▲❡①✐❦❛✐ ❡&➤❢♦&&*+♦❦ ❛✉-♦♠❛-✐❦✉+ ❡❧➤*❧❧0-*+❛
❦✐+❡❜❜+2❣✐ ✜♥♥✉❣♦& ♥②❡❧✈❡❦&❡
❙✐♠♦♥ ❊&③(❡*✱ ▼✐((❡❧❤♦❧❝③ ■✈2♥✱ ❋❡*❡♥❝③✐ ❩&❛♥❡((
▼❚❆ ◆②❡❧✈(✉❞♦♠-♥②✐ ■♥(1③❡(
④❱❊❩❊❚➱❑◆➱❱✳❑❊❘❊❙❩❚◆➱❱⑥❅♥②(✉❞✳♠(❛✳❤✉
❑✐✈♦♥❛& ❆ ❝✐❦❦❜❡♥ ❜❡♠✉(❛(♦(( ♣D♦❥❡❦( ❝1❧❥❛✱ ❤♦❣② ❦✐H❡❜❜H1❣✐ ✜♥♥✉❣♦D
♥②❡❧✈❡❦ H③-♠-D❛ ♥②❡❧✈✐ ❡D➤❢♦DD-H♦❦❛( -❧❧L(H♦♥ ❡❧➤✱ ♠❡❧②❡❦ H❡❣L(✐❦ ❡③❡❦❡( ❛
✈❡H③1❧②❡③(❡(❡(( ♥②❡❧✈✐ ❦M③MHH1❣❡❦❡( ❛ D❡✈✐(❛❧✐③-❧-H✐ ❢♦❧②❛♠❛(♦❦❜❛♥✳ ❆ ♣D♦✲
❥❡❦( H♦D-♥ ❦1(♥②❡❧✈➯ ♣D♦(♦H③P(-D❛❦❛( -❧❧L(♦((✉♥❦ ❡❧➤✱ ♠❡❧②❡❦❡( ❛♥②❛♥②❡❧✈✐
❜❡H③1❧➤❦ 1H ♥②❡❧✈1H③ H③❛❦1D(➤❦ ❡❧❧❡♥➤D✐③(❡❦✳ ❆③ ❡❧❧❡♥➤D③M(( ❢♦D❞L(-H✐ ♣-D♦❦
❦Q❧M♥❢1❧❡ ♥②❡❧✈✐ ✐♥❢♦D♠-❝✐P❦❦❛❧ ❦✐❡❣1H③L(✈❡ ❦❡DQ❧♥❡❦ ❢❡❧(M❧(1HD❡ ❛ ❲✐❦(✐♦♥✲
❛D②❜❡✳ ❆ ❝✐❦❦ ❜❡♠✉(❛(❥❛ ❛ ❦1(♥②❡❧✈➯ H③P(-D❛❦ ❛✉(♦♠❛(✐❦✉H ❡❧➤-❧❧L(-H-♥❛❦
1H ❦1③✐ ✈❛❧✐❞-❧-H-♥❛❦ ♠❡♥❡(1(✱ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥( ❛③( ❛ ♠✉♥❦❛❢♦❧②❛♠❛(♦(✱ ❛♠✐✈❡❧
❛ ❲✐❦(✐♦♥❛D②✲H③P❝✐❦❦❡❦❡( -❧❧L(♦((✉❦ ❡❧➤ (❡❧❥❡H❡♥ ❛✉(♦♠❛(✐❦✉H❛♥✳
❑✉❧❝**③❛✈❛❦✿ ❦1(♥②❡❧✈➯ H③P(-D❛❦✱ ❧❡①✐❦❛✐ ❡D➤❢♦DD-H♦❦✱ ✜♥♥✉❣♦D ♥②❡❧✈❡❦✱
❦✐H❡❜❜H1❣✐ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦✱ H③-♠L(P❣1♣❡H ♥②❡❧✈1H③❡(✱ ❲✐❦(✐♦♥❛D②
✶✳ ❇❡✈❡③❡&'(
❈✐❦❦8♥❦❜❡♥ ❡❣② ♦❧②❛♥ ♣*♦❥❡❦(❡( ♠✉(❛(✉♥❦ ❜❡✱ ❛♠❡❧②♥❡❦ ❝?❧❥❛✱ ❤♦❣② &❡❣@(&❡ ❛
✈❡&③?❧②❡③(❡(❡(( ✜♥♥✉❣♦* ♥②❡❧✈➯ ❦C③C&&?❣❡❦❡( ❛ ❞✐❣✐(2❧✐& *❡✈✐(❛❧✐③2❝✐E❜❛♥ ♦♥❧✐♥❡
(❛*(❛❧♠❛❦ ❧?(*❡❤♦③2&2✈❛❧✳ ❆ ♣*♦❥❡❦( &♦*2♥ ❦?(♥②❡❧✈➯ &③E(2*❛❦❛( 2❧❧@(♦((✉♥❦ ❡❧➤✱
♠❡❧②❡❦❦❡❧ ❦✐&❡❜❜&?❣✐ ✜♥♥✉❣♦* ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ *❡✈✐(❛❧✐③2❝✐E❥2( ♣*E❜2❧❥✉❦ (2♠♦❣❛(♥✐ I❣②✱
❤♦❣② ❛③ ❛❞❞✐❣ ❝&❛❦ &③❡❣?♥②❡& ❞✐❣✐(2❧✐& (❛*(❛❧♦♠♠❛❧ *❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③➤ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ &③2♠2*❛
I❥❛❜❜ &③E♣2*♦❦❦❛❧ ❣❛③❞❛❣@(❥✉❦ ❛③ ✐♥(❡*♥❡(❡♥ ❢❡❧❧❡❧❤❡(➤ ❢♦*❞@(2&✐ ♣2*♦❦ &③2♠2(✳ ❆
❢❡❧(C❧(❡♥❞➤ &③E♣2*♦❦❛( ♥②❡❧✈✐ ✐♥❢♦*♠2❝✐E❦❦❛❧ ❜➤✈@(❥8❦ ❦✐✱ ?& ❛ ❦?&③ &③E❝✐❦❦❡❦❡(
❡❧?*❤❡(➤✈? (❡&&③8❦ ❛ ❲✐❦(✐♦♥❛*② ❦❡*❡(❡✐♥ ❜❡❧8❧✳
❆ &③E(2*✐ ❡❧❡♠❡❦ ❛ ❲✐❦(✐♦♥❛*② ❦8❧C♥❜C③➤ ♥②❡❧✈➯ ✈2❧(♦③❛(❛✐❜❛♥ C&&③❡❦❛♣❝&♦❧✲
❤❛(E❦✱ ❛③ ✐♥(❡*✇✐❦✐ ❧✐♥❦❡❦ ♣❡❞✐❣ ❛ ❲✐❦✐♣?❞✐❛ ❢❡❧? ❜✐③(♦&@(❥2❦ ❛③ 2(❥2*2&(✳ ❊③ ❧❡✲
❤❡(➤✈? (❡&③✐✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ♥②❡❧✈❦C③C&&?❣❡❦ ❣❛③❞❛❣ ❧❡①✐❦❛✐ ❛♥②❛❣❤♦③ ❢?*❥❡♥❡❦ ❤♦③③2✳
❊♠❡❧❧❡(( ♦❧②❛♥ I❥ ❛❞❛(♦❦ ✐& ❡❧?*❤❡(➤❦ ❧❡&③♥❡❦ ❛ ❧❡①✐❦❛✐ ❡❧❡♠❡❦❤❡③✱ ♠✐♥( ❛ &③E❢❛❥✐
✐♥❢♦*♠2❝✐E ✈❛❣② ❛ ❢♦*❞@(2&✐ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤❦✳ ❊③③❡❧ (2♠♦❣❛(♥✐ ❦@✈2♥❥✉❦ ❛ ✈❡&③?❧②❡③✲
(❡(❡(( ✜♥♥✉❣♦* ♥②❡❧✈➯ ❦C③C&&?❣❡❦❡( ❛ ❞✐❣✐(2❧✐& *❡✈✐(❛❧✐③2❝✐E❜❛♥✱ ❛♠✐✈❡❧ ✕ *❡♠?✲
♥②❡✐♥❦ &③❡*✐♥( ✕ ❤♦③③2❥2*✉❧✉♥❦ ❛ ♥②❡❧✈✐ &♦❦&③@♥➯&?❣ ❢❡♥♥(❛*(2&2❤♦③✳ ❙③❛❜❛❞♦♥
❡❧?*❤❡(➤ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ (C❜❜♥②❡❧✈➯ ❧❡①✐❦❛✐ ❡*➤❢♦**2& ❛ &♦❦ ❜❡&③?❧➤✈❡❧ *❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③➤ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦✲
*❡ ✐& ❦❡✈?& ✈❛♥ ✕ ❦✐✈?(❡❧ ❡③ ❛❧E❧ ❛ ❇❛❜❡❧◆❡( ❬✶❪ ?& ❛ &③❛❜❛❞♦♥ ❡❧?*❤❡(➤✈? (❡((
(C❜❜♥②❡❧✈➯ ✇♦*❞♥❡(❡❦✱ ♠✐♥( ♣?❧❞2✉❧ ❛ ▼✉❧(✐❲♦*❞◆❡( ❬✷❪ ✕✱ ✈❛❣②✐& ❛ ♠❡❣❜@③❤❛(E
❧❡①✐❦❛✐ ❡*➤❢♦**2&♦❦ ❡❧➤2❧❧@(2&❛ ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ♥②❡❧✈*❡ ❦✐❡♠❡❧(❡♥ ❤❛&③♥♦&✳
❆ ♣*♦❥❡❦( &♦*2♥ ❤❛( ❦✐&❡❜❜&?❣✐ ✜♥♥✉❣♦* ♥②❡❧✈✈❡❧ ❞♦❧❣♦③✉♥❦ ❢♦**2&♥②❡❧✈❦?♥(✿
❦♦♠✐✲♣❡*♠❥2❦✱ ❦♦♠✐✲③8*❥?♥✱ ✉❞♠✉*(✱ ♠❡③❡✐ ♠❛*✐✱ ❤❡❣②✐ ♠❛*✐ ?& ?&③❛❦✐ &③2♠✐✳ ❆
❢♦"❞$%&'♦❦ ❝*❧♥②❡❧✈❡ ♥*❣② ♦❧②❛♥✱ '♦❦ ❜❡'③*❧➤✈❡❧ "❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③➤ ♥②❡❧✈✱ ♠❡❧②❡❦ ❡③❡♥
♥②❡❧✈❦7③7''*❣❡❦ '③❡♠♣♦♥%❥&❜:❧ ❢♦♥%♦' '③❡"❡♣❡% ❥&%'③❛♥❛❦✿ ❛③ ❛♥❣♦❧✱ ❛ ✜♥♥✱ ❛
♠❛❣②❛" *' ❛③ ♦"♦'③✳ ❊❣② ❢♦""&'♥②❡❧✈ ♥*❣② ❝*❧♥②❡❧✈✈❡❧ ❛❧❦♦%❤❛% ♣&"%✱ $❣② 7''③❡'❡♥
✷✹ ♥②❡❧✈♣&""❛❧ ❞♦❧❣♦③✉♥❦✳
❆③ ❊①♣❛♥❞❡❞ ●"❛❞❡❞ ■♥%❡"❣❡♥❡"❛%✐♦♥❛❧ ❉✐'"✉♣%✐♦♥ ❙❝❛❧❡ ✭❊●■❉❙✮ ❬✸❪ ❡❣②
♦❧②❛♥ '❦&❧❛✱ ❛♠❡❧② ♠❡❣❤❛%&"♦③③❛ ❛ ✈✐❧&❣ ♥②❡❧✈❡✐♥❡❦ ❤❡❧②③❡%*%✱ *' '❡❣$%'*❣*✈❡❧
♦'③%&❧②♦③❤❛%: ❛ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ✈✐%❛❧✐%&'&♥❛❦ ♠*"%*❦❡✳ ❆ ❧❡❣♠❛❣❛'❛❜❜ '③✐♥% ❛ ✵✳✱ ❛③
✐❞❡ %❛"%♦③: ♥②❡❧✈❡❦❡% ♥❡♠③❡%❦7③✐ '③✐♥%❡♥✱ '③&♠♦' ❢✉♥❦❝✐:❜❛♥ ❤❛'③♥&❧❥&❦✱ ♠$❣ ❛
✶✵✳ '③✐♥%❡♥ ❧❡✈➤❦ ❦✐❤❛❧% ♥②❡❧✈❡❦♥❡❦ '③&♠$%❛♥❛❦✳ ❆③ ✶✳ %&❜❧&③❛% 7''③❡❢♦❣❧❛❧❥❛ ❛③
❡♠❧$%❡%% ✜♥♥✉❣♦" ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤✐%✳ ▼✐♥❞❡♥ ♥②❡❧✈ ♠❡❧❧❡%% '③❡"❡♣❡❧ ❛③ ■❙❖✲✻✸✾✲✸
♥②❡❧✈❦:❞❥❛ ✭❛ %♦✈&❜❜✐ %&❜❧&③❛%♦❦❜❛♥ ✐' ❡③❡❦❡% ❤❛'③♥&❧❥✉❦✮✱ ❛③ ❊●■❉❙✲'③✐♥%❥❡✱ ❛
❜❡'③*❧➤✐♥❡❦ ❛ '③&♠❛✱ ❛③ ♦"'③&❣✭♦❦✮✱ ❛❤♦❧ ❜❡'③*❧✐❦ *' ❛③ $"&'"❡♥❞'③❡"✱ ❛♠✐% ❤❛'③♥&❧✳
➱"❞❡♠❡' ♠❡❣✜❣②❡❧♥✐✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ❧❡❣❦❡✈*'❜* ✈❡'③*❧②❡③%❡%❡%% ♥②❡❧✈ ❛③ *'③❛❦✐ '③&♠✐✱ ❛♥✲
♥❛❦ ❡❧❧❡♥*"❡✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ❜❡'③*❧➤✐♥❡❦ ❛ '③&♠❛ ❛ ❧❡❣❦❡✈❡'❡❜❜ ❛ ❢❡❧'♦"♦❧% ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ❦7③W❧✳
❊③❡❦ ❛ '③&♠♦❦ ❛③ *'③❛❦✐ '③&♠✐ ♥②❡❧✈❡% ❝*❧③: "❡✈✐%❛❧✐③&❝✐:' %7"❡❦✈*'❡❦ '✐❦❡"❡''*✲
❣*"➤❧ %❛♥X'❦♦❞♥❛❦✳
♥②❡❧✈ ■❙❖ ❊●■❉❙ ♥+♣❡--+❣ /❡01❧❡/ 203-
!③❛❦✐ !③&♠✐ !♠❡ ✷ ✷✻✳✵✵✵ ◆♦/✈ ❣✐❛✱
❋✐♥♥♦/!③&❣✱
❙✈ ❞♦/!③&❣
❧❛8✐♥
♠❡③❡✐ ♠❛/✐ ♠❤/ ✹ ✹✼✵✳✵✵✵ ❖/♦!③♦/!③&❣ ❝✐/✐❧❧
❤❡❣②✐ ♠❛/✐ ♠/❥ ✺ ✸✵✳✵✵✵ ❖/♦!③♦/!③&❣ ❝✐/✐❧❧
❦♦♠✐✲③C/❥ ♥ ❦♣✈ ✺ ✶✺✻✳✵✵✵ ❖/♦!③♦/!③&❣ ❝✐/✐❧❧
❦♦♠✐✲♣❡/♠❥&❦ ❦♦✐ ✺ ✻✸✳✵✵✵ ❖/♦!③♦/!③&❣ ❝✐/✐❧❧
✉❞♠✉/8 ✉❞♠ ✺ ✸✹✵✳✵✵✵ ❖/♦!③♦/!③&❣ ❝✐/✐❧❧
✶✳ 8&❜❧&③❛8✳ ❆ ❦✐!❡❜❜! ❣✐ ✜♥♥✉❣♦/ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤✐♥❡❦ K!!③❡❢♦❣❧❛❧M❥❛✳
✷✳ ❆✉$♦♠❛$✐❦✉* *③,$-./♣1$/*
✷✳✶✳ ❑✐%❡❦✐♥%)*
❆ ❦*%♥②❡❧✈➯ '③:%&"❛❦♥❛❦ ♥❡♠ ❝'❛❦ ❛ ♥②❡❧✈%❛♥✉❧&'❜❛♥ *' ❛ ❧❡①✐❦♦❣"&✜&❜❛♥ ✈❛♥
❢♦♥%♦' '③❡"❡♣W❦✱ ❤❛♥❡♠ ♦❧②❛♥ ♥②❡❧✈%❡❝❤♥♦❧:❣✐❛✐ ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③&'♦❦❜❛♥ ✐'✱ ♠✐♥% ❛ ❣*♣✐
❢♦"❞$%&' ❬✹❪ *' ❛ ♥②❡❧✈❦7③✐ ✐♥❢♦"♠&❝✐:✲✈✐''③❛❦❡"❡'*' ❬✺❪✳ ❆ ❦*%♥②❡❧✈➯ '③:%&"❛❦ ❦*③✲
③❡❧ ✈❛❧: ❡❧➤&❧❧$%&'❛ ✐❞➤✐❣*♥②❡' ❢❡❧❛❞❛%✱ ♠❡❧② ♥❛❣② ❢♦❦X ❤♦③③&*"%*'% *' ♣"❡❝✐③✐%&'%
✐❣*♥②❡❧✳ ❊③*"% ❛ ❦❡✈*' ❜❡'③*❧➤✈❡❧ "❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③➤ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ '③&♠&"❛ ♥❡♠ ❣❛③❞❛'&❣♦' ❡③
❛ ❢❛❥%❛ '③:%&"*♣$%*'✳ ❑♦♠♣❧❡%% ❦*%♥②❡❧✈➯ '③:%&"❛❦ %❡❧❥❡'❡♥ ❛✉%♦♠❛%✐❦✉'❛♥ %7"✲
%*♥➤ ❡❧➤&❧❧$%&'&% ❛ ❥❡❧❡♥❧❡❣✐ %❡❝❤♥♦❧:❣✐❛ ♥❡♠ %❡'③✐ ❧❡❤❡%➤✈*✱ ❡③*"% ❛✉%♦♠❛%✐❦✉'
♠:❞'③❡"❡❦❦❡❧ X♥✳ ♣"♦%♦'③:%&"❛❦❛% ❤♦③%✉♥❦ ❧*%"❡✱ ♠❡❧②❡❦ ❢♦"❞$%&'✐ ❥❡❧7❧%❡❦❡% %❛"✲
%❛❧♠❛③♥❛❦✱ *' ❦*③✐ ❡❧❧❡♥➤"③*'% ✐❣*♥②❡❧♥❡❦✳
❆③ ❛✉$♦♠❛$✐❦✉) )③*$+,-♣/$-) )③$❡♥❞❡,❞ ♠❡❣❦4③❡❧/$-)❡ ♣+,❤✉③❛♠♦) ✈❛❣② 4))③❡✲
✈❡$❤❡$➤ ❦♦,♣✉)③♦❦❜*❧ $4,$-♥➤ ❦♦♥$❡①$✉)❤❛)♦♥❧*)+❣✲)③+♠/$+)♦♥ ❛❧❛♣✉❧ ❬✻❪✳ ❆③ ❡❧✲
♠A❧$ -✈❡❦❜❡♥ ❛ ❢♦,,+)✲ -) ❝-❧♥②❡❧✈✐ )③❛✈❛❦❛$ ,❡♣,❡③❡♥$+❧* ✈❡❦$♦,♦❦❛$ ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤❡♥
)③*❜❡+❣②❛③+)$ ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③* ♠*❞)③❡,❡❦❦❡❧ ♥②❡,✐❦ ❦✐ ❬✼❪✳ ❊③❡❦♥❡❦ ❛ ♠*❞)③❡,❡❦♥❡❦ ❛③
❛ ❤+$,+♥②❛✱ ❤♦❣② ♥❛❣② ♠❡♥♥②✐)-❣➯ )③4✈❡❣❡$ ✐❣-♥②❡❧♥❡❦✳ ❱✐)③♦♥$ ❦✐✈-$❡❧❡) ❡)❡$✲
♥❡❦ )③+♠/$✱ ❤❛ ❡❣② ❛❞♦$$ ♥②❡❧✈♣+,,❛ ❡❧-❣ ♥❛❣② ♣+,❤✉③❛♠♦) ✈❛❣② 4))③❡✈❡$❤❡$➤
❦♦,♣✉)③ +❧❧ ,❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③-),❡❀ +❧$❛❧+♥♦)♥❛❦ ✐♥❦+❜❜ ❛③ $❡❦✐♥$❤❡$➤✱ ❤❛ ♥✐♥❝) ✐❧②❡♥✳ ▼✐✲
✈❡❧ ❛③ +❧$❛❧✉♥❦ ✈✐③)❣+❧$ ✜♥♥✉❣♦, ♥②❡❧✈❡❦,❡ ♥✐♥❝) ❦❡❧❧➤❡♥ ♥❛❣② ❦♦,♣✉)③✱ ❛❧$❡,♥❛$/✈
♠*❞)③❡,❡❦❦❡❧ ❦/)-,❧❡$❡③$M♥❦✳
✷✳✷✳ ❆③ ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③♦)) ♠*❞,③❡.❡❦
❆ ❢❡♥$ ❧❡/,$ ♦❦♦❦❜*❧ ❛ ♣,♦$♦)③*$+,❛❦ ❡❧➤+❧❧/$+)+❤♦③ ❦-$✱ ❦4③4))-❣ +❧$❛❧ -♣/$❡$$
♥②❡❧✈✐ ❡,➤❢♦,,+)$ ❤❛)③♥+❧$✉♥❦ ❢❡❧✱ ❛ ❲✐❦✐♣-❞✐+$ -) ❛ ❲✐❦$✐♦♥❛,②$✳
❆ ❲✐❦✐♣-❞✐❛✶ $4❜❜❢-❧❡ ♠*❞♦♥ ✐) ❢❡❧❤❛)③♥+❧❤❛$* ❦-$♥②❡❧✈➯ )③*$+,❛❦ ❧-$,❡❤♦✲
③+)+,❛✳ ▼✐ ❊,❞♠❛♥♥ ❡$ ❛❧✳ ❬✽❪ -) ▼♦❤❛♠♠❛❞✐ -) ●❤❛)❡♠❆❣❤❛❡❡ ❬✾❪ ♠*❞)③❡,-$
❦4✈❡$✈❡ ❦-$♥②❡❧✈➯ )③*$+,❛❦❛$ ❤♦③$✉♥❦ ❧-$,❡ ❲✐❦✐♣-❞✐❛✲❝/♠)③*♣+,♦❦❜*❧ ❛ ♥②❡❧✈✲
❦4③✐ ❧✐♥❦❡❦ )❡❣/$)-❣-✈❡❧✳
❆ ❲✐❦✐♣-❞✐❛ ♠❡❧❧❡$$ ❛ ❲✐❦$✐♦♥❛,②✷ ❡❣② ♠+)✐❦✱ )③✐♥$-♥ ♥②/❧$✱ ❦4③4))-❣ +❧$❛❧
)③❡,❦❡)③$❡$$ $✉❞+)❜+③✐)✱ ❛♠❡❧② ❢♦,,+)✉❧ )③♦❧❣+❧❤❛$ ❦-$♥②❡❧✈➯ )③*$+,❛❦ ❧-$,❡❤♦③+✲
)+❤♦③✳ ❆ ❲✐❦$✐♦♥❛,② ❡❣② ♦❧②❛♥ $4❜❜♥②❡❧✈➯ )③*$+,✱ ❛♠❡❧②♥❡❦ ❝-❧❥❛✱ ❤♦❣② ♠✐♥❞❡♥
♥②❡❧✈ ♠✐♥❞❡♥ )③❛✈+$ $❛,$❛❧♠❛③③❛✳ ❙♦❦ ♥②❡❧✈❡♥ ❡❧-,❤❡$➤✱ -) ❛ ❞❡✜♥/❝✐*❦✱ ❧❡/,+)♦❦
♠✐♥❞✐❣ ❛③ ❛❞♦$$ ❲✐❦$✐♦♥❛,② ♥②❡❧✈-♥ )③❡,❡♣❡❧♥❡❦✳ S-❧❞+✉❧ ❛ ❲✐❦$✐♦♥❛,② ♠❛❣②❛,
❦✐❛❞+)+$ ❲✐❦✐)③*$+,♥❛❦ ❤/✈❥+❦✱ -) ❛ ♠❛❣②❛, )③❛✈❛❦ ♠❡❧❧❡$$ $❛,$❛❧♠❛③ ♠+) ♥②❡❧✲
✈➯ )③❛✈❛❦❛$ ✐)✱ ❞❡ ❛ ❤♦③③+❥✉❦ $❛,$♦③* ❞❡✜♥/❝✐*❦ -) ♥②❡❧✈✐ ✐♥❢♦,♠+❝✐*❦ ♠❛❣②❛,✉❧
)③❡,❡♣❡❧♥❡❦✳ ◆②❡❧✈❡♥❦-♥$ ❡❧$-,➤✱ ❤♦❣② ♠✐ ❛③ ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠+❧✐) ✐♥❢♦,♠+❝✐*✱ ❛♠✐$ $❛,$❛❧✲
♠❛③♥✐❛ ❦❡❧❧ ❡❣② )③*❝✐❦❦♥❡❦✱ ❞❡ ♠❛❣❛ ❛ ❝/♠)③*✱ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥$ ❛③✱ ❤♦❣② ♠✐❧②❡♥ ♥②❡❧✈➯
-) ♠✐❧②❡♥ )③*❢❛❥A✱ ❦4$❡❧❡③➤ ✐♥❢♦,♠+❝✐* ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ❲✐❦$✐♦♥❛,②✲❦✐❛❞+) ❡)❡$-❜❡♥✳ ◆❡♠
❦4$❡❧❡③➤ ❡❧❡♠✱ ❞❡ ❜✐③♦♥②♦) ♥②❡❧✈➯ ❲✐❦$✐♦♥❛,②❦❜❡♥ )③❡,❡♣❡❧ ❡❣② ❢♦,❞/$+)✐ $+❜❧❛
✐)✱ ❛♠✐ ❛ ❝/♠)③* ❦M❧4♥❜4③➤ ♥②❡❧✈➯ ❢♦,❞/$+)❛✐$ $❛,$❛❧♠❛③③❛❀ )③❡,❡♣❡❧❤❡$♥❡❦ $♦✲
✈+❜❜+ ❛ ❝/♠)③* ■S❆✲+$✐,❛$❛✱ ,❛❣♦③+)✐ ♣❛,❛❞✐❣♠+❥❛✱ )③✐♥♦♥✐♠+✐ -) ❡❣②-❜ ❧❡①✐❦❛✐
✐♥❢♦,♠+❝✐*❦ ✐) ❛③ ❡❣②❡) )③*❝✐❦❦❡❦❜❡♥✳
❇+, ❛ ❲✐❦$✐♦♥❛,② ❡❧)➤)♦,❜❛♥ ❡♠❜❡,✐ ❢❡❧❤❛)③♥+❧+),❛ ❦-)③M❧$✱ ❛ ❜❡♥♥❡ $❛❧+❧✲
❤❛$* ❛❞❛$♦❦ ❦✐♥②❡,-)❡ ❜✐③♦♥②♦) ❢♦❦✐❣ ❛✉$♦♠❛$✐③+❧❤❛$*✳ ➪❝) ❡$ ❛❧✳ ❬✶✵❪ ♠✐♥❞❡♥
❝/♠)③*❤♦③ $❛,$♦③* ❢♦,❞/$+)✐ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤$ ❦✐♥②❡,$ ❛ )③*❝✐❦❦❡❦❜❡♥ $❛❧+❧❤❛$* ❢♦,❞/$+)✐
$+❜❧+❦❜*❧✳ ❆③ +❧$❛❧✉❦ ❢❡❥❧❡)③$❡$$ ❲✐❦#✷❞✐❝#✸❡)③❦4③③❡❧ ❢❡❧❞♦❧❣♦③$✉❦ ❛③ ❛♥❣♦❧✱ ✜♥♥✱
♦,♦)③ -) ♠❛❣②❛, ❲✐❦$✐♦♥❛,②✲♦❧❞❛❧❛❦❛$✱ /❣② )③✐♥$❡ ♠✐♥❞❡♥ )③*❜❛♥ ❢♦,❣* ♥②❡❧✈♣+,,❛
)✐❦❡,M❧$ ❢♦,❞/$+)✐ ♣+,♦❦❛$ ❦✐♥②❡,♥M♥❦✳
➪❝) ❬✶✶❪ ❛ )③*♣+,♦❦ ❤❛❧♠❛③+$ A❥❛❜❜❛❦❦❛❧ ❜➤✈/$❡$$❡ A❣②✱ ❤♦❣② ❤+,♦♠)③4❣❡❧-)✲
)❡❧ A❥ ❦❛♣❝)♦❧❛$♦❦❛$ ❤♦③♦$$ ❧-$,❡ ❛ ♠+, ♠❡❣❧-✈➤ ❢♦,❞/$+)✐ ♣+,♦❦❜*❧✳ ❆ ❤+,♦♠)③4✲
❣❡❧-) ❛③♦♥ ❛ ❢❡❧$-$❡❧❡③-)❡♥ ❛❧❛♣✉❧✱ ❤♦❣② ❦-$ ❡❧❡♠ ♥❛❣② ✈❛❧*)③/♥➯)-❣❣❡❧ ❢♦,❞/$+)✲
♣+, ❛❜❜❛♥ ❛③ ❡)❡$❜❡♥✱ ❤❛ ♠✐♥❞❦❡$$➤ ❡❣② ❤❛,♠❛❞✐❦ ♥②❡❧✈ )③❛✈+♥❛❦ ❢♦,❞/$+)❛✳ ❆
✶ ❤!!♣#✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦.❣✴
✷ ❤!!♣#✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✐❦!✐♦♥❛.②✳♦.❣✴
✸ ❤!!♣#✿✴✴❣✐!❤✉❜✳❝♦♠✴❥✉❞✐!❛❝#✴✇✐❦!✷❞✐❝!
❲✐❦#✷❞✐❝# ❤!"♦♠%③'❣❡❧+%✐ -❡❝❤♥✐❦!❥!✈❛❧ ♣"♦-♦%③5-!"❛✐♥❦❛- -♦✈!❜❜ -✉❞-✉❦ ❜➤✈:✲
-❡♥✐✳
✷✳✸✳ ❑✐%&'%❦❡❧%+
❊❧%➤ ❧+♣+%❦+♥- ❛ ❦>❧'♥❜'③➤ ♠5❞%③❡"❡❦❦❡❧ ❡❧➤!❧❧:-♦-- ♣"♦-♦%③5-!"❛❦❛- ❝+❧♥②❡❧✈❡♥✲
❦+♥- '%%③❡✈♦♥-✉❦✱ ♠❛❥❞ ❛③ ✐%♠+-❧➤❞➤ %③5♣!"♦❦❛- ❦✐%③➯"->❦✳ ❆③ '%%③❡✈♦♥- %③5-!"❛❦
❦+③✐ ❦✐+"-+❦❡❧+%+- ❛③ ❛❞♦-- ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ❛♥②❛♥②❡❧✈✐ ❜❡%③+❧➤✐ +% ♥②❡❧✈+%③ %③❛❦+"-➤✐ ✈+✲
❣❡③-+❦✳ ❆③ ✐♥%-"✉❦❝✐5❦✱ ♠❡❧②❡❦ %③❡"✐♥- ❞♦❧❣♦③-❛❦✱ ❛③ ❛❧!❜❜✐❛❦✿ ❛ ❢♦""!%✲ ✭❙✮ +%
❝+❧♥②❡❧✈✐ ✭❚✮ %③5♥❛❦ ✐% ❛③ ❛❞♦-- ♥②❡❧✈❡♥ ❧+-❡③➤ %③5♥❛❦ ❦❡❧❧ ❧❡♥♥✐❡✱ %③5-!"✐ ❛❧❛❦❜❛♥
❦❡❧❧ !❧❧♥✐❛✱ +% ❛ ❦+- %③5♥❛❦ ❡❣②♠!% ❢♦"❞:-!%!♥❛❦ ❦❡❧❧ ❧❡♥♥✐❡✳ ❍❛ ❛ ❢♦""!%♥②❡❧✈✐ %③5
♥❡♠ ❧+-❡③➤ %③5✱ ❛ %③5♣!"- ❤✐❜!%♥❛❦ ❦❡❧❧ ❥❡❧'❧♥✐✳ ❍❛ ❛ ❢♦""!%♥②❡❧✈✐ %③5 ❧+-❡③➤ %③5✱
❞❡ ♥❡♠ %③5-!"✐ ❛❧❛❦❜❛♥ !❧❧✱ ♠❡❣ ❦❡❧❧ ❛❞♥✐ ❛ ❤❡❧②❡% %③5-!"✐ ❛❧❛❦♦-✳ ❍❛ ❛ ❝+❧♥②❡❧✈✐
%③5 ❥5 ❢♦"❞:-!%❛ ❛ ❢♦""!%♥②❡❧✈✐ %③5♥❛❦✱ ❞❡ ♥❡♠ %③5-!"✐ ❛❧❛❦❜❛♥ !❧❧✱ ♠❡❣ ❦❡❧❧ ❛❞♥✐ ❛
❤❡❧②❡% %③5-!"✐ ❛❧❛❦♦-✳ ❍❛ ❛ ❝+❧♥②❡❧✈✐ %③5 ♥❡♠ ❥5 ❢♦"❞:-!%✱ J❥ ❢♦"❞:-!%- ❦❡❧❧ ♠❡❣❛❞♥✐✳
❆ ❦✐+"-+❦❡❧+% %♦"!♥ ❜❡✈❡③❡-->♥❦ ♦❧②❛♥ ❦❛-❡❣5"✐!❦❛-✱ ♠❡❧②❡❦ ❛③- ❥❡❧③✐❦✱ ❤♦❣②
❡❣② ❛❞♦-- %③5♣!" ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧✲❡ ❡③❡❦♥❡❦ ❛③ ✐♥%-"✉❦❝✐5❦♥❛❦✱ ✈❛❣② %❡♠✳ ❆ ❦❛-❡❣5"✐!❦
❛ ❦'✈❡-❦❡③➤❦✿
♦❦✲♦❦✿ ❛③ ❙ +% ❚ %③❛✈❛❦ ❧+-❡③➤✱ %③5-!"✐ ❛❧❛❦❜❛♥ !❧❧5 %③❛✈❛❦✱ +% ❡❣②♠!% ❢♦"❞:-!%❛✐❀
♦❦✲♥❞✿ ❛③ ❙ +% ❚ %③❛✈❛❦ ❧+-❡③➤ %③❛✈❛❦✱ ❡❣②♠!% ❢♦"❞:-!%❛✐✱ ❞❡ ❛ ❚ %③5 ♥❡♠ %③5-!"✐
❛❧❛❦❜❛♥ %③❡"❡♣❡❧❀
♥❞✲♦❦✿ ❛③ ❙ +% ❚ %③❛✈❛❦ ❧+-❡③➤ %③❛✈❛❦✱ ❡❣②♠!% ❢♦"❞:-!%❛✐✱ ❞❡ ❛③ ❙ %③5 ♥❡♠ %③5-!"✐
❛❧❛❦❜❛♥ %③❡"❡♣❡❧❀
♥❞✲♥❞✿ ❛③ ❙ +% ❚ %③❛✈❛❦ ❧+-❡③➤ %③❛✈❛❦✱ ❡❣②♠!% ❢♦"❞:-!%❛✐✱ ❞❡ %❡♠ ❛③ ❙✱ %❡♠ ❛ ❚
%③5 ♥❡♠ %③5-!"✐ ❛❧❛❦❜❛♥ %③❡"❡♣❡❧❀
♦❦✲✇&✿ ❛③ ❙ %③5 ❧+-❡③➤✱ %③5-!"✐ ❛❧❛❦❜❛♥ %③❡"❡♣❧➤ %③5✱ ❞❡ ❛ ❚ %③5 ✈❛❣② ♥❡♠ ❧+-❡③➤
%③5✱ ✈❛❣② ♥❡♠ ❤❡❧②❡% ❢♦"❞:-!%❛ ❛③ ❙ %③5♥❛❦❀
♥❞✲✇&✿ ❛③ ❙ %③5 ❧+-❡③➤✱ ❞❡ ♥❡♠ %③5-!"✐ ❛❧❛❦❜❛♥ %③❡"❡♣❧➤ %③5✱ ❛ ❚ %③5 ♣❡❞✐❣ ✈❛❣②
♥❡♠ ❧+-❡③➤ %③5✱ ✈❛❣② ♥❡♠ ❤❡❧②❡% ❢♦"❞:-!%❛ ❛③ ❙ %③5♥❛❦❀
✇&✲①①✿ ❛③ ❙ %③5 ❛③ ❛❞♦-- ♥②❡❧✈❡♥ ♥❡♠ ❧+-❡③➤ %③5✳
❆③ ❛✉-♦♠❛-✐❦✉%❛♥ ❧+-"❡❤♦③♦-- ♣"♦-♦%③5-!"❛❦ ❦+③✐ ❦✐+"-+❦❡❧+%❡ +% ❥❛✈:-!%❛ -'❜❜
❝+❧- ✐% %③♦❧❣!❧✳ ❊❣②"+%③- ❧❡❤❡-➤%+❣❡- ❛❞ ❛③ !❧-❛❧✉♥❦ ❤❛%③♥!❧- %③5-!"+♣:-+%✐ ♠5❞%③❡✲
"❡❦ '%%③❡❤❛%♦♥❧:-!%!"❛ ✕ ❡③- ✐%♠❡"-❡-❥>❦ ❡❜❜❡♥ ❛ ❢❡❥❡③❡-❜❡♥✳ ▼!%"+%③- ♠❡❣❛❞❥❛
❛③♦❦♥❛❦ ❛ %③5♣!"♦❦♥❛❦ ❛ %③!♠!-✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦❡- ❢❡❧-'❧-❤❡->♥❦ ❛ ❲✐❦-✐♦♥❛"②❜❡ ✕ ❡""➤❧
❧!%❞ ❛ ✸✳✺✳ ❢❡❥❡③❡-❡-✳ ❆ ❦+③✐ ❦✐+"-+❦❡❧+%♥❡❦ ❛③ ❛ ❧+♣+%❡✱ ❛♠❡❧②♥❡❦ %♦"!♥ J❥ ❢♦"❞:-!%-
❦❡❧❧❡-- ♠❡❣❛❞♥✐✱ ❤❛ ❛ ❝+❧♥②❡❧✈✐ %③5 ♥❡♠ ✈♦❧- ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤✱ ❡③ ✉-5❜❜✐❤♦③ ❥!"✉❧ ❤♦③✲
③!✳ ❊♥♥❡❦ ❝+❧❥❛ ✉❣②❛♥✐% ❛ ❲✐❦-✐♦♥❛"②❜❡ ❢❡❧-'❧-❤❡-➤ %③5♣!"♦❦ %③!♠!♥❛❦ ♥'✈❡❧+%❡
✈♦❧- ✕ ❛③ ❛✉-♦♠❛-✐❦✉% ♠5❞%③❡"❡❦ ❦✐+"-+❦❡❧+%+❜❡♥ ❛ ♠❡❣❛❞♦-- J❥ ❢♦"❞:-!%♦❦ ♥❡♠
❥!-%③♦--❛❦ %③❡"❡♣❡-✳
❆ ✷✳ -!❜❧!③❛- -❛"-❛❧♠❛③③❛ ❛③♦❦❛- ❛③ ❛❞❛-♦❦❛-✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦ ❧❡❤❡-➤%+❣❡- ❛❞♥❛❦ ❛③
❛✉-♦♠❛-✐❦✉% %③5-!"+♣:-➤ ♠5❞%③❡"❡❦ '%%③❡❤❛%♦♥❧:-!%!"❛✳ ❆ -!❜❧!③❛- ❡❧%➤ ❤!"♦♠
%♦"!❜❛♥ ❛ ❢❡♥- ❧❡:"- ♠5❞%③❡"❡❦ %③❡"❡♣❡❧♥❡❦✿ ❲✷❉ ❡①-✿ ❛ ❲✐❦#✷❞✐❝# ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③!%❛
❢♦"❞:-!%✐ ❥❡❧'❧-❡❦ ❦✐♥②❡"+%+"❡ ❛ ❢♦"❞:-!%✐ -!❜❧!❦❜5❧✱ ❲✷❉ -"✐✿ ❛ ❲✐❦#✷❞✐❝# ❛❧❦❛❧✲
♠❛③!%❛ ❤!"♦♠%③'❣❡❧+%"❡✱ ❲✐❦✐❚✐-❧❡✿ ❲✐❦✐♣+❞✐❛✲❝:♠%③5♣!"♦❦ ❦✐♥②❡"+%❡✳ ❆ ♥❡❣②❡✲
❞✐❦ %♦"❜❛♥ ✭❑❉❊✹✮ ♦❧②❛♥ %③5-!"❛❦ %③❡"❡♣❡❧♥❡❦✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦❡- ❛③ ❖♣✉% ❦♦"♣✉%③❜5❧
❬✶✷❪ $%❧$%$$'♥❦ ❧❡✳ ❆ ❧❡$%❧$-. ✐❞❡❥-❜❡♥ ❛③ 5❧$❛❧✉♥❦ ✈✐③.❣5❧$ ♥②❡❧✈♣5;♦❦ ❦%③'❧ ❝.❛❦
❛③ -.③❛❦✐ .③5♠✐✕④❛♥❣♦❧✱ ✜♥♥✱ ♠❛❣②❛;⑥ ♥②❡❧✈♣5;♦❦;❛ $❛❧5❧$✉♥❦ .③D$5;❛❦❛$✳ ❊③❡❦ ❛ .③D$5;❛❦ ❛ ✷✳✶✳ ❢❡❥❡③❡$❜❡♥ ❡♠❧G$❡$$ .③$❡♥❞❡;❞ .③D$5;-♣G$➤ ♠D❞.③❡;❡❦❦❡❧ ❦-.③'❧$❡❦✱
❛♠❡❧②❡❦;➤❧ ❛③$ ❢❡❧$-$❡❧❡③$'❦✱ ❤♦❣② ♥❡♠ ❧❡.③♥❡❦ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤❡❦ ❛③ 5❧$❛❧✉♥❦ ✈✐③.❣5❧$
❦❡✈-. ❡;➤❢♦;;5..❛❧ ;❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③➤ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ❡.❡$-❜❡♥✳ ❆ ✷✳ $5❜❧5③❛$❜❛♥ ❧5$❤❛$D ❛❞❛$♦❦
❡③$ ❛❧5$5♠❛.③$❥5❦✱ ❤✐.③❡♥ ❛ ✷✼✱✺✼✪✲♦. ♦❦✲♦❦ ❦❛$❡❣D;✐5❥5✈❛❧ ❡③ ❛ ♠D❞.③❡; ✈♦❧$ ❛
❧❡❣❦❡✈-.❜- ♣♦♥$♦.✳
♠!❞#③❡& '##③ ♦❦✲♦❦ ♦❦✲♥❞ ♥❞✲♦❦ ♥❞✲♥❞ ♦❦✲✇& ♥❞✲✇& ✇&✲①①
✭★✮ ✭✪✮ ✭✪✮ ✭✪✮ ✭✪✮ ✭✪✮ ✭✪✮ ✭✪✮
❲✷❉ ❡①) ✶✳✾✻✺ ✼✶✱✼✻ ✶✱✷✷ ✺✱✼✺ ✶✺✱✶✼ ✹✱✻✸ ✵✱✸✻ ✵✱✼✻
❲✷❉ )4✐ ✷✸✳✵✻✻ ✺✻✱✻✶ ✶✱✼✾ ✷✱✾✽ ✸✱✵✻ ✸✵✱✸✽ ✶✱✶✵ ✸✱✽✷
❲✐❦✐❚✐)❧❡ ✶✻✳✽✺✹ ✺✹✱✶✶ ✷✱✾✼ ✺✱✺✼ ✸✷✱✺✵ ✷✱✾✷ ✵✱✹✾ ✵✱✼✺
❑❉❊✹ ✽✳✹✵✶ ✷✼✱✺✼ ✸✱✾✾ ✶✵✱✹✵ ✶✽✱✻✹ ✶✸✱✾✾ ✶✹✱✺✼ ✶✵✱✻✾
✷✳ )<❜❧<③❛)✳ ❆③ ❡❣②❡C ♠E❞C③❡4❡❦ GCC③❡❤❛C♦♥❧K)<C❛✳
❆ $5❜❧5③❛$ ❡❧.➤ ♦.③❧♦♣5❜❛♥ ❛③ ❛❞♦$$ ♠D❞.③❡;;❡❧ ❧-$;❡❤♦③♦$$ ♣;♦$♦.③D$5;❛❦
%..③❡. .③D♣5;5♥❛❦ ❛ .③5♠5$ ❧5$❥✉❦✳ ❆ $♦✈5❜❜✐ ♦.③❧♦♣♦❦❜❛♥ ❛ ❦-③✐ ❦✐-;$-❦❡❧-.♥-❧
❛③ ❡❣②❡. ❦❛$❡❣D;✐5❦❜❛ .♦;♦❧$ .③D♣5;♦❦ .③5③❛❧-❦♦. ❛;5♥②5$ ❧5$❥✉❦✱ ✈❛❣②✐. ❤♦❣② ❛③
%..③❡. ❡❧➤5❧❧G$♦$$ .③D♣5;❜D❧ ❤5♥② ❡.❡$$ ❛③ ♦❦✲♦❦✱ ✳✳✳✱ ✇;✲①① ❦❛$❡❣D;✐5❜❛✳ ❆ ♣♦♥✲
$♦..5❣♦$ .③✐❣♦;P❛♥ -;$❡❧♠❡③③'❦✱ -. ❝.❛❦ ❛③$ $❛;$❥✉❦ ♣♦♥$♦.♥❛❦✱ ❛♠✐ ❛③ ♦❦✲♦❦
❦❛$❡❣D;✐5❜❛ $❛;$♦③✐❦✳ ❊.③❡;✐♥$ ❛ ❢♦;❞G$5.✐ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤❦♥❡❦ ❛ ❲✐❦$✐♦♥❛;② ❢♦;❞G$5.✐
$5❜❧5✐❜D❧ ✈❛❧D ❦✐♥②❡;-.❡ ❜✐③♦♥②✉❧$ ❛ ❧❡❣♣♦♥$♦.❛❜❜ ♠D❞.③❡;♥❡❦✱ ❛♠✐ ♥❡♠ ❛♥♥②✐;❛
♠❡❣❧❡♣➤✱ ❤✐.③❡♥ ❡③❡❦ ❛③ ❛❞❛$♦❦ .③❡;❦❡.③$➤❦ ❦-③✐ ♠✉♥❦5❥5✈❛❧ 5❧❧$❛❦ ❡❧➤✳ ❆ ♠5.♦❞✐❦
❧❡❣♣♦♥$♦.❛❜❜ ♠D❞.③❡; ❛ ❤5;♦♠.③%❣❡❧-. ✈♦❧$✿ ✐$$ ❡❣② ✶✺✪✲♦. ✈✐..③❛❡.-.$ ❧5$✉♥❦✱
❛♠✐♥❡❦ ❛③ ❧❡❤❡$ ❛③ ♦❦❛✱ ❤♦❣② ❡③ ❛ ♠D❞.③❡; ♥❡♠ ❦%③✈❡$❧❡♥'❧ ❛③ ❡♠❜❡;✐ .③❡;❦❡.③$➤✲
♠✉♥❦5;❛ -♣G$✱ ❤❛♥❡♠ ♦❧②❛♥ ♣♦♥$♦❦ ❦%③%$$ ❢❡❧$-$❡❧❡③ ❦❛♣❝.♦❧❛$♦$✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦ ❦%③%$$
♥❡♠ ❢❡❧$-$❧❡♥'❧ ✈❛♥✱ ❛♠✐ ❡❧.➤.♦;❜❛♥ ❛ ♣♦❧✐.③-♠✐5♥❛❦ ❦%.③%♥❤❡$➤✳ ◆-♠✐❧❡❣ ♠❡❣❧❡✲
♣➤ ♠D❞♦♥ ❛ ❲✐❦✐♣-❞✐❛✲❝G♠.③D♣5;♦❦❜D❧ -♣G$❦❡③➤ ♠D❞.③❡; ❝.❛❦ ❛ ❤❛;♠❛❞✐❦ ❧❡$$✱
♣❡❞✐❣ ❡;;❡ ✐. ✐❣❛③ ❛③✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ♠❡❣❜G③❤❛$D♥❛❦ ❣♦♥❞♦❧$ ❦-③✐ .③❡;❦❡.③$➤✐ ♠✉♥❦5;❛
$5♠❛.③❦♦❞✐❦✳ ❱❡❣②'❦ -.③;❡ ❛ ❦✐❡♠❡❧❦❡❞➤❡♥ ♠❛❣❛. ♥❞✲♥❞ .③5♠♦$✱ ❛♠✐ ✈❛❧D.③G♥➯✲
❧❡❣ ❛♥♥❛❦ ❦%.③%♥❤❡$➤✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ❲✐❦✐♣-❞✐❛✲❝G♠.③❛✈❛❦ ❦%③$ .♦❦ ❛ ♥❡♠ .③D$5;✐ ❛❧❛❦✱
❦'❧%♥%.❡♥ ❛③ 5❧❧❛$✲ -. ♥%✈-♥②♥❡✈❡❦ ❦%;-❜❡♥✳ V-❧❞5✉❧ ❛ !"#➤✲&'#( ∼♥②"❧❢%❧%❦
.③D♣5; ❡.❡$-❜❡♥ ♠✐♥❞❦-$ ♥②❡❧✈✐ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤ ❛ ❜✐♦❧D❣✐❛✐ ❜❡.♦;♦❧5.$ ❦%✈❡$✈❡ $%❜❜❡.
.③5♠❜❛♥ ✈❛♥✱ ❞❡ ❛ ❦-③✐ ✈❛❧✐❞5❧5. .♦;5♥ ❡③❡❦ ❧❡ ❧❡$$❡❦ ❥❛✈G$✈❛ ❛③ ❡❣②❡. .③5♠P
❛❧❛❦❥❛✐❦;❛✿ !"#➤∼♥②"❧✳
❆ ♥②❡❧✈♣5;♦♥❦-♥$ %..③❡✈♦♥$ ♣;♦$♦.③D$5;❛❦ ❦✐-;$-❦❡❧-.❡ -. ❛ ❤❛.③♥♦. .③D♣5✲
;♦❦ .③5♠❛ ❛ ✸✳ $5❜❧5③❛$❜❛♥ ❧5$❤❛$D✳ ❊❜❜❡♥ ❛③ ❡.❡$❜❡♥ ❛③$ ❛ .③D♣5;$ $❡❦✐♥$❥'❦
❤❛.③♥♦.♥❛❦✱ ❛♠❡❧② ❛③ ❛✉$♦♠❛$✐❦✉. .③D$5;-♣G$-. -. ❛ ❦-③✐ ❦✐-;$-❦❡❧-. $❡❧❥❡. ♠✉♥✲
❦❛♠❡♥❡$-♥❡❦ ❛ ✈-❣-♥ $❛;$❛❧♠❛③ ❡❣② ❧-$❡③➤ ❢♦;;5.♥②❡❧✈✐ -. ❡❣② ❧-$❡③➤ ❝-❧♥②❡❧✈✐
.③D$✱ -. ❡③❡❦ ❥D ❢♦;❞G$5.❛✐ ❡❣②♠5.♥❛❦✳
♥②❡❧✈♣&' ())③ ❤❛)③♥♦) ♦❦✲♦❦ ♦❦✲♥❞ ♥❞✲♦❦ ♥❞✲♥❞ ♦❦✲✇' ♥❞✲✇' ✇'✲①①
✭★✮ ✭✪✮ ✭✪✮ ✭✪✮ ✭✪✮ ✭✪✮ ✭✪✮ ✭✪✮ ✭✪✮
❦♦✐✕❡♥❣ ✶✳✷✺✶ ✽✷✱✽✶ ✼✹✱✽✷ ✵✱✶✻ ✼✱✽✸ ✵✱✵✵ ✶✸✱✻✼ ✵✱✶✻ ✸✱✸✻
❦♦✐✕✜♥ ✺✾✷ ✼✾✱✵✺ ✻✺✱✷✵ ✸✱✵✹ ✾✱✾✼ ✵✱✽✹ ✶✾✱✺✾ ✵✱✶✼ ✶✱✶✽
❦♦✐✕❤✉♥ ✺✹✵ ✼✾✱✹✺ ✼✵✱✶✾ ✸✱✸✸ ✹✱✻✸ ✶✱✸✵ ✶✸✱✺✷ ✵✱✶✾ ✻✱✽✺
❦♦✐✕:✉; ✻✶✶ ✽✻✱✺✽ ✻✺✱✹✼ ✷✱✾✺ ✶✻✱✻✾ ✶✱✹✼ ✶✶✱✻✷ ✵✱✻✺ ✶✱✶✺
❦♣✈✕❡♥❣ ✾✵✷ ✾✼✱✷✸ ✻✻✱✸✵ ✵✱✷✷ ✵✱✺✺ ✸✵✱✶✻ ✷✱✺✺ ✵✱✷✷ ✵✱✵✵
❦♣✈✕✜♥ ✺✼✼ ✾✽✱✼✾ ✺✶✱✶✸ ✾✱✽✽ ✵✱✻✾ ✸✼✱✵✾ ✶✱✵✹ ✵✱✶✼ ✵✱✵✵
❦♣✈✕❤✉♥ ✺✷✸ ✾✻✱✶✽ ✹✾✱✾✵ ✶✱✸✹ ✵✱✾✻ ✹✸✱✾✽ ✸✱✻✸ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✶✾
❦♣✈✕:✉; ✺✹✹ ✾✻✱✻✾ ✻✸✱✻✵ ✽✱✻✹ ✾✱✾✸ ✶✹✱✺✷ ✸✱✸✶ ✵✱✵✵ ✵✱✵✵
♠❤:✕❡♥❣ ✷✳✺✹✾ ✼✸✱✹✵ ✹✹✱✹✶ ✷✱✺✺ ✹✱✵✹ ✷✷✱✹✵ ✷✻✱✵✾ ✵✱✺✶ ✵✱✵✵
♠❤:✕✜♥ ✷✳✺✻✺ ✼✺✱✾✵ ✺✵✱✽✵ ✶✱✵✺ ✸✱✸✶ ✷✵✱✼✹ ✷✸✱✻✸ ✵✱✹✼ ✵✱✵✵
♠❤:✕❤✉♥ ✶✳✻✹✼ ✽✹✱✻✹ ✺✷✱✼✵ ✵✱✾✼ ✺✱✽✾ ✷✺✱✵✽ ✶✹✱✷✶ ✶✱✶✺ ✵✱✵✵
♠❤:✕:✉; ✶✳✼✵✼ ✻✸✱✻✽ ✹✵✱✵✶ ✷✱✶✶ ✹✱✷✽ ✶✼✱✷✽ ✸✺✱✺✻ ✵✱✼✻ ✵✱✵✵
♠:❥✕❡♥❣ ✷✳✸✸✹ ✾✻✱✹✵ ✹✹✱✵✾ ✵✱✶✼ ✾✱✵✹ ✹✸✱✶✵ ✸✱✵✽ ✵✱✺✶ ✵✱✵✵
♠:❥✕✜♥ ✶✳✵✶✸ ✾✵✱✵✸ ✷✵✱✷✹ ✼✱✼✵ ✾✱✼✼ ✺✷✱✸✷ ✽✱✺✾ ✶✱✸✽ ✵✱✵✵
♠:❥✕❤✉♥ ✾✹✷ ✾✸✱✷✵ ✸✹✱✶✽ ✹✱✾✾ ✶✷✱✾✺ ✹✶✱✵✽ ✺✱✷✵ ✶✱✺✾ ✵✱✵✵
♠:❥✕:✉; ✽✸✺ ✼✾✱✷✾ ✷✼✱✵✼ ✶✶✱✷✻ ✾✱✺✽ ✸✶✱✸✽ ✶✻✱✽✾ ✸✱✽✸ ✵✱✵✵
;♠❡✕❡♥❣ ✻✳✵✹✶ ✻✺✱✷✸ ✹✼✱✺✼ ✸✱✼✼ ✼✱✸✸ ✻✱✺✻ ✷✶✱✻✺ ✺✱✵✽ ✽✱✵✸
;♠❡✕✜♥ ✼✳✶✵✵ ✻✸✱✹✷ ✹✷✱✵✵ ✸✱✹✹ ✺✱✹✷ ✶✷✱✺✻ ✶✾✱✾✹ ✼✱✻✺ ✽✱✾✼
;♠❡✕❤✉♥ ✹✳✾✻✾ ✻✸✱✹✶ ✹✽✱✹✽ ✶✱✻✼ ✻✱✻✷ ✻✱✻✹ ✶✼✱✵✺ ✶✵✱✷✽ ✾✱✷✻
;♠❡✕:✉; ✹✳✸✼✸ ✼✹✱✺✹ ✼✶✱✸✵ ✵✱✺✵ ✷✱✺✻ ✵✱✶✽ ✷✵✱✶✵ ✵✱✼✺ ✹✱✻✵
✉❞♠✕❡♥❣ ✷✳✵✽✼ ✽✶✱✹✻ ✼✼✱✶✵ ✸✱✶✻ ✵✱✾✶ ✵✱✷✾ ✶✼✱✺✾ ✵✱✶✵ ✵✱✽✻
✉❞♠✕✜♥ ✶✳✼✵✵ ✼✶✱✵✻ ✹✾✱✶✷ ✷✱✵✻ ✶✱✵✻ ✶✽✱✽✷ ✷✽✱✵✻ ✵✱✺✸ ✵✱✸✺
✉❞♠✕❤✉♥ ✶✳✷✵✹ ✽✸✱✺✺ ✺✼✱✶✹ ✶✱✼✹ ✶✱✺✵ ✷✸✱✶✼ ✶✺✱✹✺ ✵✱✺✵ ✵✱✺✵
✉❞♠✕:✉; ✶✳✷✷✻ ✼✻✱✽✸ ✽✱✺✻ ✷✱✵✹ ✵✱✾✽ ✻✺✱✷✺ ✷✵✱✻✹ ✶✱✸✶ ✶✱✷✷
✸✳ AB❜❧B③❛A✳ ❆ ♣:♦A♦;③HAB:❛❦ ❦✐I:AI❦❡❧I;❡ ❛③ ❡❣②❡; ♥②❡❧✈♣B:♦❦:❛✳
✸✳ ❲✐❦%✐♦♥❛)②✲,③.❝✐❦❦❡❦ ❣❡♥❡)2❧2,❛
❆ ❲✐❦$✐♦♥❛(②✲+③-❝✐❦❦❡❦ ❛❧❛♣❥3✉❧ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞3❧$ ♣(♦$♦+③-$3(❛❦ +③♦❧❣3❧♥❛❦✳ 9:❧❞3✉❧ ❛③ :+③❛❦✐ +③3♠✐✕❛♥❣♦❧ ♥②❡❧✈♣3( ❡+❡$:♥ ❛③ :+③❛❦✐ +③3♠✐ +③- ❛③ ❛♥❣♦❧ ❲✐❦$✐♦♥❛(② ❡❣②
=❥ ❝>♠+③❛✈❛ ❧❡+③✱ ♠>❣ ❛③ ❛♥❣♦❧ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤❥❡ ❛ ❞❡✜♥>❝✐- ❧❡+③✳ ❆ +③-❝✐❦❦❡❦ ❦C$❡❧❡③➤
❡❧❡♠❡✐ :+ ❛ ❦✐❡❣:+③>$➤ ✐♥❢♦(♠3❝✐-❦ ✐+ $❡❧❥❡+❡♥ ❛✉$♦♠❛$✐❦✉+❛♥ ❧❡$$❡❦ ❡❧➤3❧❧>$✈❛✳
▼✐♥❞❡♥ ❲✐❦$✐♦♥❛(②✲❦✐❛❞3+♥❛❦ ♠❡❣✈❛♥♥❛❦ ❛ ♠❛❣❛ +③❛❜3❧②❛✐ ❛ +③-❝✐❦❦ ❢❡❧:♣>✲
$:+:$ ✐❧❧❡$➤❡♥✳ ◆❡♠ ❝+❛❦ ❛ ❢♦(♠3(❛ ✈♦♥❛$❦♦③- +③❛❜3❧②♦❦❛$ >(❥3❦ ❧❡✱ ❤❛♥❡♠ ❛③$ ✐+✱
❤♦❣② ♠✐❧②❡♥ ♥②❡❧✈$❛♥✐ ✐♥❢♦(♠3❝✐-❦❛$ ❦❡❧❧ $❛($❛❧♠❛③♥✐❛ ❡❣② +③-❝✐❦❦♥❡❦✳ ❆ ♥:❣②
❝:❧♥②❡❧✈✐ ❲✐❦$✐♦♥❛(② ❧❡>(3+❛✐ ❛❧❛♣❥3♥ +✐❦❡(H❧$ ❡❣② ♦❧②❛♥ 3❧$❛❧3♥♦+ ❢❡❧:♣>$:+$ ♠❡❣✲
❤❛$3(♦③♥✐✱ ♠❡❧② $❛($❛❧♠❛③③❛ ❛ ❝>♠+③-$✱ ❛ ❝>♠+③- ♥②❡❧✈:$✱ ❛♥♥❛❦ +③-❢❛❥3$ :+ ❛
❢♦(❞>$3+✐ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤❥:$✳ ❊③❡♥ ❦C$❡❧❡③➤ ❡❧❡♠❡❦ ❦C③H❧ ❝+❛❦ ❛ +③-❢❛❥✐ ❝>♠❦❡ ❤✐3♥②③✐❦
❛ +③-$3(❛✐♥❦❜-❧✳ ❑✐❡❣:+③>$➤ ✐♥❢♦(♠3❝✐-❦❦❛❧ ✐+ ❧❡❤❡$ ❜➤✈>$❡♥✐ ❛③ ❡❣②❡+ +③-♣3(♦❦❛$✱
♣:❧❞3✉❧ ■9❆✲3$>(3++❛❧ ✈❛❣② ❡$✐♠♦❧-❣✐3✈❛❧✱ ❛③♦♥❜❛♥ ❡③❡❦ ♥❡♠ ❦C$❡❧❡③➤ ❡❧❡♠❡✐ ❛ +③-❝✐❦❦❡❦♥❡❦✳
✸✳✶✳ ❆ $③&❢❛❥✐ ❦❛,❡❣&/✐❛ ♠❡❣❤❛,2/♦③2$❛
❆③ "❥ ❲✐❦'✐♦♥❛+②✲.③/❝✐❦❦❡❦ ❧3'+❡❤♦③5.❛ .❛❜❧♦♥♦❦❦❛❧ '7+'3♥✐❦✱ ♠❡❧②❡❦❤❡③ .③:❦✲
.3❣❡. ❛③ ❛❞♦'' .③/ .③/❢❛❥✐ ❝>♠❦3❥❡✳ ❆❤❤♦③ '❡❤5'✱ ❤♦❣② ❡❣② .③/❜/❧ ❲✐❦'✐♦♥❛+②✲
.③/❝✐❦❦ ❥7❤❡..❡♥ ❧3'+❡✱ ♠❡❣ ❦❡❧❧ 5❧❧❛♣>'❛♥✉♥❦ ❛ .③/❢❛❥5'✳ ❊③' ❛③ ✐♥❢♦+♠5❝✐/' ♠♦+✲
❢♦❧/❣✐❛✐ ❡❧❡♠③➤❦ .❡❣>'.3❣3✈❡❧ ❧❡❤❡' ❡❧➤5❧❧>'❛♥✐✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦ ❛③♦♥❜❛♥ ❡❣② .③/❤♦③ '7❜❜
❡❧❡♠③3.' ✐. ❛❞❤❛'♥❛❦✳ ❆ ♠♦+❢♦.③✐♥'❛❦'✐❦❛✐ ❡❣②3+'❡❧♠➯.>'3. ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤❡♥ ❦♦♥'❡①'✉✲
5❧✐. ✐♥❢♦+♠5❝✐/❦ ❛❧❛♣❥5♥ '7+'3♥✐❦✱ ❞❡ ♠✐✈❡❧ ✐'' ❡❧.③✐❣❡'❡❧' .③❛✈❛❦+/❧ ✈❛♥ .③/✱ ♠5.
♠/❞.③❡+' ❦❡❧❧❡'' '❛❧5❧♥✉♥❦✳
▼✐♥❞ ❛ ❢♦++5.♥②❡❧✈❡❦✱ ♠✐♥❞ ❛ ❝3❧♥②❡❧✈❡❦ .③5♠5+❛ ❧3'❡③✐❦ ♠♦+❢♦❧/❣✐❛✐ ❡❧❡♠③➤✱
❛♠❡❧②❡' ❛ .③/❢❛❥✐ ❦❛'❡❣/+✐❛ ♠❡❣5❧❧❛♣>'5.5❤♦③ ❤❛.③♥5❧❤❛''✉♥❦✳ ❆ ●✐❡❧❧❛'❡❦♥♦✹
❡❧❡♠③➤✐' ❤❛.③♥5❧'✉❦ ❛③ 7..③❡. ❢♦++5.♥②❡❧✈+❡✱ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥' ❛ ❝3❧♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ❦7③:❧ ❛ ✜♥♥+❡
3. ❛③ ♦+♦.③+❛✳ ❆ ♠❛❣②❛+ .③❛✈❛❦❛' ❛③ ❡♠▼♦$♣❤ ❬✶✸❪ .❡❣>'.3❣3✈❡❧ ❡❧❡♠❡③':❦✱ ♠>❣
❛③ ❛♥❣♦❧ .③❛✈❛❦ ❡❧❡♠③3.3+❡ ❛ ❤✉♥♠♦$♣❤ ❡❧❡♠③➤' ❬✶✹❪ ❤❛.③♥5❧'✉❦ ❛ ♠♦$♣❤❞❜ ❬✶✺❪
❛♥❣♦❧ ♥②❡❧✈➯ ❧❡①✐❦♦♥✲ 3. .③❛❜5❧②❢5❥❧❥❛✐❜/❧ ❡❧➤5❧❧>'♦'' ❛❢❢ 3. ❞✐❝ ❢5❥❧♦❦❦❛❧✳ ▼✐✈❡❧
❛ ♠♦+❢♦❧/❣✐❛✐ ❡❧❡♠③➤❦ ❦:❧7♥❜7③➤ ❦✐♠❡♥❡'✐ ❢♦+♠5'✉♠♠❛❧ +❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③♥❡❦✱ ❛ .③/❢❛❥✐
❝>♠❦3❦❡' ❧❡ ❦❡❧❧❡'' ❦3♣❡③♥:♥❦ ❡❣② ❦7③7. ❝>♠❦❡❦3.③❧❡'+❡✳
❆ ♠♦+❢♦❧/❣✐❛✐ ❡❧❡♠③➤❦ ❝.❛❦ .③❛✈❛❦+❛ ❛❞♥❛❦ ❡❧❡♠③3.'✱ ❡③3+' ❛ '7❜❜.③❛✈❛. ❦✐❢❡✲
❥❡③3.❡❦❡' ❦:❧7♥ ❦❡❧❧❡'' ❦❡③❡❧♥✐✳ ❊③❡❦❜❡♥ ❛③ ❡.❡'❡❦❜❡♥ ❛ ❦✐❢❡❥❡③3. ❛③ ✉'♦❧./ ❡❧❡♠3✲
✈❡❧ ❧❡'' 5'♠❡♥❡'✐❧❡❣ ❤❡❧②❡''❡.>'✈❡✳ ❊♠7❣7'' ❛③ ❛ ❢❡❧'3'❡❧❡③3. 5❧❧✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ✜♥♥✉❣♦+
♥②❡❧✈❡❦ 5❧'❛❧5❜❛♥ ❢❡❥✈3❣➯❡❦✱ ✈❛❣②✐. ❤❛ ❛③ ✉'♦❧./ ❡❧❡♠❤❡③ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤ .③/❢❛❥✐ ❝>♠❦3'
❦❛♣✉♥❦✱ ❛③' ❛ '❡❧❥❡. ❦✐❢❡❥❡③3.❤❡③ ❤♦③③5 '✉❞❥✉❦ +❡♥❞❡❧♥✐✳ ❆③ ❛♥❣♦❧ 3. ❛③ ♦+♦.③ ♥②❡❧✲
✈❡❦ ✈✐.③♦♥' ✐♥❦5❜❜ ❢❡❥❦❡③❞❡'➯❦3♥' ✈❛♥♥❛❦ .③5♠♦♥ '❛+'✈❛✱ >❣② ❡③ ❛ ♠❡❣❦7③❡❧>'3.
♥❡♠ ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ❡.❡'❜❡♥ ♠➯❦7❞✐❦ ❥/❧✳
❆ ❦3③✐ ❡❧❧❡♥➤+③3. .♦+5♥ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞5'♦+♦❦ ❛③ ❛♥❣♦❧ ✐❣3❦ ❡❧3 .♦❦.③♦+ ❡❣② ✬'♦✬ ♣❛+'✐❦✉✲
❧5' ✐❧❧❡.③'❡''❡❦✳ ❊③ ❛ ♣❛+'✐❦✉❧❛ ❛ ♠♦+❢♦❧/❣✐❛✐ ❡❧❡♠③➤ ❜❡♠❡♥❡'3❜➤❧ ❡❧ ❧❡'' '5✈♦❧>'✈❛✱
❞❡ ♠❡❣➤+✐③':❦ ✕ '7❜❜ ♦❦❜/❧ ✐.✳ ❊❣②+3.③' ❦3.➤❜❜ ❛③ ❡❣②3+'❡❧♠➯.>'3.❤❡③ ❢❡❧ '✉❞❥✉❦
❤❛.③♥5❧♥✐✱ ♠5.+3.③' ❛③ ❛♥❣♦❧ ❲✐❦'✐♦♥❛+② ❡❧➤>+❥❛✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ✐❣3❦ ❡❧➤'' .③❡+❡♣❡❧♥✐❡
❦❡❧❧ ❛ ✬'♦✬✲♥❛❦✱ >❣② ❛③♦❦ ✈✐..③❛❦❡+:❧♥❡❦ ❛③ ✐❣3❦ ❡❧3 ❛ .③/❝✐❦❦❡❦ ❣❡♥❡+5❧5.❛❦♦+✳
❊♥♥❡❦ ❛ ❧3♣3.♥❡❦ ❛ ❦✐♠❡♥❡'❡ ❡❣② 7' ♦.③❧♦♣♦. '5❜❧5③❛' ❛ ❢♦++5.♥②❡❧✈✐ .③/✈❛❧✱
❛♥♥❛❦ ❧❡❤❡'.3❣❡. .③/❢❛❥✐ ❝>♠❦3✐✈❡❧✱ ❛ ❝3❧♥②❡❧✈✐ .③/✈❛❧✱ ❛♥♥❛❦ ❧❡❤❡'.3❣❡. .③/❢❛❥✐
❝>♠❦3✐✈❡❧ 3. ❡❣② 7'7❞✐❦ ♦.③❧♦♣♣❛❧✱ ♠❡❧② ❛ ✬'♦✬ ♣❛+'✐❦✉❧5' '❛+'❛❧♠❛③③❛✳
✸✳✷✳ ❆ $③&❢❛❥✐ ❝6♠❦7❦ ❡❣②7/,❡❧♠➯$6,7$❡
❆ .③/❢❛❥✐ ❝>♠❦3❦ ❡❣②3+'❡❧♠➯.>'3.3♥❡❦ ❤5+♦♠ ❢5③✐.❛ ✈❛♥✳ ❊❧➤.③7+ ❝.❛❦ ❛③ ❡❧❡♠③➤'➤❧
❦❛♣♦'' ♠♦+❢♦❧/❣✐❛✐ ✐♥❢♦+♠5❝✐/❦ ❛❧❛♣❥5♥ .③➯+❥:❦ ❛ ❧❡❤❡'.3❣❡. ❦❛'❡❣/+✐5❦❛'✳ ❊③✉'5♥
❡❣② ❤♦+✐③♦♥'5❧✐. 7..③❡❤❛.♦♥❧>'5.' ✈3❣③:♥❦✱ ♠❡❧②♥❡❦ .♦+5♥ ❛ ❢♦++5.✲ 3. ❛ ❝3❧♥②❡❧✈✐
.③/ ❝>♠❦3✐' ❤❛.♦♥❧>'❥✉❦ 7..③❡✱ 3. >❣② .③➯❦>'❥:❦ ❛ ❤❛❧♠❛③ ❧❡❤❡'.3❣❡. ❡❧❡♠❡✐'✳ ❱3❣:❧
✈❡+'✐❦5❧✐.❛♥ ✐. ♠❡❣✈✐③.❣5❧❥✉❦ ❡❣② ❛❞♦'' ❢♦++5.♥②❡❧✈✐ .③/❤♦③ '❛+'♦③/ .③/❢❛❥✐ ❝>♠❦3❦
❤❛❧♠❛③5'✱ ♠✐❦♦+ ❛③ '7❜❜ ❢♦+❞>'5.✐ ♣5+ ❢♦++5.♥②❡❧✈✐ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤❥❡❦3♥' ✐. .③❡+❡♣❡❧✳
▼♦/❢♦❧&❣✐❛✐ ✐♥❢♦/♠2❝✐&❦ ❛❧❛♣❥2♥ ,>/,7♥➤ $③➯/7$✳ ❆③ ❡❧❡♠③➤❦ ♥❡♠ ❝.❛❦ ❛ .③/❢❛❥✐ ❝>♠❦3' ❜♦❝.5'❥5❦ ❦✐✱ ❤❛♥❡♠ ❛ ❧❡♠♠5' ✐.✱ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥' ✐♥❢♦+♠5❝✐/' ❦❛♣✉♥❦
✹ ❤!!♣✿✴✴❣✐❡❧❧❛!❡❦♥♦✳✉✐!✳♥♦
❛③ ❡#❡$%➤❧ (# ❛ #③)♠%+❧ ✐#✱ ❛♠✐❦❡$ ❢❡❧ ❧❡❤❡$ ❤❛#③♥)❧♥✐ ❛③ ❡❣②(%$❡❧♠➯#5$(# #♦%)♥✳
▼✐✈❡❧ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞)❧$ ♣%♦$♦#③+$)%❛❦ ❝#❛❦ #③+$)%✐ ❛❧❛❦♦❦❛$ $❛%$❛❧♠❛③♥❛❦✱ ❛ ❜❡♠❡♥❡$❦(♥$
❛❞♦$$ #③+♥❛❦ ❛③♦♥♦#♥❛❦ ❦❡❧❧ ❧❡♥♥✐❡ ❛ ❧❡♠♠)✈❛❧✳ ❆③♦❦ ❛③ ❡❧❡♠③(#❡❦✱ ♠❡❧②❡❦%❡ ❡③
♥❡♠ )❧❧✱ $?%❧(#%❡ ❦❡%@❧♥❡❦✳ ❆ #③)♠♦$ (# ❛③ ❡#❡$❡$ ❛%%❛ ❧❡❤❡$ ❢❡❧❤❛#③♥)❧♥✐✱ ❤♦❣② ❛
❧❡❤❡$#(❣❡# ❡❧❡♠③(#❡❦ ❦?③@❧ ❦✐#③➯%❥@❦ ❛③♦❦❛$✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦ ❡❣② #③+$)%✐ ❛❧❛❦ ❡❧❡♠③(#❡✐
❧❡❤❡$♥❡❦✳ ❆ #③+$)%✐ ❛❧❛❦ ❛ ♥(✈#③+❦ ❡#❡$(❜❡♥ ❛③ ❡❣②❡# #③)♠B ❛❧❛♥②❡#❡$➯ ❛❧❛❦✱ ♠5❣
✐❣(❦ ❡#❡$(❜❡♥ ❛ ♠❛❣②❛%❜❛♥ ❛③ ❡❣②❡# #③)♠ ❤❛%♠❛❞✐❦ #③❡♠(❧②➯ ❥❡❧❡♥ ✐❞❡❥➯ ❦✐❥❡❧❡♥$➤
♠+❞B ❤❛$)%♦③❛$❧❛♥ %❛❣♦③)#B ❛❧❛❦✱ ❛♥❣♦❧❜❛♥ ❛③ ✐♥✜♥✐$5✈✉#③✳ ❍❛ ❛ #③)♠ (# ❛③ ❡#❡$
♥❡♠ ❡③❡❦♥❡❦ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤❡♥ ❛❧❛❦✉❧✱ ❛❦❦♦% ❛③$ ❛③ ❡❧❡♠③(#$ $?%?❧❥@❦✳
❱❛♥♥❛❦ ❡#❡$❡❦✱ ♠✐❦♦% ❡❣②✐❦ ❧❡♠♠❛ #❡♠ ❡❣②❡③✐❦ ♠❡❣ ❛ ❜❡♠❡♥❡$✐ #③+✈❛❧✳ ❆
$?❜❜#③❛✈❛# ❦✐❢❡❥❡③(#❡❦ ❡#❡$(❜❡♥ ♣(❧❞)✉❧ ❛ ❜❡♠❡♥❡$ ❝#❛❦ ❛ ❦✐❢❡❥❡③(# ✉$♦❧#+ $❛❣❥❛
✈♦❧$✱ 5❣② ❛ #③$%✐♥❣ ✈(❣(♥ ✈)%❤❛$✉♥❦ ❡❣②❡③(#$✳ ❍❛ ❡❣②✐❦ ❡❧❡♠③(# #❡♠ ❢❡❧❡❧ ♠❡❣ ❛
❢❡❧$($❡❧❡❦♥❡❦✱ ❛ ❧❡❤❡$#(❣❡# #③+❢❛❥♦❦ ❤❛❧♠❛③❛ @%❡# ♠❛%❛❞✳
❊❧➤❢♦%❞✉❧❤❛$✱ ❤♦❣② ❡❣② #③+ $?❜❜ ♦❧②❛♥ ❝5♠❦($ ✐# ❦❛♣✱ ♠❡❧②❡❦ ❦?③@❧ ❛③ ❡❣②✐❦ ❛
♠)#✐❦ %(#③❤❛❧♠❛③❛✳ ■❧②❡♥❦♦% ❛ ❧❡❣#③➯❦❡❜❜ ❦❛$❡❣+%✐)$ $❛%$❥✉❦ ♠❡❣✿ ♣(❧❞)✉❧ ❤❛ ❛
❤❛❧♠❛③❜❛♥ ❛③ ◆ (# ❛ !"♦♣ ✭$✉❧❛❥❞♦♥♥(✈✮ ✐# #③❡%❡♣❡❧✱ ❛❦❦♦% ❛③ ✉$+❜❜✐ ♠❛%❛❞ ♠❡❣✳
❍♦"✐③♦♥&'❧✐) *))③❡❤❛)♦♥❧.&')✳ ❆③ 5❣② ❦❛♣♦$$ ❝5♠❦(❦ ❦?%($ ♠(❣ $♦✈)❜❜ ❧❡✲
❤❡$ #③➯❦5$❡♥✐ B❣②✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ❢♦%%)#✲ (# ❛ ❝(❧♥②❡❧✈✐ #③+ ❝5♠❦(✐$ ?##③❡❤❛#♦♥❧5$❥✉❦✳ ❆
#③+♣)%♥❛❦ ❦($ ❧❡❤❡$#(❣❡# #③+❢❛❥❝5♠❦❡❤❛❧♠❛③❛ ✈❛♥✱ (# ❢❡❧$($❡❧❡③✈❡✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ❡❣②
#③+♣)%❜❛♥ #③❡%❡♣❧➤ #③❛✈❛❦ ✉❣②❛♥❛③♦♥ #③+❢❛❥❤♦③ $❛%$♦③♥❛❦✱ ❧❡ ❧❡❤❡$ #③➯❦5$❡♥✐ ❛
❝5♠❦(❦ #③)♠)$✳ ❱❛❣②✐# ✐$$ ❛ ❦($ ❝5♠❦❡❤❛❧♠❛③ ♠❡$#③❡$($ ✈✐③#❣)❧❥✉❦ ♠❡❣✱ ❛♠✐♥❡❦
#♦%)♥ ❛ ❦?✈❡$❦❡③➤ ❡#❡$❡❦ )❧❧❤❛$♥❛❦ ❡❧➤✳
❍❛ ❛ ♠❡$#③❡$ @%❡#✱ ❡❧ ❦❡❧❧ ❞?♥$❡♥✐✱ ♠❡❧②✐❦ #③+ ❝5♠❦(✐$ $❛%$❥✉❦ ♠❡❣✳ ❊❧#➤❞✲
❧❡❣❡#❡♥ ❛ ❢♦%%)#♥②❡❧✈✐ #③+ ❝5♠❦(✐$ ❦❛♣❥❛ ♠❡❣ ❛ #③+♣)% ✕ ❤❛ ♥✐♥❝# ♥❡❦✐✱ ❛❦❦♦% ❛
❝(❧♥②❡❧✈✐($✳ ❊③ ✉$+❜❜✐ ❡#❡$❜❡♥ ❛ $?❜❜#③❛✈❛# ❦✐❢❡❥❡③(#❡❦♥(❧ ♥❡❤(③#(❣❡❦ ♠❡%@❧❤❡$✲
♥❡❦ ❢❡❧✳ ❆③ ❛♥❣♦❧♥)❧ ❛ ❢➤♥(✈✐ ❢%)③✐# ❡#❡$(❜❡♥ ❧)$$✉♥❦ ❛%%❛ ♣(❧❞)❦❛$✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ❢❡❥
♠(❣✐# ❛ ❢%)③✐# ✈(❣(♥ )❧❧❤❛$✱ ❡③(%$ ❤♦③$✉♥❦ ❡❣② ♦❧②❛♥ #③❛❜)❧②$✱ ❤♦❣② ❤❛ ❛ ❝(❧♥②❡❧✈✐
#③+ $?❜❜$❛❣B✱ ❛ ❝(❧♥②❡❧✈ ❛♥❣♦❧✱ (# ❛ ❧❡❤❡$#(❣❡# #③+❢❛❥✐ ❝5♠❦(❦ ❦?③?$$ ♥❡♠ #③❡%❡♣❡❧
❛③ ◆✱ ❛ #③+♣)% ❧❡❦❡%@❧ ❛ ❧❡❡♥❞➤ ❲✐❦$✐♦♥❛%②✲#③+❝✐❦❦❡❦ ❧✐#$)❥)%+❧✳
❍❛ $?❜❜ ❝5♠❦❡ ✐# ✈❛♥ ❛ ❧❡❤❡$#(❣❡# #③+❢❛❥✐ ❝5♠❦(❦ ♠❡$#③❡$(❜❡♥✱ ❦@❧?♥❜?③➤
#③❛❜)❧②♦❦ ❛❧❛♣❥)♥ ♣%+❜)❧❥✉❦ ♠❡❣ $♦✈)❜❜ #③➯%♥✐ ❛ ❝5♠❦(❦❡$✳ ❆③ ❡❣②✐❦ ✐❧②❡♥ ❛
✜♥♥✉❣♦% ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ✐❣(✐♥❡❦ ✈(❣③➤❞(#❡✐♥ ❛❧❛♣✉❧✳ O(❧❞)✉❧ ❤❛ ❡❣② (#③❛❦✐ #③)♠✐ #③+ ✲
!✲%❡ ✈(❣③➤❞✐❦✱ (# ❛ ❦?③?# #③+❢❛❥✐ ❝5♠❦(❦ ❦?③?$$ ♠❡❣$❛❧)❧❤❛$+ ❛ ❱ ❝5♠❦❡✱ ❛❦❦♦% ❛
#③+❢❛❥❛ ✐❣❡ ❧❡#③✳ ❆ ❦♦%)❜❜❛♥ ♠❡❣$❛%$♦$$ ✬$♦✬ ♣❛%$✐❦✉❧❛ ❛③ ❛♥❣♦❧ ✐❣(❦♥(❧ #❡❣5$❤❡$✳
❍❛ ❛ ❦($ ❤❛❧♠❛③ ♠❡$#③❡$❡ ❝#❛❦ ❡❣② ❝5♠❦($ $❛%$❛❧♠❛③✱ ❡③ ❛ ❤❡❧②❡# #③+❢❛❥♥❛❦
$❡❦✐♥$❤❡$➤✱ ♠❡❧②❡$ %?❣③5$@♥❦✳
❱❡"&✐❦'❧✐) *))③❡❤❛)♦♥❧.&')✳ ❆③ ❡❧➤③➤ ❢)③✐#♦❦❜❛♥ ❡❣②(%$❡❧♠➯#5$❡$$ (# %?❣③5$❡$$
#③+❢❛❥✐ ❝5♠❦(❦❡$ ❢❡❧ ❧❡❤❡$ ❤❛#③♥)❧♥✐ ❛ ❝5♠❦(❦ $♦✈)❜❜✐ ❡❣②(%$❡❧♠➯#5$(#(❤❡③ ❛❜❜❛♥
❛③ ❡#❡$❜❡♥✱ ❤❛ ❡❣② ❢♦%%)#♥②❡❧✈✐ #③+ $?❜❜ #③+♣)%❜❛♥ ✐# ♠❡❣❥❡❧❡♥✐❦✳ ❆ ✈❡%$✐❦)✲
❧✐# ?##③❡❤❛#♦♥❧5$)# ❛③♦♥ ❛ ♠❡❣✜❣②❡❧(#❡♥ ❛❧❛♣✉❧✱ ❤♦❣② ❡❣② ❢♦%%)#♥②❡❧✈✐ #③+ ❛❦❦♦%
❥❡❧❡♥✐❦ ♠❡❣ $?❜❜ #③+♣)%❜❛♥✱ ❤❛ ❛ ❝(❧♥②❡❧✈✐ #③❛✈❛❦ ❡❣②♠)# #③✐♥♦♥✐♠)✐✱ ✈❛❣②✐#
❢❡❧$($❡❧❡③❤❡$➤✱ ❤♦❣② ✉❣②❛♥♦❧②❛♥ #③+❢❛❥B❛❦✳
❱❛♥♥❛❦ ❛③♦♥❜❛♥ ❡(❡)❡❦✱ ❛♠✐❦♦- ❛③ ✐❧②❡♥ (③0♣2-♦❦♥❛❦ )3❜❜ ♠✐♥) ❡❣② ❝6♠❦7❥❡
✈❛♥✳ ;7❧❞2✉❧ ❛ ❦♦♠✐✲♣❡-♠❥2❦ !" (③0♥❛❦ ❤2-♦♠ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤❥❡ ✈❛♥ ❛③ ❛♥❣♦❧❜❛♥✿
❢❡♠❛❧❡✱ ♠♦&❤❡( 7( ✇♦♠❛♥✳ ❊③❡❦ ❛ (③0♣2-♦❦ ❦D❧3♥❜3③➤ ❝6♠❦❡❤❛❧♠❛③♦❦❦❛❧ -❡♥❞❡❧✲
❦❡③♥❡❦✿ ❛ ❢❡♠❛❧❡ ◆ 7( ❆ ✭♠❡❧❧7❦♥7✈✮✱ ♠6❣ ❛ ♠♦&❤❡( 7( ❛ ✇♦♠❛♥ ◆ 7( ❱✳ ❆ ❤2-♦♠
❤❛❧♠❛③ ♠❡)(③❡)❡ ♠❡❣❛❞❥❛ ❛ ❦♦♠✐✲♣❡-♠❥2❦ (③0 ❝6♠❦7❥7)✱ ❛♠✐ ◆✳
❚❡-♠7(③❡)❡(❡♥ ✈❛♥♥❛❦ ♦❧②❛♥ ❡(❡)❡❦ ✐(✱ ❛♠✐❦♦- ❡❣② (③0❤♦③ ♥❡♠ ❝(❛❦ ❡❣② ❤❡✲
❧②❡( (③0❢❛❥✐ ❝6♠❦7) ❧❡❤❡) -❡♥❞❡❧♥✐✳ ;7❧❞2✉❧ ❛ ♠❡③❡✐ ♠❛-✐ ! #$!%& ✭✬(2-❣❛✬✮ (③0
♠❡❧❧7❦♥7✈ 7( ❢➤♥7✈ ✐(✱ ♠✐♥) ❛ ♠❛❣②❛-❜❛♥✳ ❍❛ )♦✈2❜❜✐ ❡❣②7-)❡❧♠➯(6)7( ♠2- ♥❡♠
❧❡❤❡)(7❣❡(✱ ♠✐♥❞❡♥ (③0❢❛❥✐ ❝6♠❦7) ♠❡❣)❛-)✉♥❦✳
❆ )❡❧❥❡( ❡❣②7-)❡❧♠➯(6)7( ❦✐♠❡♥❡)❡ ❤2-♦♠ ♦(③❧♦♣❜0❧ 2❧❧✿ ❛ ❢♦--2(♥②❡❧✈✐ (③0✱ ❛
❝7❧♥②❡❧✈✐ (③0✱ 7( ❛③ 6❣② ❦❛♣♦)) (③0❢❛❥✐ ❝6♠❦❡✳ ❍❛ ❡❣② ❢♦-❞6)2(✐ ♣2-❤♦③ )3❜❜ ❝6♠❦7) -❡♥❞❡❧)D♥❦✱ ❛③ ❡❧(➤ ❦7) ♦(③❧♦♣ ✐(♠7)❧➤❞✐❦✳
✸✳✸✳ ❋♦♥❡&✐❦❛✐ *&+,*-
❆ ❦3✈❡)❦❡③➤ ❧7♣7(❜❡♥ ❢♦♥❡)✐❦❛✐ 2)6-2() -❡♥❞❡❧)D♥❦ ❛ ❢♦--2(♥②❡❧✈✐ (③❛✈❛❦❤♦③✱ ❤♦❣②
❡③③❡❧ ✐( ❣❛③❞❛❣6)(✉❦ ❛ ❲✐❦)✐♦♥❛-②✲(③0❝✐❦❦❡❦ )❛-)❛❧♠2)✳ ❊❤❤❡③ ❛ ▼❛-✐ ❲❡❜ ;-♦✲
❥❡❝) ❛✉)♦♠❛)✐❦✉( ■;❆✲2)6-2(✐ ❡(③❦3③7) ❬✶✻❪ ❤❛(③♥2❧)✉❦ ❛ ❤❡❣②✐ ♠❛-✐✱ ♠❡③❡✐ ♠❛-✐✱
❦♦♠✐✲♣❡-♠❥2❦✱ ❦♦♠✐✲③D-❥7♥ 7( ✉❞♠✉-) ♥②❡❧✈❡❦-❡✳ ❆③ 7(③❛❦✐ (③2♠✐-❛ ❛ ●✐❡❧❧❛)❡❦♥♦
#❡①#✷✐♣❛ ❢♦--2(❢2❥❧❥❛✐❜0❧✺❦♦♠♣✐❧2❧) ❋❙❚✲) ❤❛(③♥2❧)✉❦✳
▼✐✈❡❧ ❛ )✉❧❛❥❞♦♥♥❡✈❡❦ ❦✐❡❥)7(❡ ♥❡♠ ❢❡❧)7)❧❡♥D❧ ❦3✈❡)✐ ❛③ ❛❞♦)) ♥②❡❧✈ ❢♦♥❡)✐❦❛✐
(③❛❜2❧②❛✐)✱ ❛ ♥❡✈❡❦❤❡③ ♥❡♠ ❛❞)✉♥❦ ■;❆✲♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤)✳ ❍❛(♦♥❧0❛♥ ♣-♦❜❧7♠2(♦❦ ❛ (③2♠♦) )❛-)❛❧♠❛③0 (③❛✈❛❦✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦❤❡③ (③✐♥)7♥ ♥❡♠ -❡♥❞❡❧)D♥❦ 2)6-2()✳
✸✳✹✳ ❆ -③1❝✐❦❦❡❦ ❡❧➤*❧❧+&*-❛ 5- ❢❡❧&7❧&5-❡
▼✐✉)2♥ ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ✐♥❢♦-♠2❝✐0 ❛ -❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③7(D♥❦-❡ 2❧❧✱ ❛ (③0❝✐❦❦❡❦ ❡❧➤2❧❧6)2(❛ ❦3✈❡)✲
❦❡③✐❦✳ ❆♥♥❛❦ ❡❧❧❡♥7-❡✱ ❤♦❣② ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ❲✐❦)✐♦♥❛-②✲❦✐❛❞2( ♠2(✲♠2( (③❛❜2❧②♦❦❦❛❧
-❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③✐❦✱ 7( ♠2(❤♦❣②❛♥ ❤❛)2-♦③③❛ ♠❡❣ ❛ (③0❝✐❦❦❡❦ ❢❡❧7♣6)7(7)✱ ❧❡❤❡)(7❣❡( ✈♦❧)
❡❣② ♦❧②❛♥ 2❧)❛❧2♥♦( ()-✉❦)V-❛ ❧7)-❡❤♦③2(❛✱ ♠❡❧② ♠✐♥❞ ❛ ♥7❣② ❦✐❛❞2( (③2♠2-❛
❡❧❢♦❣❛❞❤❛)0 ❢❡❧7♣6)7(❦7♥) (③♦❧❣2❧✳
❆ (③0❝✐❦❦❡❦ ❣❡♥❡-2❧2(❛ ❦3③❜❡♥ ❛ ❧❡❣❢-✐((❡❜❜ ❲✐❦)✐♦♥❛-②✲❞✉♠♣♦❦❜❛♥ ❡❧❧❡♥✲
➤-✐③③D❦✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ❛❞♦)) ❢♦--2(♥②❡❧✈✐ (③0 ❧7)❡③✐❦✲❡ ♠2- ❛③ ❛❞♦)) ♥②❡❧✈➯ ❲✐❦)✐♦♥✲
❛-②❜❡♥✳ ❍❛ ✐❣❡♥✱ ♥❡♠ ❦7(③D❧ ❛③ ❛❞♦)) (③0❤♦③ ❲✐❦)✐♦♥❛-②✲(③0❝✐❦❦✳ ❆③♦❦❜❛♥ ❛③
❡(❡)❡❦❜❡♥✱ ❛♠✐❦♦- ❡❣② ❢♦--2(♥②❡❧✈✐ (③0❤♦③ )3❜❜ ❝7❧♥②❡❧✈✐ (③0 )❛-)♦③✐❦✱ 7( ❡③❡❦
(③0❢❛❥❛ ✉❣②❛♥❛③✱ ❛ (③0❝✐❦❦❜❡♥ ✉❣②❛♥❛③♦♥ ❢❡❥❧7❝ ❛❧2 ❦❡❧❧ ❜❡(♦-♦❧♥✐ ➤❦❡)✱ 6❣② (③7)
❦❡❧❧ ✈2❧♦❣❛)♥✐ ❛ ❥❡❧❡♥)7(❡❦❡) (③0❢❛❥♦❦ (③❡-✐♥)✳ ❆♠❡♥♥②✐❜❡♥ ❡❣② ❢♦-❞6)2(✐ ♣2- )3❜❜
(③0❢❛❥❥❛❧ ✐( -❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③✐❦✱ ❛ ❝7❧♥②❡❧✈✐ (③0) ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ❢❡❥❧7❝ ❛❧❛)) ♠❡❣✐(♠7)❡❧❥D❦✳
▼✐♥❞❡♥ (③0❝✐❦❦ -❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③✐❦ ❝6♠(③0✈❛❧✱ ♠❡❧② ❡(❡)D♥❦❜❡♥ ❛ ❢♦--2(♥②❡❧✈✐ (③0✳
▼✐♥❞❡♥ (③0❝✐❦❦ ❧❡❣❛❧2❜❜ ❡❣② (③0❢❛❥✐ ❢❡❥❧7❝❝❡❧ -❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③✐❦✱ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥) ❧❡❣❛❧2❜❜ ❡❣②
❢♦-❞6)2((❛❧✱ ❛③❛③ ❝7❧♥②❡❧✈✐ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤✈❡❧✳ ❆♠❡♥♥②✐❜❡♥ ❛ ❢♦--2(♥②❡❧✈✐ (③0 ♥❡♠ ❝(❛❦
❡❣② ❢♦--2(♥②❡❧✈❜❡♥ (③❡-❡♣❡❧ ❛ (③0)2-❛✐♥❦❜❛♥✱ ❡③❡♥ (③0❝✐❦❦❡❦❡) ❡❣②❡(6)❥D❦✳
❆ ❜❡❥❡❣②③7(❡❦ ❲✐❦)✐♦♥❛-②❜❡ ✈❛❧0 ❢❡❧)3❧)7(7❤❡③ ❛ ▼❡❞✐❛❲✐❦✐ *②✇✐❦✐❜♦#✻♥❡✈➯
❦❡-❡)-❡♥❞(③❡-7) ❤❛(③♥2❧)✉❦✳ ❆ *②✇✐❦✐❜♦# (✐♠❛ (③3✈❡❣❡( 2❧❧♦♠2♥②♦❦❜0❧ ❣❡♥❡-2❧
✺ ❤!!♣#✿✴✴✈✐❝!♦*✐♦✳✉✐!✳♥♦✴❧❛♥❣!❡❝❤✴!*✉♥❦✴❧❛♥❣#✴#♠❡✴#*❝✴♣❤♦♥❡!✐❝#✴
✻ ❤!!♣#✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♠❡❞✐❛✇✐❦✐✳♦*❣✴✇✐❦✐✴▼❛♥✉❛❧✿7②✇✐❦✐❜♦!
✇✐❦✐ ♦❧❞❛❧❛❦❛'✱ ❛♠✐❦❡' ❛✉'♦♠❛'✐❦✉,❛♥ ❢❡❧'/❧' ❛ ♠❡❣❛❞♦'' ♥②❡❧✈➯ ❲✐❦'✐♦♥❛5②❜❡✳
❆ ❜♦'♥❛❦ ♠❡❣❛❞❤❛':✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ♠;5 ❧<'❡③➤ ,③:❝✐❦❦❡❦❡' ♥❡ @5❥❛ ❢❡❧B❧ ✕ ✈❛❣②✐, ✐'' ✐,
❡❧✈❡,③'B♥❦ ♥<❤;♥②❛' ❛ ❢❡❧'/❧'❤❡'➤ ❝✐❦❦❡❦❜➤❧✳
❆ ❜♦'♦❦ ❤❛,③♥;❧❛';' ♠✐♥❞❛③♦♥;❧'❛❧ ❡5➤,❡♥ ,③❛❜;❧②♦③③❛ ❛ ❲✐❦'✐♦♥❛5②❦ ,③❡5✲
❦❡,③'➤,<❣❡✳ ▼✐✈❡❧ ❛③ ❡♥❣❡❞<❧②❡❦ ❜❡,③❡5③<,❡ ♠<❣ ❢♦❧②❛♠❛'❜❛♥ ✈❛♥✱ ❡③<5' ❝,❛❦ ❛
❢5✐,,❡♥ ❧❡'/❧'/'' ❲✐❦'✐♦♥❛5② ❞✉♠♣♦❦✼ ❛❧❛♣❥;♥ '✉❞✉♥❦ ❦✐<5'<❦❡❧<,' ❛❞♥✐ ❛③ ;❧'❛✲
❧✉♥❦ ❧<'5❡❤♦③♦'' <, ❢❡❧'/❧'/'' G❥ ❲✐❦'✐♦♥❛5②✲,③:❝✐❦❦❡❦5➤❧✳
✸✳✺✳ ❑✐%&'%❦❡❧%+
❊❜❜❡♥ ❛ ❢❡❥❡③❡'❜❡♥ ❛ ❲✐❦'✐♦♥❛5②✲,③:❝✐❦❦❡❦ ❣❡♥❡5;❧;,;♥❛❦ ❦✐<5'<❦❡❧<,<' ♠✉'❛'✲
❥✉❦ ❜❡✳ ❆ ✷✳✸✳ ❢❡❥❡③❡'❜❡♥ ❛ ,③:';5❛❦ ♣♦♥'♦,,;❣;' @5'✉❦ ❧❡✳ ❊❣② ,③:';5 ❢❡❞<,<'
❦✐,③;♠♦❧♥✐ ✈✐,③♦♥' ❦/③❡❧ ,❡♠ ❡♥♥②✐5❡ '5✐✈✐;❧✐, ❢❡❧❛❞❛'✳ ❆③ ❡❣②✐❦ ❧❡❤❡',<❣❡, ♠❡❣✲
❦/③❡❧@'<,✱ ❤❛ ❛ ,③:';5❜❛♥ ,③❡5❡♣❧➤ ,③❛✈❛❦ ,③;♠;' ❡❣② ♠;,✐❦ ✕ ✐❞❡;❧✐, ❡,❡'❜❡♥
❦<③③❡❧ ❦<,③@'❡'' ✕ ,③:';5 ,③❛✈❛✐♥❛❦ ,③;♠;✈❛❧ ✈❡'❥B❦ /,,③❡✳ ▼✐✈❡❧ ❛ ,③:♣;5♦❦❛' ❛
❲✐❦'✐♦♥❛5②❜❡ '/❧'❥B❦ ❢❡❧✱ ❛ ❢❡❞<, ❦✐,③;♠@';,;❤♦③ ✐, ❛③' ❤❛,③♥;❧'✉❦ ❢❡❧✳ ❏:❧❧❡❤❡'
❛ ❲✐❦'✐♦♥❛5② ♥❡♠ ❦✐③;5:❧❛❣ ❦<③③❡❧ ❦<,③B❧'✱ ♠<❣✐, ,③❡5❦❡,③'➤❦ ❡③5❡✐ ❡❧❧❡♥➤5③✐❦ ❛ ,③:❝✐❦❦❡❦❡'✱ ✈❛❣②✐, ♠❡❣❜@③❤❛': ❛❞❛'❢♦55;,♥❛❦ '❡❦✐♥'❤❡'➤✳
❆③ ✹✳ ';❜❧;③❛'❜❛♥ ❧;'❤❛':❦ ❛③ ❡5❡❞♠<♥②❡❦✳ ❆ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ❛③ ■❙❖ ✻✸✾✲✸ ❦:❞❥✉❦
❛❧❛♣❥;♥ ❛③♦♥♦,@'❤❛':❦✳ ❆ ❲✐❦'✐♦♥❛5② '/❜❜ ,③❡5❦❡,③'➤❥❡ ♥❡♠ '❡,③ ❦B❧/♥❜,<❣❡'
❡❣②❡, ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ❦/③/''✱ ❤❛♥❡♠ ❛ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤ ♠❛❦5♦♥②❡❧✈ ❦:❞❥;' ❤❛,③♥;❧❥❛ ✭❛ ♠❛5✐
♥②❡❧✈ ❡,❡'<❜❡♥ ❝❤♠✱ ♠@❣ ❛ ❦♦♠✐ ♥②❡❧✈ ❡,❡'<❜❡♥ ❦♦♠✮✳ ❊♠✐❛'' ❛ ❦<' ♠❛5✐✱ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥'
❛ ❦<' ❦♦♠✐ ♥②❡❧✈ ,③:';5❛✐' /,,③❡ ❦❡❧❧❡'' ✈♦♥♥✐✳ ❆③ ✐'' ❧;'❤❛': ❡5❡❞♠<♥②❡❦❡' ❛ ❝✐❦❦
@5;,;♥❛❦ ✐❞❡❥<♥ ❧❡❣❢5✐,,❡❜❜ ❲✐❦'✐♦♥❛5②✲❞✉♠♣♦❦ ❛❧❛♣❥;♥ ❤❛';5♦③'✉❦ ♠❡❣✱ <, ♥❡♠
❛ '<♥②❧❡❣❡,❡♥ ❢❡❧'/❧'/'' ❡❧❡♠❡❦ ❛❧❛♣❥;♥✳ ▼✐✈❡❧ ❛ ❲✐❦'✐♦♥❛5② ❡❣② ;❧❧❛♥❞:❛♥ ❢5✐,,B❧➤
<, ❜➤✈B❧➤ ,③:';5✱ ✈❛❧:❞✐ ❦✐<5'<❦❡❧<,' ❝,❛❦ ❛ ❢❡❧'/❧'<,' ❦/✈❡'➤❡♥ '✉❞✉♥❦ ❝,✐♥;❧♥✐✳
❆ ';❜❧;③❛' ❡❧,➤ ♦,③❧♦♣;❜❛♥ ✭❵❤❛,③♥♦,✬✮ ❛ ❤❛,③♥♦,♥❛❦ ❜✐③♦♥②✉❧: ,③:♣;5♦❦ ,③;✲
♠❛ '❛❧;❧❤❛':✳ ❊③ ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ♦❧②❛♥ ,③:♣;5' '❛5'❛❧♠❛③✱ ❛❤♦❧ ❛ ❢♦55;,♥②❡❧✈✐ ,③: ❧<'❡③➤
,③:✱ ♠✐✈❡❧ ❛ ❤❡❧②❡, ,③:';5✐ ❛❧❛❦ <, ❛ ♣♦♥'♦,✱ ,③:';5✐ ❛❧❛❦❜❛♥ ;❧❧: ❢♦5❞@';, ✐, ♠❡❣
❧❡'' ❛❞✈❛ ❛ ❦<③✐ ❡❧❧❡♥➤5③<, ,♦5;♥✳ ❆ ❤❛,③♥♦, ,③❛✈❛❦ ,③;♠❛ ❛♥♥②✐✈❛❧ ❝,/❦❦❡♥✱ ❛❤;♥②
❢♦55;,♥②❡❧✈✐ ,③:❤♦③ ♥❡♠ ,✐❦❡5B❧' ,③:❢❛❥✐ ❝@♠❦<' ❡❧➤;❧❧@'❛♥✐✳ ❆ ,③:❝✐❦❦❡❦ ❢❡❧'/❧'<✲
,❡ ❡❧➤'' ❡❧❧❡♥➤5✐③'B❦ ❛③' ✐,✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ❛❞♦'' ,③: ❧<'❡③✐❦✲❡ ❛ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤ ❲✐❦'✐♦♥❛5②✲
❦✐❛❞;,❜❛♥✳ ❆♠❡♥♥②✐❜❡♥ ✐❣❡♥✱ ❛ ❢❡❧'/❧'❤❡'➤ ,③❛✈❛❦ ,③;♠❛ ❡③③❡❧ ✐, ❝,/❦❦❡♥✳ ❆ ❵♠❛✲
5❛❞<❦✬ ♦,③❧♦♣❜❛♥ ❛ ❢❡❧'/❧'<,5❡ ❦<,③ ,③:♣;5♦❦ ,③;♠❛ '❛❧;❧❤❛':✳ ❆ ❵✇✐❦'✬ ♦,③❧♦♣❜❛♥
❛ ♠;5 ❛ ❲✐❦'✐♦♥❛5②❜❡♥ ,③❡5❡♣❧➤ ,③❛✈❛❦ ,③;♠❛ ❧;'❤❛':✱ ❡♥♥❡❦ <, ❛ ❵♠❛5❛❞<❦✬
♦,③❧♦♣♥❛❦ ❛ ♠❡',③❡'<' ❛ ❵❦/③/,✬ ♦,③❧♦♣❜❛♥ ❧;'❤❛'❥✉❦✳ ❆ ❵✇✐❦'✬ <, ❛ ❵❦/③/,✬ ♦,③❧♦✲
♣♦❦❜:❧ ❦✐,③;♠♦❧❤❛': ❛③ ;❧'❛❧✉♥❦ ❧<'5❡❤♦③♦'' ,③:❝✐❦❦❡❦ ,③;♠❛ ✭❵G❥✬✮✳ ❊③❡♥ ,③;♠♦❦
❜✐5'♦❦;❜❛♥ ❛③ ❡❣②❡, ,③:';5❛❦♥❛❦ ❡❣②❢❛❥'❛ ❢❡❞<,❡ ✐, ❦✐,③;♠♦❧❤❛':✿ ❛ ❵❢❡❞<,✬ ♦,③✲
❧♦♣❜❛♥ '❛❧;❧❤❛': ,③;♠ ❛ ❵❦/③/,✬ <, ❛ ❵✇✐❦'✬ ♦,③❧♦♣♦❦ ,③;♠❛✐♥❛❦ ❛ ❤;♥②❛❞♦,❛✳ ❆③
✉'♦❧,: ♦,③❧♦♣ ✭✬♥/✈✬✮ ❛③ ;❧'❛❧✉♥❦ ❧<'5❡❤♦③♦'' G❥ <, ❛ ♠;5 ❧<'❡③➤ ,③:❝✐❦❦❡❦ ,③;♠;✲
♥❛❦ ❛ ❤;♥②❛❞♦,❛✱ ♠❡❧② ❛③ ❛❞♦'' ❝<❧♥②❡❧✈✐ ❲✐❦'✐♦♥❛5②✲❦✐❛❞;,❜❛♥ '❛❧;❧❤❛': ❛❞♦''
❢♦55;,♥②❡❧✈✐ ,③:❝✐❦❦❡❦ ,③;♠;♥❛❦ ❛ ♥/✈❡❦❡❞<,<' ♠✉'❛'❥❛✳
✼ ❆ ❦✐#$%#❦❡❧#(❤❡③ ❤❛(③♥-❧% ❲✐❦%✐♦♥❛$② ❞✉♠♣♦❦ ❞-%✉♠❛✿ ❡♥❣✿ ✷✵✶✼✳ ♥♦✈❡♠❜❡$ ✻✳✱ ✜♥✿
✷✵✶✼✳ ♥♦✈❡♠❜❡$ ✺✳✱ $✉(✿ ✷✵✶✼✳ ♥♦✈❡♠❜❡$ ✼✳✱ ❤✉♥✿ ✷✵✶✼✳ ♥♦✈❡♠❜❡$ ✻✳
♥②❡❧✈♣&' ❤❛*③♥♦* ♠❛'❛❞/❦ ✇✐❦3 ❦4③4* 5❥ ❢❡❞/* ♥4✈
✭★✮ ✭★✮ ✭★✮ ✭★✮ ✭★✮ ✭✪✮ ✭✪✮
❦♦♠✕❡♥❣ ✷✳✶✶✶ ✻✺✻ ✺✹ ✷✺ ✻✸✶ ✹✻✱✸✵ ✶✳✶✻✽✱✺✷
❦♦♠✕✜♥ ✶✳✶✻✷ ✻✽✼ ✹✷ ✷✼ ✻✻✵ ✻✹✱✷✾ ✶✳✺✼✶✱✹✸
❦♦♠✕❤✉♥ ✶✳✵✷✺ ✻✾✾ ✶✺✷ ✸✺ ✻✻✹ ✷✸✱✵✸ ✹✸✻✱✽✹
❦♦♠✕:✉; ✶✳✶✹✽ ✻✼✸ ✹✻✺ ✷✷✸ ✹✺✵ ✹✼✱✾✻ ✾✻✱✼✼
❝❤♠✕❡♥❣ ✹✳✽✽✸ ✶✳✻✼✶ ✸✹✼ ✺✸ ✶✳✻✶✽ ✶✺✱✷✼ ✹✻✻✱✷✽
❝❤♠✕✜♥ ✸✳✺✼✽ ✶✳✾✵✺ ✹✹✸ ✷✶✸ ✶✳✻✾✷ ✹✽✱✵✽ ✸✽✶✱✾✹
❝❤♠✕❤✉♥ ✷✳✺✽✾ ✶✳✻✸✹ ✸✹ ✶✷ ✶✳✻✷✷ ✸✺✱✷✾ ✹✳✼✼✵✱✺✾
❝❤♠✕:✉; ✷✳✺✹✷ ✶✳✹✾✼ ✽✹✽ ✷✵✷ ✶✳✷✾✺ ✷✸✱✽✷ ✶✺✷✱✼✶
;♠❡✕❡♥❣ ✺✳✺✺✻ ✷✳✺✸✶ ✹✳✵✼✸ ✽✽✷ ✶✳✻✹✾ ✷✶✱✻✺ ✹✵✱✹✾
;♠❡✕✜♥ ✻✳✹✻✸ ✷✳✽✻✷ ✽✶✼ ✹✷✷ ✷✳✹✹✵ ✺✶✱✻✺ ✷✾✽✱✻✺
;♠❡✕❤✉♥ ✹✳✺✵✾ ✷✳✸✾✷ ✷✵✻ ✶✹✻ ✷✳✷✹✻ ✼✵✱✽✼ ✶✳✵✾✵✱✷✾
;♠❡✕:✉; ✹✳✶✼✷ ✷✳✵✸✹ ✸✵✻ ✷✸✼ ✶✳✼✾✼ ✼✼✱✹✺ ✺✽✼✱✷✺
✉❞♠✕❡♥❣ ✷✳✵✻✾ ✼✺✹ ✸✷ ✶✺ ✼✸✾ ✹✻✱✽✽ ✷✳✸✵✾✱✸✽
✉❞♠✕✜♥ ✶✳✻✾✹ ✽✷✽ ✺✺ ✹✺ ✼✽✸ ✽✶✱✽✷ ✶✳✹✷✸✱✻✹
✉❞♠✕❤✉♥ ✶✳✶✾✽ ✼✸✾ ✶✷✽ ✻✾ ✻✼✵ ✺✸✱✾✶ ✺✷✸✱✹✹
✉❞♠✕:✉; ✶✳✷✶✶ ✺✼✽ ✻✹✹ ✷✹✼ ✸✸✶ ✸✽✱✸✺ ✺✶✱✹✵
✹✳ >?❜❧?③❛>✳ ❆ ❧E>:❡❤♦③♦>> ;③F❝✐❦❦❡❦ ❦✐E:>E❦❡❧E;❡ ❛③ ❡❣②❡; ♥②❡❧✈♣?:♦❦:❛✳
✹✳ "##③❡❣③'#
❈✐❦❦#♥❦❜❡♥ ❡❣② ♦❧②❛♥ ♣-♦❥❡❦/❡/ ♠✉/❛//✉♥❦ ❜❡✱ ❛♠❡❧②♥❡❦ ❝4❧❥❛✱ ❤♦❣② ♦❧②❛♥ ♣-♦✲
/♦7③9/:-❛❦❛/ ❤♦③③✉♥❦ ❧4/-❡ ❛✉/♦♠❛/✐❦✉7 ♠9❞7③❡-❡❦❦❡❧✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦♥4❧ ❛ ❢♦--:7♥②❡❧✈
❛ ❦♦♠✐✲③#-❥4♥✱ ❦♦♠✐✲♣❡-♠❥:❦✱ ♠❡③❡✐ 47 ❤❡❣②✐ ♠❛-✐✱ ✉❞♠✉-/✱ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥/ 47③❛❦✐ 7③:✲
♠✐ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦ ❡❣②✐❦❡✱ ♠>❣ ❛ ❝4❧♥②❡❧✈ ❛③ ❛❧:❜❜✐✱ 7♦❦ ❜❡7③4❧➤✈❡❧ -❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③➤ ♥②❡❧✈❡❦
❦@③#❧ ❦❡-#❧ ❦✐✿ ❛♥❣♦❧✱ ✜♥♥✱ ♠❛❣②❛-✱ ♦-♦7③✳ ▼✐✈❡❧ ❛ 7③/❡♥❞❡-❞ 7③9/:-4♣>/47✐ ♠9❞✲
7③❡-❡❦ ♥❛❣② ♠❡♥♥②✐74❣➯ 7③@✈❡❣❡/ ✐❣4♥②❡❧♥❡❦✱ 47 ♠✐ ❦❡✈47 ❡-➤❢♦--:77❛❧ -❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③➤
✜♥♥✉❣♦- ♥②❡❧✈❡❦❦❡❧ ❞♦❧❣♦③/✉♥❦✱ ❛❧/❡-♥❛/>✈ 7③9/:-4♣>/47✐ ♠❡❣♦❧❞:7♦❦❛/ ❦❡❧❧❡// /❛✲
❧:❧♥✉♥❦✱ ♠❡❧②❡❦❦❡❧ ♣-♦/♦7③9/:-❛❦❛/ ❤♦③/✉♥❦ ❧4/-❡ ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ♥②❡❧✈♣:--❛✳
❆③ ❛✉/♦♠❛/✐❦✉7 7③9/:-4♣>/47✐ ♠9❞7③❡-❡❦❡/ 47 ❛ ❦4③✐ ✈❛❧✐❞:❧:7 7♦-:♥ ❡❧➤:❧❧/
7③9/:-❛❦❛/ ✐7 ❦✐4-/4❦❡❧/#❦✳ ❆ ❦✐4-/4❦❡❧47 7♦-:♥ ❛ ❧❡❣♣♦♥/♦7❛❜❜ ❢♦-❞>/:7✐ ♣:-♦✲
❦❛/ ❡-❡❞♠4♥②❡③➤ ♠❡❣♦❧❞:7♥❛❦ ❛ ❲✐❦/✐♦♥❛-②✲❛❧❛♣H ♠9❞7③❡-❡❦ ❜✐③♦♥②✉❧/❛❦✳ ❉❡ ❛
❲✐❦/✐♦♥❛-② ♥❡♠ ❝7❛❦ ❢♦--:7❦4♥/ 7③♦❧❣:❧ 7③:♠✉♥❦-❛✱ ❤❛♥❡♠ ✐❞❡ /@❧/❥#❦ ❢❡❧ ❛③ ❛✉/♦✲
♠❛/✐❦✉7❛♥ ❣❡♥❡-:❧/ 7③9❝✐❦❦❡✐♥❦❡/ ✐7✳ ❆ 7③9❝✐❦❦❡❦ ❢❡❧/@❧/474❤❡③ ♠4❣ ♥❡♠ ❦❛♣/✉♥❦
♠❡❣ ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ❡♥❣❡❞4❧②/✱ ❡③4-/ ❝7❛❦ ❛ ❧❡❣❢-✐77❡❜❜ ❲✐❦/✐♦♥❛-②✲❞✉♠♣♦❦❦❛❧ @77③❡❤❛✲
7♦♥❧>/✈❛ /✉❞✉♥❦ ❦✐4-/4❦❡❧47/ ❛❞♥✐✱ ❞❡ ❛③ ❡-❡❞♠4♥②❡❦❜➤❧ ♠:- ♠♦7/ ❧:/7③✐❦✱ ❤♦❣②
❛ ❝4❧♥②❡❧✈✐ ❲✐❦/✐♦♥❛-②❦❜❡♥ 7③❡-❡♣❧➤ ❢♦--:7♥②❡❧✈✐ ❧❡①✐❦❛✐ ❡❧❡♠❡❦ 7③:♠:/ ♠❡❣7♦❦✲
7③♦-♦③/✉❦✳
