WEED KNOWLEDGE
Dr. Nádasyné dr. Ihárosi Erzsébet PhD associate professor Nagy Viktor PhD student
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
Topics
Annual weeds
– Therophyte life cycle T1 – Therophyte life cycle T2 – Therophyte life cycle T3 – Therophyta life cycle T4 Perennial weeds
- G1 with modified underground shoots → stolon or rhizome
- G3 with creeping roots.
- H3 with short root-stock
Short live cycle
Low vegetative surface, shallow roots
Germination in autumn
Optimal germination temperature 10-14°C.
Wintering with seedling or rosette
Therophyta T1
• Common name: White Bird's-eye, Winter-weed
• Annual or hardy-annual, seed-propagated weed often covering the ground with a thick canopy in spring. Frequent on good, friable humus-rich, nitrogen-rich soils well-supplied with water.
Chickweed (Stellaria media)
5
• Germination period:
- All year round.
- Optimal germination seed depth 1-2 cm.
• Cotyledons:
- The colour is light green and tall, situated on a relatively long hypocotyle, with pointed lance shape.
• Foliage leaves:
-Decussate, small, pointed-ovate, tip often dot-shaped black, lower leaves hairy petiolate.
• Stem:
- Usually prostrate, 5-30 cm long, round, one row of hairs, developing nodal adventive roots.
Chickweed (Stellaria media)
• Common name:
- Pickpocket, Lady's purse, Pick purse, Pepper-and-salt
• Annual or hardy-annual, seed-propagated weed with
morphologically variable, spindle-shaped tap root.
We can find on all soil types, but prefers friable soil.
Shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris)
7
• Germination period:
- Almost all year round, especially autumn.
Surface germinator.
• Cotyledons:
- Oblong-oval, very small, short-stemmed, prostrate.
• Foliage leaves:
- Seedling with heterogene leaf-rosette; following leaves oblong, dentate or sinuately lobed to deeply incised, all
petiolate; stalk leaves lanceolate, often undivided, saggitate sessile.
Shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris)
• Stem:
- Erect, simple or projectingly ramified, up to 50 cm high.
• Flower:
- Small, white, in terminal, corymbose-racemous inflorescence
• Flowering period:
- Almost all year round.
• Seeds per plant: 2000 – 40000
Shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris)
9
• Annual or hardy-annual, seed-propagated weed with deep
taproot. Frequent on sound, nutrient-rich, well-aerated lighter, sandy loam soils.
Henbit dead-nettle (Lamium amplexicaule)
• Germination period:
- Usually autumn, but also spring.
Shallow germinator.
• Cotyledons:
- See red dead-nettle, tips at the base usually not touching each other.
• Foliage leaves:
-Decussate, round-reniform, lower leaf pairs wide apart from each- other, long-stemmed, upper leaves enclosing the stem, all reticulately wrinkled, margin deeply notched.
Henbit dead-nettle (Lamium amplexicaule)
11
• Stem:
- Erect, 10-20 cm high, ramified below, square, in cross- section, upwards softly haired.
• Flower:
- Pink to carmine, in dense axillary whorls.
• Flowering period:
- All year round with mild weather.
• Seeds per plant:
- 40-300
Henbit dead-nettle (Lamium amplexicaule)
• Common name: Deaf nettle, French nettle
• Annual or hardy-annual, stinking, seed propagated weed, shallow rooting. Almost all soils, particularly on well-
aerated, chalky loams with adequate water supply.
Red dead-nettle (Lamium purpureum)
13
• Germination period:
- All year round, especially autumn.
• Cotyledons:
- Small, round-oval, with slightly obtuse tip, petiolate, base with overlapping tips
• Foliage leaves:
- Opposite, petiolate, cordate, unequally notched at the margin, soft-haired, wrinkled, markedly veined, upper leaves often reddish-splotched
Red dead-nettle (Lamium purpureum)
• Stem:
- Erect to ascending, up to 25 cm high, square, bushily ramified, upwards red-splotched.
• Flower:
- Purple-red, in thyrsoid axillary (false-) whorls.
• Flowering period:
- All year round.
• Seed per plant:
- 60-300
Red dead-nettle (Lamium purpureum)
15
• Annual or hardy-annual, tuft-forming, schrubby panicle grass.
Frequent on slightly moist, nitrogen-rich soils.
Annual meadow-grass (Poa annua)
Very common in all arable areas especially on acid soils. It is not particularly competitive however but in wetter areas may cause harvesting difficulties.
• Germination period:
- Nearly all year round.
• Cotyledon:
- Tender, somewhat more vigorous than the silky-bent.
• Foliage leaves:
- Light green with boat-shaped tip. Blade often crinkled or puckered, hairless. It is slightly keeled, with 'tramlines' and is folded in shoot.
Annual meadow-grass (Poa annua)
17
• Culms:
- Bushily ramified, evenly ascending, often developing roots at the joints, 5-25 cm high.
• Flowering period:
- Nearly all year round.
• Seeds per plant: 100-800
• Inflorescence:
- Spikelets with several or many blossoms (3-7), oblong-ovate, in loose up to 8 cm long, spreading panicle with spread-apart ramifications; empty glumes shorter than the spikelet, non- aristated
• Ligule: - Medium: 2-5mm. Roundly pointed and serrated.
• Auricles: - Absent
Annual meadow-grass (Poa annua)
• Annual or hardy-annual, seed-propagated weed with cone-shaped root.
• Primarily on fresh, friable, moist, humus-rich, nitrogen- rich soils.
• Nitrogen and nutrient indicator.
Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris)
19
• Germination period:
- Nearly all year round. Shallow germinator.
• Cotyledons:
- Small, linear-lanceolate, with rounded tip, tapered at the base, entire, underside
sometimes purple.
• Foliage leaves:
- Glossy dark green, initially spatulate, petiolate and dentate, later leaves irregularly lobed to pinnatifid, upper leaves stem-clasping.
Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris)
• Stem:
- Usually erect and heavily ramified, up to 40 cm high, reddish.
• Inflorescence:
- Flower heads small, yellow, standing in clusters; involucre cylindrical,
single-rowed, tubular floret.
• Flowering period:
- Spring – autumn.
• Seeds per plant:
- 1400-7200
Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris)
21
• Over-wintering, more rarely annual seed-propagated weed, dependent on light.
• Prefers friable, nutrient-rich, loamy sands to chalky loams.
Ivy-leaved speedwell (Veronica hederifolia)
• Germination period:
- Autumn (root crops).
• Cotyledons:
- Strong and thick, oval, markedly petiolate, petiole haired.
• Foliage leaves:
- Cordate to orbicular-triangular, three- to seven-lobed, haired, petiolate, first stem leaves with few and slight incisions
• Stem:
- Prostrate, more seldom ascending, heavily ramified at the base, loosely haired, up to 30 cm long.
Ivy-leaved speedwell (Veronica hederifolia)
23
• Flower:
- Small, 2-3 mm broad, single on rather long peduncles in the leaf axils, light blue to lilac; calyx in four segments.
• Flowering period:
- Spring
• Seed per plants:
- 200-300
Ivy-leaved speedwell (Veronica hederifolia)
• Common Names: Large bird's-eye
Annual, seed-propagated weed that forms many shoots if the soils is well-supplied with nitrogen.
Prefers humus-rich, nutrient-rich loams.
Nitrogen consumer.
Common field-speedwell (Veronica persica)
25
• Germination period:
- Spring, under good conditions all year round. Dependent on lights.
• Cotyledons:
- Spatulate to triangular, rounded at the top, short leaf-stalk.
• Foliage leaves:
- Broad-ovate, nearly cordate at the base,
regularly notched at the margin with rounded lobelets, sparse projecting hairs, short-stemmed.
• Stem:
- Creeping to ascending, single or ramified, ruffly haired, up to 40 cm high.
Common field-speedwell (Veronica persica)
• Flower:
- Large (8-12 mm), sky-blue, with yellowish throat, single in the axils on long peduncles.
• Flowering period:
- Early spring – summer.
• Seeds per plant: - 50-100
Common field-speedwell (Veronica persica)
27
Therophyte
Annual weeds
Germination is autumn (November) or early spring
Optimal germination temperature 4-18°C.
Wintering with seedling or seed
Life cycle adapted to cereals
Therophyte T
2In parts of Europe such as the Hungary and UK, intensive mechanised farming has put the plant at risk and it is now uncommon or local. This is partly due to increased use of herbicides but probably much more to do with changing patterns of agriculture with most wheat now sown in the autumn as winter wheat and then harvested before any corncockle would have flowered or set seed.
Corncockle (Agrostemma githago)
• Germination period:
- Autumn, more rarely spring.
• Cotyledons:
- Vigorous, large, broad oval, decussate orientation, tapering toward the petiole, with recognizable midrib.
• Foliage leaves:
- Slender-lanceolate, pointed, lower leaves dentate, tapered toward the petiole, upper leaves entire, sesile, all tomentose.
Corncockle (Agrostemma githago)
31
• Stem:
- Thin, anguler, erect, squarrosely
ramified at the top, tomentose, up to 70 cm high.
• Flower:
- Dichasium, disk florets violet blue to red violet;
• Seed per plant: - 700-1600
Corncockle (Agrostemma githago)
• Common Names: Red weed, Field poppy, Corn rose, Cock's comb, Headache
Annual or hardy-annual, many-formed, roughly-haired, lacteal, seed-propagated weed tap-root.
Primarily lime-rich, loamy to clayey soils.
Corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas)
33
• Germination period:
- Autumn, also spring; light-dependent, shallow germinating.
• Cotyledons:
- Long, slender, linear, prostrate.
Seedling with heterogene leaf-rosette.
• Foliage leaves:
- First leaves (2-3) ovate, acuminate,
entire, petiolate, hairless; later leaves notched, bristly initially rosette-shaped, later oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, upper leaves usually tripartite, sesille.
• Stem:
- Erect, several stalks, with stiff projecting hairs, up to 60 cm
Corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas)
• Flower:
- Large, tender, single with four bright red petals often darkly spotted at the base, nodding before blooming.
• Flowering period:
- Summer Fruit:
- Dehiscing capsule
• Seed per plant:
- 10000 - 20000
Corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas)
35
Usually hardy-annual, seed-propagated weed with spindle- shaped taproot.
Prefers light, friable, sandy loams, but can also grow on marly and clayey soils
• Germination period:
- Autumn, more rarely spring.
• Cotyledons:
- Vigorous, large, broad oval, tapering, with recognizable midrib.
Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
TÁMOP-4.1.2.A/2-10/1-2010-0012
• Germination period:
- Autumn, more rarely spring.
• Cotyledons:
- Vigorous, large, broad oval, tapering toward the petiole, with recognizable midrib.
• Foliage leaves:
- Slender-lanceolate, pointed, lower leaves dentate, tapered toward the petiole, upper leaves entire, sesile, all tomentose.
• Stem:
- Thin, anguler, erect, squarrosely ramified at the top, tomentose, up to 70 cm high.
Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
37
• Flower head:
- Single, terminal, ray florets blue, seldom white or reddish, dentate, disk florets violet blue to red violet; involucre ovate with black-brown edged involucral leaves.
• Flowering period:
- Summer – autumn
• Seed per plant: 700-1600
Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus)
• Common Names: Ariff, Goosegrass, Herrif, Sticky-willy, Robin- run-the-hedge, Beggar's lice, Bur, Scratch grass, Cliver
Annual or hardy-annual, climbing, seed-propagated weed, rough and sticky.
Fertile, nutrient-rich, humus-rich soils including fresh loamy and clayey soils.
Cleavers (Galium aparine)
39
• Germinating period:
- Autumn – spring.
- Seed germination depth usually shalow, but can germinate from 10 cm depth.
• Cotyledons:
- Fleshy, coarse, long-oval, blue-green, with retracted tip.
• Foliage leaves:
- Lanceolate, broad in front, tapered at the base, in whorls of 4-8 at the stem joins, with downward-pointing prickles.
• Stem:
- Prostrate or climbing, up to 120 cm long, quadrangular, ramified, angles with downward-pointing climbing hairs.
Cleavers (Galium aparine)
• Flower:
-Thyrsoid panicle, small, whitish, fourfold, in 2-5 axillary- blossomed cymes, upper peduncles usually tri-blossomed.
• Flowering peroid:
- End of spring – autumn
• Seeds per plant:
- 100-500.
Cleavers (Galium aparine)
41
• Annual or hardy-annual, seed-propagated weed with atypica chamomille smell. Primarily on nutrient-rich, low lime to lime- free, clayey or sandy soil
• Matricaria recutita or German chamomile, also spelled camomile.
• Synonyms are: Chamomilla chamomilla, Chamomilla recutita Matricaria chamomilla, and Matricaria suaveolens.
• Common names: wild chamomile, Hungarian chamomile, pineapple weed
Scented mayweed (Matricaria recutita)
• Germination period:
- Autumn – spring. Surface germinator (up to 0,5cm depth)
• Cotyledons:
- Long oval to broad oval,
acuminate decurrent at the front, unpetiolate.
• Foliage leaves:
- Primary leaves singly pinnafitid, hairless or sparsley haired;
stem leaves di- or tripinnatifid with slender, fillamentous pinnae.
• Stem:
- Erect or ascending, usually branchily ramified, hairless, up to 40 (50) cm high.
Scented mayweed (Matricaria recutita)
43
• Flower:
- Capitulum single, with yellow disk florets and white margin florets. Receptacle connate, hollow,
hairless, without paleae.
• Flowering period:
- Late spring – summer.
• Seeds per plant:
- 1000 – 10000
Scented mayweed (Matricaria recutita)
• Annual or hardy-annual seed-propagated weed with spindle- shaped root and slight chamomile scent. Prefers lighter sandy low lime loams. An idicator of soil acidification.
• Anthemis arvensis, which is also known as corn chamomile or mayweed, scentless chamomile.
Corn chamomile (Anthemis arvensis)
45
• Germination period:
- Autumn – spring. Surface germinator.
• Cotyledons:
- Very small, broad oval, light green, sessile, prostrate.
• Foliage leaves:
- Usually multi-pinnafitid with broad, linear-lanceolate, undivided or doubly to triply dentate tips, softly haired.
• Stem:
- Erect, usually ramified, often lightly haired, up to 50 cm high.
Corn chamomile (Anthemis arvensis)
• Flower:
- Heads single, with yellow disk florets and white ray florets;
receptacle conical toward the end of the flower, filled with pulp.
• Flowering period:
- Early summer – autumn.
• Seeds per plant:
- 1000 - 10000
Corn chamomile (Anthemis arvensis)
47
• Usually hardy-annual, more seldomly, annual, strongly
tillering, close-clustered growing pannicle grass. Light, fresh soils, an indicator of lime deficiency.
• Common name:
- Wind grass
Loose silky-bent (Apera spica-venti)
• Germination period:
- Autumn, but also spring. Light germinator, 1 cm deep at most.
• Cotyledon:
- Slender, corkscrew-spiralling.
• Foliage leaves:
- Flat, rough, corn screw-twisted; no auricles; ligules finely incised with regularity of depth.
• Culms:
Erect or geniculately ascending, 30 – 120 cm high.
Loose silky-bent (Apera spica-venti)
49
• Inflorence:
Single-flowered spikelets in large, open and very diffuse panicles that spread branchlike toward the flower, lemma
rough, aristate (aristas srtaight, 3-4 times as long as the glume.
• Flowering period: summer
• Seeds per plant: 1000 – 12000
Loose silky-bent (Apera spica-venti)
• Annual or hardy-annual, tuft-forming,dense panicle. Prefers medium to heavy chalky, fresh to somewhat moist soil.
• Common names:
- Alopecurus myosuroides also known as Slender Meadow Foxtail, Black-Grass, Twitch Grass, Black Twitch.
Black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides)
53
• Germination period:
Autumn – spring, primarily autumn;
Seed depth down to 10 cm.
• Cotyledon:
Tender, corkscrew-spiralling, ofteb dark violett on the base, leaf blade slender, hairless.
• Foliage leaves:
Slender, sharp-margined, hairless, striated, no auricles, ligule long, coarsely and irregularly dentate.
• Culms:
Erect, up to 50 cm high.
Black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides)
• Inflorence:
Single-blossemd spikelets in slender, often red-splotched inflorescence (spike) up to 8 cm long, tapering at both ends.
• Flowering period:
Early summer.
• Seeds per plant:
40 – 400
Black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides)
55
• Annual or hardy-annual, seed-propagated weed with fibrous root and heavily ramified growth. On moderately acidic,
poorly-aerated, chalky loams.
• Common names:
Corn Buttercup, Devil-on-all-sides, Scratch Bur
Corn buttercup (Ranunculus arvensis)
• Germination period:
- End of winter – spring, more seldom autumn. Seed depth about 0.5cm.
• Cotyledons:
- Large, vigorous, glossy, round-oval to oblong-oval, short- stemmed.
• Foliage leaves:
– Primary leaves in heterogene rosette appears alone,
three-pointed, following leaves deeply
divided with slender, linear tips divided two or three times.
Corn buttercup (Ranunculus arvensis)
57
• Stem:
– Erect, ramified, nearly hairless, up to 60 cm high.
• Flower:
Small, single, terminal, pale yellow, five-leaved; sepals green, adjacent to spread-apart.
• Flowering period:
Summer.
• Seeds per plant (spined nucule): 200 – 300
Corn buttercup (Ranunculus arvensis)
• Hardy-annual, sometimes annual, shrubbily ramified, seed- propagated grass weed.
• Nitrogen-rich loamy soils.
• Bromus secalinus is a species of bromegrass known as rye brome.
Rye brome (Bromus secalinus)
59
• Germination period:
– Autumn, spring.
• Foliage leaves:
– Yellow-green, 10-15cm long, leaf blades spirally twisted, leaf sheaths hairless and usually closed. Ligule short, dentate.
• Culms: Stiff, smooth, softly haired at the nodes. 30-100 cm high.
• Flower: Spikelets oblong, with 8-15 flowers, in loose, erect, later hanging panicles, lemmas often rolled up at maturity.
• Flowering period: End of spring – autumn.
• Seeds per plant: 800 – 1600
Rye brome (Bromus secalinus)
• Annual or hardy annual, seed-propagated grass weed forming loose tufts. Damp to moist but friable (free-draining) soils.
• Bromus sterilis is a species of bromegrass known as barren brome, poverty brome, and sterile brome.
• Germination period: Spring and autumn.
• Foliage leaves: 5-25cm long, light green to purple, leaf blade haired, glossy underneath,
leaf sheath haired and closed, youngest leaf rolled, leaves withuot auricles; ligule large, white, and deeply fringed.
Barren brome (Bromus sterilis)
61
• Culms:
Erect, completely hairless, smooth, at the very top sometimes rough, 20-80 cm high.
• Flower:
Spikelets large, spatulate, with numerous flowers, flower with very long dorsal arista attached high; single loose, hanging
panicle as inflorescence.
Barren brome (Bromus sterilis)
• Annual or hardy-annual, seed propagated weed greatly varying in height, flower colour and flower size.
• Especially on light, sandy to medium soils.
• It is native to Europe, western Asia, and North Africa, and it is known on other continents as an introduced species and a weed of disturbed and cultivated areas.
Field pansy (Viola arvensis)
63
Germination period:
All years round.
Seed depth: 0.5-1 cm.
• Cotyledons:
– Round-ovate, short-stemmed, with retracted tip.
• Foliage leaves:
– Sperse, notched on the margin, lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually tapering into the petiole, upper leaves oblong-lanceolate,
short-stemmed; all with pinnafitid stipules at the base.
• Stem: Ascending or erect, usually ramified, 10-60 cm high.
• Flower: Single, long-pedunculated, axillary, with five petals (light yellow, whitish, pink to violet)
– Flowering period: Nearly all year round.
• Seeds per plant: 150 – 3000
Field pansy (Viola arvensis)
Therophyte T
3Annual weeds
Therophyta T3
Big vegetative surface,
Deep roots
Seed ripening in summer
Optimal germination temperature 8-14°C.
Annual weed
• Malicious weed among oats and others spring crops, less often winter crops, gardens and kitchen gardens.
• Practically does not contaminate tilled crops.
• Causes soil dryness and provides an environment for diseases and pests (Frit fly, nematode, smut).
Spring wild oat (Avena fatua)
67
• Germination period:
Spring, germination from a depth of down to 20 cm.
Seeds germinate after hibernation.
Sprouting occurs both at low (5-8°C) and high (20-30°C) temperatures.
Germinating ability is maintained over 15 years.
• Cotyledon:
Strong, deep green
Spring wild oat (Avena fatua)
• Foliage leaves:
Linear, youngest leaf rolled, deep green, especially the young leaves without aricules;
leaf sheaths and leaf blade margins ciliate underneath, leaves otherwise hairless.
Culms: Wild-oat is 30-150cm.
• Ligule: Fairly long: 6 - 8mm. Rounded.
• Auricles: Absent.
• Inflorence:
Spikelets usually with 2-3 florets, hanging, in free-standing, panicle-shaped inflorescences (twigs sticking out almost at right angles); all flowers with long, dark, geniculate arista.
Flowering period: Summer.
• Seeds per plant:
One plant bears up to 500 seeds.
Evidently heterocarpous.
Spring wild oat (Avena fatua)
69
• Common Names: Yellow charlock, Karlock, Brassics, Cadlock, Carlic, Corn mustard, Wild mustard
• S.arvensis is a pernicious segetal weed of spring crops,
especially cereals of Chernozem regions of steppe and forest- steppe zones; sometimes it is found in vegetable gardens, in young fallows and sod fields, along roads, in abandoned
places.
Charlock (Sinapis arvensis)
• Germination period: spring.
Minimum temperature for seed germination is 2-4°C;
optimum is 14-20°C.
Fresh seeds germinate poorly because of their dormancy.
Seeds germinate from depths of no more than 5-6 cm;
their viability is maintained in soil for up to 10 years.
Seeds partly keep their germinability while passing through the digestive system of animals.
• Cotyledons:
Vigorous, inverse-cordate,
petiolate, strongly sinuate at the tip.
Charlock (Sinapis arvensis)
71
• Foliage leaves:
Lower leaves petiolate, lobed, or sinuate-dentate, nearly
lyreformed, upper leaves ovate-oblong, only shortly stemmed to sessile, irregulary dentate, usually undivided.
Stem:
Erect, with ramified branches especially at the top, roughly haired below, up to 60 cm high.
• Flower:
Flowers are actinomorphic, consisting of four components;
yellow petals are situated crosswise, twice as large as sepals.
• Seeds per plant:
Maximum productivity is up to 20000 seeds.
Charlock (Sinapis arvensis)
• Common Names: Rounch, Jointed charlock, Kedlock, White charlock
• Wild Radish, Raphanus raphanistrum, is a flowering plant in the family
Brassicaceae. Native to Asia, it has been introduced into most parts of the world.
Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)
73
• Germination period:
Spring, seed depth 1-2 cm.
Minimum temperature of seed germination is 2-4°C.
Seeds germinate best from depths of no more than 3-4 cm, and seed remains viable in soil for 10 or more years.
• Cotyledons:
Vigorous, broad, hearth-shaped, tip very retracted, long- stemmed.
Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)
• Foliage leaves:
Lyre-shaped pinnatifid, with ovate, irregularly dentate lobes, side lobes increasing in size toward the tip, end lobes very large; upper leaves lanceolate, not lobed.
• Stem: erect, ramified, with spread-apart or downward-pointed hairs, up to 60 cm high.
• Flower:
Attractive four-petalled flowers 15-20 mm across and varying in colour, usually from white to purple. The blue-purple
venation of petals is differential characteristic. In clusters of few blossoms; sepals erect, adjacent to the floral leaves.
Flowering period: May-September, bears fruits in July-October.
• Seeds per plant: Maximum productivity is up to 2500 seeds.
Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum)
75
Annual weeds
Therophyta T
4Optimal germination temperature 18-30°C.
Big sized plants
Seed ripening in summer, or late summer
Overwintering by seeds, plant die by autumn frost
Weeds of wide row crops, stubble fields, ruderals
Malicious, noxious, difficulty of controll weeds
Annual weeds
• Common names: China Jute, Buttonweed, Butterprint or Indian Mallow
• Widely widespread weed plant in irrigation cultures.
• Litters crops of a cotton, millet, flax, tilled cultures.
• Measures of struggle: clearing of a sowing material, Interrow processing, processing by herbicides before growth of shoots.
• Cultivated for a long time to manufacture coarse fibers for sacking, cord, cordage, hammocks, fishing nets etc.
• The fibre is rather strong, water proof, whitish-gray, but rough and fragile.
• Seeds of the China Jute are rather rich in fat oil.
Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
• Germination period:
Spring.
• Cotyledons:
Inverse cordate, long-stemmed, entire, dull light green
Root stalky.
• Foliage leaves:
Leaves alternate, with long petioles, wide-ovoid, dentate,
cordate at base, drawn-out at apex, gently sloping-crenate, to 15 cm in length, velvety because of dense stellate pubescent hair
Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
79
• Stem:
Stem straight, cylindrical, simple or branchy above, with dense glandular hairs in upper part, with only scattered hairs below, 40-150 (250) cm in height.
• Flower:
Flowers are located in sinuses of leaves or aggregated in a racemose-paniculate inflorescence. Petals pale yellow.
Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
• Common names: Red-root Amaranth, Red Rooted Pigweed, Common Amaranth, and Common tumble weed
• Frequently infests tilled crops, less frequently grain crops , annual fodder grasses; occurs in kitchen gardens, vineyards, orchards, field edges, irrigation systems.
• Persistent noxious weed.
Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)
81
• Germination period:
Late, typical summer germinator.
• Cotyledons:
Oblong-oval, ca. 10-12 mm,
usually red-splotched underneath.
• Foliage leaves: are ovate, long-petiolate, bluish green, alternating, with pointed end, also usually reddish underneath.
Taproot penetrates to 100 cm depth
• Stem: is erect, up to 100 cm high, single or ramified, light green to reddish, sparse at the bottom, densely leaved at the top, with short, rough hairs.
Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)
• Flowers are small, inconspicuous, massed in glomerules to greenish, dense pseudospikes at the stalk end or twig ends.
• Hypsophylls are lanceolate, almost two times longer than perianths.
• Perianth is pentamerous, prickle-like. Inflorescence is prickly.
• Capsule is shorter than perianth, opens across with a cover, contains one seed.
• Shoots emerge in April-May and later, flowering period begins in June, and fruiting period lasts until late autumn.
• Seed is 1 mm, black or black-brownish, glossy, sharp at the edges.
• One plant can produce 5000 seeds under optimal conditions.
Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)
• Stem is mostly prostrate, ramified from the base,
albescent, hairless or with short hairs at the top, quite leafy, height 15-50 cm.
• Leaves are obovate or spathulate, to lanceolate-oblong;
Spreading pigweed (Amaranthus blitoides)
• Flowers are glomerated in axils; Hypsophylls are lanceolate, shorter than perianths; perianth is tetramerous (sometimes there are flowers with a pentamerous perianth on the same plant).
• Perianth leaflets of staminate flowers are lanceolate,
shortly pointed, pestillate flowers have lanceolate-oblong perianth leaflets unequal in length, with a gristly bulge at the base.
• Capsule is rounded elliptic, shorter than the longest
perianth leaflet (it is 2-2.5 mm long), opens across with a mostly redish cover. Seed is 1.3-1.5 mm, rounded obovate, black, not very glossy. The maximum fruitfulness of one plant is about 700,000 seeds.
Spreading pigweed (Amaranthus blitoides)
Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
• A. artemisiifolia is a quarantine weed, litters practically all field crops; it is especially harmful in vegetable, tilled
crops and abandonet ploughed-land.
• Pollen is dangerous to human health, causing sharp
• Germination period:
Spring.
• Cotyledons:
In a shoot phase the cotyledonous leaves are short- elliptic, 7 to 13 mm in length, punctate along margins, almost sedentary. The first leaves are pinnatipartite, opposite, pubescent, the following pairs of leaves are
pinnatisected.Hypocotyl with dirty purple spots, about 10- 15 mm in length
Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
• Stem 20-200 cm in height, heavily ramified, hairs spread apart at the top.
• The root is stalky, penetrates into ground down to 4m.
• Leaves 4-15 cm in length, dark green ad Hypsophylls axial surface, almost naked, gray-green from below, with dense spinose pubescence; upper leaves are alternate, almost
Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
• Flowers bisexual; staminal ones yellow, quinquedentate,
collected in semiglobular or bell-shaped calathids of 3-5 mm in diameter, with pedicels of 2-3 mm in length.
• Calathids are collected in spiciform inflorescences.
• Pistillate flowers locating by 1-3 and more at the basis of staminal inflorescences and in axillaries of the top leaves,
having no perianth, 4-5 cm in length, positioning one by one in accrete ovoid, narrowed and pointed at topsyncarpium.
Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
• Achenes 2-4 mm in length, ovoid or pear-shaped, triquetrous at base, winged along costulae, green-gray to black-brown, smooth, brilliant, located inside coalesced envelope.
• All those parts represent the achenarium having large process at top surrounded with 5-8 smaller ones.
• Blossoming in August - October.
• A. artemisiifolia vegetates till late autumn.
• On the average 1 to 25 thousand seeds are formed on a plant, and the most developed specimens can give to 100 thousand seeds.
Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)
Common orache (Atriplex patula)
Common names: Spear Saltbush; Spear Orach; Spreading Orach, Dungle-weed, Iron weed
Importance:
Can badly hinder the harvesting of beets and cause problems in maize.
Annual, dioecious, seed-propagated weed of many forms with ramified taproot. Particularly on nutrient-rich, organic, friable soils.
• Germination period:
- Late spring – autumn.
• Cotyledons:
- 3-5 fold long as wide and slender, with rounded tip.
• Foliage leaves:
- Alternate, petiolate, ovate to lanceolate, lower leaves often hastate, lightly dentate, upper leaves entire, dark green, young leaves usually farinaceous.
• Stem:
- Usually strongly ramified from the ground up, spread
Common orache (Atriplex patula)
• Flower: Small, whitish green perianth Flower cluster in erect, spike-like racemes.
• Flowering period: Midsummer – autumn.
• Seeds per plant: 100 – 6000
Common orache (Atriplex patula)
Black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus)
Common names: Climbing buckwheat, include bear-bind, bind-corn,
• Fallopia convolvulus (Black-bindweed) is a fast-growing annual flowering plant in the family Polygonaceae native throughout Europe, Asia and northern Africa.
• One of the major weeds of all agricultural crops, especially of grain-crops and vegetables.
• The stem twining round cultural plants, especially stems of cereals, intensifies their lodging.
Black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus)
• Germination period:
Spring. Seed depth 0,5-4 cm.• Cotyledons:
- Slender, lenght at least three times
as long as width, with unequal leafhalves.
• An early summer eutherophyte.
• Stem climbing, 10-100 cm, branching from the base. Leaves triangular-ovoid with sagittate-cordiform base, with long petioles.
• Perianth 5-segmented, green from outside, white inside, up to 2-3 mm, with fruits up to 5 mm.
• Ovaries with 1 short stylus and 3 stigma.
Black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus)
• Flowers are arranged by 2-6 in axillae of leaves or on stem tips inshort racemes.
• The fruit is triangular achenes (nutlets), regularly
triangular on a transverse section, 3 mm in length and 2 mm in width, black, dull, with drawn-out pointed apex, included in perianth, and breaking off together with the last one at maturation.
• Reproduction by seeds only, the number of seeds may be up to 640 on a plant.
Black bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus)
Coastal sandbur (Cenchrus pauciflorus)
• This is highly pernicious quarantine weed, which sharply reduces yield.
• It infests corn, sunflower, vegetable and cucurbitaceous crops, and also vineyards.
• This weed is severe in watermelons, because its control by cultivation is only possible before stem formation,
• Stems are thick, flattened, half-raised, 20-60 cm in height, well-foliated, developing roots in nodes.
• Inflorescence is spike-like panicle, consisting of 8-15 brown or yellow-green spikelets.
• Spinulose spikelets are 4-7 mm in length, wrapped in prickly scales.
• Caryopsis is black-brown or green-yellow.
• Germination occurs in the middle of May.
• Ripening is in July-August.
• Productivity depends on habitat conditions.
On pastures with compressed soil plants are stunted and produce 10-15 seeds.
• In tilled, cucurbitaceous and vegetable crops this weed grows well, and every plant produces up to 1000 seeds.
Coastal sandbur (Cenchrus pauciflorus)
• Seed germination 1-1.5 months after harvesting is 47%, in 2-3 months it is 86%.
• Optimum temperature of germination is 20-25°C.
• This plant is drought-resistant and requires high light.
Coastal sandbur (Cenchrus pauciflorus)
Common names: White Goosefoot, Lamb's quarters, Nickel greens, Pigweed, Dungweed or Muck-weed
• Cosmopolite. This weed grows on all types of soils, preferring fertile ones.
• Nitrophil, extremely resistant to the fluctuations of soil acidity.
• Autochore, partially anthropochore, easy detached seeds infest soil as well as grain crops at harvest.
• Seeds are spread mainly by irrigation water and manure.
Variable temperatures raise seed germinability.
Fat-hen (Chenopodium album)
• Germination period: Late spring – autumn.
• Cotyledons: Long, slender, rounded in front, reddish underside, farinaceous.
• Extremely polymorphic species.
• All parts of the plant are usually mealy farinose.
• Stem is up to 300 cm high, highly branched or simple, grooved, the base of leafstalks often has purple spots.
• Lower leaves are triangular with wedge-shaped base, middle leaves
Fat-hen (Chenopodium album)
• Flowers are numerous, small, clustered in cymesinto spike-shaped inflorescences, which are aggregated into densely branched paniculate or racemose inflorescence.
• Productivity is up to 600,000 seeds per plant.
Fat-hen (Chenopodium album)
• Euroasian weed species.
• Anthropochore, autochore.
• Chenopodium polyspermum is a segetal weed in tilled crops,
in gardens and vegetable gardens.
• It is also found as a ruderal weed along sandy slopes of riversides and waterbasins, on roadsides, near
houses, fences, and in rubbish dumps.
• This plant prefers rather wet but at the same time well-aerated soils.
• Seeds germinate in largest quantity when on soil surface or minimally
Manyseeded goosefoot (C.polyspermum)
Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum)
S.nigrum is a segetal and ruderal weed of mainly tilled crops; it is rarely found in close-growing crops, such as grain and fodder crops.
This plant is especially abundant in cotton fields; it is often found in gardens, vegetable gardens, in ruderal places (near roads, houses, in waste dumps), sometimes in bush thickets along rivers.
The abundance of S.nigrum decreases from the west to the east and from the south to the north.
This weed can be a host plant for Synchitrium endobioticum, the pathogen of potato wart.
This plant prefers rich, cultivated, well-moistened soils, but can even grow on saline soils and in stony places.
• Germination period:
Spring annual weed.
Minimum temperature for seed germination is 10-12°C, maximum is 34-36°C, optimum is 24-26°C.
Seeds germinate from depths of 0.5-1
• Cotyledons:
Broad-oval, with finely drawn-out tip, entire, petiolate, sparsely haired, with marked middle nerve.
• Foliage leaves:
Leaves are plumpish, glabrous or with scarce setiform
decumbent hairs along main ribs, ovate or almost triangular, sinuate-serrate; seldom almost entire, narrowed into sharp tip, widely decurrent at short petiole.
Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum)
• Stem:
Plant is 8-90 cm in height, dark green, herbaceous, with
scattered hairs or almost glabrous. Stem is upright or ascending, branched, with costate branches.
Tap root is short and spindle-shaped.
Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum)
Flowers:
Inflorescences are usually extra-axillary, very seldom some of them are opposite to leaves; they are umbel-like or slightly racemose-corymbose, consisting of 3-8 flowers.
• Flowering period:
This plant flowers in June-
September, bears fruit in July- November.
•Seeds per plant:
Maximum productivity is up to 280,000 seeds.
Fruit is berry, globular, black Seeds are irregularly-oval, compressed laterally,
Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum)
Horseweed ( Conyza canadensis )
• Conyza canadensis (formerly Erigeron canadensis L.) is an annual plant
• Common names include Horseweed, Canadian Horseweed,
Canadian Fleabane, Coltstail, Marestail and Butterweed.
Prefers light ground, dry places. Seeds of the weed germinate from depths no more than 1-1.5 cm. The minimum temperature for seed germination is +6-8°C;
Horseweed ( Conyza canadensis )
• It is an annual plant growing to 1.5 m tall, with sparsely hairy stems.
• The leaves are slender, 2–10 cm long and up to 1 cm broad, with a coarsely toothed margin.
• The flowers are produced in dense smaller flower heads, with a ring of dirty white or pale purple ray florets and a centre of yellow disc florets.
Blossoming occurs in July-November.
• One plant produces more than 100,000 hemicarps.
• Weight of 1,000 seeds is 0.043 g. It is spread by pappose achenes, which are easily carried by wind for a great
distance.
Horseweed ( Conyza canadensis )
Scentless mayweed (Matricaria inodora)
• The plant is hygrophilous and undemanding to soil, growing both in damp clay soils and in sand.
• Grows along banks of rivers and ponds, along drains,
along roads, in kitchen gardens, in fields, in gardens, in meadows,
• Cotyledons are very small, oval and stalkless.
• The first true leaves are very narrow and generally have several lobes, difficult to identify in this seedling stage.
• Stem leaves are very finely divided.
Scentless mayweed (Matricaria inodora)
• Blossoming occurs in June-September.
• Spreading occurs by seeds.
• One plant can produce 50,000-200,000, sometimes 1.5 million or more achenes.
• In ground, seeds of the Scentless Mayweed maintain their germination capacity for 6-7 years.
• Minimum temperature for germination is +2-9°C;
optimum temperature is +18-24°C.
• Seeds sprout early, simultaneously, at lower soil temperatures.
• Shoots appear from depths of no more than 1-2 cm in
Scentless mayweed (Matricaria inodora)
Thornapple (Datura stramonium)
• Common names: jimson weed, angel's trumpet, devil's weed,
tolguacha, Jamestown weed, stinkweed, datura, moonflower and, in malpitte and mad seeds
• The genus name is derived from dhatura, an ancient Hindu word for a plant. Stramonium is originally from Greek,
strychnos (nightshade) and manikos (mad).
• Cosmopolite weed
• Today, it grows wild in all the world's warm and moderate regions, where it is found along roadsides and in dung
heaps.
• In Europe, it is found as a weed on wastelands and in garbage dumps.
• The seed is thought to be carried by birds and spread in their
Thornapple (Datura stramonium)
• It is an erect annual herb up to 1–1.5 m tall.
• The leaves are soft, irregularly undulate, and toothed.
• The fragrant flowers are trumpet-shaped, white to creamy or violet, and 2.5 to 3.5 in. long.
• They rarely open completely.
Thornapple (Datura stramonium)
• The egg-shaped capsule is walnut-sized and either covered with spines or bald.
• At maturity it splits into four chambers, each with dozens of small black
Thornapple (Datura stramonium)
Hairy fingergrass (Digitaria sanguinalis)
• Common name: hairy crabgrass or large crabgrass
• Annual greenish or reddish plant with a branchy ascending stalk of 10-50 cm in height.
• Leaves of 4-10 cm in length and to 10 mm in width, having usually, as well as
Hairy fingergrass (Digitaria sanguinalis)
• Inflorescence having 4-7 (8-18) spiciform twigs, 3-10 (20) cm in length, narrowly lanceolate.
Flowering in July - August,
fruiting in August - September.
• Every inflorescence has
200 to 600 spikes. The weed forms to 5000 seeds.
Hairy fingergrass (Digitaria sanguinalis)
• Root is coronal, well
developed, penetrating into soil down to 50 cm.
• Stem is up to 10-100 cm, ascending or erect, strongly fruticose at base.
• Leaves widely linear, acute - rough on edges, with firm medial vein.
Cockspur grass (Echinochloa cruss-galli)
• Inflorescence is contracted panicle.
• Spikelets are sessile, in groups, easily fall down at a maturing.
• Grain is chaffy caryopsis.
• The fruitfulness is 200-1000 (400 on the average) seeds on one plant, the weight of 1000 seeds is 1.5-2.5 g.
• In autumn caryopsides do not germinate even at stratification.
• The dormant period lasts about 15 months. In spring the seeds germinate at temperature 18-20° C from depth down to 12 cm, appearing as mass plantlets, the seeds can
Cockspur grass (Echinochloa cruss-galli)
• The plantlets are very responsive to low
temperatures, often perishing at late spring frost.
• Seed vitality is 7 to 10 years.
• Flowering since May or June.
• Bearing since June or July till late autumn. Seed spreading
by manure, excrements of birds, and by wind.
Cockspur grass (Echinochloa cruss-galli)
• Plant reaches 10-100 cm in height, is covered with sparse, fine, dense (in upper part), accumbent, simple hairs, with admixture of glandular hairs.
• Stalk is straight, usually ramified from the base.
• Roots filamentous.
• Leaves opposite, ovate or elongate-ovate, pointed, petiolate, sinuous or with blunt denticles along edges.
• Anthodia numerous, located on thin stems unequal in length
Gallant soldier (Galinsoga parviflora)
• Ligular flowers about 3 mm in length.
• Hemicarps 1.0-1.5 mm in length, with fine, light pubescence.
• Marginal hemicarps triquetrous, inner ones quadri- or pentahedral, with indistinct grooves, dark gray, sometimes almost black.
• Pappus of marginal hemicarps consist of fine, fragile setae;
median ones consist of 8-20 white,
elongate-lanceolate, ciliate membranes that break off from the ring welt.
Gallant soldier (Galinsoga parviflora)
• Blossoming occurs in July- September.
• One plant produces up to 300,000 seeds.
• Weight of 1000 seeds is 0.21 g.
• Vegetation period lasts 30-45 days.
Gallant soldier (Galinsoga parviflora)
Flower of-an-hour (Hibiscus trionum)
• The species originated from the Eastern Mediterranean.
• Root stalky. Stem straight, more often branching, in nodes usually angularly bent. Covered with scattered rigid 2-3-
Flower of-an-hour (Hibiscus trionum)
• The lower branches can be lengthened, rising or even lying. Leaves alternate, petiolate; with petioles equal to blade or shorter, covered with dense and rigid hairs.
• Leaf blade usually integral or slightly lobate, rounded or cordate at base at the very first leaves; trilobate or
tripartite with wide lobes at lower leaves; on all other stem leaves the blade is dissected to base into three, narrowed cuneately to the base, oblong segments (the median one is the longest).
• All leaves bare from above or with some simple setae along main ribs, green; from below they are pale, with
split setae and with admixture of stellate hairs, frequently purple edged along margins.
• Stipules setiform-subulate, long-ciliated
Flower of-an-hour (Hibiscus trionum)
• Flowers single, pale yellow, with purple stain at base, located in leaf sinuses on long peduncules (being longer than or equal to petioles).
• Cap-shaped, pale, with 20 longitudinal purple ribs.
• Bell bare or having stellate hairs between ribs, with fascicular hairs on ribs.
• Peduncules are densely covered with rigid hairs, having
articulation below flower; the pedicel is sharply bent along the articulation at fruiting.
• Epicalyx consisting of 10 to 13 linear, erect-ciliated hysophyles.
Flower of-an-hour (Hibiscus trionum)
• Fruit is penta- or polyspermic hairy black boll with reniform or oval-cordate, convex, bare, richly warty seeds being 2-3 mm in length and 1.7-2.5 mm in width.
• Seeds red-brown to dark
Flower of-an-hour (Hibiscus trionum)
Scanted mayweed (Matricaria matricaroides)
• Common name: pineapple weed and disc mayweed
The plant grows well in disturbed areas, especially those with
• The flower head is cone-shaped, composed of dense- packed yellowish-green corollas, and lacking ray-florets.
• The leaves are pinnately dissected and sweet-scented when crushed.
• The plant grows 2 to 16 inches (5.1 to 41 cm) high.
• Flowerheads are produced from May to September.
Scanted mayweed (Matricaria matricaroides)
Annual mercury (Mercurialis annua)
• Mercurialis annua is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family known by the common name annual mercury.
• It is native to Europe but it is
known on many other continents as an introduced species.
• It grows in many types of habitat,
• This is an annual herb growing 10 to 30 centimeters tall with oppositely arranged oval leaves each a few centimeters long.
• The plant is dioecious with male and female plants producing different types of inflorescence.
• The male flowers are borne in spikelike clusters sprouting from leaf axils, and female flowers grow in clusters of 2 or 3.
• Neither type of flower has petals.
• The fruit is a bristly capsule 2 or 3 millimeters wide containing shiny, pitted seeds.
Annual mercury (Mercurialis annua)
Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum)
• General distribution includes Western Europe, Anterior Asia, and (as adventive plant) Northern America.
• Stem is 20-100 cm tall, simple or branchy below, usually hairy;
• Leaf plates and sheaths are also hairy.
• Inflorescence is panicle, up to 20 cm long, drooped,
spreading or dense.
• Spikelets are one-floral, less often two-floral, ovoid,
3.5-4 mm long.
• Lower spikelet scale is longer than half the length of spikelet, with several ribs.
Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum)
• Floral scales are shorter than upper spikelet scales, gristly, glabrous, shining.
• Caryopsides are 2-3 mm long, spherical or oval, dirty-yellow.
Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum)
Common witch-grass (Panicum capillare)
Panicum capillare is a species of grass known by the common name witchgrass
Common witch-grass (Panicum capillare)
• It is native to most of North America and it can be found in Eurasia where it is an introduced species.
• The grass is sometimes a weed of gardens and landscaped areas.
• This is an annual grass growing decumbent or erect to heights exceeding one meter.
• It is green to blue- or purple-tinged in color. In texture it is quite hairy, especially on the leaves and at the nodes.
• The ligule is a fringe of long hairs.
• The inflorescence is a large open panicle which may be over half the total length of the plant, up to half a meter long.
• At maturity it fans out, spreading to a width over 20 centimeters.
• As the plant dies and dries, the panicle may break off whole and becomes a tumbleweed.
Common witch-grass (Panicum capillare)
Knottgrass (Polygonum aviculare)
• Polygonum aviculare or Common Knotgrass is a plant related to buckwheat and dock. It is also called birdweed, pigweed and lowgrass.
• It is an annual found in fields and wasteland.
• Plant grows in all major parts of the world but is probably native to temperate parts of the
• One or several stems are prostrate to erect, 10-50 (100) cm long, un-branching at most nodes.
• Leaves green to grey-green, acute to obtuse.
• Middle stem leaves with petioles 0.5-9 mm long, very narrowly elliptic to spatulate, (6.2) 8-61 x 0.4-18 (21) mm; leaves in the upper part of the inflorescence are 2-19 (25) mm long.
• Ocreae brownish in the lower half
Knottgrass (Polygonum aviculare)
• Flowers are bisexual.
Perianth is 1.9-5.5 mm long.
Five sub-equal sepals, having single vein
are green with red margins. Nectaries are not visible.
Three styles with very short capitate
stigma. Inflorescence consists of axillary cymes, 1-5-flowered, located along the shoots or aggregated at the apices of stems and branches.
Flowering occurs from June to September.
Nut usually triquetrous, 2.0-3.5 x 1.5-2.0 mm, enclosed in the perianth or with the tip
visible, dark brown to blackish.
Knottgrass (Polygonum aviculare)
Pale persicaria (Persicaria lapathifolia)
• Pale Persicaria (Persicaria
lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre, syn.
Polygonum lapathifolium L.) is a plant of the family Polygonaceae. It is closely related to Redshank and as such is considered a weed in Britain and Europe.
• Other common names for the plant include pale smartweed, curlytop knotweed, and willow weed.
• Annual spring plant. Stem erect or procumbent
(30-60 cm, rarely up to 1 m),
branchy, in upper part glandular.
• Leaves lanceolate, linear, rarely ovate or oblong (4-40 cm), above long-pointed, downwards
wedge-shaped, with short petioles and sometimes with
Pale persicaria (Persicaria lapathifolia)
Pale persicaria (Persicaria lapathifolia)
Inflorescence is short bunch up to 4 cm length and 1.5 cm thick.
Perianth 4-separate, usually with yellow sessile glands, greenish or redish.
Fruit is two-sided nut, 2.5-3.5 x 1.0 x 2.0 mm.
Surface of the nuts bare, black-brown, shiny.
