Citation style - WRITING A PAPER

II. Writing

2. Citation

2.2. Citation style

There are many different style manuals, and each has different rules for the style of writing, citation, and overall format used in a paper. [In Hungary, there is no generally accepted, obligatory style; each forum has its guidance for authors] Citations may look different, depending on which citation style you are using but the main content is always the same that aims the full traceability of the source.

So, you may see a colourful variation of solutions for:

 the order of information

o date of publication, name-surname, information on place and printing house,

 the mode of separation of the information elements [dot (.); semicolon (;) comma (,)]

 the font of the names (H.C. Lodge or H.C.LODGE)

 the possibility of usage of abbreviations or everything shall be written out o Oxford University Press or OUP

o Henry Cabot Lodge or H.C. Lodge

 the number of authors allowed: only the first/2 authors are allowed + et al. or all of them o Smith, A. et al.:….: or

 usage of formation (italics, ‘…’, “…”) for titles, journal titles (see: Oxford-style)

 additional information:

o the number of editions [3^rd ed.]

o translated works, if the edition was issued as a translation, translated by…

Hugo Grotius: De Jure Belli ac Pacis Libri Tres. Translated by Francis W. Kelsey, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1925.

In the USA, the most widely expanded styles are the APA, MLA and Chicago.

➢ MLA (Modern Language Association) is for arts and humanities.

➢ APA (American Psychological Association) is designed for technical works found in social sciences.

➢ The Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) is most commonly used by those working in literature, history, and the arts.

4. The difference between APA and MLA styles. Source: https://www.bibliography.com/mla/apa-vs-mla-citation-page/

5. Chicago Manual of Style - examples. Source https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html

In the UK, it is Oxford Style (OSCOLA - Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities)

6. Source: https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/oscola_4th_edn_hart_2012quickreferenceguide.pdf

20 2.3. Types of citation

Footnotes: are listed at the bottom of the page on which a citation is made. A numeral is placed in the text to indicate the cited work and again at the bottom of the page in front of the footnote.

A footnote lists the author, title of work, date, etc. What you include depends on the citation style.

Citation styles using footnotes: Chicago A, OSCOLA, Turabian, ACS

7. Example for footnotes. Fragment from: Mayeur, Coralie: Le pouvoir des États membres en matière de sécurité et défense commune dans l’Union européenne. Jurisdoctoria n° 5, 2010. pp. 88-111.

Endnotes: the same as footnotes just the notes are enlisted at the end of the chapter or the end of the whole work. Citation styles using endnotes: Vancouver, IEEE, AMA, NLM, AAA, ABNT

8. Example for endnotes. Fragment from: Koldo Unceta, Unai Villena, Irati Labaien: The Municipalities' Decentralized Cooperation: The Case of the Basque Country. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Vol. 1, No. 5, 2015, pp. 470-479.

In text-citation (Harvard style): briefly identifies the source of information in the body text. The amount of information given in the parenthetic (name, year, page number like in Chicago style or just name and year APA and MLA style) depends on the style you use.

They correspond to a full reference entry at the end of your paper.

9. Example for in-text citation. Fragement from: Csatlós, Erzsébet: EU ETD: Towards a New Chapter in EU Citizens’ Rights and a Better Administrative Cooperation. International Law Review, 10 (2) 2019. pp. 60-81.

The in-text citation can be placed in parentheses or naturally integrated into a sentence.

• Parenthetical: There is a correlation between social media usage and anxiety symptoms in teenagers (Parker, 2019).

• Narrative: Parker (2019) found a correlation between social media usage and anxiety symptoms in teenagers.

Even if your citation style uses parenthetical citation instead of footnotes, you might choose to include footnotes to provide the reader with supplementary information.

2.4. Special citing rules: Legal norms and texts

Each country has its style and format of naming their legislative texts and public documents. The main rule is to be as transparent and traceable as possible.

However, the reference to international documents and some prominent international organisations or judicial forum has developed their structure of referring to their documents. here are some examples.

2.4.1. International conventions and treaties:

The international conventions and treaties are cited by

 their title,

 the place and date of conclusion

 Reference to treaty series in the following order of preference:

 United Nations Treaty Series (U.N.T.S. or UNTS)

 League of Nations Treaty Series (L.N.T.S./LNTS– before the UNTS);

 Official treaty series of a state involved (e.g. Canada Treaty Series (Can. T.S.),

 United Kingdom Treaty Series (U.K.T.S./UKTS)

 Other sources of international treaties (e.g. International Legal Materials (I.L.M.

or ILM)

 Additional information may be provided at the end of the citation, e.g.

✓ the names of the parties to a multilateral treaty,

✓ the date of entry into force,

✓ the number of ratifications, and

✓ the status of particular countries;

✓ declarative normative acts of a particular country (dualist countries)

✓ popular name [GATT; NAFTA; ICCPR; ECHR…]

The UNTS reference is the generally accepted and most widely expanded form of referring to an international agreement or treaty notified to the Secretary-General of the UN.

For example,

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, 18/04/1961, Vienna, 500 UNTS 95.

Where 500 is the volume number of UNTS and 95 is the number of the page where the convention text starts.

See further examples for citing international agreements below.

10. References to international agreements. Examples taken from: Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation. 6th edition Excepts provided for the benefit of participants in the “The Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition” McGill

Law Journal. Thomson – Carswell, Toronto, 2006. p. 15 (E-127).

As for non-convention documents of an international organization, you shall add as much information as you can read on it:

 the name of the organization and its body (if there is any, like the United Nations Security Council – UN SC)

 the title of the document

 the session when it was adopted

 official publication (if there is any)

 year of publication

 article/point/paragraph

2.4.2. International Court of Justice (ICJ)

The documents contain the mode of their official citation including the page number in the Recueil/Reports.

11. Official citation of ICJ cases. Source: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html?locale=en

2.4.3. European Court of Human Rights

The HUDOC database provides access to the case-law of the Court (Grand Chamber, Chamber and Committee judgments and decisions, communicated cases, advisory opinions and legal summaries from the Case-Law Information Note), the European Commission of Human Rights (decisions and reports) and the Committee of Ministers (resolutions).

From 1 November 1998, the Reports of Judgments and Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights contain a selection of judgments delivered and decisions adopted after the entry into force of Protocol No. 11 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. All judgments and decisions of the Court (except for decisions taken by committees of three judges under Article 28 of the Convention), including those not published in this series, are available in the Court’s case-law database (HUDOC) which is accessible via the Court’s website (http://www.echr.coe.int).

 The form of citation for judgments and decisions published in this series from 1 November 1998 to the end of 2007 follows the pattern:

name of the case (in italics), the application number, paragraph number (for judgments), an abbreviation of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), year and number of the volume.

p. ex. Campbell v. Ireland, no. 45678/98, § 24, ECHR 1999-II.

 From the beginning of 2008 to the end of 2015, there is no volume number (e.g., ECHR 2008, ECHR 2009, etc.).

In the absence of any indication to the contrary, the cited text is a judgment on the merits delivered by a Chamber of the Court. Any variation from that is added in brackets after the name of the case:

 “(Dec.)” for a decision on admissibility,

 “(just satisfaction)” for a judgment concerning only just satisfaction,

 “(revision)” for a judgment concerning revision,

 “(interpretation)” for a judgment concerning the interpretation,

 “(striking out)” for a judgment striking the case out, or

 “(friendly settlement)” for a judgment concerning a friendly settlement.

 “[GC]” is added if the judgment or decision has been given by the Grand Chamber of the Court.

See more here.

2.4.4. EU law

The Official Journal of the European Union (OJ) is the main source of EUR-Lex content. It is published daily (from Monday to Friday regularly, on Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays only in urgent cases) in the official languages. There are 2 series:

→ L (legislation)

→ C (information and notices)

See more on the EUR-lex and the numbering system here.

12. Method of assigning legal materials. See: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/help/faq/intro.html#top

Effective 1 July 2013, the electronic edition of the OJ (e-OJ) is authentic and produces legal effects.

The numbering and referencing of documents published before 1 January 2015 or in a series other than the L series of the OJ do not change. The only element affected by the change is the number assigned by the Publications Office; other elements in the title remain unchanged. CELEX numbers (document identifiers used in the EUR-Lex database) continue to be built in the same way, based on the components of the number assigned by the Publications Office. For more information on CELEX numbers, see http://eurlex.europa.eu/content/help/faq/intro.html#top.

Special cases

1. The new numbering does not apply to certain documents such as:

▪ international agreements and information on the date of their entry into force;

▪ corrigenda.

These documents remain unnumbered.

Office at the moment of their publication in the OJ and a number previously assigned by the author:

▪ ECB legal acts and instruments, for example, Decision (EU) 2015/33 of the European Central Bank … (ECB/2015/1)

▪ Political and Security Committee decisions, for example, Political and Security Committee Decision (CFSP) 2015/258 … (EUBAM Libya/1/2015)

The number assigned by the Publications Office to the following documents will not contain the domain element and will be placed at the end of the title in square brackets:

▪ acts adopted by bodies created by international agreements, for example, Decision No 2/2015 of the ACP–EU Committee of Ambassadors … [2015/45]

▪ acts adopted within the framework of the European Economic Area (EEA), for example, Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No 58/2015 … [2015/100]

▪ acts adopted within the framework of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), for example, Decision of the EFTA Surveillance Authority No 02/10/COL … [2015/101]

▪ regulations of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE), for example, Regulation No 28 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) … [2015/46]

a) Method of citing EU legal sources: OJ via EUR-lex

Check the website of the EU: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html?locale=en

13. EUR-Lex. Opening page. Source: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html?locale=en

b) Method of citing caselaw: ECLI via EUR-lex

A European Case-Law Identifier (ECLI) is intended to provide an unambiguous reference to both national and European case-law and to define a minimum set of uniform metadata for case-law. It thus facilitates the consultation and citation of case-law in the European Union.

The ECLI is composed of the following four mandatory elements, in addition to the prefix ‘ECLI’:

• the code corresponding to the Member State of the court or tribunal concerned or to the European Union where it is an EU Court;

• the abbreviation corresponding to the court or tribunal which delivered the decision;

• the year of the decision;

• an ordinal number of a maximum of 25 alphanumeric characters, in a format decided by each Member State or by the supranational court or tribunal concerned. The ordinal number may not contain any punctuation marks other than full stops (‘.’) or colons (‘:’), the latter separating the components of an ECLI.

Following the recommendation of the Council that the Court of Justice of the European Union adopts the European Case-Law Identifier system, the Court has assigned an ECLI to all decisions delivered by the Courts of the European Union since 1954 and to the Opinions and Views of the Advocates General.¹

For example, the ECLI of the judgment of the Court of Justice of 12 July 2005, Schempp (C-403/03), is: ‘EU: C:2005:446’.

This is broken down as follows:

• ‘EU’ indicates that it is a decision delivered by one of the Courts of the European Union (for decisions of national courts or tribunals, the code corresponding to the relevant Member State will appear instead of ‘EU’);

• ‘C’ indicates that this decision was delivered by the Court of Justice (decisions delivered by the General Court would be indicated by the letter ‘T’ and those of the Civil Service Tribunal by ‘F’);

• ‘2005’ indicates that the decision was delivered in 2005;

• ‘446’ indicates that it is the 446^th ECLI assigned in respect of the year in question.

The method of citing the case-law adopted by the Court of Justice of the European Union combines the ECLI with the usual name of the decision and the case number in the register. It has gradually been brought into use by each EU Court/Tribunal since the first half of 2014 and was harmonised as between the Courts of the European Union in 2016.

1 Council conclusions of 29 April 2011 inviting the introduction of the European Case Law Identifier (ECLI) and a minimum set of uniform metadata for case law (OJ 2011 C 127, p. 1).

14. Explanation of CJEU referencing. Source: https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/P_126035/en/

3. Quotation

The primary function of quotation marks is to set off and represent exact language (either spoken or written) that has come from somebody else. The quotation mark is also used to designate speech acts in fiction and sometimes poetry. Since you will most often use them when working with outside sources, successful use of quotation marks is a practical defence against accidental plagiarism and excellent practice in academic honesty. However, the use of quotation shall be reduced to the minimum, most necessary level and where appropriate, otherwise, your work is a patchwork instead of own ideas. Paraphrasing and involving other ideas in your work with your own words is a better practice for most of the time.

However, there are some basic rules when you wish to rely on word-by-word use of other peoples’

work:

 Quotation marks always come in pairs. Do not open a quotation and fail to close it at the end of the quoted material. The format of the quotation mark varies in different languages.

o In English, it is:

"The alien spaceship appeared right before my own two eyes."

o In a Hungarian text it would look like:

„The alien spaceship appeared right before my own two eyes.”

o In a French text:

« The alien spaceship appeared right before my own two eyes. »

 Capitalize the first letter of a direct quote when the quoted material is a complete sentence.

"The alien spaceship appeared right before my own two eyes."

Do not use a capital letter when the quoted material is a fragment or only a piece of the original material's complete sentence.

Although Mr Johnson has seen odd happenings on the farm, he stated that the spaceship

"certainly takes the cake" when it comes to unexplainable activity.

If a direct quotation is becoming a part of your sentence, but it was an independent sentence in the original work, you shall modify the sentence beginner capital letter and notify the change by the usage of […]

It was clear from this moment that “[t]he centre…of American jurisprudence has changed.”

Or vica versa, if the quotation is the first part of your sentence: “[A] mixed question of fact and law” must be appealable.”

In all the examples above, note how the period or comma punctuation always comes before the final quotation mark. It is important to realise also that when you are using MLA or some other form of documentation, this punctuation rule may change.

 When quoting text with a spelling or grammar error, you should transcribe the error exactly in your text. However, also insert the term sic in italics directly after the mistake, and enclose it in brackets. Sic is from the Latin, and translates to "thus," "so," or "just as that." The word tells the reader that your quote is an exact reproduction of what you found, and the error is not your own.

Mr Johnson says of the experience, "It's made me reconsider the existence of extraterestials [sic]." – extraterrestrials (spelling mistake)

 If the original quote is too long and you feel not all the words are necessary for your paper, you may omit part of the quote. Replace the missing words with an ellipsis.

Original Quote: The quarterback told the reporter, "It's quite simple. They played a better game, scored more points, and that's why we lost."

Omitted Material: The quarterback told the reporter, "It's quite simple. They . . . scored more points, and that's why we lost."

Make sure that the words you remove do not alter the basic meaning of the original quote in any way. Also, ensure that the quote's integration and missing material still leave a grammatically correct sentence.

 When you have a longer quotation (usually, more than 4 rows), it shall be structured as an individual block (new row, usually with some indention on both sides, so it is

distinguished from the flowing text), like this:

15. Indent paragraphs. Source: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/word/word_indent_paragraphs.htm

 If the context of your quote might be unclear, you may add a few words to provide clarity. Enclose the added material in brackets.

Added Material: The quarterback told the reporter, "It's quite simple. They [the other team] played a better game, scored more points, and that's why we lost."

 Use single quotation marks to enclose quotes within another quotation.

The reporter told me, "When I interviewed the quarterback, he said they simply 'played a better game.'"

 Quotation marks may additionally be used to indicate words used ironically or with some reservation.

The great march of "progress" has left millions impoverished and hungry.

Do not use quotation marks for words used as words themselves. In this case, you should use italics.

The English word nuance comes from a Middle French word meaning "shades of colour."

 Never forget to give the reference to the source of your quotation (footnote/endnote/in-text citation)!

35 4. Using tables, and figures

Visual material such as tables and figures can be used quickly and efficiently to present a large amount of information to an audience, but visuals must be used to assist communication, not to use up space, or disguise marginally significant results behind a screen of complicated statistics.

Ask yourself this question first: Is the table or figure necessary? For example, it is better to present simple descriptive statistics in the text, not in a table.

Because tables and figures supplement the text,

 refer in the text to all tables and figures used and

 explain what the reader should look for when using the table or figure. Focus only on the important point the reader should draw from them and leave the details for the reader to examine on their

 number all tables sequentially as you refer to them in the text (Table 1, Table 2, etc.), likewise for figures (Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.). Abbreviations, terminology, and probability level values must be consistent across tables and figures in the same article. Likewise, formats, titles, and headings must be consistent. The format, the order and placing of information (the title of the illustration, source of the illustration) varies according to authors’ guidance and citation style.

In document WRITING A PAPER (Pldal 16-0)