Szent István University, Faculty of Pedagogy Institute of Natural Sciences and Health Education
Abstract
Magyarország és a dél-alföldi régió gazdaságában a mezőgazdaság szerepe tradicionális jelentőséggel bír. A rendszerváltás alapvetően változtatta meg a mezőgazdasági termelés szerkezetét, amelynek súlya csökkent, de még mindig kiemelkedő.
A versenyképes mezőgazdasági termeléshez elengedhetetlen a koncentráció. A rendszerváltás után bekövetkező folyamatok a magyar mezőgazdaság koncentrációját is átalakították, ami rontotta a versenyképességet mind a növénytermesztés, mind az állat-tenyésztés tekintetében. A magyar mezőgazdaság kulcsterülete a dél-alföldi régió, ahol a koncentráció több tekintetben alatta marad az országos értéknek. Az utóbbi évtizedben a koncentráció emelkedése figyelhető meg, azonban e tendenciák nem pozitív kicsengésűek.
Introduction
In Hungary – especially in the Southern Great Plain Region – there are ap-propriate conditions in agriculture. The agriculture has still an important part of the economy, however its importance has decreased since the political transformation.
The political transformation and the subsequent period have altered the agri-cultural production of Hungary. The land and the livestock were mostly privatized, and the production has been achieved by private farming, notable individual farm-ing. The disintegration of large-scale farming changed the concentration of agri-culture, the crop production and the livestock production are realized in smaller farms. The globalisation of the world economy and the EU-accession of Hungary are a great challange for the agriculture, and may cause additional changes in the concentration and structure of hungarian agriculture.
Concentration in agriculture
The concentration in agriculture is observable in the modern capitalist agri-culture and agricultural production. Because of the high regulation and technical in-structions, appropriate concentration is necessary to produce products in competitive quality and amount (Gazdag 2000). After 1961 the large-scale farming was dominant
in the agriculture of Hungary, the agricultural production was realized by state farms and corporative farms. After the political transformation a new situation came into being, the land was mostly privatized, a new land structure and production structure came off. The agricultural production is achieved by agricultural holdings, as agri-cultural enterprises and private holdings. The significance of previous large-scale farming has decreased, the concentration of farms has changed fundamentally. After the transformation processes contrary to concentration took place, processes of frit-tering were dominant (Buday-Sántha 2001). Lately new processes have appeared, the importance of private holdings has decreased, and it has had an affect on the concentration. The analysis of the concenration in the present agriculture of Hungary is necessary. The Farm Structure Survey of 2007 of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office should be used to execute the analysis. Lorenz curve is appropriate to analyse and illustrate the concentration (Nemes Nagy 2005).
Concentration in crop production
In the agriculture of Hungary the most important land use category is the arable land. It has a rate of 59,3 % considering the total land of Hungary. The rate is higher in the Southern Great Plain Region, 66,9 % of the land is used as arable land. The rate of arable land in this region has been higher than the national average during a long interval, which indicates the importance of the land use category, it is significant in the region. The rate of arable land is lower in Bács-Kiskun County, mainly noticeable in Békés and Csongrád County, where the rate is over 90 % in some settlements.
After the political transformation most of the arable lands were privatized, and a significant part of these areas was used by individual farming. The rate of private holdings is higher in the Great Plain, 57,9 % in the Northern Great Plain Region and 53,1 % in the Southern Great Plain Region. From the beginning of this decade the concentration in arable land has increased. The number of private holdings and ar-able land used by private holdings have decreased. However, the size of arar-able land per private holding and per holding have increased.
Considering the concentration in arable land it can be ascertained, that the areal concentration is very high, and on the other hand, the holding concentration is very low. In 2007 in Hungary the holdings which size was lower than 5 hectare were the 83,2 % of the total agricultural holdings, and these holdings used the 6,4
% of the total arable land. However, the holdings which size was higher than 100 hectare were only the 1,6 % of the total agricultural holdings, and these holdings used the 65,6 % of the total arable land. In the Southern Great Plain Region the hold-ings which size was lower than 5 hectare were the 78,2 % of the total agricultural holdings, and these holdings used the 8,9 % of the total arable land, the holdings which size was higher than 100 hectare were only the 1,4 % of the total agricultural holdings, and these holdings used the 58,8 % of the total arable land. In this region in size classes under 1 hectare the rate of arable land was lower than the national average. However, in size classes between 1-50 hectare the rate of arable land was
higher than in the other regions of Hungary. In size classes over 10 hectare the rates were lower. (1. diagram).
1. diagram. The concentration in arable land
Source: FSS 2007 by author
The concentration in orchard area is also characterized by high areal and low holding concentration, but less than in arable land. In 2007 in Hungary the hold-ings which size was lower than 0,5 hectare were the 80,4 % of the total agricultural holdings, and these holdings used the 11,9 % of the total orchard area. However, the holdings which size was higher than 10 hectare were only the 1,5 % of the total agricultural holdings, and these holdings used the 49,8 % of the total orchard area.
In the Southern Great Plain Region the holdings which size was lower than 0,5 hec-tare were the 62,0 % of the total agricultural holdings, and these holdings used the 7,1 % of the total orchard area. However, the holdings which size was higher than 10 hectare were only the 2,4 % of the total agricultural holdings, and these hold-ings used the 36,2 % of the total orchard area. In the region the rate of the holdhold-ings under 0,5 hectare was the lowest, however, the rate of the holdings between 0,5-10 hectare was the highest nationwide. The concentration in orchard area is the highest in the Central Hungary Region and the lowest in the Northern Great Plain Region.
(2. diagram).
Cosidering the crop production, it can be ascertained that in regions were the conditions for agriculture are the best, the rate of small-sized holdings are low, the medium-sized holdings are typical.
2. diagram. The concentration in orchard area
Source: FSS 2007 by author
Concentration in livestock production
The political transformation altered fundamentally the livestock production, the number of livestock decreased excessively, the relative ratio between crop pro-duction and livestock propro-duction changed significantly (ABONYINÉ 2005). The decreasing of livestock has been continuous since the beginning of this decade. Con-sidering the alteration of cattle production, it can be ascertained, that the number of cattles has decreased slightly but quite persistently in all regions of Hungary, except Central Hungary Region. The shrinkage was particularly significant in the Southern Great Plain Region. (1. table). The relative ratio between the livestock of private holdings and the livestock of agricultural enterprises has changed. The number of cattles kept by private holdings has decreased notable nationwide. The rate of live-stock kept by private holdings is the highest in the Southern Great Plain Region.
1. table. Change of volume of cattles in Hungary 2000-2007
Source: HCSO Regional statistical yearbooks by author
Apellation 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Central Hungary 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,04 1,12 1,10 1,16 1,22 Central Transdanubia 1,00 0,99 1,00 0,93 0,87 0,83 0,81 0,81 Western Transdanubia 1,00 0,96 0,91 0,90 0,91 0,85 0,89 0,89 Southern Transdanubia 1,00 0,99 0,94 0,91 0,85 0,83 0,78 0,78 Northern Hungary 1,00 0,95 0,95 0,89 0,94 0,95 0,91 0,92 Northern Great Plain 1,00 0,95 0,98 0,93 0,92 0,92 1,01 0,90 Southern Great Plain 1,00 0,98 0,93 0,89 0,83 0,83 0,82 0,83
Hungary 1,00 0,97 0,96 0,92 0,90 0,88 0,87 0,88
Considering the concentration in cattle production, it can be ascertained, that the livestock concentration is very high and the holding concentration is very low. In 2007 in Hungary the holdings keeping less than 10 heads of cattle were the 65,9 % of the total agricultural holdings, and these holdings had the 11,8 % of cattles. The concentration is low in the Southern Great Plain Region, where the holdings keeping less than 30 heads of cattles were the 91,5 % of total holdings and these holdings had the 25,8 % of cattles. (3. diagram).
3. diagram. The concentration in cattle production
Source: FSS 2007 by author.
Considering the pig production, the situation is different, the decrease was more dynamic. The number of pigs has decreased continuously in all regions of Hungary since the beginning of this decade. The process is still continuous in our days. The number of pigs was reduced by 20 % between 2000 and 2007. The highest decrease can be found in the Central Transdanubia Region, the lowest in the North-ern Great Plain Region. The number of pigs kept by agricultural enterprises has not changed notably, however the number of pigs kept by private holdings has decreased significantly in all regions of Hungary. (2. table). The relative ratio between the live-stock of private holdings and the livelive-stock of agricultural enterprises has changed remarkable.
2. table.Change of volume of pigs in Hungary 2000-2007.
Source: HCSO Regional statistical yearbooks by author.
Apellation 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007
Total agricultural holdings
Central Hungary 1,00 0,97 0,90 1,01 0,81 0,84 0,87
Central Transdanubia 1,00 0,98 1,05 0,96 0,71 0,70 0,60 Western Transdanubia 1,00 1,00 0,96 0,96 0,95 0,84 0,71 Southern Transdanubia 1,00 0,94 0,99 0,99 0,87 0,86 0,86 Northern Hungary 1,00 1,01 1,00 1,02 0,70 0,71 0,71 Northern Great Plain 1,00 0,96 1,10 1,12 0,89 0,86 0,93 Southern Great Plain 1,00 1,07 1,12 1,00 0,84 0,75 0,80
Hungary 1,00 1,00 1,05 1,02 0,84 0,80 0,80
Apellation 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007
Private holdings
Central Hungary 1,00 1,05 0,93 1,03 0,75 0,72 0,58
Central Transdanubia 1,00 0,97 0,97 0,91 0,71 0,69 0,52 Western Transdanubia 1,00 0,99 0,89 0,88 0,93 0,75 0,53 Southern Transdanubia 1,00 0,92 0,98 0,88 0,58 0,55 0,46 Northern Hungary 1,00 1,02 0,93 1,01 0,52 0,55 0,50 Northern Great Plain 1,00 1,02 1,05 1,01 0,63 0,63 0,55 Southern Great Plain 1,00 1,11 1,16 0,97 0,80 0,66 0,57
Hungary 1,00 1,03 1,04 0,96 0,72 0,65 0,54
The concentration in pig production is also characterized by high livestock and low holding concentration, but more extreme than the concentration in cattle production. In 2007 in Hungary the holdings keeping less than 50 heads of pigs were the 99,1 % of the total agricultural holdings, and these holdings had the 26,3 % of the pigs. However, the holdings keeping more than 1000 heads of pigs were only the 0,1 % of the total agricultural holdings, and these holdings had the 66,7 % of the pigs. (4. diagram).
The concentration was the highest in the Southern Transdanubia Region and the lowest in the Southern Great Plain Region, where the number of pigs kept by private holdings was the greatest. The rate of private holdings keeping the least livestock (1-2 heads) was the biggest in the highest in the Northern Great Plain Region and the Central Hungary Region. In the Southern Great Plain Region the rate of holdings keeping the least livestock was the lowest, however the rate of holdings keeping 10-49 heads of pigs was the highest, and these holdings kept the highest number of pigs. It can be ascertained, that in
4. diagram. The concentration in pig production
Source: FSS 2007 by author
Southern Great Plain Region, where the concentration is the lowest, the medi-um-sized holdings are typical.
Considering the hen production, significant alterations can be found, the number of hens has fluctuated hecticly. Lately great decrease has taken place in all regions of Hungary. The number of hens has been reduced by 28 % between 2000 and 2007. The decrease the number of hens kept by private holdings was more dy-namic than the decrease of number of hens kept by agricultural enterprises.
Considering the concentration in hen production, it can be ascertained, that the holding concentration is extremly low, in 2007 in Hungary the holdings keep-ing less than 100 heads of hens were the 98,9 % of the total agricultural holdkeep-ings, and these holdings had the 31,7 % of the hens. (5. diagram).
5. diagram. The concentration in hen production
Source: FSS 2007 by author
Summary
Considering the concentration in crop production, it can be ascertained that the holding concentration is low, however the areal concentration is quite high. Late-ly the private holdings and their land have decreased, but their number is still sig-nificant, however they have a small part of the total land. Considering the livestock production, the number of livestock has decreased lately, but the shrinkage was not equable, the number of livestock kept by private farming has decreased more dy-namically.
It can be stated, the concentration in agriculture of Hungary has an increasing trend recently. However the reason of these processes is not the renewal of agricul-tural structure or the innovation, but the decrease of private holdings. The unfavo-rable situation for the agriculture because of the globalization and the EU-accession affects the private holdings the worst.
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СПІЛЬНИЙ ГОРИЗОНТ
Збірник наукових праць.
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