❏♦❣♦#✉❧&#'❣✲ )# ❦+&❡❧❡③❡&&#)❣❢♦❣❛❧♠❛❦ ❛
❑❘❊❙❩✲❜❡♥
❙②✐1✱ ▼❛&❦♦✈✐❝❤ ❘-❦❛2 3 4✱ ❍❛♠♣ ●2❜♦&1
1❇▼❊ ❙③♦❝✐♦❧)❣✐❛ ,- ❑♦♠♠✉♥✐❦3❝✐) ❚❛♥-③,❦
✐❅-②✐✳❤✉✱ ❤❛♠♣❣❅❡✐❦✳❜♠❡✳❤✉
2 ▲❙❊ ❈❡♥?@❡ ❢♦@ B❤✐❧♦-♦♣❤② ♦❢ ◆❛?✉@❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡
3❊▲❚❊ ▲♦❣✐❦❛ ❚❛♥-③,❦
4❇▼❊ E③❧❡?✐ ❏♦❣✐ ❚❛♥-③,❦
♠❛@❦♦✈✐❝❤❅♣❤✐❧✳❡❧?❡✳❤✉
❑✐✈♦♥❛& ❑✉?❛?3-✉♥❦ ❝,❧❥❛ ❛ ❦I③❧❡❦❡❞,- @❡♥❞❥,? -③❛❜3❧②③) ❥♦❣-③❛❜3❧②
❢♦@♠3❧✐- ❧❡J@3-❛✱ ❛③ ❡❤❤❡③ -③K❦-,❣❡- ❢♦❣❛❧♠❛❦❛? ❧❡J@♥✐ ❦,♣❡- -③❛❦♦♥?♦❧)❣✐❛
❢❡❧3❧❧J?3-❛✳ ❊❜❜❡♥ ❛ ?❛♥✉❧♠3♥②❜❛♥ ❛③? ♠✉?❛?❥✉❦ ♠❡❣✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ -③❛❜3❧②♦❦
❦❧❛--③✐❦✉- -③❡♠❛♥?✐❦❛✐ ❡❧❡♠③,-,❤❡③ ❤❛-③♥3❧? ❞❡♦♥?✐❦✉- ♠♦❞❛❧✐?3-♦❦ ♠❡❧✲
❧❡?? ♠✐❧②❡♥ -③❡@❡♣❡ ❧❡❤❡? ❡❣② ♠3-✐❦ ♠❡❣❦I③❡❧J?,-♥❡❦✿ ❛ ❥♦❣♦-✉❧?-3❣♦❦ ,-
❦I?❡❧❡③❡??-,❣❡❦ ❦♦@@❡❧❛?J✈ ♣3@♦❦❜❛ @❡♥❞❡③❡?? @❡♥❞-③❡@❡ ❥♦❣✐ ♦♥?♦❧)❣✐3❜❛
✈❛❧) ❜❡❡♠❡❧,-,♥❡❦✳ ❆ ❢♦❣❛❧♠❛❦❛? ,- @❡❧3❝✐)✐❦❛? ❲❡-❧❡② ◆❡✇❝♦♠❜ ❍♦❤❢❡❧❞
❡@@❡ ✈♦♥❛?❦♦③) @❡♥❞-③❡@❡ -③❡@✐♥? ❦❡③❡❧❥K❦✱ ❞❡ ❜❡♠✉?❛?❥✉❦ ❛ ❦❧❛--③✐❦✉- ❞❡✲
♦♥?✐❦✉- ♠♦❞❛❧✐?3-❤♦③ ✈❛❧) ✈✐-③♦♥②✉❦❛?❀ ❛ ❑❘❊❙❩✲❜➤❧ ✈❡?? ♣,❧❞3❦❦❛❧ ♠❡❣✲
♠✉?❛?❥✉❦✱ ❤♦❣② ❤♦❣②❛♥ ❦K❧I♥J?❤❡?➤❦ ❡❧ ❡❣②♠3-?)❧ ❛③ ❡❣②❡- ❥♦❣♦-✉❧?-3❣✲
,- ❦I?❡❧❡③❡??-,❣❢♦❣❛❧♠❛❦ ,- ♠✐❧②❡♥ ❥♦❣❡❧♠,❧❡?✐ ♠❡❣❢♦♥?♦❧3-♦❦ ♠✐❧②❡♥ ❥♦❣✐
?❡@♠✐♥♦❧)❣✐❛✐ ♠❡❣♦❧❞3-♦❦❦❛❧ ,@❤❡?➤❦ ?❡??❡♥✱ ,- ❤♦❣② ♠✐❦♦@ ♠❡❧②✐❦ @❡♥❞✲
-③❡@?❛♥@❛ ,@❞❡♠❡- ?3♠❛-③❦♦❞♥✉♥❦✳✶
❑✉❧❝**③❛✈❛❦✿ ❑❘❊❙❩✱ ♦♥?♦❧)❣✐❛✱ ❞❡♦♥?✐❦✉- ♠♦❞❛❧✐?3-♦❦✱ ❥♦❣♦-✉❧?-3❣♦❦
✶✳ ❇❡✈❡③❡&'(
❆ ❑❘❊❙❩✲9③❛❜2❧②♦❦❛< ❛❦❦♦& &=❣③?<❡<<-❦✱✷ ❛♠✐❦♦& ♠-❣ 9③A 9❡♠ ✈♦❧< ❛③ =♥✈❡③❡<➤
❛✉<A❦ ♠❡❣❥❡❧❡♥-9-&➤❧✱ ❛ ❦=③❧❡❦❡❞-9✐ ❥2&♠➯✈❡❦ ✈❡③❡<➤✐<✱ ❛ ❦=③❧❡❦❡❞-9 9③❡&❡♣❧➤✐<
❡♠❜❡&❡❦♥❡❦ ❣♦♥❞♦❧<2❦✳ ❆③ =♥✈❡③❡<➤ ❛✉<A❦ ♣&♦<♦<?♣✉9❛✐♥❛❦ ♠❡❣❥❡❧❡♥-9-✈❡❧ ❛ ❥❡✲
❧❡♥❜❡♥ ✈2❧<♦③✐❦ ❡③ ❛ ❤❡❧②③❡<✳ ❆③ ❛✉<♦♥A♠ ❥2&♠➯✈❡❦❡< ❣-♣❡❦ ✭9③♦❢<✈❡&❡❦✮ ✈❡③-&❧✐❦✱
-9 ✐③❣❛❧♠❛9 ❦-&❞-9✱ ♠✐❧②❡♥ ❤❛9♦♥❧A92❣♦❦ -9 ❦L❧=♥❜9-❣❡❦ ✈❛♥♥❛❦ ❛③ =♥✈❡③❡<➤ ❛✉✲
<A❦ ✈❡③-&❧-9✐ &❡♥❞9③❡&❡✐ -9 ❡♠❜❡&❡❦ ❦=③❧❡❦❡❞-9-< 9③❛❜2❧②♦③A ❥♦❣9③❛❜2❧②♦❦ ❦=③=<<✳
❊&&❡ ❛ 9③❡♠♣♦♥<&❛ ✜❣②❡❧✈❡ ❛③ ♦♥<♦❧A❣✐❛✐ -♣?<❦❡③-9 9♦&2♥ ✐❣②❡❦9③L♥❦ ♦❧②❛♥ ❢♦❣❛❧✲
♠❛❦❛< ❤❛9③♥2❧♥✐✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦❦❡❧ ❦-♣❡9❡❦ ❧❡❤❡<L♥❦ ♠✐♥❞ ❛③ ❡♠❜❡& 2❧<❛❧ ✐&2♥②?<♦<<✱
✶ ❏❡❧❡♥ ?❛♥✉❧♠3♥② ❛③ ❊♠❜❡@✐ ❊@➤❢♦@@3-♦❦ ▼✐♥✐-③?,@✐✉♠❛ V◆❑B✲✶✼✲✸ ❦)❞-③3♠Z V❥
◆❡♠③❡?✐ ❑✐✈3❧)-3❣ B@♦❣@❛♠❥3♥❛❦✱ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥? ❛③ ❖❚❑❆ ❑✲✶✶✻✶✾✶ -③3♠Z ♣3❧②3③❛?3♥❛❦
?3♠♦❣❛?3-3✈❛❧ ❦,-③K❧?✳
✷ ✶✴✶✾✼✺✳ ✭■■✳ ✺✳✮ ❑B▼✲❇▼ ❡❣②K??❡- @❡♥❞❡❧❡? ❛ ❦I③Z?✐ ❦I③❧❡❦❡❞,- -③❛❜3❧②❛✐@)❧
✭❑❘❊❙❩✮
♠✐♥❞ ❛③ ❡♠❜❡(✐ ✈❡③❡*➤ ♥,❧❦/❧✐ ❥1(♠➯✈❡❦ 3③❛❜1❧②♦③131* ,(*❡❧♠❡③♥✐✳ ❏❡❧❡♥ *❛♥✉❧✲
♠1♥②❜❛♥ ♠,❣ ❝3❛❦ ❛ ❥♦❣(❡♥❞3③❡(✱ ,3 =❣② ❛ ❥♦❣3③❛❜1❧②♦❦ ❦>③♣♦♥*✐ ❦❛*❡❣@(✐1❥1♥❛❦
3③1♠=*@ ❥♦❣♦3✉❧*31❣✲ ,3 ❦>*❡❧❡③❡**3,❣✲❢♦❣❛❧♠❛❦❛* ❡❧❡♠❡③③/❦✱ ❛ ✕ ❣,♣✐ ✈❛❣② ❡♠❜❡(✐
✕ ❝3❡❧❡❦✈,3❡❦ ✈❡③,(❧,3,* ✈,❣③➤ 3③❛❜1❧②(❡♥❞3③❡((❡ ✐** ♠,❣ ❥♦❣(❡♥❞3③❡(❦,♥* ❤✐✈❛*✲
❦♦③✉♥❦✳ ❆ ❥♦❣♦3✉❧*31❣✲ ,3 ❦>*❡❧❡③❡**3,❣✲❢♦❣❛❧♠❛❦ *1(❣②❛❧131❤♦③ 3③/❦3,❣ ✈❛♥ ❛
❝3❡❧❡❦✈,3✱ ❛ ❞❡♦♥*✐❦✉3 ♠♦❞❛❧✐*13✱ ❛ ♥♦(♠❛✱ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥* ❛ ♥♦(♠❛*=✈ ♣♦③=❝✐@❦ ❢♦❣❛❧✲
♠1(❛✳ ❊③❡❦ (>✈✐❞ ❜❡♠✉*❛*13❛ ✉*1♥ ❜♦♥*❥✉❦ ❦✐ ❛ ❥♦❣3③❛❜1❧②♦❦❜❛♥ ❤❛3③♥1❧❤❛*@
❥♦❣♦3✉❧*31❣✲ ,3 ❦>*❡❧❡③❡**3,❣✲❢♦❣❛❧♠❛❦❛*✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦❡* ❛ ❑❘❊❙❩✲❜➤❧ ✈❡** ♣,❧❞1❦❦❛❧
3③❡♠❧,❧*❡*/♥❦✳ ❆ *❛♥✉❧♠1♥② ♠13♦❞✐❦ (,3③,❜❡♥ ❛ ❦>③❧❡❦❡❞,3 ❥♦❣✐ 3③❛❜1❧②♦③131♥❛❦
♣1( *♦✈1❜❜✐ ❢♦♥*♦3 ❦,(❞,3,* ❡❧❡♠❡③③/❦✳
✷✳ ❈#❡❧❡❦✈(#
❆ ❑❘❊❙❩✱ ♠✐♥* ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ♠13 ♥♦(♠❛*=✈ ✐❣,♥②➯ 3③❛❜1❧②♦③13✱ ❛③ ❡♠❜❡(❡❦ ❝3❡❧❡❦✈,✲
3❡✐(❡ ✈♦♥❛*❦♦③✐❦✳ ❆③③❛❧ ❛ ❝,❧❧❛❧ ❤♦③✉♥❦ ❧,*(❡ ♥♦(♠1❦❛*✱ ❤♦❣② ✈❛❧❛♠✐❧②❡♥ ❝3❡❧❡❦✈,✲
3✐ *❛(*♦♠1♥②❜❛♥ ❡❧➤(❡ ❥@3♦❧❤❛*@ ✈✐3❡❧❦❡❞,3❡❦(❡ 3③1♠=*❤❛33✉♥❦✳ ❑,*❢,❧❡ ❝3❡❧❡❦✈,3*
❦❡❧❧ ❡❧❦/❧>♥=*❡♥✐ ❡❣②♠13*@❧✿ ❛ *❡✈,3* ,3 ❛ *❛(*@③❦♦❞13*✳ ❆③ ❡❧➤③➤(❡ ♣,❧❞❛ ❧❡❤❡* ❛
❤❛❧❛❞♥✐✱ ❦❛♥②❛(♦❞♥✐✱ ❣②♦(3=*❛♥✐✱ ❧❛33=*❛♥✐✱ ❛③ ✉*@❜❜✐(❛ ❛③ 1❧❧♥✐ ✈❛❣②✐3 ♥❡♠ ❤❛❧❛❞♥✐✱
❡❧❡♥❣❡❞♥✐ ✈❛❧❛❦✐* ❡❧➤**/♥❦✱ ♥❡♠ ③❛✈❛(♥✐ ♠13♦❦❛* ❛ ❦>③❧❡❦❡❞,3❜❡♥✳ ❆ *❛(*@③❦♦❞13
♥❡♠ ♣✉3③*1♥ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥❡❦ ❛ ♥❡♠ ♠❡❣*,*❡❧,* ❥❡❧❡♥*✐✱ *❡❤1* ♥❡♠ ❡❣②3③❡(➯❡♥ ❛ *❡✈,3
*❛❣❛❞13❛✱ 3③/❦3,❣❡3 ♠,❣ ❛ ♥❡♠✲*❡✈,3 3③1♥❞,❦♦❧*31❣❛ ✐3✳ ❙③1♠♦3 ❞♦❧❣♦* ♥❡♠ *❡✲
3③/♥❦ ♠❡❣✱ ❞❡ ❡③❡❦ ❦>③/❧ ❝3❛❦ ❛③ 3③1♠=* *❛(*@③❦♦❞13♥❛❦✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡* 3③1♥❞,❦♦❧*❛♥
♥❡♠ *❡3③/♥❦ ♠❡❣ ✭❛ ③"♥❞%❦♦❧) "❣ ♠♦③③❛♥❛*❛ *❡(♠,3③❡*❡3❡♥ ❛ *❡✈,3❤❡③ ✐3 ✉❣②❛♥✲
L❣② ❤♦③③1*❛(*♦③✐❦✮✳ ❆ 3③1♥❞,❦♦❧*31❣ *,♥②,* 3♦❦ ❡3❡*❜❡♥ ♥❛❣②♦♥ ♥❡❤,③ ❢❡❧*1(♥✐✱
✒❜✐③♦♥②=*❛♥✐✑✱ ❞❡ ❡③* ❛ ♣(♦❜❧,♠1* ✐** ♠♦3* ♥❡♠ ❡❧❡♠❡③③/❦ ✭❡((➤❧ ❜➤✈❡❜❜❡♥ ❬✶❪✮✳
✸✳ ❉❡♦♥-✐❦✉# ♠♦❞❛❧✐-3#
▼✐✈❡❧ ❛ ❑❘❊❙❩ ✐3 ♥♦(♠❛(❡♥❞3③❡(✱ ❡③,(* ❛ ❧❡=(131❤♦③ 3③/❦3,❣ ✈❛♥ ❛ ♥♦(♠❛*=✈
(❡♥❞3③❡(❡❦ ❦>③♣♦♥*✐ ❦❛*❡❣@(✐1❥1♥❛❦✱ ❛ ❞❡♦♥*✐❦✉3 ♠♦❞❛❧✐*13♥❛❦ ❛③ ,(*❡❧♠❡③,3,(❡✳
❍❛* ❞❡♦♥*✐❦✉3 ♠♦❞❛❧✐*13* ❦/❧>♥=*❤❡*/♥❦ ❡❧✿
✕ ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞❡** ✭♣❡(♠✐**❡❞✮✱
✕ *✐❧♦3 ✭♣(♦❤✐❜✐*❡❞✮✱
✕ ❦>*❡❧❡③➤ ✭♦❜❧✐❣❛*♦(②✮✱
✕ ♠❡❧❧➤③❤❡*➤ ✭♦♠✐33✐❜❧❡✮✱
✕ ♦♣❝✐♦♥1❧✐3 ✭♦♣*✐♦♥❛❧✮✱
✕ ♣(❡3❦(✐♣*=✈ ✭♣(❡3❝(✐♣*✐✈❡✮✳
❊③❡♥ ♠♦❞❛❧✐*13♦❦ ❦>③/❧ ❡❧,❣ ❡❣②❡* ✭❛ ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞,3*✮ ❦✐❡♠❡❧♥✐ ❞❡✜♥✐1❧❛*❧❛♥ ❛❧❛♣✲
❢♦❣❛❧♦♠❦,♥*✱ ,3 ❛ *>❜❜✐ ♠1( ❞❡✜♥✐1❧❤❛*@ ❜❡❧➤❧❡ ✭✈>✳ ❬✷❪✮✳
✕ *✐❧♦3≡♥❡♠ ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞❡** ♠❡❣*❡♥♥✐
✕ ❦>*❡❧❡③➤≡♥❡♠ ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞❡** *❛(*@③❦♦❞♥✐≡♥❡♠ ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞❡** ♥❡♠ ♠❡❣*❡♥♥✐
✕ ♠❡❧❧➤③❤❡*➤≡♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞❡** *❛(*@③❦♦❞♥✐ ≡♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞❡** ♥❡♠ ♠❡❣*❡♥♥✐
✕ ♦♣❝✐♦♥%❧✐'≡♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞❡,, ♠❡❣,❡♥♥✐ -' ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞❡,, ♥❡♠ ♠❡❣,❡♥♥✐
✕ ♣.❡'❦.✐♣,0✈≡♥❡♠ ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞❡,, ♠❡❣,❡♥♥✐ ✈❛❣② ♥❡♠ ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞❡,, ♥❡♠ ♠❡❣✲
,❡♥♥✐
❆ ❤❛, ♠♦❞❛❧✐,%' ❦7③9❧ ❛③ ♦♣❝✐♦♥%❧✐' -' ❛ ♣.❡'❦.✐♣,0✈ ✒❣②➯❥,➤❦❛,❡❣>.✐%❦✑✿ ❛ ❥♦❣✲
'③❛❜%❧②♦❦❜❛♥ ✐❧②❡♥♥❡❧ ♥❡♠ ,❛❧%❧❦♦③✉♥❦✱ ❞❡ ❛ ❧♦❣✐❦❛✐ ✈✐'③♦♥②♦❦ ❢❡❧,-.❦-♣❡③-'-❜❡♥
❥❡❧❡♥,➤'-❣❡ ✈❛♥ ❛ ♠♦❞❛❧✐,%'♦❦ ❦7③- ,7.,-♥➤ ❜❡❡♠❡❧-'9❦♥❡❦✳ ▼✐♥❞ ❛③ ♦♣❝✐♦♥❛❧✐,%'✲
❜>❧✱ ♠✐♥❞ ❛ ❦7,❡❧❡③➤'-❣❜➤❧ ❦7✈❡,❦❡③✐❦ ❡❣② ❝'❡❧❡❦♠-♥② ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞❡,,'-❣❡❀ ✉❣②❛♥0❣②
❦7✈❡,❦❡③✐❦ ❛③ ♦♣❝✐♦♥❛❧✐,%'❜>❧ ✐' -' ❛ ,✐❧♦''%❣❜>❧ ❛ ♠❡❧❧➤③❤❡,➤'-❣❀ ♠0❣ ❛ ❦7,❡❧❡✲
③➤'-❣❜➤❧ -' ❛ ,✐❧♦''%❣❜>❧ ✐' ❦7✈❡,❦❡③✐❦ ❛ ♣.❡'❦.✐♣,0✈ ♥♦.♠❛,0✈ ',%,✉'③✳ ❆ ❞❡♦♥,✐✲
❦✉' ❤❛,'③7❣ ✸ ❦♦♥,.❛❞✐❦,♦.✐❦✉' ✒♣%.,✑ ,❛.,❛❧♠❛③✿ ❛ ❦7,❡❧❡③➤ -' ❛ ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞❡,,✱ ❛
♣.❡'❦.✐♣,0✈ -' ❛③ ♦♣❝✐♦♥%❧✐'✱ ✐❧❧❡,✈❡ ❛ ❦7,❡❧❡③➤ -' ❛ ♠❡❧❧➤③❤❡,➤ ❦✐③%.❥%❦ ❡❣②♠%',✳
❉❡ ✈❛♥ ❡③❡♥ ❦0✈9❧ ♠-❣ ❦-, ❢❛❥,❛ ✈✐'③♦♥②✿ ❛ ❦7,❡❧❡③➤✱ ❛ ,✐❧♦' -' ❛③ ♦♣❝✐♦♥%❧✐' ❡❣②✲
♠%''❛❧ ❦♦♥,.%.✐✉' ✈✐'③♦♥②❜❛♥ ✈❛♥♥❛❦✱ ❛③❛③ ♥❡♠ ❧❡❤❡,♥❡❦ ❡❣②'③❡..❡ ✐❣❛③❛❦✱ ❞❡
❧❡❤❡,♥❡❦ ❡❣②'③❡..❡ ❤❛♠✐'❛❦❀ ♠0❣ ❛ ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞❡,,'-❣✱ ❛ ♠❡❧❧➤③❤❡,➤'-❣ -' ♣.❡'❦.✐♣✲
,0✈ ',%,✉'③♦❦❛, '③✉❜❦♦♥,.%.✐✉' ✈✐'③♦♥② ✒❦7,✐ 7''③❡✑✿ ❧❡❤❡, ❜❡❧➤❧9❦ ❡❣②'③❡..❡ ❦❡,,➤
✐❣❛③✱ ❞❡ ❤❛♠✐' ♥❡♠✳
✹✳ ◆♦$♠❛
❆ ♥♦.♠❛ ❢♦❣❛❧♠%♥❛❦ ❡❧❡♠③-'-❤❡③✱ ❛ ♥♦.♠❛ ❦♦♠♣♦♥❡♥'❡✐♥❡❦ ❦✐❜♦♥,%'%❤♦③ ●❡♦.❣
✈♦♥ ❲.✐❣❤, ❡❧♠-❧❡,-, ❤❛'③♥%❧❤❛,❥✉❦ ✭❬✸❪✮✳ ❱♦♥ ❲.✐❣❤, '③❡.✐♥, ❛ ♥♦.♠❛ ❢♦❣❛❧♠❛
❤❛, ❦♦♠♣♦♥❡♥'.❡ ❜♦♥,❤❛,>✿
✕ ❝0♠③❡,, ✭'✉❜❥❡❝,✮✱
✕ ❦✐❜♦❝'%,> ✭❛✉,❤♦.✐,②✮✱
✕ ❦❛.❛❦,❡.✭❝❤❛.❛❝,❡.✮✱
✕ ,❛.,❛❧♦♠ ✭❝♦♥,❡♥,✮✱
✕ ❢❡❧,-,❡❧ ✭❝♦♥❞✐,✐♦♥✮✱
✕ ❦7.9❧♠-♥② ✭♦❝❝❛'✐♦♥✮✳
❆ ♥♦.♠❛ ❝!♠③❡%%❥❡ ❛③ ❛ ❝'❡❧❡❦✈➤✱ ❛❦✐♥❡❦ ✐❣❛③♦❞♥✐❛ ❦❡❧❧ ❛ ♥♦.♠❛ ❡❧➤0.%'❛✐❤♦③✱ ❛
❦✐❜♦❝+,%- ❛③✱ ❛❦✐ ❛ ♥♦.♠%, ❞❡❦❧❛.%❧❥❛✱ ❛ ♥♦.♠❛ ❦❛/❛❦%❡/❡ ❛ ❝'❡❧❡❦✈-'❤❡③ ❦❛♣❝'♦❧❛,
❞❡♦♥,✐❦✉' ♠♦❞❛❧✐,%', ❥❡❧❡♥,✐✱ ♥♦.♠❛ %❛/%❛❧♠❛ ♠❛❣❛ ❛ '③❛❜%❧②♦③♥✐ ❦0✈%♥, ❝'❡❧❡❦✲
✈-'✱ ❛ ❢❡❧%2%❡❧ ❛ ♥♦.♠❛ ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③%'%♥❛❦ ❢❡❧,-,❡❧-9❧ ,-,❡❧❡③❡,, ♠%'✐❦ ❝'❡❧❡❦✈-'.❡
♠✉,❛,✭❤❛,✮ .%✱ ❛ ❦3/4❧♠2♥② ♣❡❞✐❣ ❛ ♥♦.♠❛ ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③%'✐ ❢❡❧,-,❡❧❡✐, 0.❥❛ ❧❡✳ ❆ ✈♦♥
❲.✐❣❤,✲✐ ♠♦❞❡❧❧, -.❞❡♠❡' ❡❣② ,♦✈%❜❜✐ ❦♦♠♣♦♥❡♥''❡❧ ❦✐❡❣-'③0,❡♥✐✱ -' ❢❡❧✈❡♥♥✐ ❛
♥♦.♠❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❧❥-❜❡ ❛ +③❛♥❦❝✐- ❥❡❧❡♥'-❣-, ✐'✿
✕ '③❛♥❦❝✐>✳
❆ ♥♦.♠❛ ❡❣② ❥7✈➤.❡ ♠✉,❛,> ❡❧✈%.%'✱ ❛♠❡❧②♥❡❦ ,❡❧❥❡'9❧-'-, ❛ '③❛♥❦❝✐♦♥%❧%' ,%.✲
'❛❞❛❧♠✐ ❡'③❦7③-✈❡❧ ❜✐③,♦'0,❤❛,❥✉❦✳ ➱.❞❡♠❡' ♠-❣ ❛③, ♠❡❣❥❡❣②❡③♥✐✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ♣♦♥✲
,♦' ♠♦❞❡❧❧ -.,❡❧♠❡③-'-❤❡③ '③9❦'-❣9♥❦ ❧❡❤❡, ❛ ❦✐❜♦❝'%,%' ♠✐♥, ❝'❡❧❡❦✈-'✱ ✐❧❧❡,✈❡
❛ '③❛♥❦❝✐♦♥%❧> ♠✐♥, %❣❡♥' ,❡.♠✐♥✉'♦❦ ❢❡❧✈-,❡❧-.❡✳ ❊③❡❦ ♦♥,♦❧>❣✐❛✐ ❡❧❦7,❡❧❡③❡,,✲
'-❣ '③❡♠♣♦♥,❥%❜>❧ ♥❡♠ ,❡❦✐♥,❤❡,➤❦ S❥ ❢♦❣❛❧♦♠♥❛❦✱ ❤✐'③❡♥ ❛ '③❛♥❦❝✐> ❢♦❣❛❧♠❛
❡❣②#$%③' ❛ %③❛♥❦❝✐♦♥.❧.% ❝%❡❧❡❦❡❞❡'$#❡✱ ♠.%#$%③' ❛ %③❛♥❦❝✐♦♥.❧.%' ✈$❣③➤ .❣❡♥%✲
#❡ ✐% ✉'❛❧✱ ♠7❣ ❛ ❦✐❜♦❝%.'9 .❣❡♥% ❢♦❣❛❧♠❛ ❢❡❧'$'❡❧❡③✐ ❛ ❦✐❜♦❝%.'.% ❝%❡❧❡❦❡❞❡'$'✳
❆ %'❛♥❞❛#❞ ❞❡♦♥'✐❦✉% ❧♦❣✐❦❛ %③❡♠$❧②'❡❧❡♥✿ ♥❡♠ ❦❡③❡❧ .❣❡♥%❡❦❡'✳ ❆③ ❛♥❛❧✐'✐❦✉%
❥♦❣❡❧♠$❧❡'♥❡❦ ❛③♦♥❜❛♥ ♠❡❣❤❛'.#♦③9✱ ❞❡ ❛③ .❣❡♥%✲❜.③✐%@ ♠♦❞❡❧❧❡❦❦❡❧ $% ♠✉❧'✐✲
.❣❡♥% #❡♥❞%③❡#❡❦❦❡❧ ✈❛❧9 ❦$③❡♥❢❡❦✈➤ A%%③❡❦❛♣❝%♦❧❤❛'9%.❣❛ ♠✐❛'' ❛ ♠❡%'❡#%$❣❡%
✐♥'❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝✐❛ $% ❥♦❣ ❦✉'❛'.%♦❦❜❛♥ ✐% ♠❡❣❛❧❛♣♦③9♥❛❦ '❡❦✐♥'❡'' ❍♦❤❢❡❧❞ #❡♥❞%③❡#❡
❛ ❦D❧A♥❜A③➤ ❥♦❣♦%✉❧'%.❣✲ $% ❦A'❡❧❡③❡''%$❣'7♣✉%♦❦#9❧✳ ❆ '.#❣②❜❡❧✐ ❤✐✈❛'❦♦③♦'' #❡✲
❧❡✈❛♥❝✐.❥.' $% ❛ ❞❡♦♥'✐❦✉% ❧♦❣✐❦❛✐ ❥❡❧❡♥'➤%$❣$' ❛③ ❛❞❥❛✱ ❤♦❣② .❣❡♥%❡❦❡'✱ ❡❣$%③❡♥
♣♦♥'♦%❛♥ .❣❡♥%♣.#♦❦❛' ❦❡③❡❧✿ ❛❞♦'' ❥♦❣♦%✉❧'%.❣♦❦ $% ❦A'❡❧❡③❡''%$❣❡❦ ❦♦##❡❧❛'7✈
✭✈❛❣② ❦♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥'❡#✸✮ ♣.#❥❛✐♥❛❦ .❣❡♥%❡✐'✳ ❚❡❦✐♥'❡''❡❧ ❛##❛✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ❦A③❧❡❦❡❞$%
✐% ❦✐❢❡❥❡③❡''❡♥ ♠✉❧'✐✲.❣❡♥% #❡♥❞%③❡#❦$♥' ❢♦❣❤❛'9 ❢❡❧✱ ❢♦♥'♦% '❛♥✉❧%.❣♦❦❦❛❧ %③♦❧✲
❣.❧❤❛'✱ ❤❛ ❡③❡♥ ✕ ❛③ ❡❣②❡% ❥♦❣♦%✉❧'%.❣✈✐%③♦♥②♦❦ ❦$' ♦❧❞❛❧.♥ ❧❡✈➤ ✕ ♥♦#♠❛'7✈
♣♦③7❝✐9❦❛' ✐% ❜❡❡♠❡❧❥D❦ ❛ ❢♦❣❛❧♠✐ ❡❧❡♠③$%❜❡✳
✺✳ ❏♦❣✈✐'③♦♥②♦❦✱ ♥♦-♠❛01✈ ♣♦③1❝✐4❦
❲❡%❧❡② ◆❡✇❝♦♠❜ ❍♦❤❢❡❧❞ ❡❧♠$❧❡'$❤❡③ ♠✐♥❞ ❛ ❥♦❣ ❤❛❣②♦♠.♥②♦% ❡❧❡♠③$%$' ✈$❣✲
③➤ ❥♦❣❡❧♠$❧❡'✱ ♠✐♥❞ ❛ ❥♦❣ ❢♦#♠.❧✐% #❡♣#❡③❡♥'.❧.%.✈❛❧ ❢♦❣❧❛❧❦♦③9 ❧♦❣✐❦❛ %♦❦%③♦#
✈✐%%③❛♥②@❧ ❛③ ❡❧♠@❧' %③.③ $✈❜❡♥ ✭'A❜❜❡❦ ❦A③A'' ❍✳▲✳❆✳ ❍❛#' ❬✹❪✱ ❙'✐❣ ❑❛♥❣❡#
❬✺❪✱❬✻❪✱❬✼❪✱ ▲✳ ▲✐♥❞❛❤❧ ❬✽❪✱ ❉✳ ▼❛❦✐♥%♦♥ ❬✾❪✱ ❍❡##❡%'❛❞ $% ❑#♦❣❤ ❬✶✵❪✮✱ $% ❢♦❣❧❛❧❦♦③✲
♥❛❦ ♠❛ ✐% ✭♣❧✳ ❙❡#❣♦' ❬✶✶❪✱ ✈❛♥ ❊✐❥❝❦ ❬✶✷❪✱ ▼❛#❦♦✈✐❝❤ ❬✶✸❪✱ ❬✶✹❪✮✳ ❍♦❤❢❡❧❞ ✶✾✶✸✲
❜❛♥ $% ✶✾✶✼✲❜❡♥ ♣✉❜❧✐❦.❧' ✭❦$' #$%③❡%✮ '❛♥✉❧♠.♥②.♥❛❦ ✕ ❆❧❛♣✈❡&➤ ❥♦❣✐ ❢♦❣❛❧♠❛❦
❛ ❜012✐ 31✈❡❧34❜❡♥ ❬✶✺❪ ✕ ❦✐✐♥❞✉❧9♣♦♥'❥❛✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ❵❥♦❣✬ ✭❵#✐❣❤'✬✱ ❛③❛③ ❵❥♦❣♦%✉❧'%.❣✬✱
♥❡♠ ❛ ❥♦❣ ♠✐♥' #❡♥❞%③❡#✮ %③9 '@❧ %♦❦❛' $% ♣♦♥❣②♦❧.♥ ❤❛%③♥.❧' ✕ 'A❜❜ ❦D❧A♥✲
❜A③➤ ❥♦❣♦%✉❧'%.❣✈✐%③♦♥②#❛✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦ 7❣② A%%③❡♠♦%9❞♥❛❦✱ ❤♦❧♦'' ✐❣❡♥ ❦D❧A♥❜A③➤
'❛#'❛❧♠@ ♥♦#♠❛'7✈ ♣♦③7❝✐9❦#9❧ ✈❛♥ %③9✳ ❊③$#' ❢❡❧✈.③♦❧' ❡❣② #❡♥❞%③❡#'✱ ❛♠❡❧②❜❡♥
❛ ❥♦❣♦%✉❧%.❣✲❢♦❣❛❧♠❛ ❛❧. #❡♥❞❡❧'❡ ❛③ ✐❣3♥②✭❥♦❣✮✱ ❛ ♣1✐✈✐❧3❣✐✉♠ ✭%③❛❜❛❞%.❣✮✱ ❛ ❢❡❧✲
❤❛&❛❧♠❛③♦&&4=❣ $% ❛③ ✐♠♠✉♥✐&=4 ❢♦❣❛❧♠❛✐'❀ ♠7❣ ❛ ❦A'❡❧❡③❡''%$❣ ❛❧. ❛ ❦>&❡❧❡443❣✱
❛③ ✐❣3♥②❤✐=♥②✱ ❛ ❜❡❛✈❛&❦♦③=4♥❛❦ ❦✐&❡&&43❣ $% ❛ ❜❡❛✈❛&❦♦③=4❦3♣&❡❧❡♥43❣ ❢♦❣❛❧♠❛✲
✐'✳ ❍♦❤❢❡❧❞ ❦❛'❡❣9#✐.✐ ♣.#♦♥❦$♥' ❦♦##❡❧❛'7✈ ✈❛❣② ❦♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥'❡#✱ ✐❧❧❡'✈❡ ❡❧❧❡♥'$'❡%
✈✐%③♦♥②❜❛♥ .❧❧♥❛❦ ❡❣②♠.%%❛❧✱ ♠❡❧② ✈✐%③♦♥②♦❦❛' ♠✉'❛'❥❛ ❛③ ❛❧.❜❜✐ .❜#❛✳
✸ ❆③ ❡#❡❞❡%✐ ❤♦❤❢❡❧❞✐ +③,❤❛+③♥/❧%❛❜❛♥ 1+ ❛ ❢♦#❞2%/+/❜❛♥ ✐+ ❵❦♦##❡❧❛%2✈✬ +③❡#❡♣❡❧✱ ❞❡ ❬✷❪
♣❧✳ ❵❦♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥%❡#✬ ✈✐+③♦♥②❦1♥% ❤✐✈❛%❦♦③✐❦ #/✳
❦!"❡❧❡③❡""&'❣
✐❣'♥②❥♦❣ .✐❣❤" &③❛❜❛❞&3❣
❥♦❣❤✐3♥②
❦♦..❡❧❛"4✈♦❦ ❦♦..❡❧❛"4✈♦❦❡❧❧❡♥"'"❡❦
❦✐"❡""&'❣
❢❡❧❤❛"❛❧♠❛③♦""&3❣ ♠❡♥"❡&&'❣
❜❡❛✈❛"❦✳ ❦'♣"❡❧❡♥&'❣
❦♦..❡❧❛"4✈♦❦ ❦♦..❡❧❛"4✈♦❦❡❧❧❡♥"'"❡❦
✶✳ "❜$❛✿ ❍♦❤❢❡❧❞ ❥♦❣♦0✉❧20"❣✲ 40 ❦62❡❧❡③❡2204❣❢♦❣❛❧♠❛✐✳
❆ ❦♦$$❡❧❛2;✈ ✈✐0③♦♥② ❧4♥②❡❣❡✱ ❤♦❣② ❡❣② "❣❡♥0 ✐❣4♥②❥♦❣❛ ♠✐♥❞✐❣ ❡❣②@22❥"$ ❡❣② ♠"✲
0✐❦ "❣❡♥0 ❦62❡❧❡③❡2204❣4✈❡❧✱ ❛❤♦❣②❛♥ ✈❛❧❛❦✐ ♣$✐✈✐❧4❣✐✉♠❛ ✈❛❧❛❦✐ ♠"0 ✐❣4♥②❤✐"♥②"✲
✈❛❧ 40 ;❣② 2♦✈"❜❜✳ ▲♦❣✐❦❛✐❧❛❣ ❡③ ❡❦✈✐✈❛❧❡♥❝✐"2 ❥❡❧❡♥2✳ ❆③ ❡❧❧❡♥242 ♣❡❞✐❣ ♥❡❣"❝✐D2✿
♣♦♥2♦0❛♥ ❛❦❦♦$ ✐❣❛③✱ ❤♦❣② ❡❣② "❣❡♥0♥❡❦ ♣$✐✈✐❧4❣✐✉♠❛ ✈❛♥ ❡❣② ❝0❡❧❡❦✈40$❡✱ ❤❛
♥❡♠ "❧❧ ❢❡♥♥ ❛ ♠"0✐❦ "❣❡♥0♥❡❦ ❛③ ❛❞♦22 ❝0❡❧❡❦✈402➤❧ ✈❛❧D 2❛$2D③❦♦❞"0$❛ ✈♦♥❛2✲
❦♦③D ✐❣4♥②❥♦❣❛✳ ❆③ "❜$"♥ ❧"2❤❛2D✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ❦❛2❡❣D$✐"❦ ❡♠❡ ✈✐0③♦♥②❛✐❦ ♠❡♥24♥ ❦42
❝0♦♣♦$2❜❛ $❡♥❞❡③➤❞♥❡❦✳ ◆❛❣②♦♥ ❤❛0♦♥❧D♥❛❦ 2➯♥✐❦ ❛ ❦42 ❝0♦♣♦$2✱ ❞❡ ✈❛❧D❥"❜❛♥
❦♦♠♦❧② ❦@❧6♥❜04❣❡❦ ✈❛♥♥❛❦ ❦6③2@❦✳ ❍❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❛❧✐2"0 2❡20③➤❧❡❣❡0✱ ❡❣②0③❡$➯✱ ✈❛✲
❧D0 ✭✜③✐❦❛✐✮ ❝0❡❧❡❦✈40❡❦$❡ ✈♦♥❛2❦♦③✐❦✱ ❛❦❦♦$ ❡❧0➤$❡♥❞➯ ❢♦❣❛❧♦♠$D❧ ❜❡0③4❧❤❡2@♥❦ ✕
❡③❡❦ ✈❛♥♥❛❦ ❛ ❜❛❧ ♦❧❞❛❧✐ ♥4❣②0③6❣❜❡♥✱ ♠;❣ ❤❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❛❧✐2"0 ❛ ❥♦❣✐ ♣♦③;❝✐D❦ ✭0③❛❜"✲
❧②♦❦✮ ❧42$❡❤♦③"0"$❛✱ ♠❡❣✈"❧2♦③2❛2"0"$❛✱ ♠❡❣0③@♥2❡2404$❡ ✐$"♥②✉❧✱ ❛❦❦♦$ ♠"0♦❞✲
$❡♥❞➯ ❢♦❣❛❧♦♠$D❧ ✈❛♥ 0③D ✕ ❡③❡❦ ✈❛♥♥❛❦ ❛ ❥♦❜❜ ♦❧❞❛❧♦♥✳ ❆ ❤♦❤❢❡❧❞✐ ❢♦❣❛❧♠❛❦
❥❡❧❡♥2404♥❡❦ 0③❡♠❧4❧2❡2404$❡ ❛ ❑❘❊❙❩ 2❡$@❧❡24$➤❧ ❛ ❦6✈❡2❦❡③➤ ♣4❧❞"❦ ❤♦③❤❛2D❦✳
✻✳ ❆ ❤♦❤❢❡❧❞✐ ♣♦③,❝✐.❦ ♠❡❣❥❡❧❡♥45 ❡ ❛ ❑❘❊❙❩✲❜❡♥
✻✳✶✳ ■❣%♥②❥♦❣ %* ❦,-❡❧❡③❡--*%❣
❆ ❤♦❤❢❡❧❞✐ ❢♦❣❛❧♠❛❦❛2 ❛ ♣"$♦♥❦4♥2✐ ❡❦✈✐✈❛❧❡♥❝✐❛ ❦6✈❡2❦❡③24❜❡♥ ✕ 4$2❡❧❡♠0③❡$➯❡♥
✕ ♣"$❜❛♥ 4$❞❡♠❡0 ❦❡③❡❧♥✐✿ ❜"$♠❡❧② ♣♦③;❝✐D$❛ ✈♦♥❛2❦♦③D ♥②❡❧✈✐ ✉2❛❧"02 2❛❧"❧✉♥❦✱
❛③③❛❧ ❛♥♥❛❦ ❦♦$$❡❧❛2;✈ ♣"$❥"2 ✐0 ✒♠❡❣2❛❧"❧2✉❦✑✳ ❆③ ✐❣4♥②❥♦❣✲❦62❡❧❡③❡2204❣ ♣"$♦0
❧❡❣0③❡♠❧4❧❡2❡0❡❜❜ ♠❡❣❥❡❧❡♥40❡ ❛ ❑❘❊❙❩✲❜❡♥ ❛③ ❡❧0➤❜❜04❣❛❞"0 0③❛❜"❧②❛✐❜❛♥ ✈❛♥✱
❤✐0③❡♥ ✐22 ❦4③❡♥❢❡❦✈➤✱ ❤♦❣② ❦42 "❣❡♥0 ❡❣②♠"00❛❧ 0③❡♠❜❡♥✐ ♥♦$♠❛2;✈ ♣♦③;❝✐D✐$D❧
✈❛♥ 0③D✿
"✮ ✒❊❣②❡♥.❛♥❣= ✉"❛❦ ❦❡.❡&③"❡③➤❞'&❡✑ ✭✽✽✳ 3❜.❛✮❀ ❛ "3❜❧❛ ❛③" ❥❡❧③✐✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ="♦♥
♦❧②❛♥ ="❦❡.❡&③"❡③➤❞'& ✈❛♥✱ ❛♠❡❧②❜❡♥ ❛ ❥♦❜❜.E❧ '.❦❡③➤ ❥3.♠➯♥❡❦ ✈❛♥ ❡❧&➤❜❜&'❣❡❀
❬✶✻✳ ➓ ✭✶✮❪✹
❆♠✐❦♦$ ✐❧②❡♥ ❤❡❧②③❡2❜❡ ❦❡$@❧♥❡❦ ❛ ❦6③❧❡❦❡❞➤❦✱ ❛❦❦♦$ ❛ ❥♦❜❜❦4③✲0③❛❜"❧② ❥♦❣♦✲
0✉❧2❥"♥❛❦ ✐❣4♥②❥♦❣❛ ❛③✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ♠"0✐❦ ❢4❧ ❛❞❥♦♥ ♥❡❦✐ ❡❧0➤❜❜04❣❡2✱ ✈❛❣②✐0 ❛ ♠"0✐❦
✹ ❊③ ❛③ ✐❞'③❡"" .'&③ '& ❛ "♦✈3❜❜✐❛❦ ❛ ❤✐✈❛"❦♦③♦"" ❥♦❣&③❛❜3❧②❜E❧ ✭✶✴✶✾✼✺✳ ✭■■✳ ✺✳✮ ❑R▼✲
❇▼ ❡❣②V""❡& .❡♥❞❡❧❡" ❛ ❦!③="✐ ❦!③❧❡❦❡❞'& &③❛❜3❧②❛✐.E❧ ✭❑❘❊❙❩✮✮ &③3.♠❛③♥❛❦✳
❦!"❡❧❡%%&❣❡ ❛ ❥♦❣♦%✉❧" ✒❡❧➤.❡ ❡♥❣❡❞&%❡✑✳ ❆③ ✐❣&♥②❥♦❣ ♠8%✐❦ ✲ "❛❧8♥ ❦❡✈&%❜& ❦&③❡♥✲
❢❡❦✈➤ ✲ ♣&❧❞8❥❛❦&♥" ❤✐✈❛"❦♦③❤❛"✉♥❦ ❛ ✜③❡"➤% ✉"❛❦ ✐❣&♥②❜❡✈&"❡❧&♥❡❦ %③❛❜8❧②8.❛✳
✭✹✮ ❆③ ✭✶✮ ❜❡❦❡③❞*+ ❛✮ ♣♦♥0❥2❜❛♥ ❡♠❧50❡00 ❥❡❧③➤02❜❧❛ ❛❧❛00 ❡❧❤❡❧②❡③❡00 ❦✐❡❣*+③5✲
0➤ ❥❡❧③➤02❜❧❛ ✭✽✴❛✳ 2❜?❛✮ ❛③0 ❥❡❧③✐✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ A0 A0❤❛+③♥2❧❛0✐ ❞5❥ ♠❡❣✜③❡0*+*✈❡❧
✈❡❤❡0➤ ✐❣*♥②❜❡✳ ❬✶✶✳ ➓❪
❆③ ✐❣&♥②❥♦❣ ❦!③✈❡"❡"" ♠@❞♦♥ &.❤❡"➤ ✐"" "❡""❡♥✳ ❆♠A❣ ❛③ ✐♥❣②❡♥❡% B"♦♥ %③❛❜❛❞♦♥
❧❡❤❡" ❦!③❧❡❦❡❞♥✐✱ ♥✐♥❝% %❡♥❦✐♥❡❦ ✐❣&♥②❡ ❛ ❦!③❧❡❦❡❞&%"➤❧ ✈❛❧@ "❛."@③❦♦❞8%.❛ ✲ &% ❡③
%③&♣ ♣&❧❞8❥❛ ❛ ♣.✐✈✐❧&❣✐✉♠✲✐❣&♥②❤✐8♥② ♣8..❛✱ ❛❞❞✐❣ ❛ ✜③❡"➤% B"♦♥ ❛ ❦!③❧❡❦❡❞&%✐
B"✈♦♥❛❧❛" ❢❡♥♥"❛."@ %③❡.❡♣❧➤ ❛③③❛❧ ❛③ ✐❣&♥♥②❡❧ ❧&♣ ❢❡❧ ❛ ❦!③❧❡❦❡❞➤❦❦❡❧ %③❡♠❜❡♥✱
❤♦❣② ✜③❡%%&❦ ♠❡❣ ❛ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤ ❞A❥❛" ❛③ B" ❤❛%③♥8❧❛"8&."✱ ✈❛❣②✐% ❛③ ♦"" ❦!③❧❡✲
❦❡③➤❞❦♥❡❦ ✈❛♥ ❡❣② ✐❧②❡♥ ✜③❡"&%✐ ❦!"❡❧❡③❡""%&❣E❦ ❛③ B" ❢❡♥♥"❛."@❥8✈❛❧ %③❡♠❜❡♥✳
❋♦♥"♦% ❧8"♥✉♥❦✱ ❤♦❣② ❛♠✐❦♦. ❍♦❤❢❡❧❞ ❦!"❡❧❡③❡""%&❣.➤❧ ❜❡%③&❧✱ ♥❡♠ %♣❡❝✐✜❦8❧❥❛
❛ ❝%❡❧❡❦✈&%" "❡✈&%.❡ &% "❛."@③❦♦❞8%.❛✱ A❣② ❛ ❞❡♦♥"✐❦✉% ❧♦❣✐❦❛ ❦!"❡❧❡③➤ &% "✐❧♦%
♠♦❞❛❧✐"8%❛✐♥❛❦ ♠❡❣❥❡❧❡♥&%❡✐ ♠✐♥❞ ❜❡%♦.♦❧❤❛"@❦ ❛ ❤♦❤❢❡❧❞✐ ❦!"❡❧❡③❡""%&❣ ❢♦❣❛❧♦♠
❛❧8✳ ❆③ 8❧"❛❧8♥♦%✱ ❛③ ❛❞♦"" ❦!③❧❡❦❡❞&%✐ %③✐"✉8❝✐@" ♥❡♠ ❦&" 8❣❡♥% ✈✐%③♦♥②8❜❛♥ ❧❡A.@
%③❛❜8❧②♦❦♥8❧ ❦❡✈&%❜& %③❡♠❜❡"➯♥➤✱ ❤♦❣② ❦❡③❡❧❤❡"➤❦ ❛ ❤♦❤❢❡❧❞✐ ❢♦❣❛❧♠❛❦❦❛❧✱ ♣❡❞✐❣
❛..@❧ ✈❛♥ ❝%❛❦ %③@✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ❦!③❧❡❦❡❞&%❜❡♥ .&%③" ✈❡✈➤ ✈❛❧❛♠❡♥♥②✐ 8❣❡♥%♥❡❦ ✐❣&♥②✲
❥♦❣❛ ✈❛♥ ❛ ❦!③❧❡❦❡❞&%❜❡♥ .&%③"✈❡✈➤ ✈❛❧❛♠❡♥♥②✐ ♠8%✐❦ 8❣❡♥% ✐.8♥②8❜❛ ❛ ❦!"❡❧❡③➤
❝%❡❧❡❦♠&♥②❡❦ ✈&❣.❡❤❛❥"8%8.❛ &% ❛ "✐❧♦% ❝%❡❧❡❦♠&♥②❡❦"➤❧ ✈❛❧@ "❛."@③❦♦❞8%.❛✳
❚✐❧♦$ ❆ "✐❧❛❧♦♠ &% ❛ ❦!"❡❧❡③➤%&❣ ♠♦❞❛❧✐"8%♦❦ ♥②❡❧✈✐ ♠❡❣❥❡❧❡♥&%&♥❡❦ ❢♦.♠8✐.@❧
❛ ♠❛❣②❛. ✭❥♦❣✐✮ ♥②❡❧✈❜❡♥ ♠8. ❦&%③E❧"❡❦ ❦✉"❛"8%♦❦ ✭❧8%❞ ♣❧✳ ❬✶✻❪✱ ❬✶✼❪✱ ❬✶✽❪✮✱ ❛
❑❘❊❙❩✲❜❡♥ ❛ ❦!✈❡"❦❡③➤ ♣&❧❞8❦❛" "❛❧8❧❥✉❦✿ ❆ ✐❧ ♦ ♠♦❞8❧✐% ♦♣❡.8"♦." ♥②❡❧✈✐
%③✐♥"❡♥ ❛ ✬"✐❧♦%✬ ❦E❧!♥❜!③➤ ❛❧❛❦❥❛✐ ❥❡❧!❧❤❡"✐❦✳
✭✺✮ ❆ ❤❛0H+2❣✐ ❥❡❧③*+✭❡❦❡✮0 ❬?❡♥❞+③2♠02❜❧❛✭2❦❛✮0❪✳✳✳ ♠❡❣✈2❧0♦③0❛0♥✐✱ ❧❡0❛❦❛?♥✐
✈❛❣② ❥♦❣♦+✉❧❛0❧❛♥✉❧ ❡❧02✈♦❧50❛♥✐ 0✐❧♦+✳ ❬✺✳ ➓❪
▼✐✈❡❧ ❧♦❣✐❦❛✐❧❛❣ ❛ "✐❧♦% ♠♦❞❛❧✐"8% ❛ ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞❡"" "❛❣❛❞8%8" ❥❡❧❡♥"✐✱ ❡③" ♥②❡❧✈✐
%③✐♥"❡♥ ✐% ❦✐❢❡❥❡③❤❡"❥E❦ ❤❛%♦♥❧@ ♠@❞♦♥✳
✭✷✮ ❆ ❣*♣❦♦❝+✐ ✈❡③❡0➤❥❡ ♠❡♥❡0 ❦L③❜❡♥ ❦*③❜❡♥ 0❛?0♦00 ♠♦❜✐❧ ?2❞✐H0❡❧❡❢♦♥0 ♥❡♠
❤❛+③♥2❧❤❛0✳ ✳✳✳ ❬✸✳ ➓❪
❆ "✐❧"8%" ❥❡❧!❧❤❡"✐ ♠&❣ ❛ ✬♥❡♠ ❧❡❤❡"✬ ✈❛❣② ❛ ✬♥❡♠ ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞❡""✬ ❦✐❢❡❥❡③&% ✐%✳
✭✾✮ ❆ ♠❛❣②❛? ❤❛0H+2❣✐ ❥❡❧③*++❡❧ ❡❧❧20♦00 ❣*♣❥2?♠➯✈L♥ ✕ ✐❞❡ ♥❡♠ *?0✈❡ ❛ ❉❚ *+
❛ ❈❑ ❜❡0➯❥❡❧➯ ?❡♥❞+③2♠02❜❧2✈❛❧ ❦L③❧❡❦❡❞➤ ❣*♣❥2?♠➯✈❡0 ✲ ♥❡♠ ❧❡❤❡0 ♦❧②❛♥ ❥❡❧✲
③*+0 ✲ 5❣② ❦V❧L♥L+❡♥ ❈❉ ❥❡❧③*+➯ ♠❛0?✐❝20 ✲ ❢❡❧0V♥0❡0♥✐✱ ❛♠❡❧② ❛??❛ ✉0❛❧✱ ❤♦❣② ❛
❣*♣❥2?♠➯ ❛ ▼❛❣②❛?♦?+③2❣♦♥ ♠➯❦L❞➤ ❞✐♣❧♦♠2❝✐❛✐ *+ ❦♦♥③✉❧✐ ❦*♣✈✐+❡❧❡0❡❦✱ ♥❡♠✲
③❡0❦L③✐ +③❡?✈❡③❡0❡❦ ✈❛❣② ❡③❡❦ ♥❡♠③❡0❦L③✐ +③❡?③➤❞*+ ❛❧❛♣❥2♥ ♠❡♥0❡++*❣❡0 *❧✈❡③➤
0❛❣❥2♥❛❦✱ ✐❧❧❡0✈❡ ❛ ♠❡♥0❡++*❣❡0 *❧✈❡③➤ ❝+❛❧2❞0❛❣❥2♥❛❦ ❤❛+③♥2❧❛02❜❛♥ ✈❛♥✳ ❬✺✳ ➓❪
▼❡❣✐♥" ♠8% ♥②❡❧✈✐ ❦✐❢❡❥❡③&%" ✭❛ ✬"♦✈8❜❜❤❛❧❛❞8% "✐❧❛❧♠8" ❥❡❧③✐✬✮ ❧8"❤❛"✉♥❦ ❛ "✐❧"8%.❛
❛ ❦!✈❡"❦❡③➤ ✐❞&③❡"❜❡♥✳
❛✮ ❛ "❡♥❞➤" ♠✐♥❞❦*+ ❦❛"❥-♥❛❦ ♦❧❞❛❧✐"-♥②1 ❦✐♥②1❥+-2❛✳✳✳
✲ ❛ ❦✐♥②1❥+♦++ ❦❛""❛ ♠❡"➤❧❡❣❡2 ✐"-♥②❜7❧ *"❦❡③➤❦ "*2③*"❡ ❛ +♦✈-❜❜❤❛❧❛❞-2 +✐❧❛❧✲
♠-+ ❥❡❧③✐✿ ❛ ❣②❛❧♦❣♦2 ❛③ 1++❡2+"❡ ♥❡♠ ❧*♣❤❡+❀ ❛ ❥-"♠➯✈❡❧ ❛③ 1+❦❡"❡2③+❡③➤❞*2♥*❧
✲ ❛ ❦✐❥❡❧?❧+ ❣②❛❧♦❣♦2-+❦❡❧➤❤❡❧②✱ ✐❧❧❡+➤❧❡❣ ❛ ♠❡❣-❧❧-2 ❤❡❧②*+ ❥❡❧③➤ 1+❜✉"❦♦❧❛+✐ ❥❡❧✱
❡③❡❦ ❤✐-♥②-❜❛♥ ❛③ 1+❦❡"❡2③+❡③➤❞*2 ❡❧➤++ ✲ ♠❡❣ ❦❡❧❧ -❧❧♥✐❀ ❬✻✳ ➓ ✭✶✮❪
❆ ❢❡♥$✐ ♣❛((③✉(❜❛♥ ✈❛♥ ♠.❣ ❡❣② 1❥ ❡❧❡♠✿ ❛ $♦✈6❜❜❤❛❧❛❞6( $✐❧❛❧♠6$ ❡❣② ♠6(✐❦
❞❡♦♥$✐❦✉( ♦♣❡:6$♦: ✭❛ ❦<$❡❧❡③.(✮ (❡❣>$(.❣.✈❡❧ ❢❡❥❡③✐ ❦✐ ❛ ♠♦♥❞❛$✿ ❵♠❡❣ ❦❡❧❧ 6❧❧♥✐✬✳
❊③$ ❛③.:$ $❡❤❡$❥C❦ ♠❡❣✱ ♠❡:$ ❛ ❞❡♦♥$✐❦✉( ♠♦❞❛❧✐$6(♦❦ ❦✐❢❡❥❡③❤❡$➤❦ ❡❣②♠6((❛❧✳ ■$$
1❣②✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ❛❦$>✈ ❝(❡❧❡❦✈.($✱ $❡✈.($ ❥❡❧❡♥$➤ ❵6$❤❛❧❛❞6(✬ ♣:❡❞✐❦6$✉♠❛ ❤❡❧②❡$$ ❡❣②
$❛:$H③❦♦❞6( ❦✐❢❡❥❡③➤ ♣:❡❞✐❦6$✉♠♦$ ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③✉♥❦ ✭❛ ✬♠❡❣6❧❧6(✬✲$✮✳ ❆③ ❡❦✈✐✈❛❧❡♥❝✐❛
♣❡❞✐❣ >❣② 6❧❧>$❤❛$H ❢❡❧✿ $✐❧♦( $♦✈6❜❜❤❛❧❛❞♥✐ ❂ ❦<$❡❧❡③➤ ♠❡❣6❧❧♥✐✳ ❆ $✐❧$6( ❦✐ ❧❡❤❡$
❢❡❥❡③♥✐ ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞➤ ♠♦❞❛❧✐$6((❛❧ ✐( ❛❦❦♦:✱ ❤❛ ♠6( (③❛✈❛❦❦❛❧ >:✉♥❦ ❡❧➤ ❦♦:❧6$♦③6($✳
✷✸✳ ➓ ✭✶✮ ❆③ ✉+❛2 ❝2❛❦ -❧❧7 ❥-"♠➯"❡ 2③-❧❧❤❛+ ❢❡❧ *2 ❝2❛❦ -❧❧7 ❥-"♠➯"➤❧ 2③-❧❧❤❛+ ❧❡✳
❆ ♥♦:♠❛♠♦♥❞❛$ ❛③$ ❛❦❛:❥❛ ❦✐❢❡❥❡③♥✐✱ ❤♦❣② ❝(❛❦ ❛③ 6❧❧H ❥6:♠➯:❡ ✈❛❣② 6❧❧H ❥6:♠➯:➤❧
✈❛❧H ❢❡❧✲ ✈❛❣② ❧❡(③6❧❧6( ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞❡$$✳ ❆ ♠♦♥❞❛$❜❛♥ (③❡:❡♣❧➤ ✬❝(❛❦✬ (③H ❜❡✐❧❧❡(③$.✲
(.✈❡❧ ❛ ❢❡❧(③>♥❡♥ ❛ ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞.( ❥❡❧③➤ ♠♦❞❛❧✐$6( 6$❢♦:❞✉❧ ❛③ ❡❧❧❡♥$.$.❜❡✱ .( $✐❧$6(
❧❡(③ ❜❡❧➤❧❡✳
❑!"❡❧❡③➤ ❆ ❦<$❡❧❡③.( ♠♦❞❛❧✐$6( ❧❡❣❣②❛❦:❛❜❜❛♥ ❛ ❵❦<$❡❧❡③➤✬ ❥❡❧③➤ ✈❛❣② ❛ ❵❦❡❧❧✬
(❡❣.❞✐❣❡ ✐❧❧❡(③$.(.✈❡❧ ♦❧❞❥❛ ♠❡❣ ❛ ❥♦❣❛❧❦♦$H✳
✭✸✮ ❆③ ✭✶✮ ❜❡❦❡③❞*2❜❡♥ ❡♠❧M+❡++ ❡♥❣❡❞*❧②+ ❛ ✈❡③❡+➤♥❡❦ ✈❡③❡+*2 ❦?③❜❡♥ ♠❛❣-♥-❧
❦❡❧❧ +❛"+❛♥✐❛✳ ❬✹✳ ➓❪
✭✹✮ ❆ ❥-"♠➯ ❤❛+72-❣✐ ❡♥❣❡❞*❧②*+ ✲ ❤❛ ❥♦❣2③❛❜-❧② ❡❧+*"➤❡♥ ♥❡♠ "❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③✐❦ ✲ ❛ ✈❡✲
③❡+➤♥❡❦ ✈❡③❡+*2 ❦?③❜❡♥ ♠❛❣-♥-❧ ❦❡❧❧ +❛"+❛♥✐❛✳
✭✺✮ ❆ ❤❛+72-❣✐ ❥❡❧③*2✭❡❦❡✮+ ❬"❡♥❞2③-♠+-❜❧❛✭-❦❛✮+❪ ❛ ❥-"♠➯✈?♥ ❛ ❢❡❧2③❡"❡❧*2*"❡
❦✐❥❡❧?❧+ ❤❡❧②❡♥✱ ❥7❧ ♦❧✈❛2❤❛+7 -❧❧❛♣♦+❜❛♥ ❦❡❧❧ +❛"+❛♥✐✱ ❛③+ ♠❡❣✈-❧+♦③+❛+♥✐✱ ❧❡+❛✲
❦❛"♥✐ ✈❛❣② ❥♦❣♦2✉❧❛+❧❛♥✉❧ ❡❧+-✈♦❧M+❛♥✐ +✐❧♦2✳ ❬✺✳ ➓❪
❚❡:♠.(③❡$❡(❡♥ ♠6( ♥②❡❧✈✐ ❛❧❛❦❜❛♥ ✐( ❦<$❡❧❡③❤❡$C♥❦ ✈❛❧❛♠✐:❡ ✭❛ ❦<✈❡$❦❡③➤ ❡(❡$❜❡♥
❛③ ✬❛❞ ✉$❛(>$6($✬ ❦✐❢❡❥❡③.( (❡❣>$(.❣.✈❡❧✮✳
❢✮ ❤❛ ❛ "❡♥❞➤" ❦✐♥②1❥+♦++ ❦❛"❥-✈❛❧ ♠❛❣❛ ❢❡❧* ✐♥+✱ ❡③③❡❧ ❛ 2❡❜❡22*❣ ♥?✈❡❧*2*"❡✱
❤❛ ♣❡❞✐❣ ❦✐♥②1❥+♦++ ❦❛"❥-+ ❧❡✲ *2 ❢❡❧❢❡❧* ♠♦③❣❛+❥❛✱ ❛ 2❡❜❡22*❣ ❝2?❦❦❡♥+*2*"❡ ❛❞
✉+❛2M+-2+✳ ❬✻✳ ➓❪
▲❡❤❡$(.❣❡( ❛③♦♥❜❛♥ ♠♦❞6❧✐( ♦♣❡:6$♦: ❞✐:❡❦$ ❤❛(③♥6❧❛$❛ ♥.❧❦C❧ ✐( ❦<$❡❧❡③.($ ❦✐❢❡✲
❥❡③♥✐✳
✭✷✮ ❍❛ ❛ "❡♥❞➤" ❛ ❢♦"❣❛❧♠❛+ ♥❡♠ 1+❦❡"❡2③+❡③➤❞*2❜❡♥ ✐"-♥②M+❥❛✱
❛✮ ❛ ❥-"♠➯✈❡❦ ♠❡❣-❧❧M+-2-"❛
❛❛✮ ❦❛"❥-♥❛❦ ✈❛❣② ❢❡❤*" 2③❡❣*❧②➯ ♣✐"♦2 +-"❝2-♥❛❦ ❢Q❣❣➤❧❡❣❡2 ❢❡❧+❛"+-2-✈❛❧✱ ♣✐"♦2
✈❛❣② ❢❡❤*" ❢*♥② ❦?"❜❡❢♦"❣❛+-2-✈❛❧✱ ✐❧❧❡+➤❧❡❣ 2M♣♣❛❧ ❛❞ ❥❡❧③*2+✱ ❬✻✳ ➓❪
❆ ❢❡♥$✐ ♠♦♥❞❛$❜❛♥ ♠✐♥❞❡♥❢+❧❡ ♠♦❞-❧✐. ♦♣❡0-$♦0 ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③-.❛ ♥+❧❦3❧✱ ❦✐❥❡❧❡♥$➤
♠7❞❜❛♥ ✈❛♥ ❦✐❢❡❥❡③✈❡ ❛③ ✉$❛.:$-.✳ ❆ ❦<$❡❧❡③+. +. ❛③ ✉$❛.:$-. ❦<③$✐ .③❡♠❛♥$✐❦❛✐
❦❛♣❝.♦❧❛$♦$ ✒❦✐❤❛.③♥-❧✈❛✑ ♠❡❣✐♥$ ❝.❛❦ ♠-. ♥②❡❧✈✐ ❢♦0♠-❜❛♥ ❥❡❧❡♥✐❦ ♠❡❣ ❛ ❦<$❡✲
❧❡③+. ❛③ ❛❧-❜❜✐ ♣+❧❞-❜❛♥ ✭✉$❛.:$-.♥❛❦ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤❡♥ ✬❦❡❧❧ ❡❧❥-0♥✐❛✬✮✳ ▼✐✈❡❧ ✐$$ ♥❡♠
❡❣② ❦♦♥❦0+$ ❝.❡❧❡❦✈+.$ ❦❡❧❧ .③❛❜-❧②♦③♥✐✱ ❤❛♥❡♠ ❡❣② -❧$❛❧-♥♦.:$♦$$✱ .♦❦ ♠✐♥❞❡♥0❡
❦✐$❡0❥❡❞➤ ❝.❡❧❡❦✈+.❤❛❧♠❛③0❛ ❦❡❧❧ ❦<$❡❧❡③♥✐✱ ❡③+0$ ✒✑❦❡❧❧✑ ❛③ -❧$❛❧-♥♦.:$♦$$ ❢♦0♠-$
❤❛.③♥-❧♥✐✳
❜✮ ❛ ♠❡❣❦'❧)♥❜)③,❡,➤ ❢/♥②❥❡❧③/2, ❤❛2③♥4❧5 ❣/♣❦♦❝2✐❜5❧ ✈❛❣② ♠♦,♦;❦❡;/❦♣4;;5❧✱
✐❧❧❡,➤❧❡❣ ;❡♥❞➤;2/❣✐ ❤❡❧✐❦♦♣,❡;;➤❧ ❤❛♥❣2③5;5♥ ❦❡;❡2③,'❧ ❛❞♦,,✱ ❛ ❦)✈❡,❡♥❞➤ ❦)③✲
❧❡❦❡❞/2✐ ♠❛❣❛,❛;,42;❛ ✈♦♥❛,❦♦③5 ✉,❛2@,424♥❛❦ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤ ♠5❞♦♥ ❦❡❧❧ ❛③ A,♦♥
❦)③❧❡❦❡❞➤ ❥4;♠➯ ✈❡③❡,➤❥/♥❡❦ ❡❧❥4;♥✐❛✳ ❬✻✳ ➓ ✭✷✮❪
❆ ❦<✈❡$❦❡③➤ ♠♦♥❞❛$ ♠✐♥➤.+❣❡ ❛ ♣0❡❞✐❦-$✉♠ ❛❧❛♣❥-♥ ♥②❡❧✈✐❧❡❣ ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞➤♥❡❦
$➯♥❤❡$✱ ♣❡❞✐❣ ❦<$❡❧❡③➤.+❣❡$ ❛❦❛0$❛❦ ❦✐❢❡❥❡③♥✐ ✈❡❧❡✳ ❆ ♥②❡❧✈✐ .③✐♥$❡♥ ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞+.$
❥❡❧<❧➤ ❵❤❛❧❛❞❤❛$♥❛❦✬ ❦✐❢❡❥❡③+.$ ❛ ❵♠✐♥❞✐❣✬ $❡0♠✐♥✉. ❛❧❛❦:$❥❛ -$ ❦<$❡❧❡③➤ ♠✐♥➤.:$+.✲
.+✳ ❆ ❵♠✐♥❞✐❣✬ ❤❡❧②❡$$ ❛ ❝.❛❦✬ ✈❛❣② ❛ ❵❦✐③-07❧❛❣✬ $❡0♠✐♥✉. ✐. ✉❣②❛♥❡③$ ❛ ❤❛$-.$
+0✐ ❡❧✳
✭✸✮ ❍❛ ❛ ❣②❛❧♦❣♦2♦❦ ❛③ A,,❡2,❡♥ ❦)③❧❡❦❡❞♥❡❦✱ ❛③ A,,❡2, 2③/❧/♥✱ ❡❣②2♦;❜❛♥
❛✮ ❧❛❦♦,, ,❡;'❧❡,❡♥ ❧❡❤❡,➤❧❡❣ ❛ ♠❡♥❡,✐;4♥② 2③❡;✐♥, ❛ ❜❛❧ ♦❧❞❛❧♦♥✱ ❧❛❦♦,, ,❡;'❧❡,❡♥
❦@✈'❧ ♠✐♥❞✐❣ ❛ ❜❛❧ ♦❧❞❛❧♦♥✱ ❛ ❥4;♠➯❢♦;❣❛❧♦♠♠❛❧ 2③❡♠❜❡♥✱
❜✮ ❛ 2❡❣/❞♠♦,♦;♦2 ❦❡;/❦♣4;, ✈❛❣② ❦❡;/❦♣4;, ,♦❧5✱ ,♦✈4❜❜4 ❛ ❦❡;❡❦❡2 2③/❦❦❡❧
❦)③❧❡❦❡❞➤ ♠♦③❣42❦♦;❧4,♦③♦,, ❣②❛❧♦❣♦2♦❦ ♠✐♥❞✐❣ ❛ ♠❡♥❡,✐;4♥② 2③❡;✐♥, ❛ ❥♦❜❜
♦❧❞❛❧♦♥ ❤❛❧❛❞❤❛,♥❛❦✳ ❬✷✶✳ ➓❪
❆ ✬♠✐♥❞✐❣✴❝.❛❦✴❦✐③-07❧❛❣ ❥♦❜❜ ♦❧❞❛❧♦♥ ❤❛❧❛❞❤❛$♥❛❦✬ +0$❡❧♠❡ ❛③✱ ❤♦❣② ❦<$❡❧❡③➤❡♥
❛ ❥♦❜❜ ♦❧❞❛❧♦♥ ❦❡❧❧ ❤❛❧❛❞♥✐✳ ❆ ❦<$❡❧❡③+.$ ❛ ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞+. ♠♦❞❛❧✐$-. +. ❡❣② ❢❡❧$+$❡❧
✭K$❤❛.③♥-❧❛$✐ ❞:❥ ✜③❡$+.❡✮ .❡❣:$.+❣+✈❡❧ ✐. ❦✐ ❧❡❤❡$ ❢❡❥❡③♥✐✳
✭✹✮ ❆③ ✭✶✮ ❜❡❦❡③❞/2 ❛✮ ♣♦♥,❥4❜❛♥ ❡♠❧@,❡,, ❥❡❧③➤,4❜❧❛ ❛❧❛,, ❡❧❤❡❧②❡③❡,, ❦✐❡❣/2③@✲
,➤ ❥❡❧③➤,4❜❧❛ ✭✽✴❛✳ 4❜;❛✮ ❛③, ❥❡❧③✐✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ A, A,❤❛2③♥4❧❛,✐ ❞@❥ ♠❡❣✜③❡,/2/✈❡❧
✈❡❤❡,➤ ✐❣/♥②❜❡✳ ❆③ ✭✶✮ ❜❡❦❡③❞/2 ❛✮ /2 ❜✮ ♣♦♥,❥4❜❛♥ ❡♠❧@,❡,, ❥❡❧③➤,4❜❧❛ ❛❧❛,,
❡❧❤❡❧②❡③❡,, ❦✐❡❣/2③@,➤ ❥❡❧③➤,4❜❧❛ ✭✽✴❜✳ 4❜;❛✮ ❛③ A,❤❛2③♥4❧❛,✐ ❞@❥✜③❡,/2✐ ❦),❡❧❡✲
③❡,,2/❣ ✈/❣/, ❥❡❧③✐✳ ❬✶✶✳ ➓❪
❆③ ❛❧-❜❜✐ ✐❞+③❡$ ❦+$ ❡❧➤:0-.❛ ♠✉$❛$❥❛✱ ❤♦❣② ✉❣②❛♥❛③ ❛ .③❛❜-❧②♦③-.✐ ✐❣+♥② $<❜❜❢+❧❡
♥②❡❧✈✐ ❢♦0♠-❜❛♥ ✐. ❦✐❢❡❥❡③❤❡$➤ ✭❦+$ ❡❣②♠-.$ ❦<✈❡$➤ ❜❡❦❡③❞+.❜❡♥✮✳
✭✻✮ ❆ ❦'❧❢)❧❞;❡ ,4✈♦③5 ♠❛❣②❛; ;❡♥❞2③4♠A ❣/♣❥4;♠➯✈❡, ✲ ❛ ✒❍✑ ❜❡,➯, ❢❡❧,'♥,❡,➤
✲ 4❧❧❛♠❥❡❧③/22❡❧ ❦❡❧❧ ❡❧❧4,♥✐✳
✭✼✮ ▼❛❣②❛;♦;2③4❣ ,❡;'❧❡,/♥ ❝2❛❦ ♦❧②❛♥ ❦'❧❢)❧❞✐ ;❡♥❞2③4♠A ❣/♣❥4;♠➯ ❦)③❧❡❦❡❞✲
❤❡,✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡, ❛ ;❡♥❞2③4♠♦, ❦✐❛❞5 4❧❧❛♠ ❥❡❧③/2/✈❡❧ ❡❧❧4,,❛❦✳ ❬✺✳ ➓❪
❆ ❦<$❡❧❡③+.$ ✐. ❦✐ ❧❡❤❡$ ❢❡❥❡③♥✐ ❜✐③♦♥②♦. .③❛✈❛❦ ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③-.-✈❛❧ ❛❦❦♦0✱ ❛♠✐❦♦0 ❛
❢❡❧.③:♥✐ .③❡0❦❡③❡$ ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞➤ ♠♦❞❛❧✐$-.$ ❢❡❥❡③♥❡ ❦✐✳
✭✸✮ ❍❛ ❛ ❣②❛❧♦❣♦)♦❦ ❛③ ,--❡)-❡♥ ❦0③❧❡❦❡❞♥❡❦✱ ❛③ ,--❡)- )③3❧3♥✱ ❡❣②)♦4❜❛♥
❛✮ ❧❛❦♦-- -❡46❧❡-❡♥ ❧❡❤❡-➤❧❡❣ ❛ ♠❡♥❡-✐4;♥② )③❡4✐♥- ❛ ❜❛❧ ♦❧❞❛❧♦♥✱ ❧❛❦♦-- -❡46❧❡-❡♥
❦<✈6❧ ♠✐♥❞✐❣ ❛ ❜❛❧ ♦❧❞❛❧♦♥✱ ❛ ❥;4♠➯❢♦4❣❛❧♦♠♠❛❧ )③❡♠❜❡♥✱
❜✮ ❛ )❡❣3❞♠♦-♦4♦) ❦❡43❦♣;4- ✈❛❣② ❦❡43❦♣;4- -♦❧B✱ -♦✈;❜❜; ❛ ❦❡4❡❦❡) )③3❦❦❡❧
❦0③❧❡❦❡❞➤ ♠♦③❣;)❦♦4❧;-♦③♦-- ❣②❛❧♦❣♦)♦❦ ♠✐♥❞✐❣ ❛ ♠❡♥❡-✐4;♥② )③❡4✐♥- ❛ ❥♦❜❜
♦❧❞❛❧♦♥ ❤❛❧❛❞❤❛-♥❛❦✳ ❬✷✶✳ ➓❪
❆ ❵❤❛❧❛❞❤❛&♥❛❦✬ ❦✐❢❡❥❡③/0 1♥♠❛❣4❜❛♥ ♠/❣ ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞/06❡ ✉&❛❧♥❛✱ ❞❡ ❛ ✒♠✐♥❞✐❣ ❛
❜❛❧♦❧❞❛❧♦♥✑ ❦✐❢❡❥❡③/0 ❜❡0③<640❛ ❛ 0③❛❜4❧②♦③40& 4&✈4❧&❥❛ ❦1&❡❧❡③/00/✳
✻✳✷✳ #$✐✈✐❧(❣✐✉♠ ✭-③❛❜❛❞-2❣✮ (- ✐❣(♥②❤✐2♥②
❆ 0③❛❜❛❞04❣ ❦♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥&❡6❡ ❛③ ✐❣/♥②❤✐4♥②✱ ❛♠✐ ❛♥♥②✐& &❡0③✱ ❤♦❣② ❦/& ❝0❡❧❡❦✈➤
❦1③1&&✐ ✈✐0③♦♥②❜❛♥ ❛③ ❡❣②✐❦ ❝0❡❧❡❦✈/0❡ ❛&&C❧ 0③❛❜❛❞✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ♠40✐❦♥❛❦ ♥✐♥❝0 ❛6✲
6❛ ✈♦♥❛&❦♦③C ✐❣/♥②❥♦❣❛✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ❡❧0➤ 4❣❡♥0 ❡&&➤❧ ❛ ❝0❡❧❡❦✈/0&➤❧ &❛6&C③❦♦❞❥♦♥✳ ❆ 0③❛❜❛❞04❣♥❛❦ ❡③ ❛③ ❡❧❡♠✐ ❢♦❣❛❧♠❛ ✭&❡❤4& ♥❡♠ ❛ ✈/❞❡&& 0③❛❜❛❞04❣♦❦✱ <♥✳ 0③❛❜❛❞✲
04❣❥♦❣♦❦✮ ♠✐♥❞100③❡0❡♥ ❛ ✈♦♥❛&❦♦③C ❦1&❡❧❡③❡&&0/❣ ❤✐4♥②4& ❥❡❧❡♥&✐✱ ❛♠✐ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧ ❛
❞❡♦♥&✐❦✉0 ♠♦❞❛❧✐&40♦❦ ♠❡❣❡♥❣❡❞❡&&0/❣/♥❡❦✳ ❙ ♠✐♥& ✐❧②❡♥✱ ❛ ♠❛❣②❛6 ✭❥♦❣✐✮ ♥②❡❧✈✲
❜❡♥ ❧❡❣❣②❛❦6❛❜❜❛♥ ❛③ ✐❣❡✐ ♣6❡❞✐❦4&✉♠ ❤❛&C❦/♣③➤✈❡❧ ♠C❞♦0H&♦&& ❛❧❛❦❥4❜❛♥ /6❤❡&➤
&❡&&❡♥✿
✹✳ ➓ ✭✶✮ ❏;4♠➯✈❡- ❛③ ✈❡③❡-❤❡-✱ ❛❦✐ ❛✮ ❛ ❥;4♠➯ ✈❡③❡-3)34❡ ❥♦❣)③❛❜;❧②❜❛♥ ♠❡❣❤❛✲
-;4♦③♦--✱ 34✈3♥②❡) ❡♥❣❡❞3❧❧②❡❧ 4❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③✐❦✱ 3) ❛ ❥;4♠➯ ✈❡③❡-3)3-➤❧ ❡❧-✐❧-✈❛ ♥✐♥❝)❀
❜✮ ❛ ❥;4♠➯ ❜✐③-♦♥);❣♦) ✈❡③❡-3)34❡ ❦3♣❡) ;❧❧❛♣♦-❜❛♥ ✈❛♥✱ -♦✈;❜❜; ❝✮ ❛ ✈❡③❡-3✲
)✐ ❦3♣❡))3❣4❡ ❤;-4;♥②♦)❛♥ ❤❛-B )③❡4 ❜❡❢♦❧②;)❛ ❛❧❛-- ♥❡♠ ;❧❧✱ 3) )③❡4✈❡③❡-3❜❡♥
♥✐♥❝) )③❡)③❡) ✐-❛❧ ❢♦❣②❛)③-;);❜B❧ )③;4♠❛③B ❛❧❦♦❤♦❧✳
❚❡6♠/0③❡&❡0❡♥ ♠40 ♠C❞♦♥ ✐0 ❥❡❧❡③❤❡&❥K❦✱ ❤♦❣② ✈❛❧❛❦✐♥❡❦ 0③❛❜❛❞04❣❛ ✈❛♥ ❛ ❝0❡✲
❧❡❦✈/06❡✳
❛✮ ❛ 4❡♥❞➤4 ♠✐♥❞❦3- ❦❛4❥;♥❛❦ ♦❧❞❛❧✐4;♥②, ❦✐♥②,❥-;)❛
✲ ❛ ❦✐♥②,❥-♦-- ❦❛44❛❧ ♣;4❤✉③❛♠♦) ✐4;♥②❜B❧ 34❦❡③➤❦ 43)③34❡ )③❛❜❛❞ ✉-❛- ❥❡❧❡③✿
❛ ❣②❛❧♦❣♦) ❛③ ,--❡)-❡♥ ;-❤❛❧❛❞❤❛-❀ ❛ ❥;4♠➯✈❡❧ ✲ ❤❛ ❥❡❧③➤-;❜❧❛ ♥❡♠ -✐❧-❥❛ ✲ ❛③
❡44❡ ✈♦♥❛-❦♦③B )③❛❜;❧②♦❦ ♠❡❣-❛4-;);✈❛❧ ❡❣②❡♥❡)❡♥✱ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥- ❥♦❜❜4❛ ✈❛❣② ❜❛❧4❛
❜❡❦❛♥②❛4♦❞✈❛ -♦✈;❜❜ )③❛❜❛❞ ❤❛❧❛❞♥✐❀ ❬✻✳➓ ✭✶✮❪
❆③ ✐❞/③❡&❜❡♥ ❛ 0③❛❜❛❞ ❝0❡❧❡❦✈/0 ♥/❣②❢/❧❡ ❢♦6♠4❜❛♥ ✐0 ♠❡❣❥❡❧❡♥✐❦✿ ✬0③❛❜❛❞ ✉&❛&
❥❡❧❡③✬✱ ✬4&❤❛❧❛❞❤❛&✬✱ ✬♥❡♠ &✐❧&❥❛✬✱ ✬0③❛❜❛❞ ❤❛❧❛❞♥✐✬✳ ❚♦✈4❜❜✐ ♣/❧❞❛ ❛③ ❡♥❣❡❞/❧②❡✲
③❡&&0/❣ ❦♦♥❦6/& ♥②❡❧✈✐ ♠❡❣❥❡❧❡♥/0❡✿
❜✮ ❛ ✈✐❧❧♦❣B ③0❧❞ ❢3♥② ❛③ ;-❤❛❧❛❞;)4❛ ❡♥❣❡❞3❧②❡③❡-- ✐❞➤-❛4-❛♠ ✈3❣3- ❥❡❧③✐✿ ❛
❣②❛❧♦❣♦) ❛③ ,--❡)-4❡ ♥❡♠ ❧3♣❤❡-✱ ❛③ ,--❡)-❡♥ ❧❡✈➤ ❣②❛❧♦❣♦) ♣❡❞✐❣ ❦0-❡❧❡) ❛③
;-❤❛❧❛❞;)- ♠✐❡❧➤❜❜ ❜❡❢❡❥❡③♥✐❀ ❬✽✳ ➓ ✭✷✮❪
❆ ❢❡♥&✐ ♣❛6❛❣6❛❢✉0 ✉❣②❛♥ &✐❧&40& ❢❡❥❡③ ❦✐✱ ❦1③✈❡&❡&& ♠C❞♦♥ 0③❡6❡♣❡❧ ❡❣② 0③❛❜❛❞✲
04❣6❛ ✈♦♥❛&❦♦③C ♠♦③③❛♥❛& ✐0✱ ❛♠✐& ❛③ ❵4&❤❛❧❛❞406❛ ❡♥❣❡❞/❧②❡③❡&&✬ ❦✐❢❡❥❡③/0 ❥❡❧❡③✳
❊③❡❦❜❡♥ ❛ ♣/❧❞4❦❜❛♥ ❛ ♥♦6♠❛ ❝H♠③❡&&❥❡ 0③❛❜❛❞♦♥ ❞1♥&❤❡& ❛66C❧✱ ✈/❣6❡❤❛❥&❥❛✲❡
❛ ❝0❡❧❡❦✈/0& ✈❛❣② 0❡♠✱ /0 ❛ ❝0❡❧❡❦✈/0 ✈/❣6❡❤❛❥&404& ❡❣② ♠40✐❦ ❝0❡❧❡❦✈➤ 0❡ ♥❡♠
❛❦❛❞4❧②♦③❤❛&❥❛ ♠❡❣✱ 0❡ ♥❡♠ H6❤❛&❥❛ ❡❧➤✳
✻✳✸✳ ❋❡❧❤❛(❛❧♠❛③♦((,-❣ /, ❜❡✈❛(❦♦③-,♥❛❦✲❦✐(❡((,/❣
❆ ❢❡❧❤❛&❛❧♠❛③♦&&*+❣ ❛③& ❥❡❧❡♥&✐✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ❛❞♦&& *③❡3❡♣❧➤ ♠❡❣✈+❧&♦③&❛&❤❛&❥❛ ♠+✲
*♦❦ ♥♦3♠❛&9✈ ♣♦③9❝✐;✐&✳ ❆ ❧❡❣♣❛3❛❞✐❣♠❛&✐❦✉*❛❜❜✱ ❢❡❧❤❛&❛❧♠❛③♦&&*+❣❣❛❧ 3❡♥❞❡❧✲
❦❡③➤ *③❡3❡♣❧➤ ❡❜❜❡♥ ❛ &?3❜❡♥ ✭✐*✮ ❛ ❥♦❣❛❧❦♦&;✳ ▼✐✈❡❧ ❛ ❑❘❊❙❩✲& ✐&& ❛❞♦&&♥❛❦
✈❡**③H❦✱ ♥❡♠ ❢♦❣❧❛❧❦♦③✉♥❦ ❛ ✈+❧&♦③&❛&+*❛✐✈❛❧✱ ❡③?3& ✐&& ❛ ❥♦❣❛❧❦♦&; *③❡3❡♣?3❡ ♥✐♥❝*
♠;❞ ✭?* ♥✐♥❝* *③H❦*?❣✮ 3❡✢❡❦&+❧♥✐✳ ❆ ❥♦❣❛❧❦♦&; ❛ ❦J③❧❡❦❡❞?*✐ ❤❡❧②③❡&❡❦❜❡♥ ♥❡♠
✈❡*③ 3?*③&✱ ❛ ❑❘❊❙❩ ❡❣?*③?❤❡③ ❦?♣❡*& ❦H❧*➤❞❧❡❣❡* ❛ ✈✐*③♦♥②❛✳ ❱❛♥♥❛❦ ❛③♦♥❜❛♥ ❛
❑❘❊❙❩ ✈✐❧+❣+♥ ❜❡❧H❧ ❦♦♠♦❧② ❢❡❧❤❛&❛❧♠❛③♦&&*+❣❣❛❧ 3❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③➤ *③❡3❡♣❧➤❦✳ ❆ ❧❡❣✲
❢♦♥&♦*❛❜❜ ✐❧②❡♥ +❣❡♥* ❛ 3❡♥❞➤3✳ ❆ 3❡♥❞➤3 ❦J③❧❡❦❡❞?*✐ *③❡3❡♣❡ *♦❦ ❡*❡&❜❡♥ ❛③✱ ❤♦❣②
❛ ❢❡❧❤❛&❛❧♠❛③♦&&*+❣+3❛ &+♠❛*③❦♦❞✈❛ ♠❡❣✈+❧&♦③&❛&❥❛ ❛ ❦J③❧❡❦❡❞➤❦ ❥♦❣✐ ♣♦③9❝✐;✐& ✕
❛③❛③ ❛ ❦J③❧❡❦❡❞➤❦ ❦✐&❡&&❡❦ ❛ 3❡♥❞➤3 ❜❡❛✈❛&❦♦③+*+✈❛❧ *③❡♠❜❡♥✿ ❛③ ❦J&❡❧❡③❡&&*?❣❡&
3;❤❛& 3+❥✉❦✱ ✐❣?♥②❥♦❣❣❛❧ 3✉❤+③❤❛&❥❛ ❢❡❧ ➤❦❡&✳ ❆ 3❡♥❞➤3 ❢❡❧❤❛&❛❧♠❛③♦&&*+❣+& ♥②❡❧✲
✈✐❧❡❣ ❞✐3❡❦& ♠;❞♦♥ ♥❡♠ ❦J♥♥②➯ ❦✐♠✉&❛&♥✐ ❛ ❥♦❣*③❛❜+❧②❜❛♥✱ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝✐& ♠;❞♦♥
&❡3♠?*③❡&❡*❡♥ &❡&&❡♥ ?3❤❡&➤✳
❛✮ ❛ "❡♥❞➤" ♠✐♥❞❦*+ ❦❛"❥-♥❛❦ ♦❧❞❛❧✐"-♥②1 ❦✐♥②1❥+-2❛
✲ ❛ ❦✐♥②1❥+♦++ ❦❛""❛❧ ♣-"❤✉③❛♠♦2 ✐"-♥②❜9❧ *"❦❡③➤❦ "*2③*"❡ 2③❛❜❛❞ ✉+❛+ ❥❡❧❡③✿
❛ ❣②❛❧♦❣♦2 ❛③ 1++❡2+❡♥ -+❤❛❧❛❞❤❛+❀ ❛ ❥-"♠➯✈❡❧ ✲ ❤❛ ❥❡❧③➤+-❜❧❛ ♥❡♠ +✐❧+❥❛ ✲ ❛③
❡""❡ ✈♦♥❛+❦♦③9 2③❛❜-❧②♦❦ ♠❡❣+❛"+-2-✈❛❧ ❡❣②❡♥❡2❡♥✱ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥+ ❥♦❜❜"❛ ✈❛❣② ❜❛❧"❛
❜❡❦❛♥②❛"♦❞✈❛ +♦✈-❜❜ 2③❛❜❛❞ ❤❛❧❛❞♥✐❀ ❬✻✳ ➓ ✭✶✮❪
❆ 3❡♥❞➤3 ❛③✱ ❛❦✐ ❛ ❦❛3❥❡❧③?*❡✐✈❡❧ ♠❡❣✈+❧&♦③&❛&❥❛ ❛ ❦J③❧❡❦❡❞➤❦ ❥♦❣❛✐&✱ ✐❧❧❡&✈❡ ❦J✲
&❡❧❡③❡&&*?❣❡✐& ❛③ ❛❞♦&& ❦J③❧❡❦❡❞?*✐ *③9♥&?3❡♥ ❜❡❧H❧✳ ❆ ❦J✈❡&❦❡③➤ ✐❞?③❡&❜➤❧ ✐* ❛ 3❡♥❞➤3✐ ❢❡❧❤❛&❛❧♠❛③♦&&*+❣3❛ ✈♦♥❛&❦♦③; *③❛❜+❧②& ♦❧✈❛*❤❛&✉♥❦ ❦✐✳
✭✷✮ ❍❛ ❛ ❜❛❧❡2❡+ ❤❛❧-❧+ ✈❛❣② 2③❡♠*❧②✐ 2*"I❧*2+ ♦❦♦③♦++✱ ❛ ❜❛❧❡2❡+"➤❧ ❛ "❡♥❞➤"❤❛✲
+92-❣♦+ ✭❛ ❧❡❣❦J③❡❧❡❜❜✐ "❡♥❞➤"+✮ ❤❛❧❛❞*❦+❛❧❛♥✉❧ *"+❡2K+❡♥✐ ❦❡❧❧ *2 ❛ ❧❡❤❡+➤2*❣❤❡③
❦*♣❡2+ ❣♦♥❞♦2❦♦❞♥✐ ❦❡❧❧ ❛ ♥②♦♠♦❦ ♠❡❣➤"③*2*"➤❧❀ ❛ ❤❡❧②2③K♥+ ❝2❛❦ ❛③ ✐♥+*③❦❡❞➤
"❡♥❞➤" ❡♥❣❡❞*❧②*✈❡❧ 2③❛❜❛❞ ❡❧❤❛❣②♥✐✳ ❬✺✽✳ ➓❪
❆③ ✐❞?③❡&❜❡♥ ❦?&❢?❧❡ ♥♦3♠❛&9✈ +❧❧9&+*& &❛❧+❧❤❛&✉♥❦✳ ❆③ ❡❧*➤✱ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐& ♠;❞♦♥ ♥❡♠
♠❡❣❢♦❣❛❧♠❛③♦&& ❡❧✈+3+* *③❡3✐♥& ♠✐♥❞❛❞❞✐❣✱ ❛♠9❣ ❛③ ✐♥&?③❦❡❞➤ 3❡♥❞➤3 ♥❡♠ ❛❞ ❡♥✲
❣❡❞?❧②&✱ ❛ ❜❛❧❡*❡&❜❡♥ ?3✐♥&❡&& ✈❡③❡&➤❦♥❡❦ ❛ ❤❡❧②*③9♥❡♥ ❦❡❧❧ ♠❛3❛❞♥✐ ✭❛ ❤❡❧②*③9♥&
♥❡♠ *③❛❜❛❞ ❡❧❤❛❣②♥✐✮✳ ❆③ ❛❧❛♣?3&❡❧♠❡③❡&& ❥♦❣✐ ♣♦③9❝✐; &❡❤+& ❛ ❤❡❧②*③9♥❡♥ ♠❛3❛✲
❞+* ❦J&❡❧❡**?❣❡✳ ❆ ♠+*♦❞✐❦ ♥♦3♠❛&9✈ ❛❦&✉* *③❡3✐♥&✱ ❤❛ ❡③& ❛ ♥♦3♠❛&9✈ ♣♦③9❝✐;&✱
✈❛❣②✐* ❛ ✈❡③❡&➤ *③+♠+3❛ ❡❧➤93& ♠❛3❛❞+*✐ ❦J&❡❧❡③❡&&*?❣❡& ❛③ ✐♥&?③❦❡❞➤ 3❡♥❞➤3 ✕
❢❡❧❤❛&❛❧♠❛③♦&&*+❣❛ 3?✈?♥ ✕ ♠❡❣✈+❧&♦③&❛&❥❛✱ ?* ❡♥❣❡❞?❧②& ❛❞ ❛ &+✈♦③+*3❛✱ ❛❦❦♦3 ❛
✈❡③❡&➤❦ *③❛❜❛❞*+❣❛ ?3✈?♥②❡*H❧ P❥3❛✱ ?* ❡❧❤❛❥&❤❛&♥❛❦ ❛ ❤❡❧②*③9♥3➤❧✳ ❆ ❢❡❧❤❛&❛❧♠❛✲
③♦&&*+❣ ❜✐3&♦❦♦*❛ ❧❡❤❡& ♣❡3*③❡ ♠+* ✐*✱ ❛❤♦❣② ❛③ ❛❧+❜❜✐ ♣?❧❞❛ ♠✉&❛&❥❛✳
✭✽✮ ❘❡♥❞❦K✈I❧✐ ✐❞➤❥-"-2✱ +❡"♠*2③❡+✐ ❦J"I❧♠*♥②❡❦ ✭❤❛✈❛③-2✱ ❥❡❣❡2❡❞*2✱ -"✈K③ 2+❜✳✮
❡2❡+*♥ ❛ ❦J③1+✐ ❥-"♠➯✈❡❦♥❡❦ ▼❛❣②❛"♦"2③-❣ +❡"I❧❡+*"❡ +J"+*♥➤ ❜❡❧*♣+❡+*2❡ ✲
❦I❧J♥ ❥♦❣2③❛❜-❧② ❛❧❛♣❥-♥ ✲ ❢❡❧+*+❡❧❤❡③ ❦J+❤❡+➤ ✈❛❣② ❦♦"❧-+♦③❤❛+9✳ ❬✺✳ ➓❪
❆ ❢❡❧❤❛&❛❧♠❛③♦&& *③❡3❡♣❧➤ ✐&& ❛ *③❛❜+❧②③; ❤❛&;*+❣✱ ❛♠❡❧② 3❡♥❞❦9✈H❧✐ ❤❡❧②③❡&❡❦❜❡♥
❞J♥&❤❡& ❛ ❦J③❧❡❦❡❞?*✐ *③❛❜+❧②♦❦ ✕ ✐❞❡✐❣❧❡♥❡* ✕ ♠❡❣✈+❧&♦③&❛&+*+3;❧✳ ❆ ❑❘❊❙❩
♠❡❣❧❡♣➤❡♥ *♦❦ ❡*❡&❜❡♥ ❛❞ ✕ ❜✐③♦♥②♦* ❝*❡❧❡❦✈?*✐ &❡3H❧❡&❡❦❡♥ ✕ ❢❡❧❤❛&❛❧♠❛③♦&&*+❣♦&
❛ ❦J③❧❡❦❡❞?*✐ ❤❡❧②③❡&❡❦ ❛❞♦&& 3?*③&✈❡✈➤✐♥❡❦✳ ❱❡❣②H❦ ❛ ❦J✈❡&❦❡③➤ ♣?❧❞+&✿
③✴✸✳ ❆ ❜❡❤❛❥*+,✐ *✐❧❛❧♦♠ ❛❧1❧ ❛③ 2* ❦❡③❡❧➤❥❡ ❢❡❧♠❡♥*7,* ❛❞❤❛*✳ ❆ ❦✐❡❣7,③:*➤
❥❡❧③➤*+❜❧+♥ ✒❑✐✈7✈❡ ❡♥❣❡❞7❧❧②❡❧✑ ❢❡❧✐@❛* ✐, ❡❧❤❡❧②❡③❤❡*➤✳ ❬✶✹✳ ➓ ✭✶✮❪
❊❜❜❡♥ ❛ ♣❛&&③✉&❜❛♥ ❛③) ❞❡❦❧❛-.❧❥.❦✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ❛❧❛♣5-)❡❧♠❡③❡)) ❥♦❣✐ ♣♦③8❝✐:)✱ ❛ ❜❡✲
❤❛❥).& )✐❧❛❧♠.) ♠❡❣✈.❧)♦③)❛)❤❛)❥❛ ❛③ =) ❦❡③❡❧➤❥❡✱ 5& ❡♥❣❡❞5❧②❡③❤❡)✐ ❛③ =) ❤❛&③♥.✲
❧❛).) ♠.&♦❦♥❛❦✳ ❊❧➤❢♦-❞✉❧❤❛) ♦❧②❛♥ ❤❡❧②③❡) ✐&✱ ❛♠✐❦♦- ❛ ❥♦❣&③❛❜.❧② ❛③ 5-✐♥)❡))❡❦
❢❡❧❤❛)❛❧♠❛③♦))&.❣-❛ ✈♦♥❛)❦♦③:❛♥ 8- ❡❧➤ ✕ ✐♠♠.- ❤❛-♠❛❞-❡♥❞➯ ✕ ❦C)❡❧❡③❡))&5❣❡✲
❦❡)✱ ❛❤♦❣② ❡③ ❛ ❦C✈❡)❦❡③➤ ✐❞5③❡)❜➤❧ ❦✐❞❡-D❧✿
✭✸✮ ❍❛ ❛ ❥+@♠➯ ❛③ ✭✶✮ ❜❡❦❡③❞7,❜❡♥ ❢♦❣❧❛❧* @❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③7,❡❦♥❡❦ ♥❡♠ ❢❡❧❡❧ ♠❡❣❀
❛✮ ❛③ K③❡♠❜❡♥ *❛@*1 ♥❡♠ ❡♥❣❡❞❤❡*✐ ♠❡❣✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ✈❡③❡*➤ ❛ ❥+@♠➯✈❡❧ ❡❧✐♥❞✉❧❥♦♥ 7,
❛③ ❡❧✐♥❞✉❧+,* ❦N*❡❧❡, ♠❡❣❛❦❛❞+❧②♦③♥✐❀
❜✮ ❛ ✈❡③❡*➤ ❛ ❥+@♠➯✈❡❧ ♥❡♠ ✐♥❞✉❧❤❛* ❡❧ 7, ❛③ ❡❧✐♥❞✉❧+,@❛ ✈♦♥❛*❦♦③1 ✉*❛,:*+,
✈7❣@❡❤❛❥*+,+* ❦N*❡❧❡, ♠❡❣*❛❣❛❞♥✐✳ ❬✺✳ ➓❪
❆ ❢❡♥)✐ ✐❞5③❡) ♥②✐❧✈.♥ ❛ ❢✉✈❛-♦③: ❝5❣❡❦ ♠✉♥❦❛❤❡❧②✐ ✈✐&③♦♥②❛✐-❛ ✈♦♥❛)❦♦③✐❦✳ ❆③
❛❧❛♣5-)❡❧♠❡③❡)) ❤❡❧②③❡) ❛③✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ❥.-♠➯ D③❡♠❜❡♥)❛-):❥❛ ❡♥❣❡❞5❧②❡③❤❡)✐ ✭❡❧➤8-✲
❤❛)❥❛✮ ❛ ❥.-♠➯✈❡③❡)➤ &③.♠.-❛ ❛ ❥.-♠➯ ❤❛&③♥.❧❛).)✳ ❆③ ✐❞5③❡)) ♥♦-♠❛♠♦♥❞❛) ❛✮
♣♦♥)❥❛ ❛③ D③❡♠❜❡♥)❛-): &③.♠.-❛ 8- ❡❧➤ )✐❧).&)✱ ❛♠❡❧② ❡❣②❜❡♥ ♠❡❣✈♦♥❥❛ ❛③ D③❡♠✲
❜❡♥)❛-): ✕ .❧)❛❧.❜❛♥ ❧5)❡③➤ ✕ ❢❡❧❤❛)❛❧♠❛③♦))&.❣.) ❛③ ❛❞♦)) ❡&❡)-❡ ✈♦♥❛)❦♦③:❛♥✱
♠8❣ ❛ ❜✮ ♣♦♥) ❛ ✈❡③❡)➤ &③.♠.-❛ 8-❥❛ ❡❧➤ ❛③ D③❡♠❜❡♥)❛-): ❢❡❧❤❛)❛❧♠❛③♦))&.❣.♥❛❦
❡❧✐&♠❡-5&5-❡ ✈♦♥❛)❦♦③: ❦C)❡❧❡③❡))&5❣ ✈5❣-❡❤❛❥).&.)✳
✻✳✹✳ ■♠♠✉♥✐()* +* ❜❡✈❛(❦♦③)*✲❦+♣(❡❧❡♥*+❣
❆③ ✐♠♠✉♥✐).&✱ ❛③❛③ ❛ ❦✐)❡))&5❣ ❤✐.♥②❛ ❛ ❑❘❊❙❩✲❜❡♥ ♦❧②❛♥ ❤❡❧②❡♥ ❦❡-❡&❡♥❞➤✱
❛❤♦❧ ❛③ ❛ &③❡♠5❧②✱ ❛❦✐♥❡❦ ❢❡❧❤❛)❛❧♠❛③♦))&.❣❛ ❧❡♥♥❡✱ ♥❡♠ ❜8- ❡③③❡❧✿ ✈❛❣②✐& ♦❧②❛♥
♣5❧❞.) 5-❞❡♠❡& ❦❡-❡&♥✐✱ ❛♠✐❦♦- ❛ -❡♥❞➤- ❡❜❜5❧✐ ❧❡❤❡)➤&5❣❡✐ ❦♦-❧.)♦③✈❛ ✈❛♥♥❛❦✳
❱❛♥ ✐& ✐❧②❡♥✿
✭✾✮ ❆ ♠❛❣②❛@ ❤❛*1,+❣✐ ❥❡❧③7,,❡❧ ❡❧❧+*♦** ❣7♣❥+@♠➯✈N♥ ✲ ✐❞❡ ♥❡♠ 7@*✈❡ ❛ ❉❚ 7,
❛ ❈❑ ❜❡*➯❥❡❧➯ @❡♥❞,③+♠*+❜❧+✈❛❧ ❦N③❧❡❦❡❞➤ ❣7♣❥+@♠➯✈❡* ✲ ♥❡♠ ❧❡❤❡* ♦❧②❛♥ ❥❡❧✲
③7,* ✲ :❣② ❦K❧N♥N,❡♥ ❈❉ ❥❡❧③7,➯ ♠❛*@✐❝+* ✲ ❢❡❧*K♥*❡*♥✐✱ ❛♠❡❧② ❛@@❛ ✉*❛❧✱ ❤♦❣② ❛
❣7♣❥+@♠➯ ❛ ▼❛❣②❛@♦@,③+❣♦♥ ♠➯❦N❞➤ ❞✐♣❧♦♠+❝✐❛✐ 7, ❦♦♥③✉❧✐ ❦7♣✈✐,❡❧❡*❡❦✱ ♥❡♠✲
③❡*❦N③✐ ,③❡@✈❡③❡*❡❦ ✈❛❣② ❡③❡❦ ♥❡♠③❡*❦N③✐ ,③❡@③➤❞7, ❛❧❛♣❥+♥ ♠❡♥*❡,,7❣❡* 7❧✈❡③➤
*❛❣❥+♥❛❦✱ ✐❧❧❡*✈❡ ❛ ♠❡♥*❡,,7❣❡* 7❧✈❡③➤ ❝,❛❧+❞*❛❣❥+♥❛❦ ❤❛,③♥+❧❛*+❜❛♥ ✈❛♥✳ ❬✺✳ ➓❪
❆ ❞✐♣❧♦♠.❝✐❛✐ ♠❡♥)❡&&5❣ ♠✐❛)) ❛ ❞✐♣❧♦♠❛)❛❦♦❝&✐❦ ✈❡③❡)➤✐) ❛ &③❛❜.❧②♦❦ ♠❡❣&5-✲
)5&❡ ❡&❡)5♥ &❡♠ ✈♦♥❤❛)❥❛ ❢❡❧❡❧➤&&5❣-❡ ❛ ❦C③=)✐ -❡♥❞➤-✱ ❛♠✐ ❛ ❞✐♣❧♦♠❛).❦ ✐♠♠✉✲
♥✐).&.) ❥❡❧③✐✳ ❆ ♠.&✐❦ ✕ ♠❡❣✐♥) ❝&❛❦ ♥❡♠ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐) ✕ ♣5❧❞❛ ❛--❛✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ -❡♥❞➤-
✐♠♠✉♥✐).&) 5❧✈❡③ &❛❥.) ❥♦❣♦&✉❧)&.❣❛✐) ✐❧❧❡)➤❡♥ ❛③✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ❦C③❧❡❦❡❞5& &③❡-❡♣❧➤✐
❦C③D❧ ♥❡♠ ✉)❛&8)❤❛)❥❛ &❡♥❦✐ &❡♠ ➤) ❛--❛✱ ❤♦❣② ✈❛❧❛♠✐❧②❡♥ ❥♦❣✐ ♣♦③8❝✐:) ♠❡❣✈.❧✲
)♦③)❛&&♦♥ ✭♣❧✳ ❢❡❧♦❧❞❥♦♥ ❡❣② )✐❧❛❧♠❛) ✈❛❣② ❡❧❡♥❣❡❞❥❡♥ ❡❣② ❦C)❡❧❡③❡))&5❣❡)✮✳
✼✳ ❚♦✈%❜❜✐ ❢❡❧❛❞❛-♦❦
❆③ ♦♥)♦❧:❣✐❛ ❡❧❡♠❡✐♥❡❦ ❦✐✈.❧❛&③).&❛ 5& ❛ ✈.❧❛&③).& ❧❡❣✐)✐♠✐③.❧.&❛ )❡-♠5&③❡)❡&❡♥
❝&❛❦ ❛③ ❡❧&➤ ❧5♣5& ❡❣② ♦❧②❛♥ ❥♦❣✐ ♦♥)♦❧:❣✐❛ ❢❡❧5♣8)5&5❜❡♥✱ ❛♠❡❧② &❡❣8) ❛③ ❛❞♦))
♥♦"♠❛%&✈ "❡♥❞*③❡"❡❦ ♠♦❞❡❧❧❡③.*.❜❡♥✳ ❆ ♠♦❞❛❧✐%3*♦❦ *③3♠&%4❣.♣❡* ❜❡❛③♦♥♦*&%3✲
*3❜❛♥ ❡❧."% ❡"❡❞♠.♥②❡❦ ♠❡❧❧. %♦✈3❜❜✐ ❦✉%❛%3*% ✐❣.♥②❡❧✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ❤♦❤❢❡❧❞✐ ✈✐*③♦♥②♦❦
❣.♣ 3❧%❛❧✐ ❢❡❧✐*♠❡"❤❡%➤*.❣.%✱ ❛③ 3❣❡♥*❡❦❤❡③ "❡♥❞❡❧.*% ❛✉%♦♠❛%✐③3❧❤❛%4 ❛❧❣♦"✐%♠✉✲
*♦❦❦❛❧ *❡❣&%*>❦✳
❍✐✈❛$❦♦③()♦❦
✶✳ ❇❡❧♥❛♣✱ ◆✳✱ *❡+❧♦✛✱ ▼✳✱ ❳✉✱ ▼✳✱ ❡❞2✳✿ ❋❛❝✐♥❣ 8❤❡ ❋✉8✉+❡✳ ❆❣❡♥82 ❛♥❞ ❈❤♦✐❝❡2 ✐♥
♦✉+ ■♥❞❡8❡+♠✐♥✐28 ❲♦+❧❞✳ ❖①❢♦+❞ ❯♥✐✈❡+2✐8② *+❡22 ✭✷✵✵✶✮
✷✳ ❙②✐✿ 2②✐✳❤✉✴❝2❡✳ ▲✬❍❛+♠❛88❛♥✕❑P♥②✈♣♦♥8 ✭✷✵✶✹✮
✸✳ ✈♦♥ ❲+✐❣❤8✱ ●✳❍✳✿ ◆♦+♠ ❛♥❞ ❆❝8✐♦♥✳ ❘♦✉8❧❡❞❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❑❡❣❛♥ *❛✉❧✱ ▲♦♥❞♦♥ ✭✶✾✻✸✮
✹✳ ❍❛+8✱ ❍✳✿ ❇❡♥8❤❛♠ ♦♥ ❧❡❣❛❧ +✐❣❤82✳ ■♥ ❙✐♠♣2♦♥✱ ❆✳✱ ❡❞✳✿ ❖①❢♦+❞ ❊22❛②2 ✐♥ ❏✉+✐2♣+✉✲
❞❡♥❝❡✳ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ❙❡+✐❡2✳ ❈❧❛+❡♥❞♦♥ *+❡22✱ ❖①❢♦+❞ ✭✶✾✼✸✮ ✶✼✶✕✷✵✶
✺✳ ❑❛♥❣❡+✱ ❙✳✱ ❑❛♥❣❡+✱ ❍✳✿ ❘✐❣❤82 ❛♥❞ ♣❛+❧✐❛♠❡♥8❛+✐2♠✳ ❚❤❡♦+✐❛ ✸✷ ✭✶✾✻✻✮ ✽✺✕✶✶✺
✻✳ ❑❛♥❣❡+✱ ❙✳✿ ◆❡✇ ❢♦✉♥❞❛8✐♦♥2 ❢♦+ ❡8❤✐❝❛❧ 8❤❡♦+②✳ ■♥ ❍✐❧♣✐♥❡♥✱ ❘✳✱ ❡❞✳✿ ❉❡♦♥8✐❝ ▲♦❣✐❝✿
■♥8+♦❞✉❝8♦+② ❛♥❞ ❙②28❡♠❛8✐❝ ❘❡❛❞✐♥❣2✳ ❘❡✐❞❡❧ ✭✶✾✼✶✮ ✸✻✕✺✽
✼✳ ❑❛♥❣❡+✱ ❙✳✿ ▲❛✇ ❛♥❞ ❧♦❣✐❝✳ ❚❤❡♦+✐❛ ✸✽ ✭✶✾✼✷✮ ✶✵✺✕✶✸✷
✽✳ ▲✐♥❞❛❤❧✱ ▲✳✿ *♦2✐8✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❈❤❛♥❣❡✳ ❙♣+✐♥❣❡+ ✭✶✾✼✼✮
✾✳ ▼❛❦✐♥2♦♥✱ ❉✳✿ ❖♥ 8❤❡ ❢♦+♠❛❧ +❡♣+❡2❡♥8❛8✐♦♥ ♦❢ +✐❣❤82 +❡❧❛8✐♦♥2✳ ❏♦✉+♥❛❧ ♦❢ *❤✐❧♦✲
2♦♣❤✐❝❛❧ ▲♦❣✐❝ ✶✺ ✭✶✾✽✻✮ ✹✵✸✕✹✷✺
✶✵✳ ❍❡++❡28❛❞✱ ❍✳✱ ❑+♦❣❤✱ ❈✳✿ ❖❜❧✐❣❛8✐♦♥2 ❞✐+❡❝8❡❞ ❢+♦♠ ❜❡❛+❡+2 8♦ ❝♦✉♥8❡+♣❛+8✐❡2✳
■♥✿ *+♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣2 ♦❢ 8❤❡ ■♥8❡+♥❛8✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡+❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❆+8✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥8❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ▲❛✇✱
❆❈▼ ✭✶✾✾✺✮ ✷✶✵✕✷✶✽
✶✶✳ ❙❡+❣♦8✱ ▼✳✿ ◆♦+♠❛8✐✈❡ ♣♦2✐8✐♦♥2✳ ■♥ ●❛❜❜❛②✱ ❉✳✱ ❍♦+8②✱ ❏✳✱ *❛+❡♥8✱ ❳✳✱ ✈❛♥ ❞❡+
▼❡②❞❡♥✱ ❘✳✱ ✈❛♥ ❞❡+ ❚♦++❡✱ ▲✳✱ ❡❞2✳✿ ❍❛♥❞❜♦♦❦ ♦❢ ❉❡♦♥8✐❝ ▲♦❣✐❝ ❛♥❞ ◆♦+♠❛8✐✈❡
❙②28❡♠2✳ ❈♦❧❧❡❣❡ *✉❜❧✐❝❛8✐♦♥2 ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ✸✺✸✕✹✵✻
✶✷✳ ✈❛♥ ❊✐❥❝❦✱ ❏✳✱ ❏✉✱ ❋✳✿ ▼♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ❧❡❣❛❧ +❡❧❛8✐♦♥2 ✇✐8❤ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❧♦❣✐❝✳ ❯♥❞❡+ 2✉❜♠✐2✲
2✐♦♥ ✭✷✵✶✻✮
✶✸✳ ▼❛+❦♦✈✐❝❤✱ ❘✳✿ ❆❣❡♥82✱ ❘♦❧❡2 ❛♥❞ ❘✐❣❤82✳ ❆ ❋♦+♠❛❧ ❆♣♣+♦❛❝❤ 8♦ 8❤❡ ❍♦❤❢❡❧❞✐❛♥
❈♦♥❝❡♣8✐♦♥2✳ ■♥✿ *+♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣2 ♦❢ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡2 ✐♥ ▼♦❞❛❧ ▲♦❣✐❝✳ ❙❤♦+8 *❛♣❡+2✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮
✶✹✳ ▼❛+❦♦✈✐❝❤✱ ❘✳✿ ◆❡♠ ❤d③❛22d❣❦P③✈❡8f8g2✱ ❜✐❦♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥d❧✐2♦❦✳ ❢♦+♠✉❧d❦✱ ❛③ d❧❧❛♠ g2
❛③ ❡♠❜❡+✐ ❥♦❣♦❦✳ ■♥ ❩➤❞✐✱ ❩✳✱ ❍❡❣②✐✱ ❙✳✱ ❱✐♥♥❛✐✱ ❊✳✱ ❡❞2✳✿ ❖+❜✐2 ■✉+✐2✳ ❇f❜♦+ ❑✐❛❞k
✭✷✵✶✻✮
✶✺✳ ❍♦❤❢❡❧❞✱ ❲✳◆✳✿ ❆❧❛♣✈❡8➤ ❥♦❣✐ ❢♦❣❛❧♠❛❦ ❛ ❜f+k✐ g+✈❡❧g2❜❡♥✳ ■♥ ❙③❛❜k✱ ▼✳✱ ❱❛+❣❛✱
❈✳✱ ❡❞2✳✿ ❏♦❣ g2 ♥②❡❧✈✳ ❑✐❛❞k ♥g❧❦l❧ ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ✺✾✕✾✻
✶✻✳ ❱✐♥♥❛✐✱ ❊✳✿ ❆ ❥♦❣✐ ♥②❡❧✈ ♥②❡❧✈g2③❡8✐ ♠❡❣❦P③❡❧f8g2❡✐✳ ❙❡❝8✐♦ ❏✉+✐❞✐❝❛ ❡8 *♦❧✐8✐❝❛ ✷✽
✭✷✵✶✵✮ ✶✹✺✕✶✼✶
✶✼✳ ❑❛❝③♠❛+❡❦✱ ❑✳✿ ❆③ ✉8❛2f8d2 ❦✐❢❡❥❡③➤❡2③❦P③❡✐ ❛ ❥♦❣✐ 2③❛❦2③P✈❡❣❜❡♥ ❛ ❞❡♦♥8✐❦✉2 ♠♦✲
❞❛❧✐8d2 8l❦+g❜❡♥✳ ❋✐❧♦❧k❣✐❛ ✶✭✹✮ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ✷✷✹✕✷✸✽
✶✽✳ ▼❛+❦♦✈✐❝❤✱ ❘✳✿ ❚✐❧❛❧♦♠ g2 ❦P8❡❧❡22g❣✖❛ 2③d♠f8k❣g♣ 2③❡♠g✈❡❧✳ ■♥ ❙③❛❜k✱ ▼✳✱ ❡❞✳✿
❆ ❥♦❣ ♥②❡❧✈✐ ❞✐♠❡♥③✐k❥❛✳ ❇f❜♦+ ❑✐❛❞k ✭✷✵✶✺✮
