and returned to Sweden on the 28th of August, 1723. Now the following question a r i s e s : when, where and from whom did he obtain his Chuvash m a t e r i a l . We know that he returned to Russia for a second t i m e , in 1736; in » P e t e r s b u r g lie learnt T a t a r , Kalmuck and Chinese, but only after the publication of the above mentioned book. Doubts has been raised a s to whether STRAHLENBERG himself collected the Kalmuck material (see KRUEGER's work cited below), and in connection with this, one has also to put the question whether his Chuvash m a t e r i a l has been written down by himself. Answers to these questions will perhaps be given by the unpublished m a n u s c r i p t s of TATlScEV. In
his Introduction STRAHLENBERG mentions s e v e r a l s works which he could not include in his work because " H a t t e ich solche Stücke zu gegenwartigem Theil brauchen wollen, würde ich nicht allein den P r a e n u m e r a t i o n s - P i - e i s s haben höher setzen m ü s s e n , sondern e s würden auch die Herren P r a e n u m e r a n t e n über den langern Verzug sich sehr beschwert haben, nachdem sich mit d i e s e m die Zeit schon weiter hinaus gezogen, a l s ich anfanglich v e r1
muthet habe" (C2v). T h e r e does exist an announcement f r o m 1731 that the second volume of this book, evidently containing these m a t e r i a l s , will be published in 1732. But nothing i s known of this second book. Among the w o r k s listed by STRAHLENBERG in his Introcud-tion item No. 3 is- RelaIntrocud-tion einer R e i s e in die Kalmuckev nach den Torgauthischen Kalmücken am W o l g a - S t r o h m . There a r e t h r e e different r e v i e w s by TATIÉÍEV on 1791: 'Opisanie 2ivu£6ih v kazanskoj gubernii jazyceskih narodov e t c . soèinennoe G. F . M i l l e r o m , imp. AN p r o f e s s o r o m po v o z v r a è é e n i i ego v 1743 g o d u i z Kamőatkoj ekspedicii', StPbg 1791. G . F . M I L L E R , or to give the G e r m a n f o r m of h i s n a m e , G e r h a r d F r i e d r i c h M ü l l e r together with J . G . GMELIN took p a r t , in the G r e a t E a s t e r n or Second Expedition to Kamchatka (1732-1734), being member of the so called "continental b r a n c h " of that expedition. One of his t a s k s was to collect linguistic m a t e r i a l s and the Chuvash m a t e r i a l
donated the Göttingen MS to the Historical Institute of Göttingen in 1756. There exist important etymological observations written by FISCHER see G U L Y A ' s work below).
HOVDHAUGEN (1975) made a detailed study of these Chuvash m a t e r i a l s of MILLER and Muzeja po antropologii i étnografii p r i AN I, pp. 37-108). By collating the Göttingen and Leningrad MSS KONONOV (1972, p . 54) showed that the Göttingen MS must be the d r a f t Chuvash m a t e r i a l of the Göttingen and Leningrad MSS and the material published by MILLER or , at l e a s t those p a r t s c o n c e r n e d with the Chuvash m a t e r i a l , I can c o r r o b o r a t e Rossii narodov dija kotorogo vybrany tokmo takie slova, kotorye v prostom n a r o d e u p o t r e j a e m y ' . The provincial c h a n c e l l e r y office of Simbirsk sent an answer to the q u e s -tionnaire which can be found now in the Archives of the Soviet Academy (fond 21, op. 5, No 149) under the title ' V e d o m o s t ' Sinbirskoj p r a v i n c i a l ' n o j kanceljari uéinennaja v otvet na v o p r o s n y e punkty, kotorye javstvujut v p r i s l a n n o j s p r e d l o ï e n i j a k o p i ' . It was written by V. BELOUSOV and signed by I. MURAMCOV and M. BA2EN0V. The a n s w e r s to the q u e s t i o n s contain some Chuvash w o r d s , t e r m s and geographical n a m e s . On the Chuvash linguistic material contained in the a n s w e r s s e e DMITR1EV 1960, pp. 270-273, 280-186. On the m a t e r i a l s connected with the third p a r t i . e . the w o r d - l i s t , see Nos. 3 - 4 .
' H i s t o i r e g e n e r a l e d e s v o y a g e s ' . The m a n u s c r i p t of D E L I L ' s account and the diary of KÖNIGSFELD, t r a n s l a t e d f r o m German into French was given by p r i n c e I . A . DOLGORU-KOV to the R u s s i a n Goegraphical Society in 1849. It was d e s c r i b e d by V. J a . STRUEV in the ' Z a p i s k i G e o g r a f i t e s k o g o Ob&festva' 111(1849) pp. 50-67, and used by P . P . PEKARSKIJ in h i s work: ' P u t e é e s t v i e akademika Nikolaja Iosifa Delilja v Berezov v 1740 g o d u ' . The original was studied by DMITRIEV (see DMITRIEV 1960, pp. 277-279, 299-302) a c c o r d i n g to whom the original text contains a g r e a t deal of data not or not the theological s e m i n a r in Kazan under the guidance of the bishop of Kazan and Svijaisk Venjamin, — V.G. P u c e k - G r i g o r o v i ü , — a s stated by DMITRIEV (see b i b l . ) . This work R u s s i a n edition was published in 1733 (the five volumes in German 1771-1776, in Russian 1 773-1788). PALLAS' visited the Chuvash r e g i o n s in 1768 and 1769, see KONONOV 1972,
IД >AAN f . 9 4 , o p . 2 , N o 1 2 1 ) . B i b i . : S E R G E E V 1 9 6 9 , p p . 2 3 6 - 2 6 3 ; S E R G E E V 1 9 7 2 , p p .
14. Slovar jazyka öuvaäskogo (ROGPB ErmitalSnaja No. 222), unknown author . This is the l a r g e s t wordlist f r o m this p e r i o d , contains about 3. 000 words. Bibl.: JEGOROV 1 9 4 9 , 1 2 4 - 1 3 0 ; Niíegorodskogo i Alatorskogo, soóinenno] 1785 goda. T h e r e exist two copies of this important and frequently cited work. The f i r s t copy is in the ROGPB ( E r m i t a i n a j a No 223). The second which was the d r a f t copy is now in the A r c h i v e s of the Gorki ( f o r m e r l y Nizegorod) region. (Kollekcija Nifcegorodskoj gubernskoj uóenoj arhivnoj k o m i s s i , f. 2013, op. 602, d. 187 and 186) in two volumes. This second copy is m o r e complete and also contains a Votyak w o r d - l i s t . The Chuvash m a t e r i a l was compiled by J . ROÉANSKIJ, G. ROèiANSKIJ, I. RUSANOVSKIJ and P . TALIEV. The l a y - n a m e of Damskin was D. Semenov-Rudnev. Bibl.: JEGOROV 1949; GORSKIJ 1959, p . 31; SERGEEV 1972, pp. 57-59 and A . P . FEOKTISTOV, R u s s k o - m o r d o v s k i j slovar', This list was sent to the clergy, the civil administration and to Russian diplomats a b r o a d . On the Russian t i t l e - p a g e the date of the f i r s t volume is 178 7, on the Latin 1786. The second volume dates f r o m 1789, in t h i s the African and A m e r i c a n languages a r e included.
The Chuvash m a t e r i a l figures among the Finno-L'gric languages under the number 64.
B i b l . : SERGEEV 1959, pp. 235-236; KONONOV 1972, pp. 84-88.
19. Kratkij katihizis perevedennyj na óuvaéskij jazyk s nabljudeniem r o s s i j s k o g o i óuvaéskogo p r o s t o r e ö i j a r a d i udobnejSego onago pozvanija vosprijaváih svjatoe k r e S é e n i e . Compiled by J . ROZANSKIJ in the s e m i n a r y of Niiegorod. Published in Stl'bg 1800. The MS is now in the Adelung collection (ROGPB, f 7, a r h . Adelunga No.26). Bibl.: PETROV
1967, p. 104; KONONOV 1972, p . 79.
25. Molitva vostav <it s n a . Molitva othodja ko snu. Molitva p e r e d obedom. Molitva posle obeda (ROGPB f . 7 , a r h . Adelunga No 20,14) B i b l . : KONONOV 1972, p . 79; SERGEEV 1972,
36. E . DESKO, V e n g e r s k a j a g r a m m a t i k a s r u s s k i m t e k s t o m i v sravnenii s óuvaSskim i é e r e m i s k i m written by the archdeacon Aleksandr Protopopov of Spassk. Bibl. : 'Aus einem B r i e f e des Candidaten Aug. Ahlquist an H e r r n A. S c h i e f n e r ' : M e l a n g e s r u s s e s 111, pp. 266-285,originally published in: Bulletin de la C l a s s e historico-philologique de l ' A c a d e m i e Imp. de Sciences de St. P e t e r b o u r g 14 (1857) pp. 145-160. The letter was r e a d on the 22nd August, 18 56. See a l s o A. AHLQUIST, ' Ensimhinen m a t k a - k e r t o m u s ' : 1856 [1857] pp. 215-237; ' Toinen matka k e r t o m u s ' : ibid 1856 [1857] pp. 238-252. The f i r s t is a somewhat expanded version of h i s letter written to SCHIEFNER, dated 6th August, 1856, the second letter is dated 19th F e b r u a r v , 1857, Ardatov, S i m b r i s k Gouvernment. AHLQUIST's unpublished m a t e r i a l is now in t h e Institute of Finno-Ugrian Studies, Helsinki University and in the A r c h i v e s of the Finnish L i t t e r a r v Societv.
39. On S . M . MIHAJLOV, the most important f i g u r e in early Chuvash c u l t u r a l history, see the volume dedicated to his activities: S . M . Mihajlov pervyj Cuvaáskij étnograf, i s t o r i k i p i s a t e l ' . Sbornik s t a t e j , Éeboksary 1973 containing 8 p a p e r s . Among others he worked with REGULY and AHLQUIST. One of h i s most important w o r k s is t u v a s s k i e r a z g o v o r y i skaski I ! ] sostavlennye Spiridonom Mihajlovym, Kazan 1853. A copy of this book with AHLQUIST's notes can be found among the AHLQUIST's p a p e r s (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran A r h i s t o A 98, No 4297 f), see f u r t h e r SIROTKIN 1967, pp. 18-30.
40. Issledovanija ob inorodcah kazanskoj g u b e r n i i . Zametki о éuvaáah. Kazan 1856, here 8 Chuvash folksongs. This was the main source for VAMBÉRY's p a p e r : 'A c s u v a s o k r ó l ' |On the waschischen Wörterbuch gearbeitet h a t , das er vor m e h r e r e n Jahren handschriftlich nach St. P e t e r s b u r g sandte, wo e s ' p o s t varios c a s u s ' an die Akademie der W i s s e n -schaften gelangt ist" We kno« f r o m SERGEEV that the work was passed by the c e n s o r in 1842 (SERGEEV 1972, p. 69). In the Archives of N. V. Nikolskij kept in the NauónoI s s l e d o v a t e l ' s k i j NauónoInstitut, Öeboksarv (otd. 1, No. 1 8 2 ) t h e r e is a RussianChuvash d i c -t i o n a r y , in which no-tes have been added by more -than one person a-t a la-ter d a -t e . The f i r s t : Slovar s e j r a s s m a t r i v a l é e b o k s a r s k o g o uezda, s e l a Jandiáeva svjasőennik P e t r V a s i l e v s k i j . The second: P r i n a d l e î i t Pavlovu Fedorovicu Moikinu 1888 K a z a n ' Mostovaja. Sobvstvennyj dorn. Then in the hand of Nikolskij: Nastoiascij s l o v a r e s t ' kopija s è u v . - r u s . s l o v a r j a V . P . Viänevskogo, napeóatannogo v koncé g r a m m a t i k i , N . N - i j , 25.1.1911. Somebody deleted this an:1 «Tote: Nastojaáéii s l o v a r ' est
verojatno r u s s . - c u v . s l o v a r ' V . P . G r o m o v a . According t o .SERGEEV ( l o c . c i t . ) this MS i s not G r o m o v ' s . On GROMOV see further V. MAGNICKIJ, Materialy к ob"jasneni]u s t a r o j éuvaáskoj v e r y , Kazan 1881, pp. 237-238; V. MAGNICKIJ.
Svjaáéennik V a s i l i j P e t r o v i é G r o m o v , Kazan 1884 (here a r e c i t e d two letters f r o m GROMOV to ZOLOTN1CKIJ, the f i r s t dated 1868). Bibl.: SERGEEV 1972, 68-71.
42. P e r m j a k i s c h e s W ö r t e r v e r z e i c h n i s aus dem J a h r e 1833 auf Grund d e r Aufzeichnungen F . A .
I z v e s t i j a Obscestva ArheoLogii i Étnografii p r i k a z a n s k o m u n i v e r s i t e t e , Kazan
Nyelvtudományi Közlemények, Budapest
Rukopisnyj otdel Biblioteki Akademii nauk SSSR L e n i n g r a d
Rukopisnyj otdel Gosudarstvennoj Publiénoj biblioteki i m . M . E . Saltykova-Sőedrina, Leningrad
Uőenye Zapiski Naucno-Issledovatel' skogo Institute p r i Sovete Ministrov Cuvaáskoj ASSR
ЮАЕ NyK ROBAN ROGPB U ö . Z a p .