)ൺඋൺඌ0ගඋංൺ,අൽංඬ
2.2.1. -DSiQPLQW|QiOOyFLYLOL]iFLy"
$ YLOiJ PD OpWH]Ę FLYLOL]iFLyL PLQG LGĘEHQ pV WpUEHQ YiOWR]y PpUHWĦ QDJ\REE WHUOHWHNHW pV W|EE QpSHW HWQLNXPRW Q\HOYHW NXOW~UiW IHO|OHOĘ HJ\VpJHNDPHO\HNN|]|WWD]HJ\HWOHQRUV]iJRWQpSHWpVNXOW~UiWMHOHQWĘMDSiQ FLYLOL]iFLyHOpJNO|Q|VQHNWĦQLN0LO\HQWpQ\H]ĘNLQGRNROMiNKRJ\-DSiQWD]
|VV]HKDVRQOtWyFLYLOL]iFLyW|UWpQHWLV]DNPXQNiN|QiOOyFLYLOL]iFLyQDNWHNLQWLN"
+RYi LV WDUWR]LN-DSiQ".pWVpJNtYODYLOiJOHJIHMOHWWHEELSDULRUV]iJDL N|]pPDJDVDQIHMOHWWLSDUL±VĘWLQNiEEPiUSRV]WLQGXV]WULiOLV±JD]GDViJiYDO WiUVDGDOPiYDOpVGHPRNUDWLNXVSROLWLNDLpVLQWp]PpQ\LUHQGV]HUpYHODQ\XJDWL FLYLOL]iFLyUpV]HDOHJIHMOHWWHEERUV]iJRNFVRSRUWMiQDN*WDJMD8J\DQDNNRU HOKHO\H]NHGpVHNXOWXUiOLVPHJKDWiUR]RWWViJDYDOOiVDLtUiVUHQGV]HUHpVV]iPRV HJ\pE NXOWXUiOLV KDJ\RPiQ\D WHNLQWHWpEHQ HUĘVHQ NO|QE|]LN D Q\XJDWWyO pV È]VLiKR]N|WĘGLNDKRQQDQFLYLOL]iFLyMiQDNHJ\HVHOHPHLV]iUPD]QDN
(] XWyEEL IHOYHWKHWL KRJ\ -DSiQ WXODMGRQNpSSHQ D NtQDL FLYLOL]iFLy SHULIpULiMD DPHO\ D W|UWpQHOHP VRUiQ QDJ\ pV MHOHQWĘV KDWiVW J\DNRUROW -DSiQUD -DSiQ I|OGUDM]L±SROLWLNDL pUWHOHPEHQ D NtQDL FLYLOL]iFLy KDWiUYLGpNpQ KHO\H]NHGHWWHOHJ\pYH]UHGLJLGĘQNpQWLJD]RGRWWD.tQDN|]SRQW~NHOHWi]VLDL UHQGKH]pViWYHWWHDQQDNHUHGPpQ\HLWGHLGĘQNpQWEH]iUNy]RWWNtYOPDUDGWD NtQDLFLYLOL]iFLyKDWyN|UpQpVIHMOĘGpVHHOWpUĘLUiQ\WYHWW$]iWYpWHOHNHWSHGLJ DGGLJDODNtWRWWDVDMiWNpSpUHPtJD]RNÄHOMDSiQRVRGWDN´pVMREEDQPHJIHOHOWHN D MDSiQ VDMiWRVViJRNQDN D EHOVĘ D NtQDLWyO HUĘVHQ NO|QE|]Ę IHMOĘGpV iOWDO PHJWHUHPWHWWYLV]RQ\RNQDN0HUpV]iOOtWiVGHPHJNRFNi]WDWMXN-DSiQVRVHP OHWWLQWHJUiQVUpV]HD.tQDN|]SRQW~NHOHWi]VLDLYLOiJUHQGQHN
(EEHQ YDOyV]tQĦOHJ IRQWRV V]HUHSHW MiWV]LN V]LJHWRUV]iJPLYROWD D] È]VLiWyO YDOy HO]iUNy]iV OHKHWĘVpJpYHO $] i]VLDL NRQWLQHQV PHQWpQ HOKHO\H]NHGYH W|UWpQHOPH VRUiQ W|EE HOHPHW LV iWYHWW D NtQDL NXOW~UiEyO DPHO\HNHWD]WiQVDMiWKDJ\RPiQ\DLV]HULQWDODNtWRWWiW tJ\ M|WWOpWUHD MDSiQ EXGGKL]PXV D MDSiQ NRQIXFLDQL]PXV V]iPRV PĦYpV]HWL PĦIDM XJ\DQDNNRU -DSiQ MHOHQWĘV NO|QEVpJHNHW PXWDW D NtQDL FLYLOL]iFLyKR] NpSHVW YDOOiVL pV NXOWXUiOLVpOHWpEHQpVIĘNpQWW|UWpQHOPpQHNDODNXOiViEDQ$VLQWyPLQW|QiOOy MDSiQ YDOOiV D VDMiWRV MDSiQ FVDOiGUHQGV]HU D N|]pSNRUL IHXGDOL]PXV D VLNHUHVV]i]DGLPRGHUQL]iFLyDPRGHUQiOODPLViJÈ]VLiEDQHOĘWWpV D GHPRNUDWLNXV iOODPLViJ XWiQ PLQG RO\DQ HOHPHN DPHO\HN MHOHQWĘVHQ NO|QE|]QHN D NtQDL FLYLOL]iFLy MHOOHP]ĘLWĘO pV VRNNDO LQNiEE (XUySiYDO KR]KDWyNSiUKX]DPED
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ GH IRQWRV GLPHQ]LyNEDQ MyO OiWKDWyDQ QHP D] tJ\ -DSiQQDO NDSFVRODWEDQ IHOYHWĘG|WWDÄNHWWĘVFLYLOL]iFLy´LOOHWYHDÄNpWFLYLOL]iFLyQ\XJDWLpVDNtQDL NHYHUpNH´PHJKDWiUR]iVLV
$ MDSiQ PRGHUQL]iFLy VLNHUHVVpJH D V]i]DG IRO\DPiQ pV HEEHQ SiUDWODQYROWDÈ]VLiEDQIHOYHWHWWHDQQDNOHKHWĘVpJpWKRJ\-DSiQQHPD]i]VLDL NtQDL FLYLOL]iFLy UpV]H GH QHP LV D Q\XJDWLp KDQHP HJ\HGLVpJpQpO IRJYD
|QiOOyFLYLOL]iFLyWDONRW(ංඌൾඇඌඍൺൽඍ6ඁ1+ඎඇඍංඇඍඈඇ63
$MDSiQKDJ\RPiQ\RNpVMHOOHJ]HWHVVpJHNXJ\DQLVPLQGLJXWDWW|UWHNPLQGHQ NOI|OGLEHIRO\iVpViWYpWHOUHQGV]HUpQOHJ\HQD]NtQDLYDJ\HXUySDLKDWiV$
-DSiQV]LJHWHNI|OGUDM]DpVD]iOWDODPHJKDWiUR]RWWpOHWIRUPDNXOW~U|NROyJLD D VLQWy D MDSiQ IHXGDOL]PXV D EXVLGy D NO|QOHJHV HWQLNDL pV NXOWXUiOLV KRPRJHQLWiVKDJ\RPiQ\DEL]WRVtWRWWDD]iWYpWHOHNNHOHJ\WWDMDSiQW|UWpQHOHP VDMiWRVMHOOHJpWD]iOODQGyViJpVDYiOWR]iVNO|QOHJHVHJ\VpJpW-DSiQÈ]VLiWyO YDOy NO|QE|]ĘVpJH QHP D PRGHUQLWiV D]D] D Q\XJDWL FLYLOL]iFLy KDWiViQDN HUHGPpQ\H KDQHP DQQiO VRNNDO PpO\HEE J\|NHUHL YDQQDN $ VDMiWRV MDSiQ IHMOĘGpV D NtQDL PDMG D Q\XJDWL iWYpWHOHN PHOOHWW LV D NRQWLQHQVpWĘO LOOHWYH D 1\XJDWWyO PLQGLJ HOWpUĘ LUiQ\W YHWW DPLW HOĘVHJtWHWW D MDSiQ W|UWpQHOHP FLNOLNXVDQLVPpWOĘGĘMHOHQVpJHD]HO]iUNy]iVRNLGĘV]DNDL0LQGH]HJ\WWHVHQ MRJJDOYHWLIHOHJ\|QiOOyMDSiQFLYLOL]iFLyOHKHWĘVpJpWDPHO\PHJPDJ\DUi]]DD MDSiQIHMOĘGpVVDMiWRVViJDLW
.LMHOHQWKHWMN WHKiW KRJ\ -DSiQ |QiOOy FLYLOL]iFLyW NpSH] DPL HJpV]HQ HJ\HGLMHOHQVpJKLV]HQH]HVHWEHQHJ\RUV]iJHJ\iOODPHJ\QpSV]i]DOpN MDSiQHJ\QHP]HWHJ\NXOW~UDHJ\Q\HOYDONRWMDDYLOiJPDOpWH]ĘFLYLOL]iFLyLQDN HJ\LNpW .DSFVROyGLN XJ\DQ D NtQDL FLYLOL]iFLyKR] RO\DQ NXOWXUiOLV HOHPHN iWYpWHOpYHOPLQWDWDREXGGKL]PXVNRQIXFLDQL]PXVtUiVUHQGV]HUGHW|UWpQHWL IHMOĘGpVpEHQ DWWyO IJJHWOHQ XWDW MiUW EH N|]pSNRUL IHXGDOL]PXV VLNHUHV PRGHUQL]iFLyDV]i]DGEDQtJ\QHPWDUWKDWyDNtQDLFLYLOL]iFLyUpV]pQHN 8J\DQDNNRUEiUDQ\XJDWLFLYLOL]iFLyKR]LVNDSFVROyGLNDQQDNVHPLQWHJUiQV UpV]HIĘNpQWNXOWXUiOLV|U|NVpJpQHNpVLGHQWLWiViQDNN|V]|QKHWĘHQ(QQHND]
D PDJ\DUi]DWD KRJ\ D PRGHUQ -DSiQ PHJWHUHPWpVH D] DNNRUL D V]i]DG PiVRGLNIHOpUHMHOOHP]ĘHXUySDLIHMOĘGpVLPLQWiWN|YHWWHGHDPLUHpStWHWWD]D MDSiQNXOWXUiOLVKDJ\RPiQ\EyOHUHGWDPHO\PpJDQ\XJDWLWtSXV~PRGHUQL]iFLy HOĘWWIRUPiOyGRWWPHJ(]]HODNXOWXUiOLVLGHQWLWiVVDO-DSiQDPRGHUQL]iFLyÄQHP Q\XJDWL´~WMiWYDOyVtWRWWDPHJHOVĘNpQWpVKRVV]~LGHLJDV]i]DGN|]HSpLJ HJ\HGOLNpQW
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
2.2.2. $MDSiQFLYLOL]iFLyIRUUiVDLpVDODSMDL
+RJ\DQPLNRUPLO\HQN|UOPpQ\HNN|]|WWM|WWOpWUHDMDSiQFLYLOL]iFLy"
0LO\HQ |VV]HWHYĘNEĘO PLO\HQ DODSRNUyO PLO\HQ WpQ\H]ĘN KDWiViUD KRJ\DQ DODNXOWNL"+RJ\DQIRUPiOWDD]LWWpOĘQpSHVVpJpOHWIRUPiMiWHEEĘON|YHWNH]ĘHQ NXOW~UiMiWWHUPpV]HWLN|UQ\H]HWH"0LO\HQKLWYLOiJpVYLOiJV]HPOpOHWN|YHWNH]HWW HEEĘO" 0LO\HQ NOVĘ KDWiVRN pUYpQ\HVOWHN D NXOW~UD YiOWR]iVDLEDQ" +RJ\DQ KDWRWWDNLDODNXOWNXOW~UDVDMiWRVMHOOHJHDW|UWpQHOPLYiOWR]iVRNUD" V]LJHWFVRSRUW .HOHWÈ]VLD NHOHWL SHUHPH PHQWpQ $ PDL -DSiQW IĘ V]LJHW +RNNDLGy +RQV~ 6LNRNX .M~V~ pV W|EE PLQW NLVHEEQDJ\REE ODNRWW pV ODNDWODQ V]LJHW DONRWMD NP2Q\L WHUOHWHQ DPHO\ (XUySiEDQ HJ\
N|UOEHOO1RUYpJLDQDJ\ViJiKR]KDVRQOy1pPHWRUV]iJQiOQDJ\REEWHUOHWHW MHOHQW0DJ\DURUV]iJQiON|UOEHOOQpJ\V]HUQDJ\REE$]HJ\HVIRUUiVRNEDQ OiWKDWyHOWpUĘDGDWRNQpKiQ\NP2HVHWpEHQPDJ\DUi]DWDKRJ\D]DSUyV]LJHWHN V]iPDiOODQGyDQYiOWR]LNDWHNWRQLNXVPR]JiVRNN|YHWNH]WpEHQIRO\DPDWRVDQ VOO\HGQHNDWHQJHUEHLOOHWYHHPHONHGQHNDYt]V]LQWI|Op/pQ\HJHVHQQDJ\REE HOWpUpV OiWKDWy D] ~J\QHYH]HWW ÄeV]DNL WHUOHWHN´ D .XULOV]LJHWHN HJ\ UpV]H NE NP2 PLDWW DPHO\ WHUOHWHW MHOHQOHJ LV 2URV]RUV]iJ ELUWRNROMD PpJ D PiVRGLN YLOiJKiERU~EDQ IRJODOWD HO D 6]RYMHWXQLy D -DSiQ ELUWRNiEDQ OpYĘ V]LJHWHNHWGHDPHO\HW-DSiQPDJipQDNWDUWpVKLYDWDORVWHUOHWpEHLVEHOHV]iPRO
$WHUPpV]HWLN|UQ\H]HWUHMHOOHP]ĘKRJ\-DSiQWHUOHWpQHNV]i]DOpND KHJ\YLGpN D V]LJHWHNHW J\DNRUODWLODJ HJ\ WHQJHUEĘO NLHPHONHGĘ OiQFKHJ\VpJ DONRWMD D] RUV]iJ WHOMHV KRVV]iQ YpJLJYRQXOy KHJ\OiQFRODWWDO OHJPDJDVDEE WHQJHUV]LQW IHOHWWL PDJDVViJD D )XG]VL KHJ\FV~FVD PpWHUUHO $ PDJDV KHJ\VpJHN PHUHGHN KHJ\ROGDODN V]ĦN Y|OJ\HN PLDWW D] RUV]iJ WHUOHWpQHN N|]HO KiURPQHJ\HGH HPEHUL PHJWHOHSHGpVUH pV PH]ĘJD]GDViJL PĦYHOpVUH DONDOPDWODQ $ QDJ\RQ NHYpV PĦYHOKHWĘ WHUOHW PHOOHWW D KHJ\ROGDODNDW LV SUyEiOWiN KDV]QRVtWDQL WHUDV]RV PĦYHOpVVHO DPHO\QHN NLDODNtWiVD pV IHQQWDUWiVD UHQJHWHJ W|EEOHWPXQNiW MHOHQWHWW pV MHOHQW PD LV D PH]ĘJD]GDViJL PĦYHOpVV]iPiUD$]RUV]iJODNKDWyWHUOHWHFVHNpO\tJ\D]HPEHUHNpOHWWHUH V]ĦN|V ]V~IROW D PLQG|VV]H HJ\QHJ\HGQ\L RUV]iJ WHUOHWHQ D]D] HJ\ NE PDJ\DURUV]iJQ\LWHUOHWHQPLOOLyHPEHUpO-DSiQQpSVĦUĦVpJHPpJDWHOMHV WHUOHWpYHOV]iPROYDLVDYLOiJpOPH]ĘQ\pEHWDUWR]LNDIĘNP2 értékkel
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
(XUySiEDQ D] HJ\LN OHJQDJ\REE QpSVĦUĦVpJJHO UHQGHONH]Ę %HOJLXP PXWDW LO\HQpUWpNHWYLV]RQWH]DQpSHVVpJQDJ\RQHJ\HQHWOHQHORV]OiVEDQpOD V]LJHWHNHQD]RUV]iJQpSHVVpJpQHNW|EEPLQWIHOHV]i]DOpNWHUOHWpQHNDOLJ V]i]DOpNiQODNLNV]i]DOpNYiURVRNEDQWpUNpS$WRNLyLPHWURSROLV]
UpJLy QpSVĦUĦVpJH IĘNP2 pUWpNQpO LV QDJ\REE H]]HO D OHJVĦUĦEEHQ ODNRWW YiURVRN 0RQDFR 0DNDy 6]LQJDS~U pV +RQJNRQJ XWiQ N|YHWNH]LN D YLOiJUDQJOLVWiQ QpSHVVpJH PLOOLy DODSMiQ SHGLJ D OHJQpSHVHEE YiURVL DJJORPHUiFLyDYLOiJRQ
WpUNpS-DSiQGRPERU]DWDIĘEEYXONiQMDLpVQDJ\YiURVDL )RUUiV 9ൺඋൺÈඇൾඌ szerkesztése
$WHUPpV]HWLNLQFVHNWHNLQWHWpEHQ-DSiQNLIHMH]HWWHQV]HJpQ\RUV]iJQDN V]iPtWDPLKH]NpSHVWPHJOHKHWĘVHQHOOHQWPRQGiVRVQDNWĦQLNKRJ\MHOHQOHJLV DYLOiJKDUPDGLNOHJQDJ\REEJD]GDViJiWPRQGKDWMDPDJipQDND]86$pV.tQD P|J|WWKDD](XUySDL8QLyWQHPV]iPROMXNHJ\VpJHVJD]GDViJQDNPHUWDNNRU ÄFVDN´DQHJ\HGLN(]D]WMHOHQWLKRJ\-DSiQHVHWpEHQJD]GDViJLVLNHUHLQHN
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
KiWWHUpEHQQHPDNHGYH]ĘWHUPpV]HWLIHOWpWHOHNiOOQDNPLQWSOD]RODMMDOYDJ\
JD]GDJ V]pQ pV YDVpUFOHOĘKHO\HNNHO UHQGHONH]Ę WpUVpJHN HVHWpEHQ KDQHP YDODPLO\HQ PiV WpQ\H]ĘN MiWV]KDWWDN IRQWRV V]HUHSHW -DSiQQDN Q\HUVDQ\DJD iVYiQ\NLQFVHHQHUJLDIRUUiVDJ\DNRUODWLODJQLQFVKDYDQLVYDODPLNHYpVV]pQ YDVpUFUp]FLQNDUDQ\H]VWyORPJi]NpQD]RNDWDWHUPpV]HWLN|UQ\H]HW PLDWW YDJ\ WHOMHVVpJJHO OHKHWHWOHQ IHOWiUQL pV EiQ\iV]QL YDJ\ FVDN QDJ\RQ JD]GDViJWDODQXOOHKHWQHËJ\D]RUV]iJPLQGHQIRQWRVDODSDQ\DJEyOEHKR]DWDOUD V]RUXO D PRGHUQ LSDURVRGRWW NRUV]DN NH]GHWH yWD pV D] iOODQGyDQ IHQ\HJHWĘ NONHUHVNHGHOPLKLiQ\HUĘVNpV]WHWpVWMHOHQWHWWpVMHOHQWPDLVD]H[SRUWRULHQWiOW gazdaság kialakítására és fenntartására.
0LO\HQ KDWiVVDO YROW H] D WHUPpV]HWL N|UQ\H]HW D] LWW NLDODNXOy HPEHUL NXOW~UD VDMiWRVViJDLUD" $] HJpV] W|UWpQHOHP VRUiQ D NHGYH]ĘWOHQ pV QHKp]
WHUPpV]HWLN|UOPpQ\HND]HPEHULpOHWIHQQWDUWiVDV]HPSRQWMiEyOD]WMHOHQWHWWpN KRJ\IRO\DPDWRVQHKp]pVNLWDUWyPXQNDYROWV]NVpJHVD]pOHWEHQPDUDGiVKR]
$ NHYpV PĦYHOKHWĘ WHUOHW VRN pV QHKp] HPEHUL PXQNiW LJpQ\HOW D I|OG KDV]QRVtWiViKR]JiWDNFVDWRUQiNpV|QW|]ĘUHQGV]HUHNpStWpVHDKHJ\ROGDODN WHUDV]RVNLDODNtWiVDIRO\DPDWRVIHQQWDUWiVDDUHQGV]HUiOODQGyNDUEDQWDUWiVD
-DSiQpJKDMODWDPpUVpNHOWpJ|YLGHyULiVLYiOWR]DWRVViJRWPXWDWDKLGHJ PpUVpNHOWWĘODV]XEWUySXVLNOtPiLJWHUMHGĘHQ$YiOWR]DWRVViJRNDLHJ\UpV]WD V]LJHWHN pV]DN±GpOL QDJ\ NLWHUMHGpVH eV]DN$PHULND WpUNpSpUH YHWtWYH H] D 0RQWUHDO±0LDPLWiYROViJRWMHOHQWLYDJ\(XUySiEyOLQGXOYDD.LMHYWĘO.DLUyLJ WHUMHGĘWiYRWPiVUpV]WD]RUV]iJN|]HSpQYpJLJK~]yGyKHJ\OiQFpJKDMODWpV Yt]YiODV]WyKDWiVD(]XWyEELPLDWWDNOtPDNO|QE|]LNDFVHQGHVyFHiQLpVD MDSiQWHQJHUL ROGDORQ D -DSiQWHQJHU PHQWpQ D NRQWLQHQV KDWiVD pUYpQ\HVO Q\iURQQLQFVPRQV]XQYLV]RQWWpOHQKLGHJpVKDWDOPDVKDYD]iVRNpUNH]QHND
&VHQGHVyFHiQSDUWYLGpNpQSHGLJD]yFHiQLKDWiVPLDWWWpOHQNHYpVKypVHQ\KpEE LGĘYDQGHQ\iURQHVĘ]pVHNpVIRUUySiUiVLGĘpUH]KHWĘ+RNNDLGyNLYpWHOpYHO D V]LJHWHN D PRQV]XQ|YH]HWEH WDUWR]QDN D Q\iUL HVĘV pYV]DN KpW QDJ\
FVDSDGpNPHQQ\LVpJHWIRUUyViJRWPDJDVSiUDWDUWDOPDWMHOHQW8J\DQDNNRUPpJ D]yFHiQLiUDPODWRNKDWiVDLVpUYpQ\HVOpV]DNUyOKLGHJGpOUĘOPHOHJiUDPODW KĦWL LOOHWYH IĦWL D V]LJHWHNHW WRYiEE Q|YHOYH D KĘPpUVpNOHWL NO|QEVpJHNHW D]pV]DNLpVGpOLWHUOHWHNN|]|WW3pOGiXO6]DSSRURXJ\DQ0LOiQyYDOIHNV]LN D]RQRVV]pOHVVpJLN|U|QGHDKLGHJiUDPODWKDWiVDPLDWWpJKDMODWDDQQiOVRNNDO KLGHJHEE XJ\DQDNNRU 7RNLy N|UQ\pNpQ $WKpQ NOtPiMiKR] KDVRQOyDQ PHOHJ FVDN D] yFHiQL iUDPODW pV D PRQV]XQ KDWiVD PLDWW VRNNDO SiUiVDEE pJKDMODW pUYpQ\HVO
$]pJKDMODWLNO|QEVpJHNpVDQHPULWNiQV]pOVĘVpJHVLGĘMiUiVKDWDOPDV HVĘ]pVHN iUDGiVRN KDYD]iVRN WiMIXQRN D IRO\DPDWRV DONDOPD]NRGiV V]NVpJHVVpJpW pV NpSHVVpJpW DODNtWRWWiN NL D] LWW pOĘ HPEHUL N|]|VVpJHNEHQ (QQHN HJ\LN NRQNUpW SpOGiMD D KDJ\RPiQ\RV MDSiQ pStWpV]HW DPHO\ pSSHQ D QHPV]LOiUGDODSDQ\DJRNDWIDUpV]HVtWHWWHHOĘQ\EHQDV]LOiUGGDONĘV]HPEHQ
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
KLV]HQHJ\IiEyOpSOWpSOHWpVHJ\HJpV]IDOXXJ\DQN|QQ\HEEHQHOSXV]WXOW D WRYiEELDNEDQ LVPHUWHWHWW WHUPpV]HWL NDWDV]WUyIiN YDJ\ FVDN D V]pOVĘVpJHV LGĘMiUiVN|YHWNH]WpEHQXJ\DQDNNRUQpKiQ\QDSDODWW~MMiLVOHKHWHWWpStWHQLpV IRO\WDWQLOHKHWHWWDPLQGHQQDSLpOHWHW
Természeti katasztrófák
$WHUPpV]HWLN|UQ\H]HWNDWDV]WUyIiNNDOLVV~MWMDDV]LJHWHNQpSHVVpJpW 9XONiQRN -DSiQ WHUOHWH WXODMGRQNpSSHQ HJ\ YXONiQL V]LJHWtY DPHO\ D
I|OGNpUJHWKRUGR]yOHPH]HNPR]JiViQDNN|YHWNH]WpEHQ±D-DSiQWHQJHUWLV KRUGR]y(XUi]VLDLOHPH]YDODPLQWpV]DNRQD3DFL¿NXVOHPH]GpOHQSHGLJ D )O|SV]LJHWHNLOHPH] WN|]pVpYHO NpS]ĘGĘ YXONiQL WHYpNHQ\VpJJHO ± jött létre NpS$V]LJHWHNHWQDJ\MiEyON|]pSHQYpJLJK~]yGyW|UpVYRQDO V]HOL NHWWp H PHQWpQ KHO\H]NHGQHN HO D YXONiQRN -DSiQEDQ ± NLDOXGW YXONiQ PHOOHWW DNWtYDQ PĦN|GĘ YXONiQW WDUWDQDN V]iPRQ $ YLOiJ|VV]HVPĦN|GĘYXONiQMDLQDNV]i]DOpND-DSiQEDQWDOiOKDWy
NpS$YXONDQLNXV+DNRQHKHJ\VpJPDLVDNWtYNpQHVQ\tOiVDL )RUUiV 3ඬඋ$ඇൽඋൾൺ felvétele
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
)|OGUHQJpVHN -DSiQ WHUOHWH pV N|UQ\pNH WHNWRQLNDL V]HPSRQWEyO D YLOiJ HJ\LN OHJDNWtYDEE OHJYiOWR]pNRQ\DEE WHUOHWH $ I|OGNpUHJ OHPH]HLQHNPR]JiVDWN|]pVHPLDWWH]DWpUVpJD)|OGI|OGUHQJpVHNiOWDO OHJLQNiEE YHV]pO\H]WHWHWW WHUOHWH eYHQWH I|OGUHQJpVW iOWDOiEDQ HVpVHVIRNR]DWN|]|WWLI|OGPR]JiVWUHJLV]WUiOQDNDPLD]WMHOHQWL KRJ\-DSiQEDQPLQGHQQDSRVDNDNLVHEEUHQJpVHNpVPDMGQHPPLQGLJ YDODKRO PR]RJ D I|OG 6DMQRV SXV]WtWy I|OGUHQJpVHN LV UHQGV]HUHVHQ V~MWMiN D V]LJHWHN QpSHVVpJpW YDODPLQW D WHQJHUHQ EHN|YHWNH]HWW I|OGUHQJpV NDWDV]WURIiOLV N|YHWNH]PpQ\H OHKHW D] iUKXOOiP MHOHQVpJH FXQDPL $ V]i]DGEDQ D] DV QDJ\ NDQWyL I|OGUHQJpV W|EE PLQW V]i]H]HU KDOiORV iOGR]DWRW N|YHWHOW pV V]LQWH WHOMHVHQ HOSXV]WXOW 7RNLyDPDLYiURVD]D]XWiQL~MMipStWpVHUHGPpQ\H-DSiQDYLOiJRQD OHJIHONpV]OWHEE RUV]iJ D I|OGUHQJpVHNUH pV D VSHFLiOLV pStWNH]pVQHN D PHJ¿J\HOĘ EL]WRQViJL pV ULDV]Wy UHQGV]HUHNQHN N|V]|QKHWĘHQ D]
HPEHULpVD]DQ\DJLYHV]WHVpJHNHWMHOHQWĘVHQFV|NNHQWHQLWXGMiNGHD SXV]WtWy WHUPpV]HWL NDWDV]WUyIiNDW QHP OHKHW WHOMHVHQ NLYpGHQL EHQ -DSiQ pV]DNNHOHWL SDUWYLGpNH PHQWpQ D] HPEHUL W|UWpQHOHPEHQ YDODKDIHOMHJ\]HWWHJ\LNOHJQDJ\REEI|OGUHQJpVIHOHWWLPDJQLW~GyYDO ]DMORWWKDWDOPDViUKXOOiPRWHOLQGtWYDDPHO\PpWHUHVPDJDVViJJDO ]~GXOWDMDSiQSDUWRNIHOp$I|OGUHQJpVN|YHWNH]WpEHQ+RQV~V]LJHWH pV IpO PpWHUUHO NHOHWUH WROyGRWW pV D )|OG WHQJHO\H LV ± FPUHO NLOHQJHWW $ NDWDV]WUyID PLQWHJ\ H]HU KDOiORV iOGR]DWRW N|YHWHOW KR]]i NHOO WHQQQN EDQ D KDVRQOy V]|NĘiUW HOLQGtWy QDJ\
LQGRQp]LDLI|OGUHQJpVW|EEPLQWH]HUiOGR]DWWDOMiUW$NDWDV]WUyID OHJV~O\RVDEEN|YHWNH]PpQ\HDIXNXVLPDLDWRPHUĘPĦVpUOpVHYROW%iU -DSiQEDQD]DWRPHUĘPĦYHNpStWpVpQpONRPRO\EL]WRQViJLUHQGV]HUHNHW DONDOPD]QDNDPHO\HNDI|OGUHQJpVpV]OHOpVpQpOOHLViOOtWRWWiND]HUĘPĦ PĦN|GpVpW Dcunami W|EE PLQW PpWHUHV KXOOiPDLW D W|EE PpWHUHV SDUWL EHWRQ YpGPĦYHN VHP WXGWiN PHJiOOtWDQL pV D] iUKXOOiP PpJ PLQWHJ\NPHQiW]~GXOWDMDSiQV]iUD]I|OGUHD]~WMiEDQHOSXV]WtWYD PLQGHQWpVPHJURQJiOYDD]DWRPHUĘPĦYHWLV
$QDJ\NDWDV]WUyIiNRQNtYOPpJHJ\pENHYpVEpSXV]WtWyGHRO\NRULJHQ MHOHQWĘV NiUW RNR]y WHUPpV]HWL MHOHQVpJHN LV YHV]pO\H]WHWLN D MDSiQ QpSHVVpJ pOHWpW pV MDYDLW $XJXV]WXVWyO RNWyEHULJ D &VHQGHVyFHiQ GpOHEEL WpUVpJpEĘO pUNH]ĘWiMIXQRNHOpUKHWLND]RUV]iJGpONHOHWLUpV]pWWpOHQD6]LEpULDIHOĘOpUNH]Ę KDWDOPDVKDYD]iVRND]pV]DNQ\XJDWLUpV]WpVH]DKyPHQQ\LVpJROYDGiVDNRU V~O\RV iUDGiVRNDW pV I|OGFVXV]DPOiVRNDW RNR]KDW $ V]LJHWHN +RNNDLGy NLYpWHOpYHO D PRQV]XQ|YH]HWEH WDUWR]QDN D] H]]HO MiUy KDWDOPDV HVĘ]pVHN D Q\iUHOHMpQV]LQWpQiUDGiVRNDWRNR]KDWQDNGHD]VHPMyKDD]HVĘPHQQ\LVpJH NHYpVPHUWH]HVHWEHQDV]iO\IHQ\HJHWKHWLDWHUPpVW
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
$ PRVWRKD WHUPpV]HWL N|UQ\H]HW N|YHWNH]PpQ\HNNHO MiUW D] HPEHUHN OpWIHQQWDUWiViEDQpV YLOiJKR]YDOy YLV]RQ\iEDQD] iOODQGyEL]RQ\WDODQViJpV YHV]pO\KHO\]HW OpWV]NVpJOHWWp WHWWH D N|UOPpQ\HNKH] YDOy DONDOPD]NRGiV NpSHVVpJpW D UXJDOPDVViJRW D IRO\DPDWRV QHKp] pV NLWDUWy PXQNiW D PLQGHQQDSRNEDQ pV D] LVPpWOĘGĘ ~MUDNH]GpV WHUPpV]HWHVVpJpW $] HPEHUHN PHJWDQXOWDNHJ\WWpOQLDNLV]iPtWKDWDWODQpVJ\DNUDQYHV]pO\HVN|UQ\H]HWWHOD WHUPpV]HWQHNYDOyNLV]ROJiOWDWRWWViJJDO$N|]|VVpJHNEHQPiUDNRUDLLGĘNWĘO KDQJV~O\R]WiN D V]HUYH]HWWVpJ HJ\WWPĦN|GpV YpV]KHO\]HWUH IHONpV]OWVpJ IRQWRVViJiWpVPD[LPiOLVDQNLKDV]QiOWiND]HUĘIRUUiVRNDWpVD]HPEHULPXQNiW
Vallás
(J\ FLYLOL]iFLy MHOOHJpQHN IRUPiOyGiViEDQ PHJKDWiUR]y V]HUHSH YDQ D KLWYLOiJQDN pV D YLOiJV]HPOpOHWQHN D YDOOiVQDN -DSiQ HEEHQ LV HJ\HGL PHUW W|EE NO|QE|]Ę YDOOiVL WUDGtFLy HJ\PiV PHOOHWW pOpVH VĘW V]LQNUHWL]PXVD EL]RQ\RVV]LQWĦ|VV]HROYDGiVDHJ\PiVEDIRQyGiVDKDWiUR]WD±pVKDWiUR]]D
± PHJ D MDSiQ YDOOiVRVViJRW DPHO\ UiDGiVXO ± LVPpW HJ\HGLVpJNpQW ± QHP LV YDOOiVL WHROyJLDL WDQtWiVRNEDQ Q\LOYiQXO PHJ KDQHP LQNiEE N|YHWHQGĘ pOHWV]HPOpOHWHWKDJ\RPiQ\WpOHWPyGRWMHOHQtWPHJDMDSiQRNV]iPiUD$EHOVĘ VDMiWKDJ\RPiQ\VLQWypVDNtYOUĘOpUNH]HWWYDOOiVLpV¿OR]y¿DLLUiQ\]DWRNWDR EXGGKL]PXV NRQIXFLDQL]PXV HJ\WW HJ\PiV PHOOHWW pV EL]RQ\RV PpUWpNEHQ HJ\PiVWNLHJpV]tWYHpVEHIRO\iVROYDOpWH]WHNpVDMDSiQRNV]iPiUDJ\DNRUODWLODJ HJ\HJ\VpJHVUHQGV]HUWDONRWWDNDPHO\IHO|OHOWHDKLWYLOiJRWDYLOiJV]HPOpOHWHW pV D PRUDOLWiVW HWLNiW$ N|]|VVpJL YDOOiVL J\DNRUODW PHJKDWiUR]WD D] HJ\pQ életét is.
$WHUPpV]HWN|UOPpQ\HNQHNYDOyNLV]ROJiOWDWRWWViJHUHGPpQ\H]KHWWHD MDSiQRN VDMiWRV YLV]RQ\iW N|UQ\H]HWNK|] pV VDMiW WHUPpV]HWLPiGy YDOOiVXN D VLQWy NLDODNXOiViW LV 0LYHO DQQ\LUD NLV]ROJiOWDWRWWDN YROWDN D I|OGUDM]L pV LGĘMiUiVLHOHPHNQHNDMDSiQRNDWHUPpV]HWEHQDQQDNLVWHQHLEHQNDPL látták pOHWNLUiQ\tWyLWDNLNV]LQWHPHJV]iPOiOKDWDWODQXOVRNDQYDQQDNVDWHUPpV]HWL MHOHQVpJHNEHQ ODNR]QDN $] HPEHU pOHWH WĘON IJJ D NDPLN VHJtWKHWQHN PHJKDUDJXGKDWQDNGHNLHQJHV]WHOKHWĘNV]HUWDUWiVRNNDOiOGR]DWRNNDOLPiNNDO JRQGRVNRGiVVDO D W~OYLOiJ IRJDOPiYDO pV NpSpYHO D EXGGKLVWD ¿OR]y¿iYDO WHROyJLiYDO pV PRUDOLWiVVDO 0LQGPiLJ MHOOHP]Ę D MDSiQRNUD KRJ\ ~J\
WDUWMiNDVLQWyD]HYLOiJLpOHWWHOIRJODONR]LNV]OHWpVVHOJ\HUPHNQQHSHNNHO
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
HVNYĘNNHO D PH]ĘJD]GDViJJDO NDSFVRODWRV UtWXVRN V]HUWDUWiVRN pV QQHSHN ]DMODQDNDV]HQWpO\HNEHQDEXGGKL]PXVSHGLJDOpOHNNHOpVDW~OYLOiJJDOD]D]
D PL IRJDOPDLQN V]HULQW LQNiEE D YDOOiVL GROJRNNDO $ MDSiQRN PLQGNHWWĘ UtWXVDLWYpJ]LND]HJ\pQpOHWpQHNNO|QE|]ĘV]DNDV]DLEDQpVD]pYNO|QE|]Ę
QQHSVpJHLKH] NDSFVROyGyDQ OiWRJDW HO VLQWy V]HQWpO\EH YDJ\ EXGGKLVWD WHPSORPED $ UtWXVRN QQHSHN QDJ\RQ IRQWRVDN D PDL YLOiJEDQ LV PpJ KD PiU QHP LV NDSFVROyGQDN V]RURVDQ YDOOiVRV KLWKH] GH HJ\UpV]W D] HJ\pQ pOHWpQHNIRQWRVIRUGXOySRQWMDLWMHO]LNPiVUpV]WD]QQHSHNMHOHQWĘVN|]|VVpJL HVHPpQ\HNpVDN|]|VVpJ|VV]HWDUWR]iViQDNPHJQ\LOYiQXOiVDLQQHSHL
NpS$]HJ\LNOHJQDJ\REEVLQWyV]HQWpO\D)XVLPL,QDULV]HQWpO\NDSXVRUD )RUUiV 3ඬඋ$ඇൽඋൾൺ felvétele
6]LQWpQD]±V]i]DGEDQDWDRpVDNRQIXFLDQL]PXVLVEHNHUOW-DSiQED pVUpV]HOHWWDMDSiQYDOOiVLKDJ\RPiQ\QDN$WDRKDJ\RPiQ\iEyOHOWHUMHGWDjin és jangWDQDD]DV]WUROyJLDDMyVOiVpVYDUi]VODWRNV]RNiVDDWpUHOUHQGH]pVpQHN PDL XWyGD Dfeng sui pV D] |W HOHPQHN D WDQD D FVLOODJiOOiVRN V]HULQWL V]HUHQFVpV pV V]HUHQFVpWOHQ KHO\ LGĘ FVHOHNHGHW HOĘMHO VWE KLWH D]D] D WDR
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
HOHPHLPpO\HQEHOHLYyGWDNDQpSLYDOOiVRVViJUHQGV]HUpEH$NRQIXFLDQL]PXV LQNiEEHWLNiMiYDOPRUiOLVPRQGDQLYDOyMiYDOKDWRWWDPHOO\HOPLQWHJ\~WPXWDWyW Q\~MWRWWD]pOHWKH]PHJKDWiUR]WDD]HPEHUHNN|]|WWLYLV]RQ\RNDWKLHUDUFKLD DWiUVDGDORPPĦN|GpVpWKDUPyQLDD]HJ\pQN|WHOHVVpJHLWWHNLQWpO\WLV]WHOHW HUN|OFV|V pV IHJ\HOPH]HWW pOHW |QPĦYHOpV IRQWRVViJD $ EXGGKL]PXV -DSiQEDQVDMiWRVIHMOĘGpVHQPHQWiWNLDODNXOWpVPDLVPĦN|GLNDVDMiWRVMDSiQ EXGGKL]PXVVDMiWPRQGDQLYDOyYDONpS$]$PLGD%XGGKDKLWHQDODSXOy ']VyGyVLQV~ LUiQ\]DW D MDSiQ EXGGKL]PXV PiLJ OHJHUĘWHOMHVHEE pV OHJW|EE N|YHWĘYHOUHQGHONH]ĘiJDDMDSiQ=HQEXGGKL]PXVDÄOHJMDSiQDEEQDN´WDUWRWW PĦYpV]HWLiJDNHV]WpWLNDpV¿OR]y¿DPHJKDWiUR]yV]HOOHPLVpJHpVV]LQWpQPiLJ pO D V]i]DGEDQ DODStWRWW KDQJV~O\R]RWWDQ ÄMDSiQ´ QHP]HWL EXGGKL]PXVW KLUGHWĘ 1LFVLUHQ +RNNHV~ LUiQ\]DW KR]]i N|WĘGĘ NXOWXUiOLV HJ\HVOHW W|EE LVNRODpVSROLWLNDLSiUWLVYDQ
NpS$MDSiQ=HQEXGGKL]PXVHOYHLDODSMiQWHUYH]HWWNHUW.yPMyLQ.LRWy )RUUiV 3ඬඋ$ඇൽඋൾൺ felvétele
Társadalom
$ MDSiQ WiUVDGDOPDW DODSYHWĘHQ NROOHNWLYLVWD WiUVDGDORPQDN WDUWMiN DKRJ\DQiOWDOiEDQDNHOHWi]VLDLWiUVDGDOPDNDWV]HPEHQD]LQGLYLGXDOLVWiQDN WDUWRWW ÄQ\XJDWL´ WiUVDGDOPDNNDO $ NROOHNWLYLVWD NXOW~UiEDQ D WiUVDGDOPL
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
OpWH]pV DODSMD D ÄPLWXGDW´ D] HJ\pQ FVDN N|]|VVpJEHQ WXGMD PHJKDWiUR]QL PDJiW$FVRSRUWpUGHNpWHOĘEEUHYDOyQDNWDUWMiND]HJ\pQpUGHNpQpOXJ\DQLV PLYHO D] HJ\pQ D FVRSRUWWyO IJJ D FVRSRUW MyOpWH EL]WRVtWMD D] HJ\pQ MyOpWpW LV tJ\ PLQGHQ WDJ V]iPiUD D N|]|VVpJ MyOpWH D] HOVĘGOHJHV IRQWRVViJ~ $]
HJ\pQ pV D N|]|VVpJ YLV]RQ\D NpWLUiQ\~ D] HJ\pQ ORMDOLWiVW PXWDW D FVRSRUW LUiQW D FVRSRUW SHGLJ JRQGRVNRGLN WDJMDLUyO SDWHUQDOL]PXV pV H] MHOHQWL D NROOHNWLYLVWDNXOW~UDKDV]QiWD]HJ\pQV]iPiUDpOHWUHV]yOyYpGHWWVpJHW(]]HO V]HPEHQD]LQGLYLGXDOLVWDWiUVDGDOPDNEDQ(XUySDeV]DN$PHULNDD]HJ\pQ EROGRJXOiViQDN DODSMiW D] HJ\pQL NpSHVVpJHNEHQ pV WHOMHVtWPpQ\EHQ OiWMiN D IJJHWOHQVpJpVD]|QiOOyViJDKDQJV~O\RV$WiUVDGDORPD]LQGLYLGXXPRWD]
HJ\pQLPHJPpUHWWHWpVWDYHUVHQ\WDWHOMHVtWPpQ\WGtMD]]DPtJDNROOHNWLYLVWD NXOW~UiEDQ D] HJ\pQ |QPDJiEDQ V]LQWH QHP OpWH]LN FVDN PLQW HJ\ FVRSRUW WDJMD pV pUWpNHOpVpEHQ NHYpVEp HJ\pQL NLYiOyViJD V]iPtW KDQHP LQNiEE D] KRJ\ D N|]|VVpJ V]HPSRQWMiEyO PHQQ\LUH pUWpNHV WDJMD D FVRSRUWQDN )RQWRVDN D FVRSRUWRQ EHOOL HPEHUL NDSFVRODWRN pV YLV]RQ\UHQGV]HU DPHO\
iOWDOiEDQ KLHUDUFKLNXV pV PLQGHQ HJ\pQQHN NLMHO|OL D PDJD KHO\pW IHODGDWiW DPHO\QHN WHMHVtWpVH D] HJ\pQ PHJtWpOpVpQHN DODSMD H]W QHYH]LN ÄIHODGDW RULHQWiOW´WiUVDGDORPQDNLVV]HPEHQDQ\XJDWLÄFpORULHQWiOW´PHJN|]HOtWpVVHO
$N|]|VVpJIHQQPDUDGiViQDNpVPHJIHOHOĘVLNHUHVPĦN|GpVpQHNHJ\LNDODSMD D FVRSRUWRQ EHOOL |VV]KDQJ HJ\WWPĦN|GpV NRQÀLNWXVPHQWHVVpJ DPLW
|VV]HIRJODOyDQDÄKDUPyQLD´PHJQHYH]pVVHOLOOHWQHNpVIHQQWDUWiViWD]HJ\pQHN IRQWRV IHODGDWiQDN WHNLQWLN DNiU D] HJ\pQ VDMiW pU]HOPHLQHN YLVV]DIRJiViYDO VDMiWpUGHNHLQHNKiWWpUEHV]RUtWiViYDOLV$NHOHWi]VLDLNRQIXFLDQL]PXVpSSHQ H]HNHW D] pUWpNHNHW KDQJV~O\R]]D NROOHNWLYL]PXV KDUPyQLD KLHUDUFKLD WLV]WHOHWHORMDOLWiVJRQGRVNRGiVHJ\pQLpUGHNYLVV]DV]RUtWiVDHJ\WWPĦN|GpV J\|NHUH]LN HOVĘVRUEDQ D UL]VWHUPHV]WpV N|UOPpQ\HLEHQ ÄUL]VNXOW~UD´ pV ÄJDERQDNXOW~UD´NO|QEVpJH$.HOHWÈ]VLiEDQDODSYHWĘpOHOPH]pVLJDERQiW
N|]|VVpJpUW IHOHOĘV $] HJ\pQHN WDSDV]WDODWD KRJ\ FVDN HJ\WWHV PXQNiYDO pUKHWLNHOFpOMXNDWDMyWHUPpVWpVH]DN|]|VFpOPLQGDQQ\LXNDODSYHWĘpUGHNH (]]HOV]HPEHQDE~]DpVDUR]ViUSD]DED]D]D](XUySiEDQOHJHOWHUMHGWHEE JDERQDIpOpNWHUPHV]WpVHQHPLJpQ\HOVHPiUDV]WiVWVHP|QW|]pVWpVDNO|QE|]Ę
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
WHUPHOĘNQHNQHPNHOO|VV]HKDQJROQLPXQNDIRO\DPDWDLNDWD]D]DWHUPHOpVKH]
QHPV]NVpJHVFVRSRUWPXQND$I|OGPĦYHVHNHJ\pQLOHJLVPHJWXGWiNPĦYHOQL I|OGMHLNHW$ UL]VWHUPHV]WpV NE LGĘV]iPtWiVXQN HOĘWW D ± V]i]DG IRO\DPiQ WHUMHGWHODMDSiQV]LJHWHNHQPHJKDWiUR]yPH]ĘJD]GDViJLWHYpNHQ\VpJOHWWpV G|QWĘHQEHIRO\iVROWDDMDSiQQpSN|]|VVpJLV]HUYH]ĘGpVpW$MDSiQN|]|VVpJL V]HUYH]ĘGpVtJ\NLDODNXOWUHQGV]HUHD]HJpV]WiUVDGDORPPĦN|GpVpQHNPLQWiMD OHWWQHPFVDNDPH]ĘJD]GDViJLWHUPHOpVpVWXODMGRQNpSSHQPLQGDPDLQDSLJ PHJKDWiUR]]DDMDSiQRNWiUVDGDOPLV]HUYH]ĘGpVpWNROOHNWLYL]PXViW
8J\DQDNNRU D NHOHWi]VLDL PpUWpNNHO PpUYH D MDSiQ WiUVDGDORP ÄLQGLYLGXDOLVWiEE´DN|UQ\H]ĘNXOW~UiNpQiODPHO\QHNRNDIĘNpQWDW|UWpQHOHPEHQ NHUHVHQGĘ D V]DPXUiM KDJ\RPiQ\EDQ$] |QiOOy NLVWXODMGRQRVL UpWHJ D I|OG
|U|NOHWHVPDJiQELUWRNOiVDDIHXGiOLVYLV]RQ\RNV]HPpO\HVMHOOHJHKĦEpU~UpV YD]DOOXV D] HJ\pQL KDUFL NpSHVVpJHN PLQG D] HJ\pQ MHOHQWĘVpJpW HUĘVtWHWWpN D] HJ\pENpQW YDOyEDQ NROOHNWLYLVWD WiUVDGDORPEDQ $ KDJ\RPiQ\RV MDSiQ QDJ\FVDOiGVHPNLWHUMHGWQDJ\FVDOiGYROWKDQHPFVDND]DSDLiJ~OHV]iUPD]iVW V]iPRQ WDUWy KLHUDUFKLNXV FVDOiG DSiUyO ¿~UD |U|NOĘGĘ FVDOiGQpYYHO pV YDJ\RQQDO0iVi]VLDLWiUVDGDOPDNEDQDFVRSRUWLUiQWLKĦVpJLQNiEEÄV]OHWpVL DGRWWViJ´ YROW D FVDOiG YDJ\ D KHO\L N|]|VVpJ iOWDO PHJKDWiUR]RWWDQ PtJ -DSiQEDQ H] J\DNUDQ YiODV]WiV NpUGpVH OHKHWHWW YiODV]WRWW KĦEpU~U
|U|NEHIRJDGiVDFVDOiGRNEDQDPLDPDLMDSiQWiUVDGDORPEDQDPXQNDYiOODOyN iOWDO D YiODV]WRWW PXQNDKHO\ LUiQW WDQ~VtWRWW YDJ\ WĘON HOYiUW ORMDOLWiV MHOHQWĘVpJpW LV PHJPDJ\DUi]]D -DSiQ WiUVDGDOPiW ÄPDV]NXOLQQDN´ LV WDUWMiN QHPFVDND]pUWPHUWDIpU¿pVDQĘLV]HUHSHNHWPpJPLQGLJpOHVHQHONO|QtWLN KDQHPPHUWD KDJ\RPiQ\RVDQIpU¿DVQDN WDUWRWWpUWpNHNHWWHNLQWLNHOVĘVRUEDQ IRQWRVQDN YHUVHQ\V]HOOHP WHOMHVtWPpQ\ PXQNDPiQLD VLNHU D IĘ PRWLYiOy WpQ\H]ĘpVD]HUUHYDOyÄNRQGLFLRQiOiV´PiUNLVJ\HUPHNNRUEDQHONH]GĘGLNpV HJpV] pOHWHQ iW WDUW 8J\DQDNNRU H] D MDSiQ NROOHNWLYL]PXVVDO SiURVXOYD QHP HJ\pQLYHUVHQJpVWMHOHQWKDQHPFVRSRUWRNN|]|WWLYHUVHQ\WDPLD]HJ\pQHNUH Qp]YHWXODMGRQNpSSHQQDJ\REEWHUKHWUyKLV]HQKDHJ\FVRSRUWD]HJ\LNWDJMiQDN D J\HQJpEE WHOMHVtWPpQ\H PLDWW PDUDG OH DNNRU DQQDN D WDJQDN QHP D VDMiW VLNHUWHOHQVpJpYHONHOOV]HPEHQp]QLHPLQWD Q\XJDWLWiUVDGDOPDNEDQKDQHP HJpV]FVRSRUWMiQDNVLNHUWHOHQVpJpYHO$]SHGLJKRJ\PLDWWDYDOORWWDNNXGDUFRW yULiVLV]pJ\HQDPLWD]HJ\pQDUpJLpUWpNUHQGV]HULQW|QJ\LONRVViJJDOWXGOHPRVQL PDJiUyO pV H]]HO D FVRSRUWMiUyO LV -DSiQW tJ\ ÄD V]pJ\HQ WiUVDGDOPiQDN´ LV QHYH]LNV]HPEHQDQ\XJDWLNXOW~UDÄEĦQRULHQWiOW´IHOIRJiViYDODPLD]WMHOHQWL KRJ\DWiUVDGDORPQHPiOWDOiQRVHUN|OFVLQRUPiNDODSMiQtWpOLPHJD]HJ\pQ WHWWHLWKDQHPDQQDNDODSMiQKRJ\DFVRSRUWMDLUiQWLN|WHOH]HWWVpJpWPHJIHOHOĘHQ WHOMHVtWHWWHHpVKDQHPDNNRUD]V]pJ\HQWKR]D]HJ\pQHJpV]FVRSRUWMiUD$]
HJ\pQWHKiWPLQGHQWPHJWHV]QHKRJ\UDMWDP~OMRQYDODPLQHNDVLNHUWHOHQVpJH J\DNUDQ MyYDO W|EEHW LV PLQW DPHQQ\LW VDMiW pUGHNHLpUW PHJWHQQH HEEHQ UHMOLNDKtUKHGHWWMDSiQPXQNDPiQLDpVHJpV]VpJWHOHQPpUHWHNHW|OWĘW~OyUi]iV
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
DODSMD$NROOHNWtYGLFVpUHWpVEQWHWpVDONDOPD]iVDQDJ\RQKDWiVRVPRWLYiFLy PiU NLVJ\HUPHNNRUWyO NH]GYH (KKH] NDSFVROyGLN D MDSiQ PLQGHQQDSRNEDQ LV WDSDV]WDOKDWy NLYiOyViJ pV W|NpOHWHVVpJ LJpQ\H LV WLV]WDViJ FVRPDJROiV YLVHONHGpV$KLHUDUFKLNXVWiUVDGDORPEDQPLQGHQNLDSR]tFLyMiQDNPHJIHOHOĘ IHODGDWRWOiWMDHODQQDNPHJIHOHOĘN|WHOH]HWWVpJHLYDQQDNDYLVHONHGpVHWLNHWW VĘWPpJDQ\HOYKDV]QiODWWHUpQLV
-DSiQ VDMiWRV FLYLOL]iFLyMD HUĘV HJ\VpJpU]HWHW pStWHWW D QpSHVVpJEHQ D ÄKRPRJpQ WiUVDGDORP´ pU]HWpW HJ\HV YpOHPpQ\HN V]HULQW LOO~]LyMiW DPHO\
V]HULQW-DSiQHWQLNDLODJQ\HOYLOHJNXOWXUiOLVDQYLOiJQp]HWLOHJHJ\VpJHVRUV]iJ DKRO D WiUVDGDOPL YDJ\RQL LVNROi]RWWViJL pV pOHWPyGEHOL HJ\HQOĘWOHQVpJHN NLVHEEHN D KDVRQOy IHMOHWWVpJĦ RUV]iJRNKR] NpSHVW pV DKRO D WiUVDGDORP IHJ\HOPH]HWWVpJHQDJ\RQPDJDVpSSHQDN|]|VpUWpNHNQHNpVKRPRJHQLWiVQDN N|V]|QKHWĘHQ.O|Q|VHQMHOHQWĘVKRJ\-DSiQDYLOiJNLHPHONHGĘHQEL]WRQViJRV RUV]iJDLN|]pWDUWR]LNQDJ\RQDODFVRQ\EĦQ|]pVLDUiQQ\DO(QQHNRNDLN|]|WW QHPFVDN D KRPRJpQ IHJ\HOPH]HWW NROOHNWLYLVWD WiUVDGDORP pUWpNV]HPOpOHWH DEĦQHON|YHWĘWiUVDGDOPLNLUHNHV]WHWWVpJHDV]LJRU~EQWHWpVHNpVDQDJ\RQ V]LJRU~ IHJ\YHUWLODORP iOOKDW D]D] D EĦQPHJHOĘ]pV pV D PHJWRUOiVWyO YDOy IpOHOHP KDQHP D PXQNDQpONOLVpJ D V]HJpQ\VpJ pV D NiEtWyV]HUKDV]QiODW D]D]DEĦQ|]pVWHOĘVHJtWĘWiUVDGDOPLWpQ\H]ĘNDODFVRQ\DUiQ\DLV
Történelem
$VDMiWRVMDSiQIHMOĘGpVDNOVĘiWYpWHOHNHOOHQpUHDNRQWLQHQVpWĘOPLQGLJ HOWpUĘ LUiQ\W YHWW DPLW HOĘVHJtWHWW D MDSiQ W|UWpQHOHP FLNOLNXVDQ LVPpWOĘGĘ MHOHQVpJHD]HO]iUNy]iVRNLGĘV]DNDL-DSiQW|UWpQHOPHD]iOODQGyViJpVYiOWR]iV VDMiWRVHOHJ\pWPXWDWMDDQ\LWiVKR]NDSFVROyGyiWYpWHOHNFLNOLNXVYiOWDNR]iVDLYDO pV D] HO]iUNy]iV NRUV]DNDLQDN EHOVĘ IHMOĘGpVpYHO$ W|UWpQHOHP NRUV]DNROiVD QHPWHOMHVHQIHOHOPHJD]HXUySDLW|UWpQHWtUiVEDQKDV]QiOWNRUV]DNRNQDN ėVNRU
']VyPRQNRULH±
$ -DSiQV]LJHWHNHW J\DNRUODWLODJ HJ\ W|UpVYRQDO PHQWpQ IHOJ\ĦUĘG|WW KHJ\OiQFDONRWMDDPHO\DMpJNRUV]DNRNEDQ|VV]HIJJ|WWD]i]VLDLNRQWLQHQVVHO
$]HPEHULMHOHQOpWUHXWDOyOHJNRUiEELOHOHWHNNRUDNEH]HUpYH]HUpYYHO H]HOĘWWĘOWDOiOKDWyĘVNĘNRULSDOHROLWLNXVNXOW~UiNOpWH]pVpWEL]RQ\tWyOHOHWDQ\DJ H]HU pYH D] XWROVy MpJNRUV]DNRW N|YHWĘ IHOPHOHJHGpV PLDWW D WHQJHUV]LQW HPHONHGpVH NLDODNtWRWWD D PDL -DSiQV]LJHWYLOiJRW (NNRU D KRORFpQEHQ HJ\
QDJ\REE HV]N|]KDV]QiODWEDQ VRNNDO IHMOHWWHEE J\ĦMW|JHWĘ WiUVDGDORP WĦQW IHO$']VyPRQNXOW~UDD]DJ\DJHGpQ\HNMHOOHJ]HWHV]VLQyUPLQWiVGtV]tWpVpUĘO NDSWDQHYpW$']VyPRQNRUV]DND]LHpYH]UHGWĘOD]LHV]i]DGHOHMpLJ HPEHUHLNpV]tWHWWpNDYLOiJHOVĘDJ\DJHGpQ\HLWpVDJ\DJ¿JXUiNDWNpS. A
¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
IHOWiUW WHOHSOpVHN D IpOLJ OHWHOHSHGHWW PH]ROLWLNXV ± YDJ\ HJ\HV YpOHPpQ\HN V]HULQW QHROLWLNXV ± pOHWIRUPD MHOOHJ]HWHVVpJHLW YLVHOLN $] XJ\DQFVDN HUUH D NRUV]DNUD GDWiOKDWy NĘV]HUV]iPRN D YLOiJ OHJHOVĘ FVLV]ROW NĘHV]N|]HL 0LQGH]HNDODSMiQOpWH]LNHJ\RO\DQYpOHPpQ\DPHO\V]HULQWDMDSiQFLYLOL]iFLy
± D OHWHOHSHGHWW pOHWIRUPD D IHMOHWW V]HUV]iPRN pV D OHJHOVĘ DJ\DJHGpQ\HN NpV]tWpVpYHOpVKDV]QiODWiYDO±PLQWHJ\NpWH]HUpYYHOPHJHOĘ]WHDN|]HONHOHWL civilizáció létrejöttét.
± D OHWHOHSHGHWW pOHWIRUPD D IHMOHWW V]HUV]iPRN pV D OHJHOVĘ DJ\DJHGpQ\HN NpV]tWpVpYHOpVKDV]QiODWiYDO±PLQWHJ\NpWH]HUpYYHOPHJHOĘ]WHDN|]HONHOHWL civilizáció létrejöttét.