5 EDUCATIONAL AREAS
5.6 HUMANS AND NATURE
5.6.1 PHYSICS
Educational content of the educational field Stage 2
SUBSTANCES AND BODIES Expected outcomes
pupils will
use suitably chosen measuring instruments to make certain important physical measurements of substances and bodies
give specific examples of phenomena proving that substance’s particles are constantly moving and mutually influencing each other
predict an object’s change in length or volume given a specific change in temperature
knowledgeably apply the relationship between density, mass and volume in order to solve practical problems
Subject matter
measured quantities – length, volume, mass, temperature and change in temperature, time
states of substances – relationship of substances’ state to their molecular structure; diffusion
MOTION OF BODIES FORCES
Expected outcomes pupils will
determine the type of motion a body makes in relation to another body
knowledgeably apply the relationship between speed, direction and time for solving problems related to the uniform motion of bodies
measure the magnitude of a force
determine the types of forces acting on a body in certain simple situations, as well as their magnitude, direction and resultant force
apply Newton’s laws to simple situations in order to determine and predict changes in the motion of bodies in response to a constant resultant force
Subject matter
motion of bodies – uniform and non-uniform motion; rectilinear and curvilinear motion
gravitational field and force of gravity – direct proportion between gravitational force and a body’s mass
compressive force and pressure – relationship between compression force, pressure and the contents of a surface on which the force acts
force of friction – friction, influencing the magnitude of friction in practice
resultant of two forces of the same and opposite directions
Newton’s Laws – First, Second (qualitatively), Third Laws of Motion
equilibrium on a lever and fixed pulley
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS Expected outcomes
pupils will
apply their knowledge of pressure on a fluid at rest in order to solve specific practical problems
predict a body’s behaviour within a fluid at rest based on an analysis of the forces acting on the body
Subject matter
Pascal’s Law – hydraulic equipment
hydrostatic and atmospheric pressure – the connection between hydrostatic pressure, depth and the density of a liquid; the connection of atmospheric pressure and certain atmospheric processes
Archimedes’ Principle – buoyant force; immersion, suspension and floating in a fluid at rest
ENERGY
Expected outcomes pupils will
using simple examples, determine the work performed by a force and derive the resultant change in the body’s energy
knowledgeably apply the relationship between power, work and time
solve specific problems and tasks while applying their knowledge of mutual conversions of various forms of energy and energy transfer
using simple examples, determine the heat absorbed or emitted by a body
evaluate the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of various sources of energy from the viewpoint of their environmental impact
Subject matter
forms of energy – kinetic and potential energy; internal energy; electrical energy and power;
production and transmission of electrical energy; nuclear energy, nuclear fission, nuclear reactor, nuclear power plant; protecting humans against radioactive radiationf
state changes – melting and solidification, latent heat of melting; evaporation and condensation; main factors influencing evaporation and boiling point of liquids
renewable and non-renewable sources of energy
SOUND-RELATED PROCESSES Expected outcomes
pupils will
identify sources of sound in their surroundings and qualitatively analyse a given environment’s suitability for sound diffusion
evaluate the possibility of reducing the environmental impact of excessive noise Subject matter
properties of sound – the necessity of a medium for the diffusion of sound, speed of sound in various mediums; deflection of sound from a barrier, echo; sound absorption; pitch
ELECTROMAGNETIC AND OPTICAL PROCESSES Expected outcomes
pupils will
use a diagram to build an electrical circuit and analyse a diagram of an actual circuit
differentiate between alternating and direct current and measure electrical current and voltage
differentiate between conductors, insulators and semiconductors on the basis of an analysis of their characteristics
use Ohm’s law for part of a circuit when solving practical problems
apply in practice their knowledge of the effects of a magnetic field on a magnet and a coil containing a current, as well as the influence of changes in the magnetic field surrounding a coil on the induction of voltage
properly connect a semiconductor diode
apply the law of the rectilinear propagation of light in a uniform optical medium and the law of reflection in order to solve problems and tasks
decide, based on their knowledge of the speed of light in two different media, whether light will be refracted towards the normal or away from it, an use this fact in analysing the path of light through a set of lenses
Subject matter
electrical circuit – source of voltage, elements, switch
electric and magnetic fields – electric and magnetic force; electric charge; heat effects of electric current; electric resistance; direct current electromotor; transformers; safe conduct when working with electrical devices and equipment
properties of light – sources of light; speed of light in a vacuum and in various mediums;
shadow, solar and lunar eclipses; reflection imaging on a plane, concave and convex mirrors (qualitative); refraction by thin converging and diverging lenses (qualitative); dispersion of white light by a prism
THE UNIVERSE Expected outcomes pupils will
using their knowledge of gravitational forces, qualitatively expound on the motion of the planets around the Sun and of moons around planets
differentiate stars from planets based on their characteristics Subject matter
the solar system – main components; phases of the Moon
stars – their composition