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Hivatkozások

KAPCSOLÓDÓ DOKUMENTUMOK

Gelley F, Gámán Gy, Gerlei Z, Zádori G, Görög D, Kóbori L, Fehérvári I, Schuller J, Szőnyi L, Nagy P, Doros A, Fazakas J, Lengyel G, Schaff Z, Kiss A, Sárváry E, Nemes

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„mai asz t a l t e l j e s " levén, ilyen volt fogantatásában is, nem lehetett egyéb asszonyok közönséges sorsára kárhoztatva, nem örökölhette Ádám bűnének

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Ezek felfoghatók úgy is, hogy az egyik játékos az adott A mátrix egy sorát, a másik pedig egy oszlopát választhatja, és ha ez az i-edik illetve j-edik, akkor az els˝o a i, j

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jelölje C ij azon i-edik ágazatban jelen lévő cégeket, amelyek megfontolják a termék- diverzifikációt a j-edik ágazatba, valamint L ij az i-edikből a j-edikbe mutató