Parallel with this, it offers aspects of t h e deve l opme nt in the style of P an n o n i a n arts

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(1)ÁK O S KISS. FONTES ARCHAEOLOGICI HUNGÁRIÁÉ. ROMAN MOSAICS IN HUNGARY. AKADÉMIAI KIADÓ, BUDAPEST.

(2) ÁKOS KISS. ROMAN MOSAICS IN HUNGARY F O N T E S ARC HAEO LOG I C I H U N G ÁR IÁÉ. T h e book presents the mosa i c material of t ha t par t o f Pannónia which is s it uated in H u nga r y, from the point of view of a r cheol ogy, and artistic values, by placing it in the relics of t he Empire. Parallel with this, it offers aspects of t h e deve l opme nt in the style of P an n o n i a n arts. The a u t h o r ex a mi n e s how the e m a n a t i o n f rom the l arge centr es of a r t s affected this a r e a and establishes t ha t Roman mosaic ar t in P a n n ó n i a was b o r n out of a union of N or t h Italian a n d East Syrian ar t trends. In analyzing t he pictorial r epr esentat ions of the P a n n o n i a n mosaics he establishes that in conformity with the military situation of t h e province, the picture t h e me s ar e in o n e way o r a n o t h e r all associated with struggle o r fight, the d r inki ng contest of H e r ac l es and Dionysos, the wrestler s an d the boxers, cl earl y i n t e r d e p e n d e n t on t h e premises for which they wer e p r e p a r e d . The effect of Hellenistic paintings c a n also be felt especially in t h e compositions of genr e a n d still life paintings. The black-and-white deco r a t i o n s of public and military buildings a r e puritanical, colourless, geometric mosaics. An ea r ly Christian bur ial vault a t Pécs r ea di l y proves t h a t mosaic a r t prevailed even after the collapse of t he Roman r u l e in Pannónia. The s i m p l e r individual mosaics w e r e p r e p a r e d locally, others were ma de by travel ling artists. On a few occasions, high quality ma sterpieces coming f r o m far-off places were included later into the g eo m et r ic flooring. The large mosaic of B a l á c a born in the Severian concept of style means t he artistic a c m e of this a r e a ; no s i milar exa mpl e has yet been di sc over ed in t h e Empire.. AQUINCUM k (Civic city ) Governor's f Palace. Canabae). R o m a n mosaic sites in P a n n ó n i a. AKADÉMIAI KIADÓ, BUDAPEST.

(3) R O M A N MOSAICS IN H U N G A R Y.

(4) FONTES ARCHAEOLOGICl HUNGÁRIÁÉ. ADIUVANTIBUS. L. C A S T I G L I O N E • L. G E R E V I C H • I. K O V R I G GY. L Á S Z L Ó • A. MÓ C S Y • E. P A T E K KEDIGIT. I. H O L L. AEDES ACADEMIAE. S C I E N T I A R U M H U N G A R IC AE. BUD APESTINI MCMLXXIII.

(5) ÁKOS KISS. ROMAN MOSAICS IN HUNGARY. AKADÉMIAI. KIADÓ • BUD A P ES T. 1973.

(6) Translator : J. Boris. © A k a d é m ia i K ia d ó • B u d a p e s t 1973 • Á k o s K iss P r in t e d in H u n g a r y.

(7) CONTENTS. A bbreviations I. T h e h isto ry of th e research I I . D escription of th e mosaics I I I . A ppraisal of th e elem ents an d stru c tu re s of P a n n o n ia n mosaics IV. G eneral principles of th e in v estig atio n. 0 7 9 35 64. In d e x of mosaic sites. 69. In d e x. 71. P la te s. 73. 5.

(8) ABBREVIATIONS. AA. A rchäologischer Anzeiger. A JA. A m erican Jo u rn a l of Archeology. A cta Arch. H u n g .. A cta A rchaeologica A cadem iae S cientiarum H ungaricae, B u d a p e st. A rch. Ért.. A rchaeologiai É rtesítő, B u d ap est. B lake I. M. E . B lak e: Memoirs o f th e A m erican A cadem y in R om e. T he P av em en ts o f th e R o m a n Buildings of th e R epublic and early E m pire. 8 (1930). B lake I I. M. E . B lak e: Memoirs o f th e A m erican Academ y in R om e. R om an M osaics of the 2n d cen tu ry in Ita ly . 13 (1936). B lake I I I. M. E . B lak e: M emoirs o f th e A m erican Academ y in R om e. Mosaics of th e la te E m pire in R om e and V icinity. 17 (1940). B u d . Rég.. B u d a p e st Régiségei. D iss. P ann.. D issertationes P annonicae ex In s titu te N um ism atico e t A rchaeologico U n iv ersitatis de P . P á z m á n y nom in atae B udapestiensis.. JD A I. J a h rb u c h des D eutschen A rchaeologischen In sti tu ts. JÖ A I. Ja h re sh e fte des Ö sterreichischen A rchäologischen I n s titu ts in W ien. PW. P au ly — W issova R ealencyklopädie d e r klassischen A ltertum sw issenschaft. RM. M itteilungen des D eu tsch en Archeologischen In sti tu ts (R öm ische A bteilung).

(9) I. THE HISTORY OF THE RESEARCH. Our firs t inform ation H ung ary 1 d a te s from th e vations o f th e G overnor’s in the m iddle of th e la st. o n P an n o n ian m osaics in 1 8 th century.2 T h e exca P a la c e a t Ó buda, sta rtin g c e n tu ry , brought to light. several of the floor m osaics of th e large building alread y a t an early d a te .3 A t th e en d o f th e century a sm aller pav em en t w ith a geom etric design was published by K . K á rp á ti from S av aria.4 A t about. F ig. 1 R o m a n m o sa ic s ite s in P a n n ó n ia. 1 A t th e co n feren ce on m o sa ic s h e ld in 1963 in P a ris a n in te rn a tio n a l sc ien tific a s s o c ia tio n , A sso c ia tio n i n te r n a tio n a le p o u r 1’E tu d e de la M o s a iq u e a n tiq u e (A IE M A ) w as in itia te d for th e in v e s tig a tio n o f a n tiq u e m o saic a r t. I t h a s b e e n d ire c tin g th e s t u d y o f G reek a n d R o m a n m osaics, sin ce th e y e a r o f i ts f o rm a tio n (1965), a n d h a s ev o lv ed m e th o d s for th e ir re s e a r c h a n d for t h e u n i fo rm ity o f th e ir p u b lic a tio n . 2 P. K a ta n c io h : D issertatio de colum na . . ., E sz é k i 1782, p. 87; S. S c h ö n w isn e r: A n tiq u ita tu m et históriáé S a b a rien sis . . . , P e s tin i 1791, p . 61; Orvosok és term észet. vizsgálók 1846. évi vándorgyűlése. E m lé k k ö n y v e ( Itin e ra n t m e e tin g o f p h y sic ia n s a n d o b se rv ers o f n a tu r e in 1846. M e m o ria l B ook); M. H a a s : B a ra n y a . M e m o ra n d u m , p. 226; M . H a a s : Gedenkbuch, F ü n fk irc h e n , 1852, p. 11. 3 E . v o n S ack en : D ie rö m isc h e n B ä d e r in A lt-O fen, M itth e ilu n g e n der C e n tra l-K o m m issio n 2 (1857) pp. 165, 2 8 1 —2 8 7 ; J . S zilágyi: A z a q u in c u m i h e ly t a r t ó i p a lo ta (T he G o v e rn o r’s P a la c e a t A q u in c u m ), B u d . Rég. 14 (1945) p p . 8 1 - 9 7 . 4 K. K á r p á ti: S a b a ria i le le te k rő l (O n t h e fin d s a t S a v a ria ), A rch. É rt. 17 (1897) pp. 6 8 — 74, fig . 2.. 7.

(10) th e sam e tim e relics o f th is ch aracter w ere published from A quincum b y B . K uzsinszky.5 R e p o rts on m inor, m ostly fra g m e n ta ry mosaic fin d s tu rn ed u p in H ungarian archeological lite ra tu re with an increasing frequency.6 T h e rem ains o f th e Baláca villa, som e of whose ric h ly decorated la rg e r mosaics are am ong the m ost significant ones ev er found in P a n n ó n ia , came to lig h t in th e fir s t decade of th e 2 0 th century. F ollow ing th e firs t b rie f reports of G y. R hé who c o n d u c te d th e e x c a v atio n 7 an im p o rta n t stu d y was p u b lish ed b y J . W ollanka8 on th e large mosaic, placed in th e H ungarian N atio n al Museum, w h ich was m e n tio n ed with ap p re c ia tio n by in te rn a tio n a l research on several occasions.9 This s tu d y w as one of th e firs t works in th e literatu re to an a ly z e in d etail a n antique m osaic according to its decorative elem ents. L. N agy, w ho had th e o p p o rtu n ity to o b serve several fe a tu re s of P an nonian a r t for th e firs t tim e, pu b lish ed som e im p o rta n t findings also in th e field of m osaic a rt.10 D escribing th e m osaic fo u n d in the S av aria Capitolium a n d th e n th e A q uincum mosaic. w ith a D irce scene,11 he still d e a lt prim arily w ith questio n s of iconography. In 1928 he outlined th e s ta te an d problem s of th e research of mosaics a t t h a t tim e. H e w as especially in terested in th e beginnings of th e genre, th e G reek tim es, w hich pose m any problem s even to d a y .12 H e com m ented on th e local m osaic a r t also in his discussions of la te R om an a r t in P an n ó n ia a n d P an n o n ian w all p a in tin g .13 F in ally , in his work on th e a r t of A quin cum , he sum m ed u p th e A quincum mosaics he k n ew .14 T h e rem ains o f th e large-size la te R om an m o saic o f Savaria discovered in 1938 were described b y I. Paulovics a n d la te r by Z. K á d á r.15 The larg est n u m b e r of P a n n o n ia n mosaics w ere brought to lig h t by th e ex cavations of th e A quincuip G over n o r’s Palace, w hich w ere resum ed in 1941. On th ese J . Szilágyi re p o rte d several tim es.16 More recently, m osaics were fo u n d in th e buildings of th e canabae o f th e A quincum cam p. T hey include th e fin est m osaic relics p erh ap s n o t only o f P annónia b u t also o f th e E u ro p e a n provinces (Fig. 1).. 5 B . K u z sin sz k y : A le g ú ja b b a q u in c u m i á sa tá so k . 1887 — 1888 (The m o st r e c e n t e x c a v a tio n s a t A q u in c u m ), B u d . R ég. 1 (1889) p. 104. 6 M. H a a s : B aranya. P é c s 1845. M e m o r a n d u m , p. 226; F . V á r a d y B. P o s ta : B a r a n y a m ú ltja és jele n e (The p a s t a n d p re se n t o f B a r a n y a ) , P é c s e tt 1896 — 97, Vol. II, p. 191; O. Szőnyi: A p é c si p ü sp ö k i m ú z e u m k ő tá r a (The la p id a riu m o f th e E p is c o p a l M useum o f P é c s), Arch. É rt. 27 (1907) pp. 1 7 5 - 178; P . G e recze: A rch. É rt. 27 (1907) p . 178. 7 G y. R h é : B alácza, V e sz p ré m 1912, p p . 94 98, fig. 26, P l . 8; id em : R ó m a i le le te k rő l B a lá c z a p u s z tá n (On th e R o m a n finds a t B a lá c z a ), A rch. É r t. 27 (1907) p. 364. 8 J . W o lla n k a: E in rö m is c h e s M osaik a u s B alácza, J Ö A I 25 (1929); idem : B a lá c a i m o za ik a N e m z e ti M ú z e u m b a n (T he B a lá ca m o sa ic a t th e H u n g a r ia n N a tio n a l M u se u m ), M agyar M ű v észet 2 (1926) p p . 3 2 9 -3 3 4 . 9 D . L e v i: A ntioch m o sa ic pavem ents, P r in c e to n 1947, p. 394. 10 L . N a g y : A sa v a ria i ca p ito liu m o n 1791 -ben talált m o za ik p a d ló (The m o sa ic p a v e m e n t fo u n d in 1791 a t th e S a v a ria c a p ito liu m ), S z o m b a th e ly 1927. 11 L . N a g y : D irke b ű n h ő d é s e az a q u in c u m i m ozaik o n. (T h e p u n is h m e n t o f D irce on t h e A q u in c u m m o sa ic ), B u d . Rég. 13 (1943) p p . 77-99. 12 L . N a g y : A z a n ti k m o z a ik m ű v é sz e ti k u ta tá s o k le g ú j a b b e re d m é n y e i (R e c e n t a c h ie v e m e n ts o f th e re s e a rc h in to a n tiq u e m o sa ic s), A rch. É rt. 41 (1927) pp. 1 9 2-196. 13 L . N ag y : P a n n ó n ia Sacra. S z e n t Is tv á n e m lékkö n yv (S a in t S te p h e n m e m o ria l book), B u d a p e s t 1938, p. 133; id e m : D ie rö m is c h -p a n n o n is c h e d e k o ra tiv e M a lere i, R M 41 (1926) p p . 79 131. 14 L . N a g y : B u d a p e st története, 1/2. M űvészetek (H is to ry o f B u d a p e s t, 1/2. A rts ), B u d a p e s t 1942, p p . 5 9 8 —606. 15 I . P a u lo v ic s: S a v a ria -S z o m b a th e ly to p o g r á f iá ja (T h e to p o g ra p h y o f S a v a ria -S z o m b a th e ly ), S z o m b a th e ly 1943, p p . 2 5 -3 8 ; Z. K á d á r : S a v a r ia , B u d a p e s t 1958, p p . 39 - 4 0 . 16 J . S zilágyi: A z a q u in c u m i h e ly ta r tó i p a lo ta (T he G o v e rn o r’s P a la c e a t A q u in c u m ), B u d . Rég. 14 (1945) p p . 8 1 -9 7 ; id em : R ó m a ik o ri é p ítm é n y az ó b u d a i H a j ó g y á rs z ig e te n . (A R o m a n b u ild in g o f t h e Ó b u d a S h ip y a rd I s la n d ) , É pítészet 3 (1951) pp. 5 5 0 -5 5 9 ; id e m : A q u in c u m , B u d a p e s t, 1956, p p . 99 -1 0 0 , P is 6 3 ,6 5 ; M. K a b a : A z a q u in c u m i h e ly ta r tó i p a lo ta m o z a ik p a d o z a ta i (M osaic flo o r o f th e G o v e rn o r’s P a la c e a t A q u in c u m ), B u d . R ég. 18 (1958) p p . 7 9 -9 8 ..

(11) II. DESCRIPTION OF THE MOSAICS. 1. AQUINCUM (a) The mosaics of the Governor’s Palace W ith a few e x c e p tio n s th e m o s a ic s o f th e T r a n s d a n u b ia n p a r t o f P a n n ó n i a are flo o r m o sa ic s of th e o p u s tes sellation te c h n iq u e . T h e ir m a te ria l o rig in a te s fro m lim e sto n e a n d d o lo m ite ro ck s o f d if f e r e n t colours fro m th e T ra n s d a n u b ia n C e n tra l M o u n ta in s , w ith little lo ca l b a s a lt a n d o c ca sio n a lly w ith m a rb le t y p e s o f foreign o rig in e , fra g m e n ts o f h o u s e c era m ic s a n d brics, a n d o p a q u e. glass. D e p a r tu r e s from t h e d o lo m ite a n d lim e s to n e m a te ria l w ill b e m e n tio n e d in t h e c o u rse o f t h e d iscu ssio n of th e p ie c e s in q u e stio n .. M ore th a n a h u n d red years ago alre a d y consid erable p a rts of R om an buildings w ere u n earth ed a t th e S h ip y ard Isla n d of Ó buda.17 A m ong the rem n an ts o f walls m osaics were discovered already a t t h a t tim e. They h a v e been for th e m o st p a rt. Fig. 2 A q u in cu m , t h e m o sa ic s o f th e G o v e rn o r’s P a la c e. 17 J . S zilág y i: A z a q u in c u m i h e ly ta rtó i p a lo ta (T he G o v e rn o r’s P a la c e a t A q u in c u m ), B u d . Bég. 14 (1945) p p . <81-97; id e m : A ró m aik o ri á s a tá s o k fo n to sa b b e r e d m ényei B u d a p e s t te rü le té n . . . (T h e m ost im p o r t a n t. re su lts o f t h e e x c a v a tio n s o f R o m a n relics in t h e a re a o f B u d a p e s t), B u d . Rég. 16 (1955) p p . 403 4 09; E . von S ack en : D ie rö m isch e n B ä d e r in A lt-O fen, M itth e ilu n g en der C e n tra l-K o m m issio n 2 (1857) p p . 165, 285 286, fig. 3.. 9.

(12) F ig . 3 A q u in c u m , t h e G o v e rn o r’s P a la c e , m o sa ic o f ro o m N o . 2 (N o. 1). 0. d estro y ed , since th e ir p attern s, w ith th e exception o f one mosaic, a re know n to us o n ly from con te m p o ra ry draw ings.18 W hen, after a lo n g er tim e, ex cav atio n s w ere s ta r te d here again in 1941, it tu rn e d o u t very soon t h a t th e island h id th e rem ains o f th e palace o f th e G overnor o f Lower P a n n ó n ia (Pannónia In ferio r). Several room s w ith m osaic floors w ere discovered in rows o f rooms m o stly in th e eastern w ing o f th e p alace com plex, w hich was taking a m o re an d more d is tin c t shape as a resu lt of th e ex cav atio n s renew ed in 1951 (Fig. 2 ).19 Floor m o saics have survived in six rooms, w hile in one room a sm all p a rt of a p a v e m e n t was fo u n d a t th e entrance (room No. 8). N o . 7. In th e o rd e r of th e room s beginning w ith th e floor of th e o ctag o n al room N o. 2 (Fig. 3, PI. 1/2), th is mosaic — sim ilarly to m o st o f th e others — 10. 2m. is black-and-w hite in colour. A large p a rt o f th e surface is d e stro y ed in the cen tre. W hite on b lack, w ith an all-over geom etric deco rativ e design sim ilar to th a t o f brick p avem ents m ade of sm all-size bricks of special shapes. F o u r heart-shaped fields w ith tap erin g sides m eet in squ ares w ith concave sides.20 Size: 4.4 m x 5 .3 m . 2 n d century.. lx J . S z ilá g y i: op. cit., B u d . B ég . 14 (1945) fig . 49. T h e y h a v e p a r t l y b een d e s tro y e d , som e p a r ts w e re b ro u g h t to th e H u n g a ria n N a tio n a l M useum a n d o th e r s t o V ienna. T h e p ie c e b elonging to t h e H u n g a ria n N a tio n a l M useum w as r e c e n tly found in a d e fe c tiv e s ta te in A q u in cum . 19 E . von S a c k e n : op. cit.; J . S z ilá g y i: Az a q u in c u m i h e ly ta rtó i p a lo ta (T h e G o v e rn o r’s P a la c e a t A q u in c u m ), B u d . Bég. 18 (1958) p. 03. 20 See n o te s 18 a n d 19..

(13) A qu in cu m , th e G o v e rn o r’s P a lac e, m osaic o f ro o m N o. 3 (No. 2). 0. I—. No. 2. T h e floor of th e n e x t room , No. 3 (Fig. 4), displays also a n all-over g eom etric p a tte rn o f w hite on a black groun d . The w h ite finger-biscuit-shaped forms im ita tin g floor bricks show d istinctly ag ain st th e d ark b ase of the fram eless floor design of the room w hich is closed dow n w ith a slight c u rv e on th e side opp o site to th e en tran ce. Rows o f four such shapes, divided by sm all interm ed iate squares each, form a net-like grid p a tte r n .21 Size: 4 m X 4.75 m. 2nd c e n tu ry . No. 3. T h e mosaic of room No. 5 (Fig. 5) is cen trally s itu a te d an d ap p ro x im ately square shaped. Its d ecoration is more or less sim ilar to th e p revious mosaics, differing from th e m only in its broad, simple, geom etric fram ing. T h is fram e is divided, it su rrounds th e m ain fie ld only on th re e sides. Its in te rn a l field consists o f a p a tte rn o f w hite curvilinear hexagons a lte rn a tin g w ith oblongs. ■. i. 2m. — —■. w ith tw o outw ard cu rv in g narrow er sides, em erg ing fro m th e dark g round. Its fram ing has a clear linear design of squ ares a n d rectangles resem bling th e p a tte rn s of q u a d ra tic walls or flag-stone pave m ents. On th e e n tra n c e side, along a double axis line th e re is a p a tte rn o f waves filled w ith black.22 W ith its surface of 37.5 square m etres it is among th e la rg e st P an n o n ian m osaics. Size: 6 m x 0.25 m. 2nd cen tu ry . N o. 4. The rem ains o f th e mosaic opposite to th e e n tra n c e side of room N o. 6 (Fig. 6, P l. 1/3) are am ong th e larger ones. Considerable p a rts of tills floor w ere destroyed du rin g facto ry construction. The m a in field is su rro u n d ed by a broad, sim ple black. 21 See p re v io u s n o te . 22 S ee n o te s 18 a n d 19.. 11.

(14) F ig . 5 A q u in c u m , th e G o v e rn o r’s P a lac e, m o sa ic o f ro o m N o. 5 (N o. 3). fra m in g p art. Its liv ely design consists o f a com pli c a te d system of in tersectin g circles, p a r t of them co n cen tric. The fram in g c u ts off th e all-o v er p a tte rn sp re a d in g in all d irectio n s. L ight circle sections (le n tic u la r m otives) a n d curvilinear tria n g le s form ed of th e form er p ro je c t from its black g round. This d o u b le circular p a tte r n , nevertheless clear in its effect, conceals th e a c tu a l com position in a clever w ay. A t the tw o e n tra n c e s of th e ro o m , one of th e m w alled off la te r, w e can find so -called th resh 12. old m otives. One o f these consists of three sim p le m em bers each o f tw o opposite lines of leav es, w ith a circle in th e m iddle. T he o th e r is quillochelike, w ith black sq u are in th e m id d le of each sec tio n .23 Size: 11.7 m X 11.7 m . 2 n d century. N o. 5. I n th e n o rth e rn row o f room s of the p alace, tu rn in g a t rig h t angles room N o. 45 (Fig. 7, F l. 1/1) is also decorated w ith a mosaic. T h is is also su rro u n d 23 See n o te s 18 a n d 19..

(15) F ig . 0 A q u in c u m , t h e G o v e rn o r s P a la c e , m o saic o f ro o m N o. 6 (No. 4). ed by a b ro a d black fram e, its design is, how ever, black on a lig h t ground. I n fa c t it is a single p a t tern , viz. th re e m eanders m eeting in p erspective an d suggesting th ree dim ensions w ith th e ir p e r pendicular p lan es converge in a cube form w ith differently sh ad ed sides. T he broad, d ark fram ing follows th e rounded-off corners of th e room . T he mosaic does n o t occupy th e whole surface o f th e floor of th e room , an d leaves one fo u rth o f th e floor plain.24 Size: 2.5 m x 2 .7 5 m . E n d of th e 2nd century. No. G. O f th e mosaic of room No. 8 (P l. I I / l ) only th e coloured threshold trip e has su rv iv ed. The q u ad ran g u lar room which h a d h a d a full m osaic p a v e m en t was d e stro y e d in th e p a s t few decades d u ring facto ry constru ctio n . T he single row of m otives of th e th re sh o ld fragm ent consists of th ree re m a in ing p e lta crosses. The lively p eltas which seem to roll on like sw astikas, are black in colour an d em erge from a w hite base, bordered b y black stripes on b o th edges of th e th resh o ld p a r t; th a t. 0. 2m. was th e place where th e p av em en t ended. T he p elta crosses are filled in w ith double, com plicated Solom on’s k nots, orange an d ochre in colour.25 Size: 0.75 m x l . 9 4 m . E n d of th e 2nd century. N o. 7. T he n e x t m osaics of th e palace cam e to light still a t th e tim e o f th e excav atio n s of th e m iddle o f th e last cen tu ry . No. 7 w as a circular p av em en t which, according to som e earlier views, had d e co rated one of th e sm all room s of th e bathing section, p ro b ab ly th e circular caldarium m arked No. 58 (Fig. 8). E . vo n Sacken, how ever, saw a p a v em en t of floor bricks in th e la tte r room .26 J . Szilágyi assum es th a t th e ro u n d m osaic w hich w'as. 24 See n o te 19. 25 See n o te s 18 a n d 19. 26 E . v o n S a c k en : op. cit.; J . S zilágyi: h e ly ta rtó i p a lo ta (T he G o v e rn o r’s P a la c e B u d . R ég. 14 (1945) p. 96, fig. 49; id em : h e ly ta rtó i p a lo ta (T he G o v e rn o r’s P a la c e B u d . R ég. 18 (1958) p. 64.. A z a q u in c u m i a t A q u in c u m ), A z a q u in c u m i a t A q u in c u m ),. 13.

(16) F ig . 7 A q u in c u m , th e G o v e rn o r’s P a la c e , m o saic o f ro o m N o. 45 (N o. 5). F ig. 8 A q u in c u m , t h e G o v e rn o r’s P a la c e , m o saic o f ro o m N o. 58 (?) (N o. 7).

(17) know n alread y in th e lite ra tu re o f th e last c e n tu ry 27 could have b een placed here a t a la te r tim e. I t is also filled in w ith an all-over g eo m etric p a tte rn , sim i la r to th e p rev io u s mosaics. I n its in n e r p a rt w e can see in a system o f circles tw o p elta-lik e figures each arranged w ith th e ir backs to each other, or r a th e r figures im ita tin g floor bricks. C ertain gro u p s of these are black, while the b ase is of light colour.. dolom ite w ould m ark th e white, while th e basalt would re p re se n t th e b lack colour. O n th e basis of th e con tem p o rary draw ing th is m osaic, too, was sim ila r to th e relics of the sam e ch aracter from th e eastern wing o f th e palace.28 A pproxi m ate d ia m e te r: 9.5 m . 2 n d century. No. 9. C ircular floor, pro b ab ly from th e G over nor’s P a la c e (Fig. 10). R e d an d black in colour, w ith. F ig. 9 A q u in cu m , t h e G o v e rn o r’s P a la c e , m osaic fro m b e lo w th e “ W o rk sh o p o f th e R o u g h B la c k s m its ” (No. 8). T he p a tte rn s resem bling floor b rick shapes show an affinity w ith mosaic No. 1. T his mosaic, how ever, differs from the p a tte rn s of th e e a ste rn row of rooms m ain ly in its fram in g . The flo o r has been destroyed; certain p a rts o f i t were ta k e n to th e im perial collections of V ien n a and to th e H ungarian N a tio n a l M useum in th e 1850s. 2n d century. N o. 8. One m o re mosaic is m en tio n ed b y E . v. Sacken from th e Shipyard Is la n d in 1856. Its design is sim ilar to th a t of No. 7. I t was discovered in a sem icircular room w ith hypocaust, w hich was th e sem icircular closing p a r t of a larger room . I n this place, so u th east of th e b a th in g section dis covered alread y in th e B ach p erio d , the so-called “ W orkshop of th e Rough B la c k sm ith s” h ad sto o d (Fig. 9). I ts design, sim ilarly to those of m osaics No. 1, No. 2 a n d No. 7, im itates th e floor brick s tr u c tu re ; it is, to o , a n im itation o f floors w ith fin g erbiscuit an d p elta-form ed p a tte r n , however, it is arranged in a q u ad ratic system . According to th e description of E . v. Sacken its colours were yellow ish a n d grayish. O f these the soiled yellow ish-grayish. a w hite base, w ith tra c e s of later b u rning. W ith its design being sim ilar to those of No. 7 a n d No. 8, it form s a com m on g ro u p w ith them . I t is a n in tricate p a tte r n of in terlacin g curves, h eart-sh ap ed forms, p e lta s, sem icircles, and concavely etching squares.29 D iam eter: 2.1 m . 2nd century. No. 10. I n th e w estern p a rt of th e palace, in the octagonal bathroom N o. 63 w ith a corner-niche, in th e neighbourhood o f room No. 58, a largely destroyed m osaic was fo u n d in 1952 (Fig. 10a, Pis TT/2, I I I / l , 111/2).30 I n co n trast to th e previous mosaics, th is one is fig u rái, w ith a m arin e scene. Only th e borders of th e m osaic have su rv iv ed . The room in w hich it is s itu a te d has round corner-niches, and a sm all basin in its no rth -eastern corner, w ith. 27 E . v o n S ack en : D ie rö m is c h e n B ä d e r in A lt-O fen , M itth e ilu n g e n der C e n tra l-K o m issio n 2 (1857) p p . 2 8 1-287. 28 Op. c it. fig. 4. 29 See n o t e 27. 30 M. K a b a : Az a q u in c u m i h e ly ta rtó i p a lo t a m ozaikp a d o z a ta i (M osaic floors o f th e G o v e rn o r’s P a la c e a t A q u in c u m ), B u d . Rég. 18 (1958) pp. 8 5 —97.. 15.

(18) F ig . 10 G e o m e tric p a tte rn fro m t h e G o v e rn o r’s P a la c e (No. 9). a n open-w ork sink in its m iddle. S erving for bath in g , th e functional p resen ce of w ater in th e room created a n interesting re la tio n sh ip w ith th e th e m e of th e floor m osaic. In th e su rv iv in g b o rd er-p arts a dolphin, a re d goldfish, o th e r sm aller fish; a sw ord-fish chasing a carp-like fish, and pearl-o y sters are sw im m ing in th e fie ld representing th e w ater surface. On th e le ft side of th e p ic to ria l fragm ent we can see reed-grass an d reeds w ith some k in d o f sea-weed a ro u n d a tree-tru n k . B eside th e fish th e re is also a d uck sw im m ing ab o u t. T his, to g eth er 16. w ith the tre e -tru n k and th e vegetation, p o in ts to th e fact t h a t w h at th e m o saic represents is n o t th e open sea, b u t probably off-shore w aters o r a flooded landscape. In th e o th e r corner o f th e surviving p ictu re-field th ere is a floundering d o l p h in w ith a n arching body. H ere too elem en ts o f w ater v eg etatio n appear. T h e calm, g litte rin g w ater surface, distu rb ed only slightly by a breeze, is represented aro u n d b o th g roups of anim als by rows of sm all b lack lines. F ille d with sim ilar ele m ents, th e p ic tu re field once covered th e w hole.

(19) 01----------- 1--------------------------- 1------------ 1-------------51 m F ig. 10 a A q u in c u m , m osaic fra g m e n t fro m th e b a t h w in g o f th e G o v e rn o r’s P a la c e (N o . 10). flo o r of the room . I ts fram ing is sim ple: a narrow , black inside b a n d is surro u n d ed fa rth e r outside b y a broader b la c k fram e. T races of this can be observed on all fo u r sides. A ro w of leaves con sisting of large-size lotus p etals em erges from th e b lack ground, w ith w hite b lanks. On th e th re s h old p a rt of th e eastern e n tra n c e th e d raw ing like pictures of tw o can th ari em erge from th e black. 2 Roman Mosaics in Hungary. ground, rep resen ted by lines of light colour. From b o th o f these iv y scrolls growing to g e th e r are spreading out, and to th e rig h t the w h ite sil houette o f a sm all dolphin c a n be seen. T h e whole p a rt is asym m etrically sh ifte d tow ards th e left, and its lay in g m ethod to o differs from t h a t of the o th er designs of th e room . Size: 9.5 m x 9 .5 m. Beginning o f th e 3rd cen tury.. 17.

(20) (b) Mosaics of the civic city N o . 11. The e a rlie st of th e m osaics of th e civic c ity know n so fa r w as discovered in front of th e K re m p l Mill (Pl. I I I /3 , colour su p p lem en t). I t w as th e floor of th e M ithraeum e re c te d by C. lu liu s V ictorinus, th e decurio of th e colonia, previous to th e y e a r 198 A.D. I f th e sa n c tu a ry w as p a rt of a dw elling-house t h a t h a d stood e arlier, th en p erh ap s th e mosaic was n o t m ade in acco rd an ce w ith th e requ irem en ts o f th e cultie place, b u t som ew hat. while th e rem aining in te rm e d ia te spaces w ere filled w ith e ig h t rectangles each pressed to th e sides of th e octagonal emblemata. B etw een th e stars, here to o , there are th e usual small sq u ares. Thus it is o n ly half-stars consisting of four lozenges w ith trian g les betw een th e m th a t th e edges of the inner field o f th e design c u t in tw o. In som e fields different in d iv id u al leaf o rn am en ts can be found. F rom th e octagonal em b le m a ta th e guilloche fram e of o n ly one em blem h as survived. T h e loz enge s ta r sy stem used to be broken b y four. F ig . 11 R o m e , th e V ia T u s c o la n a m osaic. earlier. H ow ever, B. K uzsinszky speaks here d e fin itely of a single, larger ro o m , which p o in ts m u ch rath er to a cultic place.31 I n th a t case th e a lta r stone, w hich stood a t th e sam e place a n d w as erected in 198 A.D., w o u ld m ark also th e d a te of c o n stru c tio n of th e flo o r.32 T he interior p a r t of th e m osaic is fram ed b y a b ro a d band of r a th e r simple design, viz. a netw o rk o f interlacing octagons. The id ea o f th e in terlacing circles retu rn s h ere in an a n g u la r form. F u r th e r m ore, all th e sections are filled in shades. T h e guilloche b etw een th e in te rio r field and th is ex terio r fram ing b a n d is a less freq u en t m o tiv e; i t is a tw o -stra n d guilloche. T h e octagonal in te rio r emblemata, u n fo rtu n a te ly fu lly destroyed, w ere also surrounded b y such m otives. T he dim ensions o f this floor c a n n o t be ex actly ascertained. I t w as rectangular, like th e room in w hich it was situ a te d . A double b a n d is running along one of its n a rro w e r sides an d th is m ay have b een rep eated also o n th e oth er side. The m ain field is filled w ith a lozenge-star p a tte rn . F ro m its only su rv iv in g section we c a n establish t h a t full, e ig h t-p a rt lozenge stars a lte rn a te d in it w ith octagonal ones, 18. such e m b lem ata; th ey w ere th e m ain d ecorative elem ents o f th e mosaic. I t can be tak en fo r certain th a t these pan els were filled w ith pictorial rep resen tations. T h is is evinced also by the th re e rows of light-coloured tesserae o f th e surviving em blem fragm ent, ap p a re n tly th e w hite ground o f the original p ic tu re . The th re sh o ld d eco ratio n is divided in to tw o zones, th e interior one is adorned w ith a flex ib le ivy scroll, w hile th e adjoining field consists o f a row of opposing double p e lta s. The peltas are also filled w ith re d and black. 31 B. K u z s in s z k y : Az a q u in c u m i m u zeu m és k ő e m ló k e i (T he A q u in c u m m u seu m a n d i t s sto n e relics), B u d . Rég. 5 (1897) p p . 1 18-120; id e m : F u n d e a u s U n g a rn , J Ö A I 2 (1899), B e ib l a tt , pp. 5 5 -5 6 ; L . N a g y : A sa v a r ia i capitolium on 1791-ben talált m o za ik p a d ló (T he m o sa ic p a v e m e n t fo u n d in 1791 a t th e S a v a r ia c a p ito liu m ), S z o m b a t hely 1927, p . 113; L. N a g y : B udapest története 1/2, M űvészetek (H is to ry o f B u d a p e s t 1/2, A rts ) p . 599; T . N a g y : V a llá si éle t A q u in c u m b a n (in B u d a p e s t tör ténete) (R e lig io u s life in A q u in c u m , in H is to ry o f B u d a p e s t) 1/2, B u d a p e s t 1942, p. 433; id e m : A p a n n o n ia i k e re sz té n y s é g t ö r t é n e t e (H isto ry o f P a n n o n ia n C h ris tia n ity ), D iss. B a n n . 1939, p. 28. 32 C IL I I I . 14344-6..

(21) i. ; 0. 0. b. ' 0 0 0 0. 0 lv v l. 0. 0 Q. 0~|. 0. s. 0. 0. :. 5m. _i____i___ i. Fijr. 12 A q u in c u m , C ivic C ity , p lan o f t h e g r e a t dw elling h o u se w ith th e m o sa ic o f th e b a th se c tio n (No. 13). T he colouring o f th e V ictorinus mosaic re su lts also from th e p eculiar tech n iq u e of its m aking. B esides w hite a n d black we c a n also find green, re d an d yellow colours on it. T h e green is glass p aste , w hile th e re d and th e yellow are th e u su al p o tte ry m a te ria l of th e local ceram ic w orkshops. T h u s th is m osaic is not com posed only of th e u su al dolom ite-lim estone m a te ria l. The black colours do n o t originate from th e m ost freq u en tly used b a sa lt m a te ria l either, b u t from some k in d o f highly b u rn t, crum bling rock, o r p o tte ry b ro k en in to ad eq u ate pieces. We can also find here one of th e less freq u en t tec h n iq u e of th e m osaic a r t of th e Im p e ria l Age, viz. in s te a d of tesserae, th e m ain system s of lines of th e design are filled w ith terrazzo m a te ria l. These pinkish-reddish strip es a re found m a in ly in the octagons of th e outside geom etric fram e. T h e fact th a t th e in terio r o ctago n al fields are e m b lem ata is also show n by th e cir cum stan ce th a t th e preserved w h ite base of v ery sm all cubicles, 5 m illim etres in size, in co n trast to th e tesserae of th e other g eom etric p arts w hich are th ree tim es as big, w ith 1.2 centim etre long edges, exceeding th e average size used in P annónia. Size: 2.9 m x(1.25 m. 198. A .l). 2*. No. 12. T h e coloured m osaic floor o f one of the dw elling-houses rep resen ts th e m ythological scene of th e punishm ent o f D irce (P l. IV /1 — 2).33 The p icto rial emblem is surro u n d ed b y a b road, m ultiple geom etric fram e. I t is of loose stru c tu re ; the outside row of len ticu lar m otives a rra n g e d in zig-zag lines is followed by a b ro ad er fram e consisting o f rows of squ ares and lozenges. In its squares double peltas, four-petalled ro settes and Solom on’s knots a lte rn a te . T hen a threefo ld inner fram e of more co m p act stru c tu re follows which co nsists of a row of triangles, a line of running w aves and a guilloche. T his fram ing surrounds a n o th e r in terio r zone, while th e actu al emblem su rro u n d ed w ith a double guilloche occupies a m uch sm aller space. T he in terio r fram ing ban d is su rro u n d ed on each of its four sides b y one large 33 L. v o n N a g y : B e s tra fu n g d e r D irk e a u f e in e m A q u in c u m er M o saik , R M 40 (1925) p p . 5 1 -6 5 ; E . P fu h l: D er F a rn e s is c h e S tie r u n d d a s M osaik v o n A q u in c u m , R M 41 (1926) p p . 2 2 7 -2 2 8 ; L . N a g y : D irk e b ű n h ő d é s e az a q u in c u m i m o z a ik o n (T he p u n is h m e n t o f D irc e o n th e A q u in c u m m o sa ic ), B u d . R ég. 13 (1943) p p . 77—99; idem : B u d a p e s t története I f2 , M űvészetek ( H is to r y o f B u d a p e st 1/2, A rts), B u d a p e s t 1942, p p . 5 9 8 -5 9 9 .. 19.

(22) p e lta containing a m ask , b y scrolls, a n d by shield lik e elem ents in th e corners. C haracteristic are th e L -shaped p an els a tta c h e d to th e four corners o f th e emblem, w h ich are filled w ith checkerboard p a tte rn s and row s of triangles.34 T h e central com p a rtm e n t about one th ird of w hich has survived, rep resen ts th e scene of th e p u n ish m e n t of Dirce. I t show s the story o f A m p h y o n a n d Z ethos, who to o k rev en g e for th e ir m o th e r by ty in g D irce, th eir ste p m o th e r, to a bull to be dragged to d eath by th e an im al. The bull, rising on its h in d legs, sta n d s b etw een th e D ioscuri, while D irce, w ho is lying on th e ground, is being tie d to th e h o rn s of the anim al. Size: 5.9 m x 6.1 m , size of th e em blem : 1.5 m x 1.5 m. 2 n d q u arter of th e 3 rd century. N o. 13. A n o th er m osaic floor from th e civic c ity is th a t of th e bath ro o m of th e large dwellinghouse35 (Fig. 12, P l. V /l) rep resen tin g w restlers. T h e fram ing of th e m osaic, show ing g ray and black colours on w hite ground, w ith v e ry little red, consists of a geom etric line design. I ts lower le ft th ir d has been d estro y ed . T he design of th e fram e is a system of lines consisting o f two rows of tesserae, form ing m eanders w hich cross each o th e r in a sw astika-like m an n er, a n d a re arranged in th e four corners a checkerboard p a tte rn . I n th e w restling scene o f th e in terio r p an el, the b lack bod ied fighter o n th e left lifts his opponent from th e ground b y p ressing him to him self from th e fro n t. In front of th e w restlers we ca n see th e referee dressed in a gow n a n d holding a stic k in his h an d ; h e is jum ping h ere a n d there, w atch in g th e ra p id ly changing events. T h e p ictu re catch es one p a rtic u la r m om en t of th e fig h t, and — if we accept th e m ythological e x p la n a tio n of th e fig h t — it show's th e climax, th e p h ase w hen th e struggle has alread y been decided. The few o b jects to be seen o n th e picture re fe r to th e place o f th e w restlingm atch . The b ra n c h of some p la n t m ay sym bolize th e prize of v ic to ry . H igher ab o v e three strigils a re hanging, a n d behind th e h e a d of th e referee o n a prop-like s u p p o rte r we can also see a vessel fo r oil. The tw o w restlers are n u d e, th eir h a ir is g ath ered in a k in d of k n o t (cirru s). On th e m osaic som e ra th e r cru d e repairs can be observed, m a d e still in A n tiq u ity , m ost p ro b ab ly in th e 2nd h a lf o f th e 3rd c e n tu ry . Size: 1.51 m x 1.85 m. 2nd q u a r te r of th e 3 rd cen tu ry .. (c) Mosaics of the fanabae In 1958-59 sev eral mosaics cam e to light in th e area of th e cam p city, in M eggyfa S treet, a n d according to th e d a ta of ex cav atio n s m ade so far, from tw o dw elling-houses.30 20. No. 14. T he mosaic rep resen tin g boxers w as th e sole decoration of th e b u ild in g in which i t was found (Pl. V II/1). T he n e a rly square p ic tu re is enclosed in a fram e consisting o f a single line m ade o f two rows o f tesserae. T h e g ro u n d of th e space represented on th e p ictu re is m arked; th ere are tw o figures on it, on th e rig h t th e w inner in an u p rig h t p o stu re and beside him the looser, sittin g on th e ground, leaning on a stic k , his head bleeding. To th e le ft a palm b ran ch , th e prize o f th e winner, is p ro p p ed ag ain st a n ornate pedestal. On th e left h a n d of b o th figures of th e d in n e r is fastened in a cirrus also here. Black is n o t th e only co lo u r used by th e m ak er of th e m osaic on th e w h ite ground. The contours of th e tw o bodies are black, b u t the fram ing, the ground rep resen ted in th e pictu re and even the shadings o f th e bodies a n d th e other o b jects are all of a b ro ad , spot-like picturesque, fine fain t ochre colouring. Size: 0.79 m x l . 8 4 m. B eginning of th e 3rd century.. F ig . 13 A q u in c u m , C a n a b a e , m o sa ic fro m M eggyfa S t r e e t v illa. No. 14a. A fu rth er m osaic fragm ent cam e to light in a neighbouring house; near the right-angled corner p a r t of its sim ple black fram e se t against. 34 W e c a n sh o w th e w o rk a f t e r th e r e p re s e n ta tio n m ade b y th e p a in t e r E . Je g e s o n t h e ba sis o f th e d ire c tio n s g iv en b y L . N a g y . 35 B. K u z sin sz k y : A le g ú ja b b a q u in c u m i á s a tá s o k (T he m o st re c e n t e x c a v a tio n s a t A q u in c u m ), B u d . Rég. 1 (1889) p p . 143-145. fig. 32; id em : A q u in c u m , A u sg ra bungen u n d F u n d e , B u d a p e s t 1934, pp. 49—51, fig. 16; L . N a g y : B u d a p e st története J /2 , M űvészetek (H is to ry of B u d a p e s t 1/2, A rts) p. 599, P l. 91/1. 3fi R e g a rd in g all o f th e m (N o s. 14 to 18) see I. W elln er: A z a q u in c u m i m ozaikok (T h e A q u in c u m m osaics), B u d a p e s t 1962; id e m .: T h e H e rc u le s V illa in A q u in c u m , A cta A rc h . H u n g . 21 (1969) p . 245..

(23) F ig . 14 A q u in cu m , C a n a b a e , m osaic fro m. a w hite ground, d etails of th e g enius head a n d w ings of a w inged female fig u re can be seen. B eginning of th e 3 rd century (Fig. 13). N o . 15. In th e neighbourhood o f th e building o f m osaic No. 14 fo u r mosaics w ere fo u n d in an o ther villa. Three of th e m adorned th e flo o rs of adjoining room s. The larg est one, the fo u rth , is in a room w ith an apse. T he f irs t mosaic is o n e of th e m y th o logical scenes fo u n d in P annónia (P l. VI/1). F rom th e sto ry of H eracles an d Nessus it shows the p a rt w hen th e hero sh o o ts down w ith a n arrow the cen ta u r Nessus who is dragging D eian eira aecross th e riv e r. On the su rv iv in g upper h a lf o f th e emblem, w e can see D eian eira in th e a rm s of Nessus, ex ten d in g her a rm in a m ovem ent asking for help to w a rd s Heracles w ho stands b e h in d them a n d alre a d y aims his a rro w a t th e c e n ta u r. In fro n t E u a n u s, th e river-god, w ith sceptre in h an d , w atches th e trag ed y w ith an x iety . The a c tu a l landscape,. ro o m No. 2 o f t h e M eggyfa S tr e e t villa (N o. 16). th e river, h a s perished w ith th e lower p a r t of th e picture, b u t even so considerable p a rts o f its background h a v e survived. T h e m osaic has a b ro ad , trip a rtite fram in g . This is la id o u t in m uch la rg e r pieces th a n th e emblem. T h e pictu re is encircled b y a system o f b road guilloches, sixfold ab ove a n d a fivefold on th e two sides. T h e n ex t o u ter fram e is an enorm ous astragal row. Strangely, on place of the in te rm e d ia te pearl m em bers we fin d here double p eltas. T he ex tern al fram e consists of a netw ork o f re d and yellow octagons w ith a w arm colour effect on a light g ro u n d , w ith filled -u p squares in b etw een and w ith a sw astika in each of th e octagons. W e can also fin d com posite eig h tpointed s ta rs o n both sides. Size: 4.7 m X 5 m , th a t of th e em blem : 0.685 m x l . 2 4 m. T u rn of th e 2nd a n d 3 rd centuries. No. 16. O f th e mosaic of th e n e x t room (No. 11) only the geo m etric p attern s h a v e survived (Fig. 14, 21.

(24) F ig . 14a A q u in c u m , C a n a b a o , m osaic fro m ro o m N o. 3. o f t h e M eggyfa S tr e e t villa (N o. 17). Pl- V II/2). I ts d estro y ed m id d le p a rt used to be adorned b y a q u a d ra tic em blem . T he o u ter b a n d of its broad, double geom etric fram e is a com posite m eandrical sy stem . I n sp ite o f its sim ple design, b e sides its black a n d w hite colours it also show s red lines. T he m ean d ers join sw astika-like, leaving room for rectangles in betw een. E v e ry second of th e se is red, and inside th e la tte r th e re are small sq u ares set on th e p o in ts o f red trian g les. The com posite checkerboard p a tte r n of th e in te rio r band is a m ore com plicated sy stem of sq u are a n d oblongs re sem bling te x tile p a tte rn s, w ith yellow a n d black colours. I n som e larger, light fields th ere a re also sm all stars. Size: 3 .5 x 3 .7 5 m . T u rn of th e 2nd a n d 3rd centu ries. No. 17. T he m osaic floor o f th e n e x t room (No. 10), is en tirely geom etric (Fig. 14a, Pl. V II/3 ). I ts fram ing b o rd er d ecoration is com posed of th e ob longs an d sq u ares already know n from th e m o tiv es 22. of th e G o vernor’s P alace, w ith a star in each of the squares. T h e interior o f th e mosaic is a quad raticnetw ork system com posed o f rows of sq u a re s set on th eir edges, w ith one la rg e r square each in th e three tim es th re e fields. T he sm all squares a re a ltern a tively re d a n d black, th e la tte r are w hite inside. The nine la rg e r squares are filled partly w ith red and yellow Solom ons’ k n o ts a n d p artly w ith red and black form s com posed o f four trian g les each. Size: 3.12 m x 3 .2 0 m . T u rn of the 2 n d a n d 3rd centuries. No. 18. T he mosaic flo o r of the la s t, apsidal room o f th e villa (No. 7) follows th e g ro u n d plan of th e room (Pis V I11/1 —2, IX /1 —2). O f its tw o pic tu re pan els one is sq u are a n d the other is arranged in th e apse. Sim ilarly to th e previous ones, this mo saic too has a geom etric fram e composed o f several bands. T his consists m o stly of designs im ita tin g the q u ad ra tic w ork seen on th e previous m osaic (No. 17)..

(25) On one side, how ever, th e fram e is b ro k en in an asym m etrical way, m a k in g room for a n o th e r charac te ristic m otive w hich, how ever, occurs in P annónia for th e first tim e, viz. th e lattice p a tte rn . Breaking th e fram e, th e g rid -p a tte rn e d field form s a so-called th re sh o ld m otive. B esides this, th e dou b le emblem is also surrounded b y a narrow ru ffled stripe. The ex terio r, broader fram in g of th e apse consists of fine, th in , floral scrolls, w hile th e in te rio r narrow er fram e is a twofold guilloche. I n th e upper, b ro a d e r space of th e m ostly de stro y e d squares p ic tu re panel, we can see tw o men leaning side by side, w ith a th ird fig u re behind th em , an d right a n d le ft of this gro u p , tow ards th e edge of the p ic tu re space still fu rth e r figures can be guessed a t. O n ly th e low er h a lf of their figures survived. T h e ir a ttrib u te s a n d postures b e tra y th e ir id e n tity . Beside th e n u d e figure, who is also su p p o rted b y th e th ird fig u re from behind, we can see a club. This is H eracles, beside him D ionysus is s ta n d in g , clad in a gow n to the loin, also in an u n s te a d y position, supporting him self w ith his thyrsus, decorated w ith vineleaves. H ere th e ram ify in g stem of y e t another vine-stock can be d iscerned. The p a rts o f hum an feet o n b o th sides show t h a t besides th e tw o deities th ree fu rth e r figures o f th e thyasus also appeared in th e picture. All th is happens on a b ro a d band represen tin g a realistic scenery. I n th e lower p ictu re field we can see C upid, teasingly extending a b u n c h o f grapes to w a rd s a tiger. Size: 5 .7 0 x 8 .2 0 m, apse: 2 x 4 m. T u rn o f th e 2nd and 3 rd centuries.. (d) Other Mosaics from Aquincum N o. 19. W e k n o w about th e one-tim e existence o f fu rth e r m osaics in A quincum . (a) Such was fo r exam ple th e L -shaped m osaic flo o r of the apodyterium (room N o. I) and basin of th e divided public b a th of th e civic city, which cam e to lig h t during th e excavations conducted in th e 1880s and w hich still existed a b o u t 1888. B. K uzsinszky w rote: “ fo r th e m ost p a r t it survives in ta c t to th e present” . I t was m ade o f big whitish stones, w hich means t h a t it had a w h ite ground. I n th e m id d le a q u a d ra n g u la r reddish b a n d p a tte rn w as ru n n in g with re d d ish stripes on b o th sides. I t h a d no o th e r o rn am en tatio n . I t h a d b een dam aged a l re a d y in the R o m a n Age a n d w as repaired w ith brick s and terrazzo,37 (b) Several m osaic fragm ents w ere discovered in room s E and F o f th e large dw elling-house of A quincum . T hese showed g eo m etric decoration. I n room I pieces pointing to opus sectile floor w ere fo u n d . These, how ever, could e v e n tu a lly be p a r t o f th e wall covering.373 (c) In the sam e place the m o saic o f the “F a c to ry Is la n d ” b ath of th e G overnor’s P alace, a p u re ly o rn am en tal one, w as reported in th e 1880s, w hich m a y n o t be id en tical w ith a n y o f th e floors d e scrib ed above. I t s conservation w as also p lan n ed a t t h a t tim e.38 (d) An und eco rated mosaic p a v e m e n t, destroyed since, consisting o n ly of black a n d w hite sq u ares, is said to have ex isted in th e tepidarium of th e g re a t b ath of th e legionaries’ c a m p in A quincum (F ló riá n Square).383. 2. BALÁCA T he villa urhana a t B alácap u szta n e a r Veszprém was ex c a v a ted by th e V eszprém M useum in the first d ecad e of this c e n tu ry .38 The m osaics covered th e floors of four room s of th e villa w hich was built o v er th e ruins of a n earlier b uilding erected a t th e e n d of th e 1st c e n tu ry A.D., b u t destroyed during th e M arcom ann invasion. F ro m both periods o f th e villa also significant wall paintings have su rv iv e d (Fig. 15). No. 20. T he m osaic o f room No. 8 w ith blackan d -w h ite geom etric a n d vegetal p a tte rn s consists of a com pound checkerboard p a tte rn su rro u n d e d by a dou b le co n trasted fo lia te scroll fram e (F ig . 16). The n e tw o rk of th e ch eck erb o ard belongs to th e allover geom etric designs a n d resem bles th e stru c tu re of coffered ceilings. A t th e crossings e m p ty white spaces b rig h ten th e netw o rk -lik e p a tte rn s in whose enclosed w hite sq u ares eig ht-pointed sta rs are. 37 B . K u z sin sz k y : A z a q u in c u m i m ith ra e u m (T h e A c q u in c u m M ith ra e u m ), A rch. É r t. 8 (1888) p. 3 85; id e m : A leg ú ja b b a q u in c u m i á s a tá s o k 1887/1889 (R e c e n t e x c a v a tio n s a t A q u in c u m ), B u d . R ég . 1 (1889) p p . 98, 104; id em : Az é p ítk e z é s A q u in c u m b a n (C o n stru c tio n s a t A q u in c u m ), B u d . R ég. 4 (1892) p p . 103-104. 37a B . K u z sin sz k y : A leg ú ja b b a q u in c u m i á s a tá s o k 1887—1888. (R e c e n t e x c a v a tio n s a t A q u in c u m ), B u d . R ég . 1 (1889) pp. 1 2 4 -1 2 5 , 134. 38 I. H e n sz lm a n n : A m ű em lék e k o rs z á g o s b iz o tts á g á n a k m ű k ö d é se (A c tiv itie s o f th e n a t i o n a l c o m m itte e fo r h is to r ic m o n u m e n ts), A rch. É rt. 6 (1880) p. 185; B . K u z s in s z k y : op. cit. p . 143. 383 L . N a g y : B u d a p e s t története 1/2 ( H is to ry o f B u d a p e s t 1/2) B u d a p e s t, 1942. p. 540. 39 G y . R hé: R ó m a i lele te k rő l B a lá c z a p u s z tá n (O n t h e R o m a n fin d s a t B alácza), A rc h . É rt. 27 (1907) p. 3 64; idem : B a lá c za V eszprém 1912; Á kos K is s : T h e M osaic P a v e m e n ts o f th e R o m a n V illa a t B a lá c a , A c ta A rc h . H ung. 11 (1959) pp. 159 - 236..

(26) 0 F ig. 7.5 B aláca, p la n o f t h e v illa w ith t h e m osaics. 24. 10m.

(27) F ig . 10 B a lá o a , th e m o saic o f room N o . 8 (No. 20). F ig . 17 O c cu rre n c es o f t h e B a lá c a iv y le a f m o tiv e. 25.

(28) set. T he scrolls o f th e fram e consists of a double row of opposite sem icircles betw een black borders. A t th e junctions o f th e curves th e re are ivy leaves facing one an o th er (Fig. 17). T h e mosaics of th e B aláca villa were m ade of th e coloured dolom ite-lim estones of th e B a lato n H ighlands. Their black m aterial was furnished by th e nearby volcanic hills, th e K a b hill or th e H alo m hill. Glass p astes an d coloured m arbles from d istan t regions can be fo u n d only in th e em blem s and v e ry seldom even there. Size: 5.33 m x 7.G6 m. A b o u t 200 A.D. N o . 21. The m osaic has su rv iv ed only in a sm all er p a r t of the 28 sq u a re m etre a re a of room No. 10 (P l. X / l —2). T he collapse of th e h eatin g pipe u n d e r th e flooring of th e v illa m ade m o st dam age to th is m osaic. The coloured p a rt d isplays a geom etric design, b u t th e flo o r of th e room was d iv id ed originally into tw o different p a tte rn s. Also floor frag m en ts of a d ifferen t d eco rativ e design h av e com e to light from th e sam e place. T h e coloured g eom etric design covering the m a jo r p a r t of th e form er floor has a la rg e r square in its cen tre, surrounded b y a fram e of dentils pointing inw ards. In th e circle co n stru c te d inside th e sq u a re th e intersections of four interlacing sm aller circles form a fo u r-p etalled re d ro sette, while w ith th e ir four ex terio r sides th e y form green p e lta shapes. The cen tral square is su rro u n d ed on fo u r sides b y one octagonal field each. I n these, th e re is a four-pointed g reen s ta r w ithin a sixteen-pointed sta rlik e shape, th e la tte r being th e result of th e interlacin g of tw o squares. T h e octagons are lin k ed by L -shaped fields filled w ith yellow a n d green triangles. T h e in term ed iate space is filled by re d an d green lozenges w ith trian g les set betw een th e m . T h e other design of th e room consists of a blackan d -w h ite all-over p a tte rn of in tersecting circles. I n th e light spaces enclosed b y th e black circle segm ents there is one sim ple cross each. The circles a re connected b y sm all black squares.40 B o th designs a re fram ed b y a simple black lin ear border. Size of th e coloured field: 1.7 m x 1.9 m , th a t of th e b lack-and-w hite field: 1.02 m x 2.37 m. A bout 200 A.D. N o. 22. The flo o r of th e room N o. 31 consists of a rectan g u lar m ain field an d a n ap se (Fig. 18). I ts m ulti pie fram ing is com plem ented w ith rows of com p o u n d black stars a n d on th e side of th e entrance b y a so-called th resh o ld field. T he la tte r repeats th e design of mosaic N o. 20. T he m ain field is connected to th e apse by a black, linearly decorated double fo liate arabesque. I n th e narrow , d en ta te fram e of th e apse we c a n see a cantharus shaded w ith re d , from this fo liated ivy scrolls are spreading 26. out, form ing leaves id en tical w ith th e foliage of m osaic N o. 20. The fra m e consists of tw o black ru n n in g waves set opposite each o ther, fa rth e r inside th e re is a double row of dentils a n d th e n a row o f triangles (row of w olf’s teeth). T h u s fram ed, th e m a in field is a netw o rk of four tim es six squares. T h e central co m p artm en t, equal to fo u r squares, is occupied by an o rn a te pictorial em blem . E very second of the altern a te ly filled squares contains a coloured cross-shape. In four of th e squares betw een them silhouette-like black bran ch es, in tw o diagonal pairs of p e lta s and in tw o fourfold h e a rt shapes can be seen. The p icto rial central em blem is fram ed b y a richly coloured opposing guilloche border on black ground. In th e p ic tu re itself we c a n see a tree w ith green foliage a n d fruits (pom egranate or orange?) resem bling ornam ental sh ru bbery. On th e tree, to th e rig h t, a pheasant cock w ith long tail-feath ers and opposite to it its sm aller m ate are sittin g . The p o rtray al o f th e birds show s good observation, th e colouring of th e ir feath ers is com posed of sm aller pieces of m arble o f several reddish shades, including also tesserae w ith 2-m illim etre edges. The greenish pieces are o f glass paste. T h e m anner of laying o f the em blem is otherw ise identical w ith t h a t of th e su rro u n d in g field. Size: 5.2 m x 8.66 m . A b o u t 200 A.D. No. 23. T he mosaic o f room No. 2041 consists of a rec ta n g u la r m ain field a n d an apse (Pis X I, X I I /2 —3). T h e form er is surro u n d ed b y a fourfold guilloche, fa rth e r inside th e re is a narro w er frame, obliquely entw ined by a b a n d . In th e m ain field we can fin d a system of incom plete s ta r stru ctu res form ed b y fo u r lozenges each, w ith larg er interm e diate sq u ares sm aller circles and trian g les. The large sq u ares, functioning as pseudo-emblemata, are filled w ith m ore m arked decorative elem ents. The inserted fields, squares a n d circles, are a rra n g e d in a p a tte rn of th re e tim es four. T he circles are filled w ith m an y -p etalled rosettes, a n d in four squ ares we can see a guilloche system spreading o u t in a plane. In th e sq u a re situ ated on th e side of th e apse, the leaves o f th e foliated iv y scrolls spread in g out of th e cantharus are id en tical in form w ith those 40 Á k o s K iss : op. cit. p p . 178-180. Since t h e tim e of its d e s c rip tio n a d ra w in g h a s b e e n fo u n d in t h e A rch iv es o f th e B a k o n y M useum , w h ic h c o n firm s t h a t th e blacka n d -w h ite m o sa ic w ith a d e sig n o f in te rla c in g circles o rig in a te s fro m room N o. 10. 41 J . W o lla n k a : E in rö m is c h e s M osaik a u s B a lácza, J Ö A I 25 (1929) pp. 1-21; id e m : B a lá ca i m o z a ik a N em zeti M ú z e u m b a n (T he B a lá c a m o sa ic a t th e H u n g a r ia n N a tio n a l M u se u m ), M agyar M ű v é sz e t 2 (1920) p p . 329-334; B lake I I I , p . 101; D. L e v i: Antioch, M osaic P avem ents, P rin c e to n 1947, p. 9..

(29) F ig. 18. B aláca, th e m o s a ic o f room N o. 31 (N o. 22).

(30) of m osaics N o. 20 and N o. 22. The lozenges o f th e m ain field a re shaded in fo u r different colours and th e sm aller squares a re filled in a m an n er suggesting perspective, as if they w ere su n k en or raised. Besides these, in some sq u ares there are fo u r-p etalled rosettes w hile in others th e re are Solomon’s knots. To each o f th e four sides o f the central em blem a pelta tria n g le is a tta c h e d . The central em b lem is fram ed b y tw o guilloches, with th e in n er guilloche four tim e s broken; th e alm ost entirely d estro y ed p icto rial rep resen tatio n o f the. em blem was a p a rro t figure. A t th e e n tra n c e p a rt we c a n see th e oblong field w ith double black linear arabesques, a lre a d y know n from mosaic No. 22. T h e apse is su rro u n d ed by a ro b u s t astragal m em b er and is filled w ith coloured, curvilinear trian g les form ed b y arcs m ultip ly intersecting each o th e r, giving a hem ispheric im pression. I t also h as a sm aller sem icircular p icto ria l section inside, also w ith a p a rro t, on a w h ite ground. Size: 5.24 m x 6 .7 9 m . A bout 200 A .D .. 3. MOSAICS OF SAVARIA (SZOMBATHELY) From S a v a ria the m o s t developed se ttle m e n t of the H u n g a ria n p a rt o f P a n n ó n ia , w hose a r t was more d ire c tly influenced b y th e nearby I ta lia , the discovery o f mosaics was re p o rte d several tim es in past c e n tu rie s. However, w e know th e d esigns of only fiv e relics so far, a n d one of them o n ly from a d raw ing which su rv iv e d .42 A part fro m these, we have inform ation on fo u rte e n fragm ents. No. 24. T he mosaic k e p t in th e la p idarium of th e S a v a ria Museum c a m e to light in 1897 b y the Szabó H o u se , in K ossuth L a jo s S treet (P l. X III/1 ). Its original scale is show n b y th e room w ith a n area of 77 s q u a re metres o f w h ich only a su rface of 18 sq u are m etres has su rv iv e d . E ven o f th e la tte r only tw o th ird s can be seen in its p re se n t place.43 The desig n of the m osaic is fully geom etric. I t is fram ed b y a m ultiple s y s te m of stripes a n d lines. The fra g m e n t consists o f tw o parts. In its larger field th e design of th e a p s e o f th e B aláca (No. 23) tablinum re tu rn s, viz. concen trically a rra n g e d rows of sm all curvilinear tria n g le s which, how ever, are com pleted here into a w h o le circle. I n th e sm aller circle in th e middle, w hose ground is w h ite, there is a six -p etalled rosette, b lack w ith b la n k spaces left w h ite. T he rows of sm all triangles, a lte rn a tin g in th e fo rm of lighter a n d darker co lo u r shades, also p ro d u c e a kind o f com pound ro s e tte . This effect w as achieved b y e ig h t colour sh ad es. The m arble tesserae are re d , g reen and d eep yellow, in several lines. The m osaic is com p lem en ted w ith a sm aller field in a m anner sim ilar to th a t of flo o r N o. 21 a t B aláca. I t has a sim p le design co n sisting of octagons an d , betw een th e m , small sq u a re s stood on th e ir points. The o ctagons c o n ta in squares shaded in various tin ts . Size: 2.10 m x 3 .1 0 m. F irst th i r d of the 3rd c e n tu ry . No. 25. I t was fo u n d in Ju ly , 1960 in fro n t of the h o u se No. 14—16 K ö ztársaság S q u a re (PI. X I I I /2 - 3 ) .44 I t consists o f a doubly fra m e d cellular n etw ork o f hexagonal fie ld s filled w ith different 28. geom etric elem ents, Solom on’s k n o ts, fourfold peltae, checkerboard-like netw ork, crosses, rosettes and stars. T h eir colours, besides the sy stem of black. F ig . 19 S a v a r ia , th e m osaic fro m N o. 6 K ö z tá rs a s á g S q u are (N o. 28). lines on a w hite g ro u n d , are green a n d red. The m osaic is considerably dam aged, i t was repaired in te rra z zo still in A ntique tim es, w ith a very 42 A . M ócsy: S a v a r ia u tc a re n d s z e ré n e k re k o n s tru k c ió já h o z (O n th e re c o n s tru c tio n o f t h e s t r e e t sy ste m o f S a v a r ia ) , A rch. É rt. 92 (1965) p. 31, fig . 4. (O n th e site s o f t h e m o sa ic s o f S a v a ria ). 43 K . K á rp á ti: S a b a r ia i lele te k rő l (O n th e S a v a ria fin d s ), A rch. É rt. 17 (1897) pp. 6 8 -7 4 , fig. 2; id em : S a b a r ia i rég iség ek rő l (O n th e a n tiq u itie s o f S a v a ria ), A rc h . É rt. 19 (1899) p p . 130, 378. 44 T . P . B uócz: S a v a r ia topográfiája (T h e to p o g ra p h y o f S a v a ria ), S z o m b a th e ly 1967, pp. 59 60.; T . P . B uócz: S a v a r ia é p ü le te in e k to p o g r á f iá ja (T he to p o g r a p h y of th e b u ild in g s of S a v a ria ), A rc h . É rt. 90 (1963) p . 265..

(31) F ig. 20 S a v a ria , th e C a p ito lu m m osaic (N o. 2(5). thick layer of burning over it, a n d w ith w alls of a building from th e la te p e rio d of th e Im p erial Age. T here is also a sewer from th e R o m an Age und er th e m osaic. I ts m a te ria l is basalt a n d p a rtly green, so-called C satár, stone. Archaeological circum stances help to d a te th e stru ctu re. T he age of th e accom panying fin d s of th e rem ains of th e building u n d e r th e floor ex ten d s to th e m iddle o f th e 2nd c e n tu ry .45 The m osaic was laid over th e levelled ru in s of this building destroyed d u rin g th e w ars o f Marcus A urelius. Considering th e local effects o f th e period, it m u st have come in to being a fte r th e y ear 177 A .D ., however, on th e basis of its stylistic fe a tu res it can be d a te d betw een n arro w er tim e lim its, m o st probably to th e 180s. Size o f th e larger p a rt: 2.8 m X 4 m, th e diam eter of th e narrow er frag m en t is 3.2 m. L a st q u a rte r of th e 2 n d century. N o. 26. T h e m osaic orig in atin g from th e capitolium of S a v a ria was discovered during th e con. stru ctio n o f th e episcopal cath ed ral in 1791 (Fig. 20). T his relic has been preserved only b y th e con tem p o ra ry draw ing of S. C zitkovich, discovered a t th e beginning of this cen tu ry .46 I ts fram ing was divided in to several strip s. A fter a b ro ad black outer fram e, fa rth e r inside rows of dim inishing squares follow. T he innerm ost p a r t displays a row of light leaves a n d th e n a row o f triangles (w olf’s teeth) on a black ground. Thus fram ed, th e m ain field shows th e so-called “ three-field division” . T he central. 45 See p re v io u s n o te; op. cit. p p . 17 -1 8 , 5 9 -6 0 . 40 L . N a g y : A sa v a ria i c a p ito liu m o n 1 7 9 1 -ben talált m ozaikpadló (T he m o saic p a v e m e n t fo u n d in 1791 a t th e S a v a r ia C a p ito liu m ), S z o m b a th e ly 1927; T . P . B uócz: A rch. É r t. 90 (1963) p. 263; V. L ip p : V á z la to k C. Cl. S a v a ria k ö z é le té b ő l (D esigns fro m th e p u b lic life o f S a v a ria ), S z o m b a th e ly 1880, p . 55; L. N a g y : A z O rszágos R é g é sz e ti és E m b e rta n i T á r s u la t É v k ö n y v e (A n n u a l o f th e N a t io n a l A rch eo lo g ical a n d A n th ro p o lo g ic a l S ociety), 2 (1927) p . 100.. 29.

(32) c o m p a rtm e n t is square-sh ap ed , while th e narrow er zones o n both sides a re divided ag a in in to three sq u ares each. The c e n tra l field w ith a lig h t ground is filled in with a hexagonal n etw ork, w ith sixp e ta lle d rosettes in th e hexagons. I n each of th e hexagons a t th e fo u r corners of th e fie ld we can see th e black silh o u e tte s of a w in g ed Genius. S ilh o u ette figures a re s e t also in tw o circular m e dallions a t the end o f th e field; one is a centaur a n d th e other th e b ra n c h of some p la n t. The de stro y e d emblem h a d b een in th e m id d le of th e field, in th e double fra m e of a sm a lle r square, w ith in a n interior s q u a re set on its edge. I t m ust h av e been highly d eco rativ e. In each o f th e four corners of this th e re w as a pelta. O f th e three divisions of each of th e tw o narro w er side zones, th e m iddle ones a re filled w ith black-and-w hite scales c u t in halves, w hile the tw o sid e divisions of each are filled w ith diagonal black-and-w hite checkerboards. In th re e of the la tte r th e re is one sm all circular em blem each w ith th e silhouette of a dolphin. The em b lem s in th e m id d le ones are sq u are shaped, an d in th ese small em b lem ata we can fin d winged sea-m onsters. T h e 18th cen tu ry draw ing n a tu ra lly cannot rep ro d u ce all th e possib le details o f th e mosaic, b u t its m ain features a re well discernible. According to th e contem porary re m a rk of th e m a k e r of th e d raw in g th e mosaic co n sisted of m a rk a b le tesserae. Size: 4.3 mx(> m. S econd q u a rte r o f th e 3rd c e n tu ry . N o . 27. Of the large m osaic of th e e a rly C hristian basilica only border p a r ts and a sm all p a rt of the in te rio r field have su rv iv e d , b u t even so th e m ain fe a tu re s of the m osaic can be re c o n stru cted (Pis X IV , X V .X V I/l, colour supplem ent). I n th e building w hich housed th e la rg e s t mosaic relic o f P annónia, I. P au lo v ics recognized th e basilica b u ilt in m em ory of S t. Q uirinus, bishop o f Siscia, who w as m artyred d u rin g th e persecution o f Christians u n d e r D iocletian an d G alerius (in 303).47 T h e features o f th e ground p la n o f th e building, th e associated fin d s, th e tim e of its la s t period a n d also th e design o f th e mosaic p o in ts indeed to a m a jo r early C hristian cultic place, or a t least to one t h a t was later u se d for cultic purposes. I t is th e broad fra m e of th e m osaic of which th e m o st survived. T h is surviving p a r t is longer on th e northern side. This 133-centim etre wide s trip w ith acanthus rinceaux is b o rd ered on its o u te r side still by a ro w of cubes m a d e in p e r spective. Of the in te rio r field only sm aller p arts h av e been preserved. T his is m o stly geom etric, consisting of a sy stem o f cross-shaped fields with concavely arched sid es, enclosing concave octa gons a n d circles. T h e se fields are se p a ra te d by 30. a system o f d a rk stripes, in w hich rows of lightcoloured astrag als are running. T he interior fields are filled w ith shaded m otives o f ruffled w aves, Solom on’s k n o ts co n structed rosette-like, a row o f triangles a n d interlacing polygons, a n d th e sm aller circles w ith Solom on’s knots, guilloches, etc. T he apse lies ab o u t h a lf a m etre higher th a n th e level of th e mosaic floor of th e m ain field. T his has been alm ost en tirely destroyed, b u t from its rem ains we can conclude on its having been filled w ith som e larger, shell-form ed o rn am ent. I ts m aterial consists m o stly o f rocks occurring in th e v icinity, b u t besides th e black b a sa lt th e violet-coloured cubes too are o f som e volcanic rock, a kind of andesite. Among th e whites th e re are m arbles from th e neighbouring Styria, b u t th e w hite ground colour is fo rm ed also of varieties o f lim estone. T he green cubes w ere m ade of Giinsberg slate. T he o th er — yellow a n d red — shades o f colour are all lim estone-dolom ites. T he cubes h av e m ostly 15-mm long edges. Size: d ia m e te r 29 m , of th e sm aller p a rt 9 m , surface area (i(i2.5 sq u are m etres. Second q u a rte r o f th e 4 th cen tu ry . N o. 28. P a r t of a mosaic flo o r came to lig h t a t N o. 6 K ö ztársaság Square in 1936 (Fig. 19). Its geom etric design consists of nin e rectangular fields, w ith one cen tral square, four side oblongs a n d four sm all corner fields. The cen tra l square a n d th e fo u r squares a t th e corners a re filled w ith sta rro settes resem bling tex tile p a tte rn s, while th e oblong fields have a diagonal o rn am entation. B esides black a n d white, th e colours of th e m osaic are red and yellow. The w hite an d yellow colours originate from m arble m aterial, th e black colour from basalt, a n d th e red from broken frag m en ts o f bricks.48 I ts size is unknow n. 3rd century. T he m osaic rem ains to be described in th e fol lowing are know n only from references in th e literatu re. (a) T he m osaic from 11 B ajcsy-Zsilinszky R o ad .49 (b) T he sim ple gray m osaic from 2 Széchenyi S treet, w ith an area of 420 sq u are m etres. I t m u st h av e been th e p av em en t of a p a rtly open, in terio r orn am en tal co u rt w ith pillars a n d a fo u n tain in it.50 47 1. P a u lo v ic s: S a v a ria -S zo m b a th e ly topográfiája (T he to p o g ra p h y o f S a v a ria -S z o m b a th e ly ), S z o m b a th e ly 1943, p . 2 5 -; id em : S z e n t Q u irin u s s a v a ria i b a z ilik á já n a k f e ltá rá s a (T he e x c a v a tio n o f S t. Q u irin u s’s b a s ilic a in S a v a ria ), V a si S ze m le 1-2 (1938) p p . 138-152; id e m : L a B a silic a d i S. Q u irin o n e l’ a n ti c a S a v a ria ( S z o m b a t h e ly ), C orvina 1 (1938) p p . 2 1 9 -2 3 0 . 48 T . P . B u ó c z: S a v a ria to p o g rá fiá ja (The to p o g r a p h y o f S a v a ria ), S z o m b a th e ly 1967, p p . 18, 57, 59. 49 Op. cit. p. 18. W ith o u t a n y clo ser d e sc rip tio n . 50 Op. cit. p p . 18, 7 9-80; T . P . B u ó c z: A rch. É r t. 90 (1963) p. 268..