The structure of hungarian budgetary expenditures and revenues is growth-friendly, it fulfills most of the criteria mentioned above

(1)

The study presents the necessary factors for Visegrad Cooperation how to become a regional hegemon. Poland is perhaps the most important country of Central and Eastern Europe, both in terms of population and economic strength, but its ability to enforce its interests may be much stronger within the frame- work of Visegrad Cooperation as one of its leading powers. The Visegrad countries are connected to the sea via Poland, but further expansion of the partner- ship is proposed with the involvement of Croatia and Romania, for strategic reasons. The 6 countries mentioned above together cover the coasts of three seas and a significant part of Central Europe, ie, due to their geographical loca- tion, they could become an inevitable factor in building the appropriate infrastructure background. As is known, infrastructure development is a key element of real economic convergence, but other factors are also relevant for catching up. Developing education systems, supporting domestic owned SMEs and large companies, increasing export opportunities, and favoring renewable energy sources, especially the latter, can make a significant contribution to successful catch-up. This is also evidenced by the results of other authors' analyzes and the econometric model used in this study. The development of health, social protection and recreational activities can also make a significant contribution to economic growth. The structure of hungarian budgetary expenditures and revenues is growth-friendly, it fulfills most of the criteria mentioned above.

Kulcsszavak:

Keynotes: Countries, Croatia, Romania, European Union, regional hegemony, geoeconomics, geopolitics

(2)

- -

-Ma-

-

- - ben

- Az 1990-

(az )

- -

a regio- a

-

Kelet- azonba

lehet nek lehet.

Ma-

. Magyar Monarchia

hogy t

. , egy-

(3)

Table 1.: The relevance of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in european comparison at 1890

2)

Ausztria- 677 000 42,60 346 000

536 000 38,30 542 000

Nagy-Britannia 314 000 37,40 420 000

541 000 49,20 504 000

287 000 30,00 284 000

4 925 000 116,80 677 000

Magyar Monarchia: a geopolitikai -

- vesz-

tettek gazdas

- .

- -

-

weight, based on purchasing power parity per capita at 1890 1890-es

rangsor

2017-es rangsor

18 22 4

11 14 3

15 18 3

19 21 2

16 17 1

3 2 1

Hollandia 4 3 1

Szerbia 26 25 1

17 15 2

Ausztria 9 7 2

22 20 2

13 9 4

20 16 4

23 19 4

10 1 9

14 4 10

2019. 04. -

- -

-

(4)

-

- .

- latainak, p

- -

(5)

- Table 3.: The rank of 10 biggest metropolitan region based on purchasing power

parity per capita, with population and area at 2015 -

GDP (EUR)

2)

Luxembourg, Luxemburg* 75 000 558 2 595

59 000 2 827 5 501

59 000 477 2 848

Pozsony, 54 000 629 2 053

53 000 1 535 1 200

52 000 1 825 6 988

51 000 2 628 4 305

51 000 12 111 12 070

Groningen, Hollandia 51 000 388 1 281

51 000 2 215 7 153

by metropolitan regions. eurostat.eu. 2019. 04. 07. Eurostat.eu (2019b): Average annual population to calculate regional GDP data by metropolitan regions. eurostat.eu.

2019. 04. 07. Eurostat.eu (2019c): Area of the regions by metropolitan regions.

-

2014- rk.

2.2.2.

-

(6)

Table 4.: The rank of 10 biggest companies based on revenues at 2017 Sor-

rend (Mrd USD)

1. Volkswagen 260,2

2. British Petroleum 244,6

3. Glencore Holding: kereskede-

205,5

4. Daimler 185,2

5. EXOR Group

sport

161,7

6. AXA 149,5

7. Total 149,1

8. Trafigura

Energetika, nemes- -kereskede-

lem 136,4

9. Allianz 123,5

10. BNP Paribas 117,4

2.2.3.

minancia . Az

- nak.

-

(7)

Table 5.: The rank of 10 biggest european buildings at 2018 Sor-

rend

Magas- Magas-

pontja

1. Lakhta Center Orosz- 1517 462,4 2018

2. Federation Tower:

East Tower 1226 373,7 2016

3. OKO: South Tower 1162 354,2 2015

4. Mercury City Tower 1112 338,9 2013

5. The Shard 1017 310,0 2012

6. Eurasia 1013 308,8 2014

7. CoC: Moscow Tower 990 301,8 2010

8. (1, 2) 932 284,1 2017

9. Metropol 919 280,1 2017

10. Naberezhnaya

Tower C 881 268,5 2007

Wordatlas.com (2019): Tallest Buildings In Europe. wordatlas.com.

2019. 04.

- s

-

-be

TOP 20-

szaki Egyetem.

(8)

-

Table 6.: The results of PISA test, based on subjects at 2015 Matematika

520 526 534

Hollandia 512 521 531

511 519 513

511 509 509

510 Lengyel- 506 509

Belgium 507 505 Hollandia 509

506 Hollandia 503 503

Lengyel- 504 500 Belgium 502

504 500 502

Ausztria 497 499 501

Belgium 499 501

490 493 493

Oecd.org (2019): OECD Skills Surveys. oecd.org. 2019. 04.

Table 7.: The rank of 10 best university of Europe at 2019

rangsor Egyetem lista

1. University of Oxford 5.

2. University of Cambridge 6.

3. ETH Zurich - Swiss Federal Institute

of Technology 7.

4. Imperial College London 8.

5. UCL 10.

6. The University of Edinburgh 18.

7. EPFL - Ecole Polytechnique Federale

de Lausanne 22.

8. University of Manchester 29.

9. King's College London 31.

10. The London School of Economics

and Political Science (LSE) 38.

Topuniversities.com (2019): .

topuniversities.com

-

- -

be KKE-

(9)

Table 8.: The rank of 10 european countries with the best countryimage at 2017

rangsor Export Turiz-

mus

Tehet- Ki

1 2 2 4 1 1

2 1 1 5 2 2

3 4 4 1 3 4

4 5 3 3 4 3

5 3 5 2 5 5

6 7 7 13 8 7

7 14 9 8 6 8

8 8 8 6 19 20

9 6 6 19 12 19

10 11 12 9 11 11

Digitalcountryindex.com (2019): .

digitalcountryindex.com. 2019. 04. 11 .

10- -

a 10. helyen

- -

Budapest a 13. helyet foglalta el.

Table 9.: The rank of 10 european cities with the best cityimage at 2017

rangsor Turizmus

1 1 1 1

2 4 2 2

3 3 3 3

4 2 6 4

Amszterdam, Hollandia 5 5 4 6

6 7 5 11

7 12 12 5

8 8 8 8

9 10 9 7

10 27 7 16

Digitalcityindex.com (2019): Digitial City Index. digitalcityindex.com.

2019. 04. 11 .

-

(10)

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ria

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-

2

-

- - , valamint

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-, Nyugat- -

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infrast -fejlesz-

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, z

.

Chart 1.: Countries of Visegrad Plus Cooperation

-

marvorlagen-

- ³

.⁴

pest Pozsony

a Budapest

s jelen vannak a -

(12)

gyar-

-ben 1 104

5

EU- -ben .

.⁶

ben a ²)⁷

zat).

-

(2017-es adat) 80, 2080- -

28- -re 15, 2080-ra

8

-

szinte majdnem mindegyik kelet- -eu

mogatni a magasabb

(13)

Table 10.: The economic power, population and area of Visegrad Plus in regional comparison, compared to the appropriate data of European Union at 2017

21,3% 16,2% 8,2%

- 21,2% 25,0% 23,5%

15,2% 12,9% 5,6%

14,9% 13,1% 12,5%

8,0% 5,7% 1,7%

7,2% 17,0% 18,9%

- 6,5% 4,2% 18,9%

Ausztria 2,4% 1,7% 1,9%

1,9% 0,9% 1,6%

0,6% 1,2% 4,0%

0,8% 2,0% 3,2%

100,0% 100,0% 100,0%

income). eurostat.eu. 2019. 03. 23. Eurostat.eu (2019e): Population on 1st January by age, sex and type of projection. 2019. 03. 23. Indexmundi.com (2019): Surface area

(sq. km) Country Ranking Europe. indexmundi.com. 2019. 04. 05.

-

- -t tekintve.

- - -

-10- Monarchia

m

(14)

Table 11.: The rank of 10 most economically and infrastructurally developed countries at 2017

(2016)

GDP/ Db km/

1000 km²

km/

1000 km² Luxembourg 75 900

Francia-

62 Hollandia 66,4 Luxemburg 101,2

54 300 43 Luxemburg 62,2 Belgium 98,4

38 400

-

41 Belgium 57,7

Magyar-

59,2 Hollandia 38 400

Spanyol-

38 38,6 58,0

Ausztria 38 100 35 36,4 Hollandia 55,6

37 100

-

34 33,2 Ausztria 47,1

36 300 30

Spanyol-

30,7 41,0

Belgium 35 000 17 30,5 39,9

32 700 13 Ciprus 27,8

Lengyel-

37,9 31 600 Lengyel-

12 -

23,1 32,4

real expenditures for ESA 2010 aggregates. 2019. 04. 14. Eurostat.eu (2019g):

Number of commercial airports (with more than 15,000 passenger units per year).

2019. 04. 14. Eurostat.eu (2019h): Length of motorways and e-roads. 2019.04.14.

Marius-Corneliu et al. (2018)

-re

gyakorolt -

az -szinten⁹

-t ceteris paribus minden

tos emelke- ra figyelmeztettek,

-

natko-

(15)

e-

- ¹⁰

-

valamint -

.

Chart 2.: Share of energy from renewable sources as a percentage of gross final energy consumption at 2017

-

(16)

- -

11

A KKE-

: ban

12

BMV

13

4.3.2.

partnereket (EU-12, Nyugat-

ezekben a viszon

14

A keletre i, orosz )

: a

- -

- -re Becsey (2014) -

export a kis- Becsey (2014)

-

-es 13 s -

vekedett,¹⁵

(17)

-

- ¹⁶

- ceteris paribus ma- ugyanakkor a

by function, as a percentage of GDP at 2016

- 5,8 6,1 7,9 6,6

1,0 1,0 0,7 1,2

1,6 1,9 2,3 1,3

3,1 3,9 7,1 4,2

0,6 0,8 0,5 0,3

0,4 0,4 0,8 0,7

7,2 6,1 4,8 6,9

1,0 1,1 3,3 1,1

4,2 4,0 4,9 6,7

19,3 16,9 14,3 20,7

44,2 42,2 46,7 49,7

(18)

,

-

Table 12.: The main types of government tax and contribution revenues as a percentage of GDP at 2016

- - Spanyol- Magyar- -

10,6 11,6 18,1 22,5

12,6 9,9 7,4 18,8

0,2 0,6 0,0 0,0

16,6 12,2 13,6 3,3

-

40,0 33,9 39,2 44,6

2019.02.18. S szerk.

-

- lt GDP

A modell szerint a KKE- ¹⁷ -

hoz¹⁸

-

parit -

-

(19)

ra:

KKE- 2016

Chart 3.: Catching up supportive budgetary expenditures, CEE-11 countries, 2001 2016

eurostat.eu. 2019.02.18. Eurostat.eu (2019m): Purchasing power parities (PPPs), price level indices and real expenditures for ESA 2010 aggregates. eurostat.eu.

2019. 02. 19.

-

-15- -

2

akkor az l ²

-

(20)

- , 2001 2016 Chart 4.: Catching up supportive budgetary revenues, CEE-

2019.02.18. Eurostat.eu (2019m): Purchasing power parities (PPPs), price level indices and real expenditures for ESA 2010 aggregates. eurostat.eu. 2019. 02. 19.

19

csolatot mutatva.

maradna az EU-

(21)

azt , hogy a

nem on), valamint -

rendszerr l

1.

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19-30_M%C3%81T%C3%89%20SZALAI%2C%20ZSUZSANNA%

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indexmundi.com. 2019. 04. 05. URL: https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/

in

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9. -

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