H U M A N I M P A C T S O N LI FE IN F R E SH W AT ERS
Symposia Biologica H ungarica
HUMAN
IMPACTS ON LIFE IN
FRESH WATERS
H U M A N IM P A C T S O N L I F E IN F R E S H W A T E R S
E d i te d b y P . B Í R Ó a n d J . S A I.Á N K I
(S y m p o sia B io lo g ica H u n g a rie a 19)
T h e v o lu m e in c lu d e s th e le c tu re s p re s e n te d a t th e S y m p o siu m on H u m a n Im p a c ts o n L ife in F re s h W a te rs held a t th e B io lo g ical R e s e a rc h I n s t i t u t e o f th e H u n g a ria n A c a d e m y o f S ciences, T ih a n y , b e tw e e n 7-9 S e p te m b e r 1977.
T h e 19 p a p e rs b y e x p e rts fro m te n c o u n trie s c o v er a w ide ra n g e o f lim n o lo g ical, to x ic o lo g ic a l, p h y sio lo g ical an d h y d ro lo g ic a l to p ic s. T h e v o lu m e d e a ls w ith th e c u ltu ra l e u tr o p h ic a tio n o f fre s h w a te rs , th e re la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n a q u a tic p la n ts a n d a n im a ls , a n d th e c h a n g e s in ec o sy ste m s d u e to h u m a n im p a c ts . A m a jo r p a r t o f th e v o lu m e h a s b een d e v o te d to th e b iological effects o f p o llu tio n o f d iffe re n t o rigin on fresh w a te rs , to th e ir in te n s ity a n d ty p e a n d also to th e p re d ic tio n a n d p re v e n tio n o f th e ir d e le te rio u s consequences.
E ffe c ts o f p o llu tio n a n d th e im p a c ts o f co m m ercial fish eries o n fish f a u n a o r a g iv en fish p o p u la tio n b o th in riv e rs an d s t a g n a n t w a te rs a re tr e a te d in d e ta il. S om e effe c ts o f to x ic c o m p o u n d s on th e physiological fu n c tio n s o f fre s h w a te r in v e r te b r a te s a re also d escrib ed .
A K A D É M IA I K IA D Ó P u b lis h in g H o u se o f th e H u n g a r ia n
A c a d e m y o f Sciences B U D A P E S T
Symposia Biologien Hungarica
19
Symposia Bio I ogi ca Hungarica
R e d ig u n t
J . S A L Á N K I e t P . B I R Ó
V ol. 19
A K A D É M I A I KI ADÓ, B U D A P E S T 1979
HUMAN IMPACTS ON LIFE IN FR ESH WATERS
E d ite d b y J . S A L Á N K I
a n d P . B I R Ó
B io lo g ical R e s e a rc h I n s t i t u t e
o f t h e H u n g a r ia n A c a d e m y o f S ciences, T ih a n y , H u n g a r y
A K A D É M I A I KI ADÓ, B U D A P E S T 1979
S Y M P O S IU M H E L D A T T I H A N Y
6 - 8 S E P T E M B E R 1 9 7 7 — T H E Y E A R O F T H E 5 0 Т Н A N N I V E R S A R Y O F T H E B IO L O G IC A L R E S E A R C H I N S T I T U T E O F
T H E H U N G A R I A N A C A D E M Y O F S C I E N C E S
ISBN 963 05 1732 9
H U IS S N 0082 0695
© A k a d é m ia i K ia d ó , B u d a p e s t 1979
P rin te d in H u n g ary
B io lo g ical R esearch I n s t i t u t e o f th e H u n g a r ia n A c a d e m y o f S ciences
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6. K á r p á ti , V.
6. P é n z e s, В.
7. K iss, Г.
8. B o n o m i, G.
9. M osello, R .
10. H illb ric h t-Ilk o w s k a , A.
11. O tto , W .
12. R u d o lf, G.
13. S ch ellen b erg er, G.
14. V örös, L.
15. K u ta s , T.
16. Szem es, I.
17. L o v a s, L.
18. L a k a to s , G y.
19. K u s e l-F e tz m a n n , E . 20. M rs. S c h rö d e r 21. E n tz , B.
22. L á n g , I.
23. J a n k o v ic , I).
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26. K a rn a u k h o v , V. N.
27. G a la z iy , G. 1.
28. K a ja k , Z.
29. D v ih a lly , T . Zs.
30. K o llá r, G y.
31. W o y n á ro v ic h , E . 32. B iró , l>.
33. K le k o w sk i, R . Z.
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I
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8237 T ih a n y , H u n g a r y
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Pé n z e s, В ., W a te r P h y sio lo g ic a l L a b o ra to ry , C e n tre fo r P l a n t P ro te c tio n , M in istry o f F o o d a n d A g ric u ltu re , 2441 S z á z h a lo m b a tta , H u n g a r y
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P R E F A C E
A m ong re cen t problem s of en v iro n m e n ta l biology, h u m a n im p acts on th e life of fresh w aters deserve special a tte n tio n . T he p ap e rs o f th e p re sen t volum e discuss th is su b ject from different aspects, each o f th e m being con
cerned w ith a special geographical area, som e specific en v iro n m e n ta l im p a c t a n d its biological consequences for a n a tu ra l fresh w a te r ecosystem .
A t p resen t, th e re is an increasing n eed for clean w aters all over th e w orld in face o f th e grow ing te n d en c y o f p ollution t h a t is cu rre n tly w itnessed.
T he an tag o n ism o f th ese tw o tendencies m u st be solved in a w ay w hich resu lts in th e p re serv atio n o f th e p re se n t s ta tu s of clean lakes a n d rivers a n d in th e re sto ra tio n o f tho se h av in g a lre a d y been polluted.
B iologists m ay p lay an im p o rta n t p a r t in p lan n in g th e actions necessary for th e p ro tec tio n of n a tu ra l w a te rs b y exam ining an d exploring th e u n d e sirable changes affecting th e physiology a n d com position o f th e flora a n d fa u n a o f fresh w aters. W e hope th is volum e will be a useful c o n trib u tio n to th ese efforts.
W e w ould like to express o u r special g ra titu d e to th e co n trib u to rs. M any th a n k s also are d u e to colleagues for th e ir help in organizing th e S ym posium an d for th e ir tech n ical assistance in p re p arin g th is volum e, especially to D rs B. E n tz , S. H erodek, J . P o n y i,N ó ra P .-Z án k ai, Miss B o rb ála H o rv á th and M rs J u d ith K o m áro m i.
The Editors
C O N TEN T S
J . Sa l á n k i
O p e n in g a d d re s s 13
I. Lang
P r e s e n t a n d fu tu r e o f L a k e B a la to n . I n t r o d u c to r y re m a rk s 15 Gy. Pf e i f e r, J . E . Po n y i a n d Z. Na g y
P e s tic id e re sid u e s in L a k e B a la to n 21
W . Ot t o a n d J . Wo t z k a
S y s te m a t i c c la s s if ic a tio n a n d c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f w a t e r p o l l u t a n t s 27 V . Ká r p á t i a n d P . Po m o g y i
A c c u m u la tio n a n d re le a se o f n u tr ie n t s b y a q u a tic m a c r o p h y te s 33 R . Sc h r ö d e r
D eclin e o f re e d sw a m p s in L a k e C o n sta n c e 43
El s a Kt js e l- Fe t z m a n n
A lg al v e g e ta tio n o f L a k e N e u sie d l a n d its n a t u r a l a n d m a n -in d u c e d c h a n g e s 49 An n a Hi l l b r i c h t- Il k o w s k a, Ir e n a Sp o d n i e w s k a a n d Te r e s a W ^g l e n s k a
C h an g es in th e p h y to p la n k to n —z o o p la n k to n re la tio n s h ip c o n n e c te d w ith
th e e u tr o p h ic a tio n o f la k e s 59
Z. Ka j a k
T h e p o ssib le use o f fish, e s p e c ia lly s ilv e r c a r p— H y p o p h th a lm ic h th y s m o litrix (V al.) — to o v erco m e w a te r b lo o m s in te m p e r a t e w a te r b o d ie s 77 G. Bo n o m i, A. Ca l d e r o n i a n d R . Mo s e l l o
Som e r e m a rk s o n th e r e c e n t e v o lu tio n o f th e d e e p I t a li a n s u b a l p in e la k e s 87 Gy. Dé v a i, Gy. Ko l l á r a n d Gy. La k a t o s
W a te r q u a lity d e te r io r a tio n a n d r e s to r a tio n in P o n d ‘S ó s tó ’ (N E -H u n g a r y ) 113 J . Ba r ic a
M assive fish m o r ta litie s c a u se d b y a lg a l b lo o m s in e u tr o p h ic e c o sy s te m s 121 P . Biró
H u m a n im p a c ts o n b io m ass, p o p u la tio n size a n d y ie ld -p e r -re c ru its o f a s p
(A s p iu s a s p iu s L .) in L a k e B a la to n 125
D . Ja n k o v ic
T h e p ro c e ss o f fish f a u n a re s to r a tio n in th e R iv e r Р е к follow ing th e c a ta s tr o p h ic o u tb r e a k o f g a n g u e fro m th e c o p p e r m in e s ‘M a jd a n p e k ’ in Y u g o sla v ia 141
V . N . Ka r n a u k h o v
T h e ro le o f f iltr a to r m o llu sc s ric h in c a r o te n o id in th e se lf-c le a n in g o f fresh
w a te rs 1,51
J . Sa l á n k i
B e h a v io u ra l s tu d ie s o n m u ssels u n d e r c h a n g in g e n v ir o n m e n ta l c o n d itio n s 169 I . Va r a n k a
E ffe c t o f som e p e stic id e s on th e r h y th m ic a d d u c to r m u s c le a c ti v it y o f f r e s h
w a te r m u s se l la r v a e 177
H . Kl a p p e r a n d G . Ru d o l f
D e e p w a te r d e p le tio n as a m e th o d fo r o lig o tr o p h ic a tio n o f la k e s 197 B . En t z
T h e a p p e a ra n c e o f a li tt o r a l f a u n a a n d flo ra in L a k e N a sse r—N u b ia ,
a n e w ly fo rm ed tr o p ic a l m a n - m a d e la k e 201
G . I . Ga l a z iy
T h e a c ti v it y o f th e L im n o lo g ic a l I n s t i t u t e o n L a k e B a ik a l 211
S u b je c t in d e x 215
O P E N IN G A D D R E S S J . SALÁNKI
D IR E C T O R O P T H E B IO LO G IC A L R E S E A R C H IN S T IT U T E O P T H E H U N G A R IA N ACADEM Y O P SC IEN C ES, T IH A N Y , H U N G A R Y
L adies an d G entlem en,
I t is a g re a t pleasure to w elcom e you to th is S ym posium held to celebrate th e Ju b ilee of th e B iological R esearch I n s titu te o f th e H u n g a ria n A cadem y of Sciences.
W hen th e B iological R esearch I n s titu te opened its doors on th e 5th of Septem ber, 1927, it w as th e only research in s titu te for biology in H u n g a ry . T here is, th u s, h a rd ly a n y a re a w ith in th e scope o f biology t h a t we h ave n o t d e a lt w ith here d u rin g th e p a s t 50 years: b o ta n y , genetics, hydrobiology, m icrobiology, neurobiology, pharm acology, physiology a n d zoology have all h a d th e ir tu r n as th e focus o f th e research w ork going on.
T o d a y we h av e tw o d e p a rtm e n ts, th e ir research co n c en tratin g on tw o m ain fields: th e neurobiology o f in v e rte b ra te s a n d hydrobiology.
I t is, th u s, only n a tu ra l th a t we should h av e chosen en v iro n m e n ta l biology as th e topic o f th is jubilee sym posium : b o th o u r d e p a rtm e n ts are keenly in te re ste d in th e effects m odern m an is hav in g on fresh w a te r life.
B u t th e re is y e t a n o th e r reason. S itu a te d as we are on th e shore o f L ak e B alato n , one of th e larg e st shallow lakes o f C en tral E u ro p e, daily we m eet here a t th e In s titu te a g re a t m a n y problem s o f w a te r p o llu tio n a n d d e te rio ra tio n o f life in o u r w aters.
I n view o f th e concern a b o u t th e fu tu re o f o u r w a te r resources a n d th e en v iro n m en t ev id en t th ro u g h o u t th e w orld, 1 th in k we can safely sa y th a t we shall be dealing w ith one o f th e m ost u rg e n t problem s facing n a tu ra l sciences to d ay .
I t r u s t t h a t we shall h av e a chance to h ea r som e o f th e la te s t findings on a v a rie ty o f w a te r ecosystem s. M ay o u r discussions prove fru itfu l in ideas for w ays o f p reserving o u r lim ited w a te r resources for th e use a n d delight of fu tu re generations.
I wish you a p le a sa n t s ta y in th is lovely p art o f H u n g a ry , an d herew ith open th e Sym posium .
13
S y r u p . B i o l . H u n g . 19, p p . 1 5 - 2 0 ( 1 9 7 9 )
P R E S E N T AND F U T U R E O F L A K E BALATON IN T R O D U C T O R Y R E M A R K S
I. Lá n g
D E P U T Y S EC R ET A R Y G E N E R A L O P T H E H U N G A R IA N ACADEM Y O P S C IEN C ES, B U D A P E S T , H U N G A R Y
I n m odern tim es b o th surface a n d subsurface w aters are becom ing in creasingly affected b y h u m an a c tiv itie s leading to th e dev elo p m en t o f a n u m b e r o f adverse phenom ena. A q u a tic ecosystem s are in th e process of undergoing fu n d a m e n ta l changes, th e q u a lity o f w a te r d e te rio ra tin g in m an y locations, p o llu tio n becom ing h ea v ie r a n d resu ltin g occasionally in ecological em ergencies.
O ur exchange o f ideas here, on th e shore o f L ak e B a la to n , is ex p ected to p ro v e beneficial to all o f us in o u r fu tu re research w ork. I am pleased to be able to ex p o u n d on th e p re sen t a n d fu tu re o f L ak e B alato n . W e w ould highly ap p reciate y o u r v alu ab le advice a n d com m ents on possibilities o f developing our w a te r con tro l sy stem a n d im proving th e en v iro n m en t aro u n d th e lake.
Som e d a ta on L ak e B alato n , th e larg est lake o f H u n g a ry an d one o f th e m ost im p o rta n t n a tu ra l assets o f th e co u n try , m ay be o f in te re st (Fig. 1).
T he lake is 77 km long, 7.5 to 8.0 km wide, th e average a n d m axim um
15 F ig . 1. M ap o f L a k e B a la to n a n d its c a tc h m e n t a re a
d e p th s are 3 a n d 11 m, respectively. T h e surface a re a is ap p ro x im a te ly 600 k m 2. T he c a tc h m e n t a re a of th e lake is ra th e r large, n am ely 5180 k m 2 n o t counting th e lak e surface proper. T he n o rth e rn a n d so u th -w estern p a r ts o f th e c a tc h m e n t a re a are rich in c o n to u rs a n d here th e re la tiv e ly large a n n u a l p re c ip ita tio n , i.e. 650 to 700 m m , te n d s to su sta in erosion processes.
T he ca tc h m e n t is d ra in e d b y 125 stre a m s to L ak e B alato n , o f w hich th e largest, th e Z ala R iv er, c o n trib u te s a b o u t h a lf o f th e to ta l discharge. T he excess w a te r from th e lake is released th ro u g h con tro lled g ates to th e Sió C anal a n d th en ce to th e D a n u b e. T h e lake a n d th e tr ib u ta r y c a tc h m e n t form an organic w a te r m an ag e m en t u n it. T he a q u a tic ecosystem of th e lake has for centuries been con tro lled d y n am ica lly b y th e am o u n t a n d q u a lity o f su b stan ces en terin g th e tr ib u ta r y stre a m s.
T h e w a te r o f L ak e B a la to n is em in en tly su ita b le for b a th in g , w a te r sp o rts a n d recreatio n . T h e w a te r has a p H o f 8.3, th e shallow b o d y of w a te r is ra p id ly h e a te d , th e m ean d aily air te m p e ra tu re being above 18 °C from m id -Ju n e u p to m id-S eptem ber.
L ak e B a la to n h as for a long tim e been th e focus o f in te re st o f H u n g a ria n scientists. A round th e tu r n o f th e c e n tu ry tw o geographers, L ajos Lóczy a n d J e n ő C holnoky, w ro te a n d edited, to g e th e r w ith several in v ite d ex p erts, a series consisting of 32 volum es a n d close to 7000 pages e n title d “ R esu lts of Scientific S tudies on L ak e B a la to n ” . A t t h a t tim e th e w ork co u n ted am ong th e ra re scientific v en tu re s tre a tin g th e lake a n d its surro u n d in g s as a single u n it.
I n th e la te 1920’s o f th e p re sen t c e n tu ry , th e efforts o f G éza E n tz a n d O lga S eb esty én h av e g re a tly c o n trib u te d to exploring th e biological condi
tio n s o f th e lake. E xperiences accu m u latin g o ver m ore th a n 50 years were su m m arized in 1973 b y O lga S ebestyén in th e p u b licatio n “ P roblem s of P u b lic I n te r e s t R e la te d to L ak e B a la to n ” , suggesting also vario u s m easures considered n ecessary to p ro te c t th e lake. F o r th e p a s t 50 years th e scientific sta ff o f th e B iological R esearch I n s titu te h av e sy stem atically been stu d y in g th e life in a n d a ro u n d th e lak e as well as th e calculable im p acts of h u m an ac tiv ities on it. R e c e n t adv an ces in research are going to be re p o rte d a t th e p re sen t sym posium .
A t th e R esea rch C entre for W a te r R esources D ev elo p m en t superv ised b y th e N a tio n a l W a te r A u th o rity , research on th e hydrological, h y d rau lic and, in p a r t, biological ch a rac te ristic s o f th e lake has been co n d u c te d for several decades. Since 1957, th e q u a lity o f th e lake w a te r has been reg u larly su p erv ise d b y th e regional agencies o f th e N a tio n a l W a te r A u th o rity . Sam ples h av e been ta k e n a t re g u la r in te rv a ls from a b o u t 60 p o in ts in clu d ing th e strea m s d ischarging in to th e lake. S a n ita ry checks on th e w a te ra r e th e re sp o n sib ility o f th e co u n ty sta tio n s o f th e M inistry o f P u b lic H e alth .
D u rin g th e p a s t 15 years m ajo r changes h av e o ccu rred in th e c a tc h m en t a re a o f L ak e B alato n . A g ric u ltu ra l p ro d u c tio n has increased g re a tly as re v ealed b y th e follow ing figures: th e average yield o f a u tu m n w h e at in Som ogy C o u n ty b etw een 1961 an d 1965 w as 1.87 to n s p e r h e c ta re a n d 3.17 to n s p er h e c ta re te n years later. T he corresponding figures fo r th e counties of V eszprém a n d Z ala are 1.82 a n d 2.97, a n d 1.65 a n d 2.91, respectively.
T h e a v e ra g e increase in yield is 70 p er cent. T h e g ra in y ie ld of m aize in
creased from 2.5-2.7 to 3.5-3.9 to n s p e r h ectare, corresponding to an in crease o f a b o u t 44 p e r cen t. T h e y ield o f alfalfa in 1975 su rp a sse d th a t in
I
1965 b y 23 p er cent. T hese advances h av e been th e results o f sev eral b en e
ficial facto rs. T h e gen eral s ta n d a r d o f fa rm in g lias im p ro v ed a n d fertilizers are being ap p lied a t m a te ria lly higher ra te s. T h e to ta l a m o u n t of fertilizers ap p lied increased 5.9-fold in Som ogy C ounty betw een 1965 a n d 1975, an d 4.3-fold in Z ala C ounty. T his increase is, how ever, significant n o t only in te rm s of re la tiv e figures b u t also in tho se o f ab so lu te ones a n d th e a p p lica
tio n o f fertilizers has th u s a tta in e d a level w hich m ay a lre a d y be term ed intensive. T h e a m o u n t o f fe rtilize r su b stan ce sp re ad by th e s ta te farm s over one h e c ta re o f land, o rc h a rd a n d v in e y a rd in 1975 was 467 kg in Som ogy C ounty, 355 kg in V eszprém C o u n ty a n d 429 kg in Z ala C ounty. T h e c o rre
sponding figures for th e farm ing cooperatives w ere 349, 314 an d 319 kg, respectively.
C hem ical p est co n tro l has also a d v a n ced trem e n d o u sly d u rin g th e past te n years. H erbicides are now used alm ost exclusively for w eed control in m aize a n d cereals. Vines an d o rch ard s are sp ra y e d 7 to 8 tim es d u rin g th e grow ing season. T h e ra n g e of pesticides u n d e rw e n t ra d ic al changes betw een 1965 a n d 1975, biologically m ore effective p ro d u c ts w ith hig h er c o n c e n tra tions o f ac tiv e su b sta n c e hav in g a p p e a re d on th e m a rk e t. A t th e sam e tim e, th e use of sev eral pesticides has been d iscontinued. T hus, for instance, pesticides contain in g D D T as an ac tiv e ag e n t h av e n o t been used since 1970 in th e ca tc h m e n t a re a o f th e lake.
L ivesto ck breeding has s ta r te d to c o n c e n tra te on specialized an im al farm s. P rese n tly , th e re are 19 such farm s in th e c a tc h m e n t a re a produ cin g large volum es o f liq u id m anure. A t th ese farm s ap p ro x im a te ly 40 th o u sa n d pigs a n d 3 th o u sa n d h e a d of c a ttle are k e p t. No liquid m an u re is allow ed to be discharged in to open recipients a n d specialized farm s are continuously faced w ith th e difficult ta s k o f safe disposal. Licenses for th e co n stru c tio n o f new farm s are n o t g ra n te d unless th e disposal of th e liq u id m an u re is tech n ically g u aran teed .
A n o th er im p o rta n t change is asso ciated w ith th e ra p id increase of tourism . L ak e B a la to n has becom e v ery p o p u la r w ith th e H u n g a ria n public. M any visitors from ab ro ad , especially fro m C zechoslovakia, A ustria, th e G erm an D em ocratic R epublic, th e G erm an F ed eral R epublic a n d fro m th e S can d i
n a v ia n countries seek su m m er re cre atio n along th e shores o f th e lake. In th e th re e counties o f Som ogy, V eszprém a n d Z ala su rro u n d in g th e lake (Fig. 2), th e to ta l n u m b e r o f g u est-d ay s s p e n t a t th e com m ercial to u ris t accom m odations w as 700 th o u s a n d in J u ly 1965 a n d o ver 2 m illion in J u ly 1975, re p resen tin g an alm ost th reefo ld increase. D u rin g w eek-ends in th e sum m er m onths, a b o u t 600 th o u sa n d people v isit th e area. F ifte e n years ago th is n u m b er w as h a lf o f th is figure. D om estic w a te r su p p ly has k e p t pace w ith th e g ro w th o f tourism , while sew erage a n d sewage tre a tm e n t have failed to do so.
A m ong th e in d u stries a few food processing p la n ts give only cause for concern. T h eir effluent tre a tm e n t p la n ts are im perfect a n d considerable am o u n ts o f phosphorus a n d n itro g en are still d ischarged fro m th ese p la n ts into th e lake.
As a re su lt o f th e above changes a new s itu a tio n has em erged in th e c a tc h m en t area o f L ak e B a la to n o ver th e la st decade. T he first a larm w as raised in spring, 1965, trig g e re d b y a m ass d ecay o f fish. T h e accu m u latio n of pesticides belonging to th e ch lo rin a te d h y d ro c arb o n ty p e has been identified
2 17
as th e m ost p ro b a b le cause o f th is disaster, g re a tly c o n trib u tin g to th e b an on D D T in H u n g a ry a t th e en d o f th e 1960’s. A local fishkill occu rred in spring, 1975, w hich could, how ever, be a ttr ib u te d to ecological conditions, specifically to th e depletion o f oxygen in th e w ater. N evertheless, th e H u n g arian public expressed g re a t concern o v er th is second fishkill, since e n v iro n m en tal p ro te c tio n has in th e m ean tim e becom e a m a tte r of public in tere st.
iI
\
F ig . 2. R e c re a tio n zo n e o f L a k e B a la to n
A b rie f review o f th e o rg an izatio n o f en v iro n m e n ta l p ro te c tio n in H u n g a ry is considered necessary a t th is p o in t in o rd e r to give a b e tte r insig h t in to th e purposes an d scope o f th e se m easures.
T h e first in s titu tio n a l m easures for en v iro n m e n ta l p ro te c tio n d a te back to th e p eriod b etw een th e tw o w orld w ars in H u n g a ry . T h e legal foundations for p ollution con tro l a n d la n d conserv atio n w ere laid in th e e a rly 1950’s.
E n v iro n m e n ta l p ro tec tio n , as a p o p u la r m ovem ent, a com plex scientific p ro ject, as well as th e basis o f fo rm u latin g an d realizing regional develop
m e n t plan s s ta r te d in th is c o u n try in 1970. L e n g th y d eb a te s w ere cond u cted on w h e th e r o r n o t to organize a m in istry for en v iro n m e n ta l protectio n . E v e n tu a lly it w as agreed on to m ake th e respective m inistries responsible for enforcing e n v iro n m e n ta l m easures in th e ir p a rtic u la r spheres o f com petence.
T he N a tio n a l Council for P ro te c tio n of th e E n v iro n m e n t, as a co o rd in a t
ing, consulting a n d su p erv iso ry agency o f th e Council o f M inisters was fo u n d e d in 1974. T h e Council is com posed o f 30 m em bers, including re p resen ta tiv e s o f all m inistries a n d social organ izatio n s concerned, th u s also of th e H u n g a ria n A cadem y o f Sciences. T h e resolutions passed b y th e N a tio n al Council fo r P ro te c tio n of th e E n v iro n m e n t are a p p ro v ed an d enforced b y th e Council o f M inisters. A bill on th e p ro te c tio n of th e h u m an en v iro n m en t w as passed b y th e H u n g a ria n P a rlia m e n t in 1976. T his A ct co n tain s com p rehensive provisions on th e scope o f e n v iro n m e n ta l p ro te c tio n in H u n g a ry , as well as on responsibilities, a n d has in tro d u c e d th e concept o f crim inal p ro secu tio n for en v iro n m e n ta l offences.
I n H u n g a ry th e p rin cip al research o bjectives u p to 1990 h av e been id e n tified in th e N a tio n a l P ersp e ctiv e Scientific R esearch P la n . E n v iro n m e n t-
o rie n te d re searc h figures am ong th e 17 p rogram m es enjoying o u tsta n d in g n atio n al re searc h p rio rity .
A n u m b e r o f agencies are engaged in th e e n v iro n m e n ta l problem s re la te d to L ak e B alato n . O f these, th e E x e c u tiv e Council for L a k e B a la to n should be m en tio n ed first as an in d e p e n d e n t agency w ith c e rta in fu n d s a t its disposal. I m p o rta n t recom m endations a n d proposals are s u b m itte d b y th is b o d y to th e G o v ern m en t a n d to th e local a u th o rities. T h e C ouncil has set u p a su b -co m m ittee on en v iro n m e n ta l p ro tec tio n , th e ac tiv ities of w hich are g re a tly ap p reciated . T h e regional b ra n c h o f th e H u n g a ria n A cadem y o f Sciences a t V eszprém also deals re g u la rly w ith th e en v iro n m e n ta l p ro b lems o f L ak e B alato n . Ite m s concerning th e q u a lity o f w a te r in th e lake have re p eated ly a p p e a re d on th e agen d a o f various sessions o f th e H u n g a r
ian H ydrological Society.
A fte r th e m ass fish d ecay in 1975, th e N a tio n a l Council fo r P ro te c tio n o f th e E n v iro n m e n t passed a resolution on intensified coord in atio n an d exten sio n o f research w ork re la te d to L ak e B alaton. T h e Com m ission for C oordinating E n v iro n m e n ta l R esearch on L a k e B a la to n was form ed, com prising th e re p re se n ta tiv e s o f all agencies concerned. T h e C oordinating Com m ission is sup erv ised b y th e H u n g a ria n A cadem y o f Sciences, w here I h av e been assigned to th e hono u rab le ta s k o f h eading th e C oordinating Com m ission. T h e o rg a n iz atio n al a n d a d m in istra tiv e ta sk s essential to th e functioning of th e C o ordinating Com m ission are ta k e n care o f b y th e B iological R esearch I n s titu te a t T ih an y . T h e C oordinating Com m ission h as review ed th e s ta te of all research p ro jec ts in H u n g a ry w hich are in a n y w ay re la te d to en v iro n m e n ta l p ro te c tio n in th e B a la to n R egion. T hree spheres o f research w ere assigned p rio rity b y th e C oordinating Com m ission in 1975, n am ely (i) S tudies in to th e p a ra m e te rs describing, a n d th e facto rs d e te rio ra tin g or im proving, th e q u a lity o f th e lake w a te r; (ii) R esearch in th e dom ains o f economics, law a n d o th e r social sciences to p re p are en v iro n m en tal decisions in th e region; an d (in) S tudies on th e en v iro n m e n ta l fa cto rs affecting re cre atio n a n d to u rism in th e re cre atio n a l areas.
A resolution has been passed b y th e C oordinating Com m ission to realize tw o ad d itio n a l im p o rta n t p ro jects, n am ely (i) T he review a n d synthesis o f th e m a jo r scientific re su lts a n d professional experiences o b ta in e d so fa r concerning th e region, a n d (ii) D ev elo p m en t of th e scientific fou n d atio n s for an in te g ra te d en v iro n m e n ta l m o nitoring system .
T h e earlier scientific d a ta concerning th e en v iro n m e n t o f L ak e B a la to n h av e been processed. B ased on these, th e C oordinating Com m ission has fo rm u la te d tw e n ty recom m endations p rim arily as re g ard s en v iro n m e n ta l p ro tec tio n . T hese lon g -term p lan s call for top-level decisions a n d m a jo r in v estm en ts. W ork on th e d ev elopm ent o f th e scientific principles o f th e in te g ra te d m o nitoring system has been s ta rte d re cen tly a n d th e first results are ex p ected in ab o u t a y e a r’s tim e.
T he fu n d a m e n ta l en v iro n m e n ta l problem o f L ak e B a la to n is th e accelera
tio n o f e u tro p h ic a tio n phenom ena. P rim a ry biological p ro d u c tio n has in te n sified in th e lake. T his problem will form th e su b je c t o f a special re p o rt a t th e S ym posium . T h e a m o u n t o f n itro g en a n d p h osphorus d ischarged in to th e lake h as increased s u b s ta n tia lly as com p ared w ith earlier periods. T h e sources o f th is n u trie n t su p p ly are th e fertilizers used in ag ric u ltu re, th e soil p artic le s ca rried in to th e lak e b y erosion processes, m oreover th e efflu
2* 19
en ts a n d refuse from settlem en ts. Some food processing p la n ts also pass im p o rta n t am o u n ts o f n itrogen a n d p h osphorus to th e lake w ater. These n u trie n ts are essential elem ents in su p p o rtin g life. T h ey are n o t toxic, like som e pesticides o r h ea v y m etals, still m ay cause h eav y econom ic losses b y changing th e com position o f th e original aq u a tic ecosystem s a n d b y im pairing th e q u a lity o f w ater. T h e p rim a ry objectiv e of fu tu re en v iro n m en tal p ro te c tio n in th e B alaton region is to m inim ize th e a m o u n t of such su b stances, specifically of n itro g en an d phosphorus, enterin g th e lake. T here are ev id en tly o th e r en v iro n m e n ta l o bjectives as well, e.g. re d u ctio n of th e noise level in recre atio n a l areas, th e a b a te m e n t of air p o llu tio n caused b v tra n s p o rt, n a tu re conservation, etc.
T h e fu n d a m e n ta l fu n c tio n o f L ak e B alato n is to m eet th e d em an d s for recreatio n . In te n siv e farm ing in th e ca tc h m e n t area is sim ilarly essential, since a g ric u ltu re c o n trib u te s an im p o rta n t sh are to th e n a tio n a l incom e of H u n g a ry . R e stric tio n of farm ing is conceivable in ex cep tio n al cases only, th e re being no reserve lan d s available in th e co u n try . T hese dem an d s are conflicting to a c e rta in e x te n t. Com prom ises are e v id e n tly needed a n d th e occasionally com peting in tere sts o f th e individual sectors, such as tourism , a g ric u ltu ra l p ro d u c tio n , etc. should be reconciled.
T h e w a te r in L a k e B a la to n is still em in en tly su itab le for b a th in g , except for th e B a y o f K e sz th e ly a t th e so u th w estern end, w here its q u a lity has a lre a d y d e te rio ra te d p ercep tib ly .
E n v iro n m e n ta l p ro te c tio n aro u n d L ak e B alaton form s p a r t of th e regional dev elo p m en t plans. To ensure sy stem atical, co n tro lled d ev elo p m en t in th e surro u n d in g s o f th e lake, a regional p lan for th e d evelopm ent o f L ak e B a la to n was ac cep ted in 1957, follow ed b y th e C entral D evelopm ent P ro g ram m e fo r L ak e B a la to n in 1969, in w hich th e m ajo r d evelopm ent o bjectives were estab lish ed for five-year cycles. T he second ph ase (1976-1980) o f th is p ro gram m e is p re sen tly u n d e r w ay, th e policy a n d o bjectives o f th e th ird phase
(1981-1985) being p re p a re d for a p p ro v a l b y th e Council o f M inisters.
In fo rm u latin g th e p ersp ectiv e policy, th e recom m endations com piled b y th e Com m ission for C oordinating E n v iro n m e n ta l R esearch on th e basis o f existing scientific evidence h av e p ro v id ed v alu ab le guidance.
T h e d evelopm ent o f w a te r m an ag em en t re p resen ts a special ta s k w ith in th e c e n tra l d evelopm ent program m e. T h e p la n is hig h ly ram ified in t h a t it com prises re g u la tio n o f th e lake bed, con tro l of th e shorelines, w a te r surface reg u latio n , a n d m ain ten an c e o f w a te r q u ality . G re at im p o rta n c e should b e a ttr ib u te d to th e p erspective policy o f pro v id in g facilities for sewage tre a tm e n t to all se ttle m e n ts a n d to develop th e sew erage sy stem in a w ay p erm ittin g as fa r as possible all effluents to be rem oved from th e c a tc h m e n t area. T h e building o f an artificial reservoir is co n tem p lated a t th e m o u th of th e R iv e r Z ala in w hich th e m ajo r p a r t o f th e soil eroded from th e c a tc h m en t a re a a n d o f th e p la n t n u trie n ts , will be re ta in ed . R ealizing th e a m b i
tio u s regional d evelopm ent objectives, h e a v y in v estm en ts over th re e five- y e a r p la n periods are ex p e cted to be necessary. I f we succeed in realizing th ese p lan s b y 1995, en v iro n m e n ta l p ro te c tio n in th e L ak e B a la to n area will also b e en su red for th e m ore d is ta n t fu tu re .
Scientific research plays an im p o rta n t role in laying th e fo u n d a tio n s for th ese d ev elo p m en t plan s, in selecting th e o p tim a l a lte rn a tiv e s, a n d in p re d ic tin g th e long-range effects.
S y m p . Biol. H uny. 19, pp. 21-26 (1979)
P E S T IC ID E R E S ID U E S IN L A K E B A LA TO N Gy. Pf e i f e r,* J . E . Po n y i a n d Z. Na g y*
•»RESEARCH IN S T IT U T E O P H E A V Y C H EM ICAL IN D U S T R Y , V E S Z P R É M , A N D B IO LO G IC A L R E S E A R C H IN S T IT U T E O P T H E H U N G A R IA N ACAD EM Y OF
S C IEN C ES, T IH A N Y , H U N G A R Y
A bstract
N o re s id u e s o f c h lo r in a te d h y d ro c a rb o n s , e.g . D D T a n d m e ta b o lite s a n d B H C iso m ers, h a v e la te ly b e e n fo u n d in sa m p le s o f w a te r, p la n k to n , m u sse l a n d fish (b re a m , A b r a m is bram a L . a n d c a rp , C y p r in u s carpio L .) f r o m L a k e B a la to n . I n th e liv e r a n d f a t o f p ik e p e r c h (S tizostedion lucioperca L .) lin d a n e h a s b e e n fo u n d (1 0 -3 0 p p b ) b u t th is v a lu e is n o t s ta tis tic a lly sig n ific a n t b e c a u se o f th e lim ite d n u m b e r o f sam p les.
T h e la k e seem s to b e fre e o f c h lo r in a te d in se c tic id e re s id u e s d u e to th e to t a l b a n o f D D T a n d o th e r c h lo rin a te d ty p e in s e c tic id e s in 1970. A re s id u e o f 2,4-D h a s b e e n fo u n d in th e w a te r sa m p le s c o lle c te d fro m th e lak e.
IN T R O D U C T IO N
T he first serious fishkill in L ak e B a la to n occurred in 1965 (B aron e t al.
1967). Cieleszky an d D énes (1965, u n p u b lish ed d a ta ; see B aron e t al. 1967) d eterm in e d 0.1-8.4 p p m D D T in p re d a to ry fishes a n d 0.1-0.8 p p m D D T in n o n p re d a to ry fishes. A fte r th is fishkill exten siv e a n a ly tic a l research w ork has been s ta r te d to d eterm in e th e vario u s pesticide residues in w a te r a n d a q u a tic organism s, w ith special a tte n tio n to th o se of th e ch lo rin a te d h y d ro carbon ty p e.
T he first d etailed s tu d y was p u b lish ed b y B aro n e t al. in 1967. T hese a u th o rs in v estig ated th e residues of D D T a n d D D T decom position p ro d u c ts, isom ers o f BHC, etc., ap p ly in g th in -la y e r ch ro m ato g rap h ic technique.
T able 1 shows th e m ost c h a rac te ristic resu lts o f th is in v estig atio n . T h ey
T A B L E 1
R esid u es in F is h a n d A q u a tic O rganism s ( p p m ) (D a ta o f B a ro n at ál. 1967)
DDT BHC
Crustacean plankton 0 .1 - 0 . 2 0 . 0 3 - 0 . 0 5
Mussel 0 . 1 5 - 0 . 2 5 0 .1 - 0 . 1 5
Carp
meat 0 . 0 8 0 . 0 2
liver 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 2
fat 0 .1 - 0 . 3 0 . 0 2
Pikeperch
meat 0 .1 - 0 . 3 0 . 0 5
liver 0 . 2 - 0 . 3 0 .1 - 0 . 2
fat 0 . 4 - 1 . 0 0 . 3 - 0 . 7
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d id n o t find A ldrin an d D ieldrin residues. I t was in te re stin g th a t in those years th e sam e am o u n ts o f D D T a n d BH C residues w ere fo u n d in fishes ta k e n from th e R iv e r D anube.
In th e food web o f L ak e B a la to n th e zo o p lan k to n has a significant role.
I n 1967, P o n y i e t al. (1968) in v e stig a te d th e ch lo rin a te d h y d ro c arb o n con
te n t o f c ru sta cea n p la n k to n in five sections o f L ak e B alato n . T h ey found 0.2 -2 ppm residues o f D D T an d y-BHC.
T A B L E 2
К e m its o f W ater A n a ly se s
Pesticide Y ear Residue
(ppb) Reference
Lindane 1967 0.01-0.08 Pinkola and Tóth (1971)
1 9 6 8 0.09-0.18 Pinkola and Tóth (1971)
1969 0.08-0.15 Pinkola and Tóth (1971)
1971 0.01-0.1 Czeglédy-Jankó et al. (1973)
2,4-D 1971 0.01-0.1 Czeglédy-.Jankó et al. (1973)
Chlorotriazine 1976 0.01-0.02 K ároly and Füzesi (1977)
T h e ch lo rin a te d h y d ro c arb o n c o n te n t o f th e w a te r was in v e stig a te d by P in k o la an d T ó th (1971) betw een 1967 an d 1969 (Table 2). T h ey found
0.1-0.2 p p b lin d an e residue on an average b y gas ch ro m a to g rap h y w ith EC d e te c to r e x tra c tin g 5 1 o f w a te r w ith hexane. O th e r resu lts of w a te r analyses are show n in T ab le 2. K á ro ly a n d Füzesi (1977) in v e stig a te d 149 sam ples o f w a te r in th e spring o f 1976 b y gas ch ro m a to g rap h y a n d th in - lay er ch ro m a to g rap h y for residues o f ch lo rin a te d h y drocarbons, organo- p h osphorus com pounds, d in itro p h en o l deriv ativ es, chlorophenoxy-acetic acids a n d chlorotriazines. T h ey could d e te c t ch lorotriazine residue a lto g e th e r in 10 sam ples, on a level o f 10-20 ppb.
T A B L E 3
D etection L im its o f P esticides ( fig)
Pesticides PC TCL GC
Chlorinated hydrocarbons 0.5 1 0.01 0.001
Organophosphate compounds 1 0.2 0.01
Phenoxy-acetic acids 0.5 0.05
PC = p ap e r ch ro m ato g rap h y ; TLC = th in -lay e r ch ro m ato g rap h y ; G-C = gas ch ro m ato g rap h y
In T ab le 3, th e d etec tio n lim its o f various pesticide-groups are given in pg. T he values w ere o b ta in e d b y gas ch ro m ato g rap h ic tech n iq u es w ith selective d etec to rs, ta k in g an e x tra c tio n of 5 1 of w a te r ev a p o ra te d to 1 ml, injecting 1 pi in to th e gas ch ro m a to g rap h . T he resu lts o b ta in e d in d icate t h a t a n a ly tic a l d a ta on th e p o llu tio n of th e w a te r o f L ak e B a la to n p u b lish ed in th e lite ra tu re refer to re su lts d eterm in e d on th e level o f d etec tio n lim its, or in som e cases below th em . T herefore th e criticism of th ese d a ta is justified.
C onsequently, we deal w ith th e question of identificatio n o f th e in d iv id u al com pounds, one o f th e g re a te s t problem s o f pesticide residue analysis a t p re s e n t.
M A T E R IA L A N D M E T H O D S , C O L L E C T IN G S IT E S
I n 1976-1977 th e residues o f ch lo rin a te d h y d ro carb o n , D D T a n d decom position p ro d u c ts, isom ers of B H C , organophospliates a n d p henoxy-acetic acid w ere in v e stig a te d in w ater, p la n k to n , m ussel, b re am (Abram is brama L.) a n d p ikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca L.).
T h e ch lo rin a te d h y d ro c arb o n residues w ere d eterm in e d b y th e gas ch ro m ato g rap h ic tech n iq u e using an EC d e te c to r a fte r hom ogenation w ith an h y d ro u s N a 2S 0 4, e x tra c tio n w ith n-hexane, e v a p o ratio n a n d a c e to n itril p a rtitio n in g . F o r th e d e te rm in a tio n of ch lo rin a te d h y d ro carb o n s 5 1 w a te r was e x tra c te d w ith n-hexane. T he w a te r-s o lv e n t ra tio w as 5 : 1 . A fte r e v a p o ratio n th e sam ple was in jected d ire c tly into th e gas ch ro m ato g rap h an d analysed.
F o r d e te rm in a tio n o f o rg a n o p h o sp h ate residues th e w a te r sam ple was d ire c tly in v e stig a te d b y th e acetylcholinesterase enzym e in h ib itio n te c h nique, a fte r ex tra c tio n w ith n -hexane a n d ev a p o ra tio n th e A C hE m ethod w as a n d again applied, b o th d irec tly a n d a fte r o x id atio n w ith brom ine.
T h e residue o f 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid w as d eterm in e d b y its u ltra v io le t a b so rp tio n sp e c tra a fte r e x tra c tio n a n d clean-up. F ig u re 1 shows th e m ost im p o rta n t step s of 2,4-D residue analysis. T he m ost sensitive a n a ly tical m eth o d know n to d a y was used.
F ig . 7. D e te rm in a tio n o f 2,4-D in w a te r
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T he sites of w a te r sam ple collection are given in F ig 2, w hich shows th a t 84 p er ce n t o f th e c a tc h m en t area of L ak e B a la to n is u n d e r c u ltiv atio n w ith a sign ifican t use of herbicides.
R E S U L T S A N D C O N C L U S IO N S
I n a q u a tic organism s no residues o f o rg an o p h o sp h ates a n d 2,4-D were found. H ow ever, y-BHC (lindane) was d eterm in e d : in m ussel 10 p p b , in b ream liver 8 p p b , in p ikeperch liver 20 p p b an d in fa t 30 p pb. To confirm th e id e n tity of y-B H C a double cheek a fte r hydrolysis o f e x tra c ts was m ade, an d th e p ea k o f y-B H C d id n o t ap p ear. B u t these resu lts are n o t sta tis tic a lly significant because o f th e lim ited n u m b e r of sam ples. H ow ever, o u r results show th e d ra stic decrease in th e level o f pesticide c o n tam in atio n as com pared w ith d a ta before 1970, ow ing to re stric tio n s and a b an o f th e use of chlo rin a te d h y d ro c a rb o n -ty p e insecticides.
I n 1976 w a te r sam ples w ere in v estig ated from 2 different locations of L ak e B alato n . Gas ch ro m a to g ram pro d u ced peaks w ith th e sam e re te n tio n tim es as show n b y B H C isom ers, D D E a n d D D T. H ow ever, w hen a tte m p ts w ere m ade to confirm th e id e n tity o f th ese com pounds b y th e gas ch ro m a to graph-m ass sp ec tro m e ter sy stem (V arian MAT 111, D e p a rtm e n t of O rganic C hem istry, T echnical U n iv e rsity o f V eszprém , H u n g a ry ), i t ap p e a re d th a t these peaks d id n o t correspond to a n y ch lo rin a te d h y d ro carb o n , m eaning t h a t th e re was no ch lo rin a te d h y d ro c arb o n insecticide residue in th e w a te r o f L ak e B a la to n . In o u r ex p erim en ts th e d etec tio n level in co n c en tratio n was 0.01 p p b for lindane an d 0.02 p p b for D D T.
F in . 2. C a tc h m e n t a re a o f L a k e B a la to n
No residues o f o rg a n o p h o sp h ate com poate were fo u n d eith er. D e te c
tio n level was 1 ppb.
I n sam ples ta k e n in S ep tem b er a n d N ovem ber 1976, 2,4-D was found:
ab o u t 40 p p b in S eptem ber, a n d a b o u t 25 p p b in N ovem ber. U ltra v io le t ab so rp tio n sp e c tra a n d also colorim etric analysis w ith ch ro m o tro p ic acid were ap p lied in th ese tests. In th e period betw een F e b ru a ry a n d J u n e 1976 how ever, K á ro ly a n d Füzesi (1977) d id n o t find a n y residue. C onsequently investig atio n s w ere co n tin u ed for d eterm in in g 2,4-D residue ev e ry m onth in 1977.
R esu lts o f 2,4-D residue d e te rm in a tio n s are show n in T ab le 4. Sam ple nu m b ers refer to th e a p p ro p ria te sites o f sam ple collection re p resen te d in F ig. 2. Sam ples w ere collected fro m each place a t th e m o u th of th e respec
tiv e creeks (a), 100 m from th e m o u th (b) a n d 500 m from th e m o u th (c).
T A B LE 4
Results o f 2,4-D A n a ly se s
■in the W ater o f L ake B a la to n ( p p b )
In th e first q u a rte r o f th e y ea r 2,4-D residue could no t be d etec ted . In ag ric u ltu ral practice, th e usage o f 2,4-D begins in A pril a n d M ay u n d e r no rm al m eteorological conditions b u t th e usage o f herbicide com binations co n tain in g 2,4-D begins, in som e cases, a t th e en d o f M arch. T a b le 4 d em o n stra te s th a t th e 2,4-D residue could be d e te c te d in th e w a te r in five sam ples in A pril, in 9 sam ples in M ay b u t in 13 sam ples in J u ly . I t is p ro b able t h a t one o r tw o m onths are necessary for 2,4-D to e n te r th e w a te r following a rainfall.
SUMMARY
On th e basis o f in v estig atio n s m ade in 1976 it seems th e re are no residues o f ch lo rin a te d h y d ro c arb o n a n d o rg a n o p h o sp h ate-ty p e insecticides in L ake B alato n , as also show n b y K á ro ly a n d F üzesi (1977).
R e p o rts on residues of 2,4-D should be a tte n d e d to because th e d etec tab le level (1-10 pp b ) m ay have a horm onal effect on vario u s p la n ts or organism s.
REFERENCES
Ba k o n, F ., Cs o n t i, F . a n d Po n y i, J . E . (1967): I n v e s tig a tio n s o f p e stic id e re sid u e s in fish a n d o th e r a q u a tic o rg a n ism s o f L a k e B a la to n a n d som e o th e r a q u a tic h a b ita ts . A n n a l. B io l. T ih a n y 34, 117—128.
Cz e g l é d y- Ja n k ô, G ., Po n y i, J . E . a n d Cs o n t i, F . (1973): A B a la to n p e sz tic id - s z e n n y e z e tts é g i d in a m ik á já n a k n é h á n y k é rd é se (P ro b le m s o f th e d y n a m ic s o f th e p e s tic id e p o llu tio n o f th e L a k e B a la to n ). H a lá sza t XIX, 74 -7 5 .
Ká b o l y, G. a n d Fü z e s i, I . (1977): A B a la to n és b efo ly ó v iz e in e k v iz s g á la ta p e szticid - m a r a d é k o k r a 1976 ta v a s z á n (S tu d y o f w a te r sa m p le s o f th e L a k e B a la to n a n d tr ib u t a r ie s fo r p e s tic id e re s id u e s in sp rin g 1976). N övényvédelem XIII, (6), 2 5 7 -
260.
Pi n k o l a, L . a n d Tó t h, L . (1971): A B a la to n p e s z tic id -v is z o n y a in a k fe ltá r á s a (S u rv e y o f th e p e s tic id e c o n d itio n s o f L a k e B a la to n ). R e p o r t o n th e w o rk o f V I T U K I in 1968. B u d a p e s t, p p . 2 2 7-244.
Po n y i, J . E ., Cs o n t i, F . a n d Ba k o n, F . (1968): A n in v e s tig a tio n o f th e c o n te n t o f th e c h lo r in a te d h y d ro c a r b o n re s id u e s o f th e c ru s ta c e a n p la n k to n in th e B a la to n . A n n a l. B io l. T ih a n y 35, 183-189.
S y m p . Biol. H ung. 19, p p . 27-31 (1979) SYSTEM ATIC C L A S SIFIC A T IO N
A N D C H A R A C T E R IZ A T IO N O F W A T E R P O L L U T A N T S W . Ot t o an d J . Wo t z k a
IN S T IT U T E OF W A TE R M AN A GEM ENT, B E R L IN , G .D .Ii.
Abstract
I n th e a b se n c e o f s y s te m a tic w a te r m a n a g e m e n t b o th a s re g a rd s th e q u a lity a n d q u a n ti ty o f n a tu r a l w a te rs , a n in c re a sin g in flu en ce o f p o llu ta n ts is a re a l h a z a rd .
I n v iew o f th e h e a v ily s tra in e d w a te r re s o u rc e s o f th e G .D .R . effectiv e le g isla tio n a s w ell a s a d e q u a te in f o rm a tio n a b o u t th e m o s t sig n ific a n t w a te r p o llu ta n ts , p a r t ic u la r ly p e stic id e s, a re u r g e n tly n e e d e d . T h is w ill e n a b le p ro d u c e rs a s w ell a s u se rs to assess a n y p o te n tia l d a m a g e t h a t m ig h t be c a u se d to a n y in d iv id u a l b o d y o f w a te r.
T h e m e th o d s a p p lie d in in v e s tig a tin g th e d iffe re n t p o ll u ta n t s a s w ell a s th e s tr u c tu r e o f a c a ta lo g u e c o n ta in in g t h e c h a ra c te ris tic d a t a o f w a te r p o ll u ta n t s a re p re s e n te d .
W a te r p o llu ta n ts are p ro m in e n t am ong th e facto rs h av in g an adverse effect on n a tu ra l bodies o f w ater. W a te r p o llu ta n ts are inorganic or organic sub stan ces w hich g e t in to th e surface or g ro u n d -w ater changing its s ta te in such a w ay t h a t its c a p a c ity for self-purification a n d th e p ro d u c tiv ity of surface w aters is affected, th e use o f w a te r b y th e p o p u latio n a n d in d u s try becom es difficult o r im possible, an d th e recre atio n a l v alu e o f w aters is reduced.
I f no sy ste m a tic q u a lita tiv e a n d q u a n tita tiv e m an ag em en t o f th e w a te r resources is ensured, th e re is a d an g e r of increasing am o u n ts o f p o llu ta n ts being discharged in to th e bodies of w a te r as a re su lt o f rising living s ta n d a rd s, th e co n stru c tio n of new in d u stria l p lan ts, a m ore extensive use of fertilizers a n d pesticides in ag ricu ltu re, tra n s itio n to in d u stria l-ty p e an im al h u sb an d ry , an d th e w ider use o f artificial irrigation. T herefore, it is necessary, in a d d i
tio n to th e co n stru c tio n o f sew age tre a tm e n t p la n ts, to use fertilizers a n d pesticides on th e basis o f a c c u ra te planning. P a ra m e te rs like th e m ost fa v o u rab le form o f ap p licatio n , to x ic ity a n d persistence m u st be ac c u ra te ly know n.
Special a tte n tio n should also be p aid to th e w ay in w hich irrig atio n w a te r is used in ag ric u ltu re (tim ing, single doses, soil ty p e, crop).
T h e w a te r resources o f th e G .D .R . are ex trem ely s tra in e d as th e co u n try has an a re a o f only 108 000 k m 2 b u t a p o p u latio n d en sity o f 155 in h a b ita n ts p e r k m 2 a n d a large in d u s try and agricu ltu re.
E v en if considering th e to ta l p o te n tia l w a te r resources (including th e inflow fro m ab ro a d b y w ay of th e E lbe), th e m ean ra te o f use is 31 p e r cent alread y , a n d th e w a te r o f th e rivers is used several tim es over; in som e rivers th e sam e w a te r is recycled five tim es. T h e w a te r m an ag em en t au th o rities o f th e G .D .R . p a y m uch a tte n tio n to th e problem of w a te r p o llu ta n ts on th e basis o f th e existing legislation.
T he M in istry o f E n v iro n m e n ta l P ro te c tio n an d W a te r M anagem ent has issued a list o f p o llu ta n ts. F ro m tim e to tim e th is list is u p d a te d b y a bo ard
27
