• Nem Talált Eredményt

2. Content regulation on social media platforms

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Academic year: 2022

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1. Introduction

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2. Content regulation on social media platforms

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2.1. Prohibition of censorship

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2.1.1. Censorship in Hungarian history

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2.1.2. Censorship and social media

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2.2. Regulation of social media

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2.2.1. Regulation imposed by the European Union

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