FUNKCIÓBELI SAJÁTOSSÁGAI ÉS DÍSZÍTMÉNYEI - Az üveggyártás kiteljesedése a xvi

A

magyar üvegipar XIV. századtól nyomon N|YHWKHWŋ IHMOŋGpVL IRO\DPDWiEDQ MyO pU]p-NHOKHWŋHN D WHUPpNHOŋiOOtWiV MHOOHP]ŋ YRQiVDL 0HJÀJ\HOKHWŋNDWHUPpNV]HUNH]HWHQEHOOD]DE-ODN pV |EO|VYHJJ\iUWiV NRUV]DNRQNpQWL DUiQ\-YiOWR]iVDLpVPHJUDJDGKDWyND]RNDW|UHNYpVHN DPHO\HNDWiUVDGDORPNO|QE|]ŋUpWHJHLLJpQ\p-QHN NLHOpJtWpVpUH LUiQ\XOWDN $ ;9,, V]i]DGWyO

²DPLNRUDIŋ~ULXUDGDOPDNN|]SRQWMDLEDQHPHOW

YHJFVťU|ND]YHJLSDUNRUiEELV]HUNH]HWLNHUH-WHLWV]pWIHV]tWHWWpN²DKXWiNWHUPHOpVpEHQD]~UL RV]WiO\pVDQpSV]iPiUDNpV]tWHWWSURGXNWXPRN PLQGMREEDQHONO|QOWHN$]YHJPťYpV]HWpYHO IRJODONR]yV]DNLURGDORPEDQDKDV]QiOyNDWÀJ\H-OHPEH YpYH W|EEIpOH HOQHYH]pVW DONDOPD]QDN D]

YHJWiUJ\DND]RQRVtWiViUDpVFVRSRUWRVtWiViUD$]

úri üveg, ÀQRPYHJWHUPLQROyJLiNHOOHQWpWHDruszti-kus üveg, parasztüveg HVHWHQNpQW DQpSL QpSLHV YHJ PHJMHO|OpV$]XWyEELHOQHYH]pVHNNHOLOOHWHWWYHJ-IpOHVpJHNHW HUGHL YHJHNQHN LV V]RNWiN QHYH]QL DPL D Q\XJDWHXUySDL V]DNLURGDORPEDQ PHJKR-nosodott Waldglas NLIHMH]pV PDJ\DU PHJIHOHOŋMH

$]RQEDQD]erdei üvegHOQHYH]pVWQHPFpOV]HUťSD-UDV]WLKDV]QiODW~YHJHNHVHWpEHQDONDOPD]QL$]

erdei üvegpVDWaldglasQHPXJ\DQD]WMHOHQWLQHP XJ\DQD]WDWDUWDOPDWKRUGR]]D0DJ\DURUV]iJRQ

DVDMiWRVJD]GDViJLWHUPHOpVLIHMOŋGpVEŋON|YHWNH-]ŋHQHJ\WHOMHVHQPiVIpOHWiUVDGDOPLN|]HJYROWD]

HJ\V]HUť|EO|VYHJHNEHIRJDGyMDPLQW1\XJDW (XUySiEDQ¹

$NO|QE|]ŋKXWDOHOWiUDNEDQIHOVRUROWWHUPp- NHNN|]|WWD]HOQHYH]pVNDODSMiQQHPWDSDV]WDO-KDWy RO\DQ pOHV PHJNO|QE|]WHWpV PLQW D V]DN-LURGDORPEDQKristály- vagy parasztüveg, IHKpU vagy zöld öblösüveg,ÀQRP vagy vásári üvegHOQHYH]pVHNEHQ HOVŋVRUEDQDWHUPpNHNN|]|WWLpUWpNNO|QEVpJHN pU]pNHOKHWŋN$PDJ\DURUV]iJLYHJKXWiNWHUPp- NHLN|]|WW²PLQŋVpJLV]HPSRQWEyOpVHQQHNPHJ- IHOHOŋHQpUWpNNDODSMiQ²FVDNDPHWV]pVpVJUDYt-UR]iVPHJKRQRVRGiVDNLWHOMHVHGpVHXWiQK~]KDWy pOHVKDWiUYRQDO(]D]RQEDQFVDND;9,,,V]i]DG GHUHND WiMiWyO YiOW MHOOHP]ŋYp D QDJ\REE YHJ-KXWiNEDQ $ NLV YHJFVťU|N W|EEVpJpEHQ QHP YROWDN JUDYtUR]yPHWV]ŋ EHUHQGH]pVHN V H]HN-EHQWRYiEEUDLVKDJ\RPiQ\RVPyGRQDI~YiVUD pSOŋGtV]tWŋHOMiUiVRNWHWWpNV]HEEpHODGKDWyEEi DWHUPpNHNHW

$;9,,²;,;V]i]DGLIRUUiVRND]YHJKXWiN-EDQ NpV]tWHWW WHUPpNHN YiOWR]DWRV JD]GDJ HOQH-YH]pVpWWiUMiNHOpQN(]|QPDJiEDQLVDEŋVpJHV NtQiODWUD HQJHG N|YHWNH]WHWQL $] HOQHYH]pVHN Q\HOYpV]HWLNXOW~UW|UWpQHWLV]HPSRQWEyOQ\LOYiQ

146

YDOyDQ MHOHQWŋVHN GH V]iPXQNUD DNNRU YiOKDW pUGHNHVVpKDD]HOQHYH]pVHNNRQNUpWWiUJ\DNNDO WiUJ\IRUPiNNDONDSFVROKDWyN|VV]H6DMQRVH]D]

HVHWHN W|EEVpJpEHQ V]LQWH PHJROGKDWDWODQ IHO- DGDWPHUWDVSHFLiOLVHOQHYH]pVHNFVDNULWNiQXWDO-QDNNRQNUpWIRUPiNUD5DM]RNLOOXV]WUiFLyNVHP iOOQDN UHQGHONH]pVQNUH PHO\HN D IRUUiVRNEDQ V]HUHSOŋ HOQHYH]pVHN WiUJ\DNNDO YDOy SiURVtWiViW WHQQpN OHKHWŋYp +DVRQOy QHKp]VpJHNEH WN|-]QNDNNRULVKDDWiUJ\LHPOpNDQ\DJRWHJ\HJ\

YHJKXWiKR] NtYiQMXN NDSFVROQL YDJ\LV D NpV]t-WpVKHO\pWDNDUMXNPHJKDWiUR]QL$]HJ\HVKXWiN

YHJHLUŋO VHP LVPHUWHN PLQGHQ HVHWEHQ RO\DQ IRUUiVRNLOOXV]WUiFLyNPHO\HNDODSMiQNLPRQGKDWy OHQQH YDJ\ WHOMHV EL]RQ\RVViJJDO HOG|QWKHWŋYp YiOQD KRJ\ HJ\ DGRWW WiUJ\ PHO\LN KXWD VSHFLD OLWiVD YROW +DVRQOy QHKp]VpJHNEH WN|]QN D]

HJ\HV YHJHGpQ\HN NRUPHJKDWiUR]iVDNRU LV

$ SDUDV]WYHJHNIRUPiL LGŋWOHQHND] HJ\HVWiU- J\DNDW²KDFVDNpYV]iPYDJ\PiVLGŋPHJKDWiUR- ]iVRNDWOHKHWŋYpWHYŋMHOQHPV]HUHSHOUDMWD²QD-J\RQQHKp]SRQWRVJ\iUWiVLLGŋK|]N|WQL(EEHQ DIRUPDpVDGtV]tWPpQ\|VV]HKDVRQOtWyYL]VJiODWD Q\~MWKDW ~WPXWDWiVW $ PťYpV]HWW|UWpQHWL V]DN-LURGDORPWHUPLQROyJLiLDKXWDLQYHQWiULXPRNEDQ V]HUHSOŋ iOWDOiQRV pV NRQNUpW HOQHYH]pVHN WHKiW QHP N|QQ\tWLN PHJ PXQNiQNDW D SDUDV]WYHJHN D]RQRVtWiViEDQ WLSRORJL]iOiViEDQ ÌJ\ HOVŋVRU-EDQ D P~]HXPL WiUJ\J\ťMWpV VRUiQ PHJV]HU]HWW LQIRUPiFLyNMHOHQWHQHNWiPSRQWRWDKHO\HVHOLJD-]RGiVEDQ$SDUDV]WYHJHNIRUPDLpVIXQNFLyEHOL PHJKDWiUR]iViQiODKDV]QiOyNiOWDOPHJMHO|OWHO-QHYH]pVHNHW LJ\HNV]QN LUiQ\W DGyQDN WHNLQWHQL (WWŋOFVDNDNNRUWpUQNHOKDD]DGRWWWiUJ\WtSXV HOQHYH]pVHOpQ\HJHVHQHOWpUDIRUPDDODSMiQLVPHUW iOWDOiQRVPHJMHO|OpVWŋO+DDWiUJ\DNNpV]tWpVLKH-O\HPiVYHJHNNHOYDOy|VV]HKDVRQOtWiVXWiQVHP G|QWKHWŋHODNNRUD]DGDWJ\ťMWpVVRUiQV]HU]HWW LQIRUPiFLyN D YiViUOiV D WiUJ\ PHJV]HU]pVpQHN KHO\HpVN|UOPpQ\HDSHUG|QWŋ7HUPpV]HWHVHQ D]YHJHNGtV]tWPpQ\HLVRNV]RUDODSYHWŋHQPHJ-KDWiUR]KDWMiNHJ\HJ\YHJD]RQRVtWiViW

0LYHOH]HNW|EEIpOHIXQNFLyKR]LVN|WKHWŋNYH-J\HV UHQGHOWHWpVť YHJHNQHN QHYH]]N ŋNHW $]

|EO|VYHJHNN|]|WWNLVPHQQ\LVpJEHQWDOiOKDWyN RO\DQRNDPHO\HNIRUPiMXNIXQNFLyMXNpVGtV]tW-PpQ\NDODSMiQULWNDViJV]iPEDPHQQHNVH]HNHW FVDNDONDORPV]HUťHQKDV]QiOWiN,O\HQHNDWUpIiV

YHJHNNHUHV]WHOŋHGpQ\HNVWE(]HNHWD]YHJIp-OHVpJHNHW D NO|QOHJHV UHQGHOWHWpVť YHJHN FVR-SRUWMiEDVRUROMXN+D%RUQHPLV]D$QQDQDSOyMD DODSMiQ PHJKDWiUR]]XN D SRUXPEiNL KXWD WHU-PpNHLWDNNRUD]DOiEELYHJIpOHVpJHNHWYHKHWMN 12. Orvosságnak való apró üveg 13. Orvosságnak való üveg

$SUyEXJ\RJyVNRUVy 6]pOHVV]iM~W|NIRUPDYHJ 6]RURVV]iM~W|NIRUPDYHJ 17. Ugorka sózni való üveg ,EULN

&VHEHU

.LFVLNRUVypVNLFVLPRVGy 21. Üvegmozsár

22. Üvegcsákány hYHJEX]RJiQ\

*DODPE 25. Csiszolt pohár +DERVNXSD RV]WKDWyNIXQNFLyMXNDODSMiQ²7HUPpV]HWHVHQDIŋ

147

FVRSRUWRNRQEHOOD]HOQHYH]pVDIRUPDDKDV]-QiODW pV D GtV]tWPpQ\ D] HJ\HV WiUJ\DN HVHWpEHQ

~MDEEHONO|QtWpVUHDGPyGRW

7É52/Ð('e1<(.

3DODFNRN

$ PDJ\DU SDUDV]WViJ N|UpEHQ KDV]QiOW YHJHN N|]|WWNpWVpJWHOHQODSDODFNIRUGXOWHOŋDOHJQD-J\REEV]iPEDQ$]HOQHYH]pVHEHQEXNNDQ IHOHOŋV]|UDIRUUiVRNEDQ²PLQWHUUHPiUXWDOWXQN –palaschpVÁDVNDQpYHQ(UHGHWLMHOHQWpVHV]HULQW KRVV]~Q\DN~YHJEŋOYDJ\PiVDQ\DJEyONpV]OW WDUWiO\W IHMH] NL³ (] Q\LOYiQYDOyDQ D]]DO D J|PE WHVWť KRVV]~ Q\DN~ YHJJHO iOO |VV]HIJJpVEHQ DPHO\ .|]HO.HOHWUŋO WHUMHGW HO pV YiOW NHGYHOW-Wp (XUySiEDQ D ;,, V]i]DGUD (]W D SDODFNIRU-PiW HJpV]HQ D ;9,,, V]i]DGLJ PHJWDOiOKDWMXN 0DJ\DURUV]iJRQ(UGpO\EHQÅNLVHEEJ|PE|O\HJµ YDJ\ÅJ|PE|O\HJYHJSDODFNRFVNDµHOQHYH]pVVHO MHO|OWpN H]W D SDODFNIpOHVpJHW 0iU XWDOWXQN Ui KRJ\D%DONiQRQNHUHV]WODNRULQWKRVLKXWiEyO HJ\PiVLNSDODFNIRUPDLVHOMXWRWW0DJ\DURUV]iJUD D]~QJRO\YiVpalackPHO\QHNWiUROyUpV]HODStWRWW J|PEWHVWťYROWQ\DNUpV]pQSHGLJGXGRUYDJ\LV D ÅJRO\YiQDNµ QHYH]HWW NLWUHPNHGpV ÀJ\HOKHWŋ meg.⁴ $NpWSDODFNWtSXV0DJ\DURUV]iJUDNHUOpVp-QHN~WYRQDOiUDD]pUWXWDOXQNPHUWHONpS]HOKHWŋ KRJ\H]LV|VV]HIJJpVEHKR]KDWySDODFNV]DYXQN HUHGHWpYHO$SDODFNV]yDPDJ\DUQ\HOYEHiWNH-UOW GpOL V]OiYSORVN\ DODNMD $ÁDVND, ÁDVNy – ez XWyEEL HOQHYH]pVW QDSMDLQNEDQ LV J\DNUDQ KDV]-QiOMiN²SHGLJDODWLQÁDVFD vagy ÁDVFRiWYpWHOH⁵

$ SDODFNRNQiO D ;9,,, V]i]DG YpJpLJ ;,;

V]i]DG HOHMpLJ VHP DODNXOW NL HJ\VpJHV IRUPD DPHO\NO|Q|VHQDJ\iULSDULMHOOHJťYHJNpV]tWpV XWiQYiOWPHJV]RNRWWi0LQGHQPDJ\DURUV]iJLKX-WiEDQNpV]tWHWWHNSDODFNRNDW$SRUXPEiNLKXWD OHOWiUiEDQ EDQ IpOH SDODFNIRUPD V]HUH- SHOWDPHO\HNVHJtWVpJpYHOJ|PEKDViEYDJ\KHQ- JHUHVWHVWťNLVpVQDJ\PpUHWťHGpQ\HNHWJ\iUWRW-WDN +DVRQOyDQ QDJ\REE V]iP~ IRUPiW WDOiOXQN PiVKXWiNEDQLVDPHO\HNDSDODFNYHJHOŋiOOtWiViW

Borospalack, XVIII. század vége.

Észak-Magyarország, zempléni huta Herman Ottó Múzeum, Miskolc

Borospalack, XIX. század eleje.

Észak-Magyarország, zempléni huta Herman Ottó Múzeum, Miskolc

148

VHJtWHWWpN$]RQEDQI~YiVVDOLVVRNSDODFNYHJHW J\iUWRWWDNtJ\DIRUPDpVDPpUHWPpJYiOWR]D-WRVDEE OHKHWHWW $ ;,; V]i]DG PiVRGLN IHOpWŋO PiUiOWDOiEDQFVDNIRUPiEDI~YiVVDONpV]OWHND SDODFNRNPHUWD]iOODPLODJHOŋtUWKLWHOHVtWpVWFVDN tJ\OHKHWHWWN|QQ\HQpVJ\RUVDEEDQEL]WRVtWDQL

$ NO|QE|]ŋ IRUPiM~ SDODFNRN NpV]tWpVpUH DJ|PEWHVWťKRVV]~Q\DN~YHJHNIRUPiMiQDN YiOWR]WDWiVDYH]HWHWWHO$ÅKDJ\RPiQ\RVµIRUPD Q\DNiQDN U|YLGOpVH pV D WiUROyUpV] QDJ\REER-GiVD PHOOHWW D U|YLGHEE YDJ\ KRVV]DEE Q\DNNDO NpV]tWHWW IRNR]DWRVDQ KHQJHUHVVp YiOy IRUPiN pV KDViE DODN~Yi YiOWR]y WiUROyUpV]HN LV PHJÀ-J\HOKHWŋN$YLOiJRVpVV|WpW]|OGV]tQťYHJEŋO NpV]OW SDODFNRN PHOOHWW ULWNiEEDQ V]tQWHOHQ iW- WHWV]ŋV|WpWEDUQDPiUPiUIHNHWpEHKDMOyV|WpW-]|OGV]tQťHNLVIHQQPDUDGWDND]HPOpNDQ\DJEDQ

$ ;9,,, V]i]DGWyO J\DNRULYi YiOWDN D

WXODMGRQ-MHJ\HV SDODFNRN $] YHJEŋO NpV]OW NRURQJRNDW

² DPHO\HNHQ D PHJUHQGHOŋ QHYpQHN NH]GŋEHWťLW YDJ\PiViOWDODNpUWMHO]pVHNHWV]HUHSHOWHWWHN² álta-OiEDQDWiUROyUpV]pVDQ\DNWDOiONR]iViQiOKHO\H]WpN HO$;,;V]i]DGPiVRGLNIHOpEHQDWXODMGRQMH-J\HNKH] KDVRQOy NRURQJRNNDO KLWHOHVtWHWWpN D]

YHJHNHW(NNRUDNRURQJRNRQYDJ\PiVQpYHQ

YHJSHFVpWHNHQ D] ťUWDUWDORP PHJMHO|OpV ND-SRWW KHO\HW $ SDODFNRN WHVWpQ HOKHO\H]HWW YHJ-SHFVpWHN IXQNFLyMiW D Q\RPGDWHFKQLND IHMOŋGp-VpYHO SiUKX]DPRVDQ D ERURVFtPNpN YHWWpN iW⁶ 7RNDM+HJ\DOMiW D ;,; V]i]DG PiVRGLN IHOpEHQ

²DPLNRUDV]pOHVN|UťNHUHVNHGHOHPDV]iOOtWiVL PyGRNEŋYOpVHDEL]WRQViJRVFVRPDJROiVOHKH-WŋYp WHWWH D SDODFNR]RWW ERURN pUWpNHVtWpVpW ² D UHJpFLKXWDOiWWDHOERURVSDODFNRNNDO$KXWiEDQ OpQ\HJpEHQDPDLWRNDMLYHJHNNHOD]RQRVIRUPi-M~KHQJHUHVWHVWťpVDWiUROyUpVV]HON|]HOD]RQRV

Borospalack, XVIII. század vége.

Észak-Magyarország, zempléni huta MNM Rákóczi Múzeuma, Sárospatak

Borospalack, XIX. század eleje.

Észak-Magyarország, zempléni huta Herman Ottó Múzeum, Miskolc

149 KRVV]~ViJ~Q\DNNDOHOOiWRWWSDODFNRNDWJ\iUWRWWDN

$ V|WpW]|OG YDJ\ V]tQWHOHQ iWWHWV]ŋ SDODFNRNRQ iOWDOiQRV YROW D] RYiOLV DODN~ 72.$- IHOLUD-W~YHJSHFVpW(]WDSDODFNIRUPiWPiVKXWiNLV iWYHWWpN $ ENNL KXWiNEDQ 5pSiVKXWiQ PDMG

*\HUW\iQY|OJ\EHQLVJ\iUWRWWDNLO\HQIRUPiM~SD-lackokat.

$ SDODFNRN QHPFVDN D ERUiV]DWKR] N|WŋGYH YiOWDN iOWDOiQRVVi HOWHUMHGWWp 3DUiGRQ UHQJHWHJ FVHYLFpVSDODFNRWNpV]tWHWWHN)i\$QGUiVLVPHJHP-OpNH]HWWDUUyOKRJ\EHQDÅVDYDQ\~YL]HWMyO EHGXJRWWNpWLWW]pVYHJHNEHQDIUGŋQpO[URQ NDSKDWQLµ⁷$FVHYLFHIRJDOPDD]HVpYHNWŋO MHOHQWŋVHQPHJQ|YHNHGHWW)pOKiURPQHJ\HGpV OLWHUHV SDODFNRNEDQ iUXVtWRWWiN D J\iU OHUDNDWDL-EDQ'HEUHFHQWŋOHJpV]HQ.DVViLJ$SDUiGLKXWD EHQ PLOOLy FVHYLFpVSDODFNRW iOOtWRWW HOŋ⁸ (UGpO\EHQ SHGLJ DERUYt] IRUJDOPD]iViUD

NpV]O-WHNQDJ\REEPHQQ\LVpJEHQSDODFNYHJHN7|EE HUGpO\LKXWDWXODMGRQRVDHJ\EHQERUYt]N~WEpUOŋ LVYROWpVDKXWiEDQHOŋiOOtWRWWYHJHNEHQpUWpNH-VtWHWWpN D ERUYL]HW 0LXWiQ D SDODFNRN WDUWDOPiW HOIRJ\DV]WRWWiN WHUPpV]HWHV YROW D PiVRGODJRV IHOKDV]QiOiVXN3iOLQNiWyOHFHWLJSDUDGLFVRPOpWŋO RODMLJPLQGHQWWiUROWDNH]HNEHQDWiUROyHGpQ\HN-EHQ6ŋWPpJV]HQWHOWYL]HWLV$&VRQJUiGPHJ\HL

&VyNiQDOHJLGŋVHEEIpUÀFVDOiGWDJSDODFNEDQYLW-WHKD]DDWHPSORPEyODV]HQWHOWYL]HW(OŋV]|UD NHQ\HUHWKLQWHWWHPHJYHOHPDMGD]HJpV]Ki]DW YpJOSHGLJPLQGHQKi]EpOLLYRWWDSDODFNEDW|O-W|WWV]HQWHOWYt]EŋO6]LQWpQ&VRQJUiGPHJ\pEHQ

*\HYLQ UpJL KLHGHOHP YROW KRJ\ KD D JD]GD +iURPNLUiO\RNYL]pYHOWHOWYHJHWWHWWDIHMHDOi DNNRUD]RQD]pMV]DNiQQHPKDOKDWRWWPHJ⁹

Palackok, XVIII–XIX. század. Észak-Magyarország MNM Rákóczi Múzeuma, Sárospatak

150

%DOORQRN

$] HOQHYH]pV WDUWiO\W QDJ\PpUHWť WiUROyHGpQ\W MHO|O(]D]HGpQ\WtSXVDSDODFNRNFVDOiGMiEDVR-UROKDWy FVDN D OpQ\HJHVHQ QDJ\REE PpUHW N-O|QE|]WHWL PHJ ŋNHW D NRUiEEDQ EHPXWDWRWW Wi-UROyHGpQ\HNWŋO )RUPiMXN LV HJ\ SDODFNIDMWiUD KDVRQOtW DPHO\QHN WiUROyUpV]H KHQJHUHV YROW pV HKKH] U|YLG Q\DNUpV] FVDWODNR]RWW $ KXWiN LQ-YHQWiULXPDL DODSMiQ PHJiOODStWKDWy KRJ\ D] RU- V]iJEDQPLQGHQWWJ\iUWRWWiNŋNHW6]tQWHOHQiW-WHWV]ŋpV]|OGV]tQťYHJEŋONpV]OWHN*\DNUDQ yULiV PpUHWť LFFpV EDOORQRNDW LV J\iUWRWWDN DPL NE OLWHU ťUWDUWDORPQDN IHOHO PHJ $ EDO-ORQ HOQHYH]pV QpPHW HUHGHWť V H] DODSMiQ IHOWp-WHOH]KHWŋKRJ\D;9,,V]i]DGWyODPDJ\DURUV]iJL

KXWiNEDQ PťN|Gŋ QpPHW YHJHVHN KRQRVtWRWWiN PHJ.|]pSNRULHOŋ]PpQ\NHWQHPLVPHUMN¹⁰

$EDOORQYHJHNHWERUHFHWYDJ\SiOLQNDWiUR-OiViUD KDV]QiOWiN $ IHQQPDUDGW HPOpNDQ\DJEDQ V]LQWHPLQGHQGDUDERQPHJÀJ\HOKHWŋND]HGpQ\

YiOOiUD UDJDV]WRWW YHJSHFVpWHN DPHO\HNHQ D]

ťUWDUWDOPiW MHO|OWpN $ EDOORQRNDW D N|]|QVpJHV SDODFNRNKR] KDVRQOyDQ FVDN QDJ\RQ ULWNiQ Gt-V]tWHWWpN)HVWpVVHOJUDYtUR]iVVDOSHGLJVRKDVHP

$NLVHEEPpUHWťEDOORQRNN|]|WWWťQQHNIHORO\D-QRNDPHO\HNIDODRSWLNDLGtV]tWpVťDIpQ\iUQ\pN KDWiViWIRNR]yEHPpO\HGpVHNNHOWDJROW,O\HQEDO-ORQRN ]|OG V]tQť YHJEŋO D )HOVŋ0DJ\DURUV]iJ GpOLUpV]pQOHYŋKXWiNEDQNpV]OWHN$IRUPiED GUyWKiOyW KHO\H]WHN pV H] KDWiUYRQDODV EHPp-O\HGpVHNHW HUHGPpQ\H]HWW D] YHJHN IHOOHWpQ

$ QDJ\REE PpUHWť HGpQ\HN DOVy UpV]pQ D IH-QpNNHO PDMGQHP D]RQRV PDJDVViJEDQ J\DNUDQ O\XNDW NpSH]WHN NL DPHO\HQ NHUHV]WO D] HGpQ\

PR]JDWiVDQpONOHOOHKHWHWWWiYROtWDQLDWDUWiO\ED W|OW|WW IRO\DGpNRNDW $ NLVHEE PpUHWť YHJHNHW iOWDOiEDQ²OLWHUHVHNHWYHVV]ŋYHOV]DOPiYDOEH-IRQYDNRUVyNpQWLVKDV]QiOWiN(]WD]iOWDOiQRVDQ HOWHUMHGWHGpQ\WtSXVWHJ\HVKXWiNNO|Q|VHOŋV]H- UHWHWWHOJ\iUWRWWiN,O\HQIRUPiM~QDJ\PpUHWťWi-UROyHGpQ\HNNpV]tWpVpUHVSHFLDOL]iOyGRWWDYpW\HPL huta7HUPpNHLQHNIDODPLQGHQHVHWEHQUHQGNtYO YpNRQ\DUUyOiUXONRGLNKRJ\LWWNL]iUyODJI~YiVW alkalmaztak a gyártás során.

$ EDOORQYHJHNNHO iOOQDN URNRQViJEDQ D SR-FDNRVüvegHNYDJ\DKRJ\DQPpJ=DOiEDQQHYH]LN ŋNHWpurliceres üvegHN /pQ\HJpEHQ H]HN D] HGp-Q\HNLVWDUWiO\RNYROWDN²OLWHUHVťUWDUWDOP~DN

&VDN]|OGV]tQťYHJEŋONpV]OWGDUDERNNHUOWHN HOŋ$ODStWRWWJ|PEWHVWťU|YLGQ\DNNDOHOOiWRWW HGpQ\HNHW FVDN D 'XQiQW~OUyO LVPHUMN V H WiM-HJ\VpJHQ EHOO LV QDJ\REE V]iPEDQ =DOiEyO

$UiWNDLpVYpW\HPLKXWiNVSHFLDOLWiVDLYROWDNYDOD-PHQQ\LLVPHUWGDUDEMXND;,;V]i]DGHOVŋIHOpEŋO V]iUPD]LN $ PLQGHQ HVHWEHQ VLPD IDO~ GtV]tWpV QpONOLHJ\V]HUťHGpQ\HNIRUPiMXNEDQPiVKXWiN QDJ\REEPpUHWťNRUVyLUDKDVRQOtWDQDN$]RQEDQ H]IOQpONOLHGpQ\pVDWiUROyUpV]HVHPDQQ\LUD ODStWRWW PLQW D] LVPHUW NRUVyWtSXVRNp 3DUiGRQ NpV]OWHNPpJD]DODLSRFDNRVYHJHNKH]KDVRQ-Oy WiURNpV]OWHNPpJD]DODLSRFDNRVYHJHNKH]KDVRQ-OyHGpQ\HN GH H]HN LV ODStWRWWDN YROWDN 1pKiQ\DGDWXWDODUUDKRJ\DSRFDNRVYHJHNHW

Borospalack, XVIII–XIX. század.

Észak-Magyarország, zempléni huta (?) Dr. Újszászy László magángyűjteménye

151

Ballonüveg, XIX. század vége. Észak-Magyarország, bükki huta Herman Ottó Múzeum, Miskolc

Ballonüveg, XIX. század eleje. Észak-Magyarország Herman Ottó Múzeum, Miskolc

Pocakos üveg, XIX. század eleje.

Dunántúl, vétyemi huta Herman Ottó Múzeum, Miskolc

152

EHIRQYD IOOHO HOOiWYD NRUVyNpQW LV KDV]QiOWiN V ekkor GHPL]VRQYROWDQHYN$YHVV]ŋYHOKiQFFVDO V]DOPiYDOYDJ\~MDEEDQPťDQ\DJRNNDOEHIRQWpV QiOWDNpSS~J\PLQW0DJ\DURUV]iJRQDNREDNW|-köt. 'DPKDD'VDQQYROWD]DUDEQHYHpV'DPDMDQRV QpYHQ PHQW iW D VSDQ\RO Q\HOYEH $ IUDQFLiNQiO a 'DPH -HDQQH -DQND DVV]RQ\ D] DQJRORNQiO SH-dig 'HPL-RKQQpYDODNMDLVPHUW$]XWyEELHOQHYH-]pVPDJ\DUIRUGtWiVD)pOSRFDNRV-iQRV$GHPL]VRQ PDJ\DUQ\HOYEHYDOyNHUOpVHHJ\HOŋUHPpJWLV]Wi-]DWODQGHD]NL]iUWKRJ\DIUDQFLiEyOYHWWNYROQD iWPHUWDGHPLMRQYDJ\LVGHPL]VRQV]yDIUDQFLD Q\HOYEHQLVPHUHWOHQ¹¹7DOiQHONpS]HOKHWŋKRJ\D]

$IRQRWWYHJHNV]pOHVN|UEHQHOWHUMHGWHNYRO-WDN$7LV]DPHQWpQ7LV]DQiQD.LVN|UHYLGpNpQ LVPHUW D IRQWYHJ YDJ\ IRQRWW NRUVy HOQHYH]pV .pV]tWŋLND]YHJIRQyPXQNiKR]D7LV]DI]HVHL QHNYpNRQ\YHVV]HLWKDV]QiOWiN$]YHJHNHWIHO-WHKHWŋHQ3DUiGUyOV]HUH]WpNEH'pO%DUDQ\iEDQ pV 'HEUHFHQ N|UQ\pNpQ LV LVPHUW YROW D IRQRWW

YHJpVV]DOPiVNRUVyHOQHYH]pV9DOyV]tQťKRJ\

D]LWWpOŋNDN|]HOLKXWiNEyOV]HUH]KHWWpNEHDNRU-VyNNpV]tWpVpKH]V]NVpJHVYHJWiUROyHGpQ\HNHW

%DUDQ\iEDQpV(UGpO\WHUOHWpQLVNpV]tWHWWHNU|-YLGQ\DN~J|PEWHVWťWiUROyYHJHNHW¹²

%XWpOLiN

$ *RPERF]²0HOLFKIpOH HWLPROyJLDL V]yWiUEDQ OHYŋ PDJ\DUi]DWV]HULQWDQpPHWEXWHOODEXWHOOMH szó át- YpWHOpYHOUpV]LQWSHGLJDKD]DLODWLQIHOKDV]QiOi-ViYDONHOHWNH]HWWDEXWpOLDV]DYXQN(OVŋHPOtWpVD

;9,,,V]i]DGYpJpUŋOV]iUPD]LN¹³$0DJ\DUQ\HOY W|UWpQHWLHWLPROyJLDLV]yWiUiEDQDEXWpOLDPDJ\DUi]D-WDNpQWD]ROYDVKDWyKRJ\DQpPHWHUHGHWťButtel, EXWHOOD EXWWHOMH, ERXWHLOOH DODNYiOWR]iVDNpQW NHUOW D PDJ\DUQ\HOYEHpVEHQEXNNDQIHOHOŋV]|U D N|YHWNH]ŋ PRQGDWEDQ Å$ WRNDML DV]~ V]ŋOŋ ERUQDNEXWpOLiMDµ¹⁴$]HOQHYH]pVHUHGHWHDODSMiQ

EL]WRVUDYHKHWŋKRJ\H]WD]HGpQ\WtSXVWLVQpPHW PHVWHUHN KRQRVtWRWWiN PHJ 0DJ\DURUV]iJRQ

$]HOQHYH]pVPiUD;9,,,V]i]DGHOHMpQLVPHUW YROW $ V]ROGREiJ\L KXWD WHUPpNHLQHN IHOVRUROi-ViEDQ EDQ V]HUHSHO ÅN|WpVHV EXWHOODµ QHYť

YHJHGpQ\DEpOLKXWiEDQLVNpV]OWHN² N|]|WW EXWHOLD QHYť SDODFNRN¹⁵ $ IRUUiVRNEyO V]LQWpQNLGHUOKRJ\H]DWiUROyHGpQ\IpOHVpJN-O|QOHJHVÀQRPERURNWiUROiViUDV]ROJiOW

$EXWpOLiWH]WDJ\DNRULHGpQ\WtSXVWD]RUV]iJ KXWiLQDNW|EEVpJpEHQNpV]tWHWWpN0HJV]OHWpVpW gyakorivá válását annak is köszönhette, hogy az

YHJNpV]tWŋ PHVWHUHN D EXWpOLiN J\iUWiVD VRUiQ D]YHJSDODFNRNIRUPiMiWD]pUWpNHVHEEKi]WDU- WiVRNEDQMREEDQPHJEHFVOWPiUPiUGtV]YHJ-QHN V]iPtWy LJpQ\HVVpJJHO MXWWDWWiN NLIHMH]pVUH pV D IRUPDL V]pSVpJUH YDOy W|UHNYpV PHOOHWW Np-VŋEENO|QE|]ŋGtV]tWPpQ\HNNHOLVHOOiWWiNH]HNHW

$EXWpOLiNIRUPiMDNH]GHWEHQDOLJNO|QE|]KHWHWWD SDODFNYHJHNpWŋO$;9,,,V]i]DGLJLVPHUWKRVV]~

Q\DN~J|PEWHVWťSDODFNWtSXVRNIRUPiMiWIHGH]-KHWMNIHODUHJpFLKXWiNHJ\LNEXWpOLDWtSXViEDQ

$ J|PE|O\ť ODEGDV]HUť WHVWEŋO NLQ|Yŋ KRVV]~

HJ\HQHV Q\DNRQ HOPDUDGKDWDWODQ D NHWWŋV QpKD KiUPDVJ\ťUťDPLWPLQGLJDGtV]tWpVXWiQKHO\H]- WHNHODSDODFNQ\DNiQ$J\ťUťND]HGpQ\EL]WRQ-ViJRVDEE IRJiViW VHJtWHWWpN HOŋ $ NHUHN WDOSSDO YDJ\ WDOS QpONO NpV]OW HGpQ\ iOWDOiEDQ IpO pV ÀJ\HOKHWMN PHJ $] HJ\NRU YHOHQFHLcsipke- vagy PLOOHÀRULüvegHNHQWHOMHVW|NpOHWHVVpJpEHQPHJMHOHQW GtV]tWŋWHFKQLNDRODV]PHVWHUHNN|]YHWtWpVpYHOMXWRWW HO0DJ\DURUV]iJUD$;9,²;9,,V]i]DGEDQPpJ QHPMXWRWWW~OViJRVDQ QDJ\ V]HUHSKH] $]RQEDQ

D;9,,V]i]DGYpJpWŋODPLNRUD]~ULpVSDUDV]W-YHJPLQGLQNiEEHONO|QOWHJ\PiVWyODIRQDODV GtV]tWpVLPyGLVMHOOHP]ŋYpYiOWDSDUDV]WYHJHNHQ PLQWDONDOPD]RWWNHGYHOWIHOOHWGtV]tWpV$J|PE WHVWť]HPSOpQLEXWpOLiNRQDIRQDODNDONDOPD]iVD

XVIII–XIX. századi butéliák.

Észak-Magyarország, zempléni huta MNM Rákóczi Múzeuma, Sárospatak

154

Butélia, 1829.

Dunántúl, Somhegy

Laczkó Dezső Múzeum, Veszprém (Fotó: Oszkó Zsuzsa)

155

Butélia, XVIII. század vége.

Észak-Magyarország, zempléni huta MNM Rákóczi Múzeuma, Sárospatak

156

YiOWR]DWRVDQ W|UWpQW .pV]OKHWWHN D] YHJHGp-Q\HNKH] KDVRQOyDQ V]tQWHOHQ iWWHWV]ŋ YHJEŋO GHOHKHWWHNV]tQHVHNLV$PLQGHQNRPSOLNiOWViJ-WyOPHQWHVHJ\V]HUťGtV]~J\M|WWOpWUHD]HGpQ\HN IHOOHWpQ KRJ\ D NLVVp IHOI~YRWW YHJUH YpNRQ\

YHJIRQDODNDWFVDYDUWDNDPLD]YHJWHOMHVNLI~-YiVD VRUiQ HOQ\~MWRWW IpON|UtYHV PLQWiYi UHQGH-]ŋG|WW D] HGpQ\ WHVWpQ +D D IHOI~YRWW KyO\DJUD KHO\H]HWW YHJIRQDODNDW IHOIHOp YDOy KX]LJiOiVVDO ÅIpVOpVVHOµ HJ\PiVED ROYDV]WRWWiN DNNRU tJ\ D YpJHUHGPpQ\Q\~MWRWWOiQFV]HUťHQHOKHO\H]NHGŋ

PLQWi]DW OHWW .RQFHQWULNXV N|U|NEHQ OiQFV]H-UťHQ NLDODNtWRWW PLQWiN PHOOHWW IJJŋOHJHVHQ pV Yt]V]LQWHVHQ HOKHO\H]YH UiFVRW NpSH]YH LV DODNt-WRWWDN NL GtV]tWPpQ\HNHW $] HGpQ\HN W|EEVpJp-QHN GtV]tWpVpUH WHMYHJV]iODW KDV]QiOWDN V H]HN V]tQWHOHQ iWWHWV]ŋ YHJHNHQ MHOHQQHN PHJ 'H PHJÀJ\HOKHWŋV]tQWHOHQDODSRQOLODSLURVWHMYHJ DODSRQXJ\DQFVDNSLURVSLURVDODSRQViUJDYDJ\

IHKpUIRQiOGtV]LV¹⁶ $]LO\PyGRQGtV]tWHWWEXWpOL-iNPiUULWNiEEDN+DVRQOyNpSSHQULWNDViJV]iPED PHQQHND]RNDJ|PEWHVWť]HPSOpQLEXWpOLiNLV

Butélia, XIX. század eleje. Dunántól, Somhegy Laczkó Dezső Múzeum, Veszprém (Fotó: Oszkó Zsuzsa) Butélia, 1829. Dunántúl, Somhegy

Laczkó Dezső Múzeum, Veszprém (Fotó: Oszkó Zsuzsa)

157 DPHO\HNQpODGtV]tWpVFVDND]YHJV]tQH]pVpEHQ

MHOHQLN PHJ (J\V]HUť SLURV ERUGy NpN OLOD pV EDUQDV]tQťEXWpOLiNPDUDGWDNIHQQGHD]HPOpN-DQ\DJEDQWDUNDPLQWiVLVWDOiOKDWyDPLWVRNV]tQť

|VV]HNHYHUW YHJPDVV]iEyO NpV]tWHWWHN (]HNQpO D]HGpQ\HNQpOD]HJ\PiVEDIRO\yWHMIHKpUSLURV NpNERUGyV]tQHNPiUYiQ\V]HUťHQKDWQDN

$=HPSOpQLKHJ\VpJIDOYDLEDQGHNO|Q|VHQ Ð ÓM pV .|]pSKXWiQ ² PDL N|]LJD]JDWiVL QH- YpQ+iURPKXWD²DIRQiOGtV]tWpVťYHJHNHWÅKD-ERVµYHJHNQHNQHYH]WpN$ÅKDERVµEXWpOLiND ERURVSDODFNRNPHOOHWWDUHJpFLKXWDPiVLNMHOHQ-WŋVWHUPpNIpOHVpJpWNpSYLVHOWpN(]HNHWLV7RNDM +HJ\DOMiQpUWpNHVtWHWWpNHOVŋVRUEDQ$UHQHV]iQV]

t]ť GtV]tWPpQ\ (UGpO\ WHUOHWpQ NtYO HJ\HGO FVDNDUHJpFLKXWiUDYROWMHOOHP]ŋ$IRQiOGtV]HN HOWHUMHGpVpW PLQGHQ EL]RQQ\DO D]RNQDN D] RODV]

PHVWHUHNQHN N|V]|QKHWMN DNLN (UGpO\EHQ D]

YHJNpV]tWpVW PHJKRQRVtWRWWiN $ IRQiOGtV]tWpV NO|QE|]ŋ PHJROGiVDLW HOŋV]|U D ;9,, V]i]DGL HUGpO\LYHJHNHQpU]pNHOKHWMN(GtV]tWŋWHFKQLND UHJpFL PHJKRQRVRGiViUD FVDN D] V]ROJiOKDW PD- J\DUi]DWWDOKRJ\H]DKXWDiOORWWDPDJ\DURUV]i-JL]HPHNN|]ODOHJV]RURVDEENDSFVRODWEDQD]

HUGpO\LYHJJ\iUWiVVDO$IRUUiVRNW|EEV]|UWiMp-NR]WDWQDNDUUyOKRJ\YHJHVHNHUGpO\LKXWiNEyO 5HJpFUHWiYR]WDN7HKiWH]DNDSFVRODWHOVŋVRUEDQ DPXQNiVRNUpYpQMXWRWWNLIHMH]pVUH1DJ\KDWiV- VDOOHKHWHWWDUHJpFLKXWDWHUPHOpVpUHKRJ\N|]H-OpEHQD.iURO\LFVDOiGiOWDODODStWRWWKXWiNYROWDN

$.iURO\LDN²PLQWH]WPiULVPHUWHWWN²UHQG- NtYOVRNDWWHWWHND]RUV]iJNHOHWLUpV]HYHJLSD-UiQDN IHMOHV]WpVH pUGHNpEHQ $PLNRU D UDGYiQ\L XUDGDORPEDQ D ;9,,, V]i]DG PiVRGLN IHOpEHQ KXWiNDW DODStWRWWDN Q\LOYiQYDOyDQ (UGpO\EŋO WH-OHStWHWWHN iW PXQNiVRNDW DNLN LVPHUWpN D IRQiO-GtV]tWpVWHFKQLNiMiWLV$.iURO\LKXWiNN|]HOVpJH

²NO|Q|VHQDUDGYiQ\LXUDGDORP]HPHLQHNEH-]iUiVDXWiQ²N|]YHWHWWIRUPiEDQDV]DNpUWHOPHW PDMG N|]YHWOHQ IRUPiEDQ D PXQNDHUŋXWiQSyW-OiVWEL]WRVtWRWWDDUHJpFLKXWiNQDN

$]HPSOpQLKDERVV]tQťEXWpOLiNKR]KDVRQOyDQ WDOiQ D PDJ\DU SDUDV]WYHJHN OHJV]HEE GDUDEMDL N|]pVRUROKDWyNDVRPKHJ\LEXWpOLiN$%DNRQ\YLGp-NpQLVFVDNSDODFNRNQDNQHYH]LNH]HNHWDFVRGiODWRV NLYLWHOťWiUROyHGpQ\HNHWDPHO\HNEHQMREEPLQŋ-VpJťERURNDWWDUWRWWDN$PtJD]HPSOpQLGDUDERN

között XVIII–XIX. századiak egyaránt megtalál-KDWyNDGGLJDVRPKHJ\LEXWpOLiNG|QWŋW|EEVpJH D]²HVpYHNEHQNpV]OW$]² N|]|WWPťN|GŋVRPKHJ\LKXWDEXWpOLiWIŋNpQWD V]HQWJiOLNLVQHPHVHNYiViUROWiN6]HQWJiOODNyLNL- UiO\LYDGiV]RNYROWDNpVDNLUiO\QDNYDGGDODGy]-WDN$KDJ\RPiQ\V]HULQWYDGiV]DWXWiQNRFVLYDO YLWWpN%pFVEHD]DGyQDNV]iQWYDGDWKiURPV]i]

Q\XODWpVKiURPV]i]VHUHJpO\WEHQDPLNRU

~WOHYpOEHQ EL]WRVtWRWWiN D EpFVL XGYDUL NRQ\Ki-QDN V]iQW YDGiOORPiQ\ YiPPHQWHVVpJpW HEEHQ

Butélia, XVIII. század vége. Észak-Magyarország, zempléni huta MNM Rákóczi Múzeuma, Sárospatak

158

D GRNXPHQWXPEDQ KiURP V]DUYDV GiPYDG Q\~OpVK~URVULJyV]HUHSHOW6]HQWJiOFt-PHUpEHQ NLUiO\L YDGiV] PLYROWXNUD XWDOiVNpSSHQ XJUyV]DUYDVUDO|YŋYDGiV]OiWKDWy(]V]HUHSHOD N|]VpJEŋOV]iUPD]ySHFVpWMpQLV¹⁷$V]HQW JiOLDN UpV]pUH NpV]tWHWW EXWpOLiNRQ J\DNUDQ IHGH]- KHWŋIHODN|]VpJFtPHUpEŋOiWYHWWXJUyV]DUYDVPR-WtYXPDPHO\HW|QPDJiEDQYDJ\DV]DUYDVUDO|Yŋ YDGiVV]DO HJ\WW JUDYtUR]WDN D] HGpQ\HN WHVWpUH .pWIpOHIRUPiM~VRPKHJ\LEXWpOLiWLVPHUQN$]

HJ\LN FVRSRUWED VRUROKDWyN WiUROyUpV]H KDViE IRUPiM~PtJDPiVLNpN~SV]HUť$WiUROyUpV]HN- KH]KRVV]~²NEDWiUROyUpV]PDJDVViJiQDNHJ\-KDUPDGiWNLWHYŋ²Q\DNUpV]FVDWODNR]LN$KDViE WHVWťEXWpOLiNQ\DNUpV]pQ²IRJyJ\ťUťKHO\H]- NHGLNHODPHO\HNHWXWyODJIRUUDV]WRWWDND]YHJ-UH J\DNUDQ NpN V]tQť YHJEŋO NpV]OWHN H]HN D IRJyJ\ťUťN$N~SRVWHVWťEXWpOLiNRQFVDNULWNiQ ÀJ\HOKHWŋPHJDIRJyJ\ťUť$JUDYtUR]RWWGtV]ť VRPKHJ\LEXWpOLiNOHJV]HEEHPOpNHHJ\QDJ\Pp-UHWť IRJyJ\ťUťNNHO HOOiWRWW KDViE WHVWť YHJ¹⁸

$ FP PDJDV HGpQ\ HJ\LN ROGDOiQ XJUy V]DU-YDVUDO|YŋYDGiV]DPiVLNROGDORQSHGLJSLSi]y IpUÀDODNJUDYtUR]RWWNpSHOiWKDWy)HOLUDWDÅeOMHQ

&V0µ$&V0PRQRJUDP&VDSy0LKiO\

YDGiV]EtUy QHYpQHN U|YLGtWpVH $ SLSi]y HPEHU

²OHKHWKRJ\&VDSyXUDPDWDNDUWDD]J\HVNH]ť NLDODNtWRWW PHGDOLRQEDQ NDODSiFV pV KDUDSyIRJy JUDYtUR]RWWNpSHPtJH]]HOV]HPEHQDPiVLNRO-GDORQ V]DODJJDO iWN|W|WW NRV]RU~ N|]|WW Å% 0

9LYDWµIHOLUDWROYDVKDWy$V]HUV]iPRNpV DSDWNROiVLMHOHQHWDODSMiQIHOWpWHOH]KHWŋKRJ\%

0NRYiFVPHVWHUOHKHWHWW$VRPKHJ\LEXWpOLiNRQ QDJ\RQ J\DNUDQ JUDYtUR]RWW pOHWMHOHQHWHN V]HUH- HEEŋO D PHJROGiVEyO IDNDGy W|UpNHQ\HEE YROWD QHKH]HEEIHODGDWRWMHOHQWHWWDJUDYtUR]yPHVWHUHN V]iPiUD$N~SRVWHVWťEXWpOLiNRQW|EEQ\LUHIHO-LUDW pV pYV]iP V]HUHSHO D] LQGiNEyO NDFVRNEyO OHYHOHNEŋOYLUiJRNEyONLDODNtWRWWPHGDOLRQRNEDQ ULWNiEEDQDV]HQWJiOLFtPHUiOODW$V]DEDGRQPD-UDGW IHOOHWHNHW SHGLJ YLUiJRN W|EEQ\LUH WXOLSi-QRNW|OWLNNLVRNV]RU]V~IROWWiERQ\ROXOWWiWpYH DNRPSR]tFLyW3DUDV]WLKDV]QiODWUDV]iQWJUDYtUR-]RWWEXWpOLiNFVDN6RPKHJ\HQNpV]OWHNPLQWH]W DPDJ\DUHPOpNDQ\DJEL]RQ\tWMD

$ EXWpOLiN V]tQHV ]RPiQFIHVWpVVHO YDOy Gt-V]tWpVH (UGpO\EHQ pV )HOVŋ0DJ\DURUV]iJ HJ\HV KXWiLEDQYROWGLYDWRV$PtJ(UGpO\EHQD;9,,, V]i]DGGHUHNiWyONpV]OWHNDODFVRQ\KŋIRNRQV]i-UDGy ]RPiQFIHVWpVVHO GtV]tWHWW EXWpOLiN DGGLJ

N|UQ\pNL KXWiN EXWpOLiLQ ERUGy pV NpN YLUiJRN-EyO GLV]NUpWHQ NLDODNtWRWW PH]ŋEHQ J\DNUDQ YDO-OiVL V]LPEyOXPRN V]HQWHN NpSHL MHOHQQHN PHJ

159

DONDOPD]WiNKLV]HQHJ\V]HUťN|QQ\HQDONDOPD]-KDWyYROW$]HPOpNDQ\DJWDQXOPiQ\R]iVDDODSMiQ DGXQiQW~OLpVD]RUV]iJPiVUpV]HLQNpV]OWEX-ERUpNRV GtV]ť EXWpOLiN N|]|WW HOWpUpV ÀJ\HOKHWŋ PHJ)HOVŋ0DJ\DURUV]iJRQpV(UGpO\EHQNLVHEE N|UDODN~EXERUpNRNDWDODNtWRWWDNNLD]HGpQ\HN WHVWpQD'XQiQW~ORQQDJ\REERYiOLVDODN~]iU-YiQ\RNDW$OpJEXERUpNRVGtV]tWpVKH]KDVRQOyDQ HJ\V]HUťHOMiUiVQDNV]iPtWRWWDEXWpOLiNIRUPiED I~YiVVDOW|UWpQŋGtV]tWpVHLV$]HJ\HVGDUDERNRQ PHJÀJ\HOKHWŋERUGi]DWRNEHQ\RPyGiVRNDIRU-PDKDWiViUDNHOHWNH]HWWRSWLNDLGtV]HNDPHO\HND IDOYDVWDJViJ YiOWR]DWRVViJiQDN OiWV]DWiW NHOWYH D IpQ\pViUQ\pNKDWiVIRNR]iViWVHJtWHWWpNHOŋ 7HMHVpVEHIŋWWHVYHJHN

;9,,V]i]DGYpJpQDODNXOW]DOiQSDWDNLYHJFVťU-EHQLVVRNEHIŋWWHVpVXERUNiVYHJHWNpV]tWHWWHN PLQW H]W D KXWD V]HPpWJ|GUpQHN IHOWiUiVD VRUiQ HOŋNHUOW W|UHGpNHN EL]RQ\tWRWWiN¹⁹ $ ;9,,, V]i]DGPiVRGLNIHOpWŋODWHMHVpVEHIŋWWHVYHJHN NpV]tWpVHiOWDOiQRVViYiOW0DJ\DURUV]iJRQDKD- J\DWpNLOHOWiUDNEDQLVIRO\DPDWRVDQQ\RPRQN|-YHWKHWŋN

$]HPOpNDQ\DJEDQDWHMHVpVEHIŋWWHVYHJHN IRUPiMD KRVV]~ LGHLJ OpQ\HJpEHQ D]RQRV YROW

$IRUPDPHJIHOHOWD%RUQHPLV]D$QQDiOWDOWDOi-OyDQOHtUWW|NIRUPiQDN)HOWHKHWŋHQDJ|PEWHVWť SDODFNRNQ\DNUpV]pQHNEŋYOpVHUpYpQDODNXOWDN NLH]HND]HGpQ\IRUPiN$;9,,,V]i]DGYpJpWŋO ÀJ\HOKHWŋPHJDNpWIpOHHGpQ\WtSXVIRUPiMiQDNN-

O|QYiOiVD$V]pOHVV]iM~N|UWHIRUPiM~EHIŋWWHV-YHJHN IDOD IRNR]DWRVDQ NLHJ\HQHVHGHWW HOŋV]|U DV]iMWyOOHIHOpIRO\DPDWRVDQEŋYOŋIRUPiWYHWW IHOPDMGDQDJ\PpUHWťV]iMQ\tOiVVDOV]LQWHD]RQRV iWPpUŋMťKHQJHUHVWHVWDODNMiEDQYiOWMHOOHP]ŋYp (NNRUD]HGpQ\Q\DNUpV]HPD[FPPDJDVViJ~

YROWpVSHUHPHNLKDMOy$QDSMDLQNEDQLVPHUWEH-IŋWWHVYHJIRUPiMDD;,;V]i]DGN|]HSHWiMiWyO N|YHWKHWŋQ\RPRQpVDJ\iULSDULWHUPpNHOŋiOOt-WiVVRUiQYiOWYpJOHJHVVp

$WHMHVpVEHIŋWWHVYHJHNI~YiVVDOpVIRUPi-ED I~YiVVDO HJ\DUiQW NpV]OWHN $ WHMHVYHJHN ťUPpUHWH QpKiQ\ GHFLOLWHUWŋO ² OLWHULJ WHUMHGW DEHIŋWWHVYHJHNH]HNQpOOpQ\HJHVHQQDJ\REEDN

In document Az üveggyártás kiteljesedése a xvi–xvii. században (Pldal 142-200)