Adiabati c magnetizatio n 61 A. C. Josephso n effect 150, 165 Alloys xvii, 6, 185
therma l propagatio n 87
type-I I superconductivit y xvii, 186, 211 uppe r critica l fields 195
Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffe r theor y (BC S theory ) 117-139 criterio n for superconductivit y 134 critica l curren t densit y 138 critica l magneti c field 134 current-carryin g state s 135-139 energ y gap 129-133, 142,151 fundamenta l assumption s 125 groun d stat e 125
laten t hea t 133
law of correspondin g state s 134 macroscopi c propertie s 131-135 second-orde r transitio n 133 transitio n temperatur e 131 two-flui d mode l 139 zer o resistenc e 137
Boundar y betwee n superconductin g an d norma l region s 68, 80
boundar y condition s for  and Ç 69 Cerami c superconductor s 7, 221 Circuits , resistanceles s 8 Coherenc e 77, 153
BC S theor y 128
of electro n pair s 128, 138, 153 an d surfac e energ y 77,185 Coherenc e lengt h 77, 114, 128
an d electro n mea n free pat h 79 high temperatur e superconductor s 222 orde r of magnitud e 78
an d purit y 78
an d surfac e energ y 80, 185 temperature-dependen t 80 temperature-independen t 80
Coope r pair s see Electro n pair s Core s 186
motio n 209,212-216 pinnin g 199,208
Correlatio n betwee n electron s 80, 129 Correspondin g state s 134
Coulom b repulsio n betwee n electron s 117, 120,133
Couplin g energ y 167
Criterio n for superconductivity , BC S theor y 134
Critica l curren t 40, 82-91, 202-204, 206-212, 223
densit y see Critica l curren t densit y effect of magneti c field 82, 84-85, 202-206,
210-212
an d irreversibl e magnetizatio n 210 Josephso n junctio n 150, 161
measuremen t of 87, 91
quantu m interferomete r 173,175,178,179 Silsbee' s hypothesi s 83
thi n specimen s 106-111
type-I I superconductor s 202-204, 206-212, 217
weak link 169,178,224 wire s 83
Critica l curren t densit y 40, 82,107, 111, 138 BC S theor y 138
and critica l magneti c field 83, 107 Critica l magneti c field 40-53, 223
BC S theor y 134 of cylinde r 97 effect of penetratio n 92 element s 6
H
c3 218lower critica l field Hcl 191, 196 parallel-side d plat e 93 paramagneti c limit 195 temperatur e dependenc e 43 thermodynami c value 43, 193, 198
237
Critica l magneti c field—continued thi n film 97-99
thi n wir e 97
type-I I superconductor s 191-196 uppe r critica l field Hc2 192, 194, 196, 223 Critica l temperatur e see Transitio n
tempertur e Cryotro n 45
Crysta l structur e an d superconductivit y 113 Current-carryin g states , BC S theor y 135 Current s in superconductor s 11, 22, 26, 36,
202
analog y with electrostati c charg e 23 critica l see Critica l curren t and Critica l cur -
ren t densit y
resistanceles s network s 11 transpor t 23, 82, 192 Defects see Imperfection s Demagnetizatio n 66,227-229 Demagnetizin g facto r 64, 66,105, 229 Demagnetizin g field 66, 229
Densit y of state s at Ferm i surfac e 127,134 Diamagnetism , perfec t 17, 21, 160 Dislocation s 199
Edg e effects in magneti c transition s 104 Effectiv e momentu m in magneti c field 102 Electri c field in superconducto r 13, 14, 32, 35 Electrica l resistanc e
maximu m valu e in superconducto r 8 metal s an d alloys 3, 112
at optica l frequencie s 14, 112 residua l 4 , 5
restoratio n by curren t 89 zer o resistanc e 3, 8, 31, 83, 137, 202 Electrica l resistivit y
a.c. 12 residua l 4
of a superconducto r 10 Electron-electro n interactio n 117
coulom b repulsio n 117, 120, 133 by electron-phono n interactio n 118-120 Electron-lattic e interactio n 118-120
conservatio n of energ y an d momentu m 119-120 by phono n emission 118 Electro n pair s (Coope r pairs ) 120, 158
Bose-Einstei n statistic s 126 energ y to brea k up 130 formatio n of groun d stat e 121, 123 long-rang e coherenc e 138, 153
momentu m pairin g conditio n 123 motio n of centr e of mas s 136 an d Paul i principl e 126, 127 phas e coherenc e 128, 139, 154 spatia l exten t 129
tota l momentu m 135 wave functio n 124, 136
Electron-pai r waves 124,136, 153, 154,157 coherenc e 153, 154
diffractio n 178
effect of magneti c field 155 frequenc y 154
interferenc e 170, 178, 179 momentu m 154 phas e 1 5 4 , 1 5 5 , 1 5 7 , 1 6 0 wavelengt h 153,154,155
Electron-phono n interactio n see Electron - lattic e interactio n
Electron s
Ferm i "sea " 120 norma l 12, 138 orderin g of 60 superelectron s 12, 138 in vacuu m 14 Element s
critica l fields 6 superconductin g xvii, 6 transitio n temperature s 6
Energ y conservatio n in phono n emission or absorptio n 119
Energ y gap 61, 115, 129-132, 140
absorptio n of electromagneti c radiatio n 115 BC S theor y 130-132, 142, 151
definitio n of Ä 127 measuremen t of 132, 145, 150 an d specific hea t 61, 116 temperatur e dependenc e 132 Energ y level diagra m 142
semiconducto r representatio n 147 Entrop y 54
type-I I superconductor s 201 Ferm i "sea " 120
Ferromagnetic s 5 Flow resistanc e 204 Flu x see Magneti c flux Flu x cree p 224 Flu x flow 206,212
du e to temperatur e gradien t 216 e.m.f. 214
Flu x lines see Fluxon s Fluxoi d 156-160
INDEX
239
Fluxo n lattic e 187 Fluxon s 158,171,189
arrangemen t in mixed stat e Frontispiece, 187,197
Fre e energ y see Gibb s free energ y Gaples s superconductor s 116,137, 139 Gibb s free energ y 41-43, 70, 230-231
and critica l magneti c field 41-44, 93 effect of magneti c field 41,191, 231 in intermediat e stat e 70
Ginzburg-Landa u constan t ê 190,198, 218 dependenc e on resistivit y 191 Hc3 218
surfac e superconductivit y 217 temperatur e variatio n 191,219 and typ e of superconducto r 190, 218 Ginzburg-Landa u theor y 101
critica l magneti c field of thi n films 103 effect of magneti c field 102
second-orde r transitio n in thi n film 103 Groun d state , BC S theor y 125 Hal l effect in mixed stat e 214 High frequencie s 14,113
High-temperatur e superconductor s 221 Hollow superconducto r 24, 159 Hysteresi s 48,199, 210 Idea l superconducto r 47 Imperfection s 48,199, 211
Inductanc e of a superconducto r 13-14 Intensit y of magnetizatio n see Magnetizatio n Interferomete r 170
Intermediat e stat e 66-81 domai n structur e 72 experimenta l observatio n of 72 induce d by curren t 89 lamina r structur e 76 magneti c propertie s 69 size of domain s 74 thi n films 105
Interna l magneti c field 64, 69, 228-229 Isotop e effect 115,133
Josephso n tunnellin g 149, 160 a.c. effect 150, 165 couplin g energ y 167 junctio n 149,160,162 pendulu m analogu e 161
Kappa , ê see Ginzburg-Landa u constan t ê
Lamina r structur e of intermediat e stat e 68-70, 76
Laten t hea t 58, 200 BC S theor y 133
La w of correspondin g state s 134 Londo n equation s 34, 37 Londo n theor y 33-39
limitation s of 98 penetratio n dept h 35 Long-rang e orde r 77, 114
and coherenc e lengt h 77,114,128-129 Lorent z forc e on fluxons 208
Magneti c field
"applied " 16
critica l see Critica l magneti c field effect on critica l curren t 84, 203, 206 effect on electron-pai r wave 155 effect on free energ y 4 1 - 4 3 , 1 9 1 , 231 effect on Josephso n junctio n 178 interna l 66, 69, 228-229
quantu m interferomete r 170-180 Magneti c field strength , definitio n 224 Magneti c flux
arrangemen t in mixed stat e Frontispiece, 186-189
distributio n insid e type- I superconduc - tor 36, 38
distributio n in parallel-side d plat e 39, 93 fluxoid 156-160
penetratio n 26 in perfec t conducto r 16 quantu m of see Fluxon s in resistanceles s circui t 8-11 trappe d 48, 199
Magneti c flux densit y 46 definitio n of 221 measuremen t of 49 zer o in superconducto r 19 Magneti c momen t
effect of penetratio n 95 parallel-side d plat e 95
Magneti c shieldin g by superconductor s 11 Magnetizatio n 46
adiabati c 59
definitio n of 223, 224, 226 hysteresi s 48,198,211 irreversible 48, 199, 210 measuremen t of 50-53 parallel-side d plat e 95
"perfect " conducto r 16 superconducto r 19
Magnetization— continue d
type-I I superconducto r 197-199, 210, 222 Matri x elemen t of scatterin g interactio n 123,
127
Maxwell' s equatio n 32 Meissne r effect 19, 34, 115
see also Perfec t diamagnetis m Mercur y xvi
Microscopi c theor y of superconductivit y 112-139
Mixed stat e 184,186-190, 191-193,197-198 critica l curren t 202-212
current-carryin g propertie s 192-220 e.m.f. du e to cor e motio n 214 flux flow 206-217
fluxon patter n Frontispiece, 188, 197 free energ y 189, 192
Hal l effect 214
lower critica l field H(l 191, 196 uppe r critica l field H(2 192, 194-196 Modulu s of elasticity , chang e at transitio n 62 Momentu m
conservatio n in phono n emission or absorptio n 118
of electro n pair 135-137, 153 Network , resistanceles s 11
Neutro n diffractio n fro m mixed stat e 188, 209 Niobiu m
transitio n temperatur e 6, 7 type-I I superconductivit y 6, 191 Non-idea l superconducto r 47, 199, 200 Norma l electron s 12, 138
Order , of electron s 60 Paramagnetis m 195 Peltie r coefficient 63 Pendulu m analogu e 162 Penetratio n dept h 26-30, 98, 160
dependenc e on magneti c field 100 dependenc e on specime n size 100 effect on critica l magneti c field 92 effect on magnetizatio n 93
high-temperatur e superconductor s 222 Londo n theor y 35, 37, 99
an d surfac e energ y 80, 185 temperatur e variatio n 28, 36
"Perfect " conducto r 16, 20 magneti c behaviou r 16
Perfec t diamagnetis m 17, 21, 26, 28, 34, 160 see also Meissne r effect
Permeabilit y of superconducto r 21 Persisten t curren t 8, 10
Phas e see Electron-pai r wave
Phas e coherenc e of Coope r pair s 128,138,153 Phas e diagra m 43, 194
Phas e transitio n first orde r 59 second orde r 57, 200 Phonon s
averag e frequenc y 123,127 electron-lattic e interactio n 117 virtual emission 119,123 Polymer , superconductin g 6 Quantize d magneti c flux see Fluxo n Quantu m interferenc e 153, 170, 180 Quantu m interferomete r 170, 180
diffractio n effects 179 interferenc e patter n 173, 178, 180 Quasiparticle s 130, 131
energ y of 143
Resistanc e see Electrica l resistanc e Resistanc e transition s 4, 8, 83-91, 205
rol e of surfac e energ y 76 temperatur e rang e 8 in transvers e magneti c field 76 zer o 83, 138, 202
Resistanceles s conducto r see Perfec t conducto r Resistivit y see Electrica l resistivit y
Rutger' s formul a 58 Screenin g current s 17, 21, 25 Second-orde r transitio n 57, 200
BC S theor y 133
of thi n film in magneti c field 103, 152 Silsbee' s hypothesi s 83-86
thi n specimen s 106,110 type-I I superconducto r 203, 204 Smal l specimen s 92
Solenoid , superconductin g 10, 195, 202 Sommerfel d specific hea t constan t 60, 134 Specific hea t 5 7 - 6 1 , 1 1 4
electroni c 59, 114 an d energ y gap 61, 116 lattic e 59, 114 Rutgers ' formul a 58 Sommerfel d constan t 60, 134 type-I I superconductor s 200 SQUI D see Quantu m interferomete r Superconductin g stat e
summar y of propertie s 112
INDEX
241
Superelectron s 12, 138 Surfac e energ y 74, 183
coherenc e rang e 77, 185
an d domai n size in intermediat e stat e 74 effect on magneti c field at boundar y 76 measuremen t of 76, 80
negativ e 184, 185-186 Surfac e superconductivit y 217 Susceptibilit y of superconducto r 21 Switch , therma l 2
Symbol s xii
Technetium , type-I I superconducto r 6, 191 Therma l conductivit y 62
Therma l expansion , chang e at transitio n 62 Therma l propagatio n 86-88,111 Therma l switch 62
Thermodynami c variable s 41 Thermodynamic s 54-63,230 Thermoelectricit y 63,216 Thi n films 28, 93-100,103-111
critica l magneti c field 93-98, 196 curren t distributio n 107-109,110 intermediat e stat e 106
therma l propagatio n 111
transitio n in perpendicula r magneti c field 105
Thomso n coefficient 63 Transitio n
first-orde r 59 laten t hea t 58 reversibl e 40,41
second-orde r 57, 103, 152, 200 sharpnes s of 8, 79
Transitio n temperatur e alloys an d compound s 7 BC S theor y 131 element s 6 an d energ y gap 132
high-temperatur e superconductor s 221, 222 isotop e effect 115,133
niobiu m 7 rang e 8 very low 5
Transpor t curren t see Current s in superconuctor s
Tunnellin g 140-152, 160, 167 a.c. Josephso n effect 150, 165
attenuatio n lengt h 141
betwee n dissimila r superconductor s 149 betwee n identica l superconductor s 145 betwee n norma l metal s 140
betwee n norma l meta l an d super - conducto r 143
condition s for 141 experimenta l detail s 150 Josephso n 149, 160,167 measuremen t of energ y gap 145 wavefunctio n 141
Two-flui d mode l 13, 77,114 BC S theor y 138
Type- I superconductor s xvii, 3-180, 184, 190, 218
Type-I I superconductor s xvii, 183-225 alloys 186
critica l curren t 202-220 current-carryin g propertie s 207 e.m.f. du e to core motio n 209, 214 flow resistanc e 206, 209
Ginzburg-Landa u paramete r 190 Hal l effect 214
high temperatur e 222 intrinsi c 191
lower critica l field Hcl 191, 196 magnetizatio n 197, 199 mixed stat e 183, 186 specific hea t 200
thermodynami c critica l field 193, 198 thermoelectri c effects 63, 216
uppe r critica l field Hc2 192,194,196, 223 Vanadium , type-I I superconducto r 6, 191 Virtua l emission of phono n 119,123 Voltag e du e to flux flow 214 Volum e chang e at transitio n 62 Vortice s see Core s
Wavefunctio n
BC S groun d stat e 126 electro n pair s 124,135
Wavelengt h of electron-pai r wave 153, 155 Waves , electron-pai r 153
Wea k link 160,169 critica l curren t 161, 169, 178 diffractio n 178
high-temperatur e superconductor s 224
