Civilizációk Kelettől Nyugatig

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Dévényi Kinga (szerk.)

Civilizációk .HOHWWĘO1\XJDWLJ

Nemzetközi Tanulmányok Intézet, BCE

Budapest, 2020

(5)

Szerkesztette: 'pYpQ\L.LQJD

6]HU]ĘN &VLFVPDQQ/iV]Oy%HYH]HWĘ 'pYpQ\L.LQJD_(Iszlám) )DUNDV0iULD,OGLNy_(Japán) /HKRF]NL%HUQDGHWW (Latin-Amerika) 0DWXUD7DPiV_(Kína)

5HQQHU=VX]VDQQD_(India) 6]%tUy=ROWiQ (Oroszország) 6]RPEDWK\=ROWiQ_(Afrika)

=VLQND/iV]Oy (Nyugat-Európa, Észak-Amerika)

=VRP'yUD (Judaizmus)

Térképek: 9DUJDÈJQHV

Tördelés: -HQH\/iV]Oy

$ N|WHWEHQ V]HUHSOĘ GRPERU]DWL WpUNpSHN D 0DSV for Free (https://maps-for-free.com/) szabad felhasználású térképek, a többi térkép az ArcGIS for 'HVNWRS V]RIWYHUEHQ HOpUKHWĘ 6KDGHG 5HOLHI alaptérkép felhasználásával készültek.

Lektor: 5RVWRYiQ\L=VROW

,6%1 (nyomtatott könyv)

,6%1_(on-line)

Borítókép: Google Earth, 2018.

A képfelvételeket készítette: Bagi Judit, Csicsmann László, Dévényi Kinga, )DUNDV0iULD,OGLNy,YiQ\L/0iWp0XKDPPDG+D¿]3yU$QGUHD5HQQHU=VX]VDQQD

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a kéziratos oldalak felhasználásának engedélyezéséért.

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(OĘV]y ... 13

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1.1. Bevezetés ... 15

1.2. Az új világrend és a globalizáció jellegzetességei ... 16

$]~MYLOiJUHQGYHWpONHGĘSDUDGLJPiL ... 23

&LYLOL]iFLypVNXOW~UDIRJDOPDNpVpUWHOPH]pVHN ... 27

)HMOĘGpVPRGHUQLWiVpVPRGHUQL]iFLy ... 31

+XQWLQJWRQpVDFLYLOL]iFLyN|VV]HFVDSiViQDNDWp]LVH ... 36

$FLYLOL]iFLyVHOPpOHWNULWLNiL ... 39

1.8. Összefoglalás ... 40

,URGDORPMHJ\]pN ... 41

7iYRO.HOHW ... 45

2.1. A kínai civilizáció – 0ൺඍඎඋൺ7ൺආගඌ ... 47

$PDL.tQDV]iPRNEDQ ... 48

.tQDI|OGUDM]D ... 48

1pSHVVpJ ... 51

$NtQDLQ\HOY ... 53

2.1.5. Hitvilág ... 54

$WDRL]PXV ... 56

$NRQIXFLDQL]PXV ... 57

$OHJL]PXVHOĘIXWiUD ... 59

.tQDW|UWpQHWHpVDQQDNKDWiVDQHP]HWN|]LNDSFVRODWDLUD ... 59

2.1.7. A dinasztiák kora ... 61

$+V]LDGLQDV]WLDLHN± ... 62

$6DQJGLQDV]WLDLH± ... 62

$&VRXGLQDV]WLDLH±... 63

$PRQDUFKLDKDQ\DWOiVD ... 65

$+DGDNR]yIHMHGHOHPVpJHNNRUDLHV]±LH ... 66

$&VLQGLQDV]WLDLH± ... 67

$+DQGLQDV]WLDLH±LV] ... 69

$+iURP.LUiO\ViJNRUD± ... 70

(7)

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$7DQJGLQDV]WLD± ... 70

$]gW'LQDV]WLDpV7t].LUiO\ViJNRUD± ... 71

$6]XQJGLQDV]WLD± ... 72

$-DQGLQDV]WLD± ... 72

$0LQJGLQDV]WLDpV&VHQJ+R=KHQJ+H±DGPLUiOLV ... 74

$&VLQJGLQDV]WLD± ... 76

A Vucsang-felkelés ... 82

2.1.8. A klasszikus kínai stratégiai kultúra és forrásai ... 83

)LOR]y¿DLDODSRN±DNRQIXFLDQL]PXVpVDOHJL]PXV ... 83

Szun-ce és A hadviselés tudománya... 84

Vu-ce ... 84

A tien-hsziaV]HPOpOHWpVDWULEXWiULXVUHQGV]HU ... 85

,GĘUHQGLWiEOD ... 87

$MDSiQFLYLOL]iFLy±)ൺඋ඄ൺඌ0ගඋංൺ,අൽං඄ඬ ... 89

-DSiQPLQW|QiOOyFLYLOL]iFLy" ... 89

$MDSiQFLYLOL]iFLyIRUUiVDLpVDODSMDL ... 91

7HUPpV]HWLN|UQ\H]HW ... 91

7HUPpV]HWLNDWDV]WUyIiN ... 94

Vallás ... 96

7iUVDGDORP ... 98

7|UWpQHOHP ... 101

ėVNRU ... 101

']VyPRQNRULH± ... 101

-DMRLNRULH±LV] ... 103

Ókor ... 103

-DPDWRNRU±... 103

$V]XNDNRU± ... 104

1DUDNRU± ... 105

+HLDQNRU± ... 106

.|]pSNRU ... 109

.DPDNXUDNRU± ... 109

0XURPDFVLNRU± ...111

2UV]iJHJ\HVtWpV±...111

.RUD~MNRU ...112

(GRNRU± ...112

Modern kor ...115

0HLG]VLNRU± ...115

7DLVyNRU± ...119

6yYDNRU± ... 120

-DSiQPD ... 125

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,QGLDLV]XENRQWLQHQV ... 133

3.1. Az indiai civilizáció – 5ൾඇඇൾඋ=ඌඎඓඌൺඇඇൺ ... 135

3.1.1. Bevezetés ... 135

$I|OGUDM]pVpJKDMODWV]HUHSH ... 136

$V]XENRQWLQHQVQ\HOYHL ... 141

3.1.4. Az indiai civilizáció történetének kronológiája ... 143

$]LGĘV]HPOpOHWHLGĘUHQGIRUUiVRN ... 143

.RUV]DNROiV ... 144

$]HJ\HVW|UWpQHWLNRUV]DNRNIĘMHOOHP]ĘL ... 145

$]LQGLDLFLYLOL]iFLyIĘIHMH]HWHL ... 150

$],QGXVY|OJ\LFLYLOL]iFLyDQ\DJLNXOW~UiMD ... 150

$YpGLNXViUMiNpOHWPyGMDYDOOiVDpVLURGDOPD ... 153

$]LQGLDLFLYLOL]iFLyMHOOHJ]HWHVWiUVDGDOPLV]HUNH]HWpQHNNLDODNXOiVD ... 155

.pVĘYpGLNXVNRUD*DQJHV]Y|OJ\PHJKyGtWiVD ... 156

$PiVRGLNXUEDQL]iFLyNRUDG]VDLQL]PXVpVEXGGKL]PXV ... 158

.RUDLNODVV]LNXVNRUD0DXUMD%LURGDORP ... 163

Írásbeliség ... 164

$EXGGKLVWDPĦYpV]HWNLDODNXOiVD ... 165

$NODVV]LNXVNRUV]DNPĦYHOWVpJH ... 169

$KLQGXL]PXV ... 173

.RUDN|]pSNRUDKLQGXGLQDV]WLiNNRUD ... 177

$]LV]OiP,QGLiEDQ ... 182

.|]HO.HOHW ... 189

-XGDL]PXV±=ඌඈආ'ඬඋൺ ... 191

%LEOLDLMXGDL]PXV ... 191

4.1.2. Izrael bibliai története ... 192

4.1.3. A bibliai kor kultusza ... 197

,UiQ\]DWRNpVIHOHNH]HWHN ... 198

$]VLGyViJQ\HOYHL ... 200

$UiPL ... 200

Jiddis ... 200

/DGLQR ... 201

5DEELQLNXVMXGDL]PXV ... 201

4.1.7. A zsidó vallás legfontosabb szövegei ... 202

$]VLGypOHW~WOHJIRQWRVDEEiOORPiVDLDYDOOiVHJ\HVHOĘtUiVDL ... 205

.|UOPHWpOpV ... 206

Bar-micva ... 206

Házasság ... 206

,PDOHSHOLPDV]tMmezuzaIHMEHIHGpVH ... 207

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)RQWRVDEEQQHSHN ... 210

6]RPEDW... 210

$IpOHOPHWHVQDSRNros ha-sana és jom kippur ... 213

Szukkot ... 215

Hanuka ... 216

Purim... 217

Peszah ... 218

Savuot ... 219

eWNH]pVLW|UYpQ\HN ... 220

$]VLGyViJHJ\HVV]HOOHPLLUiQ\]DWDL ... 221

.DEEDOD ... 221

+DV]LGL]PXV ... 222

&LRQL]PXV ... 222

$]LV]OiPFLYLOL]iFLy±'ඣඏඣඇඒං.ංඇ඀ൺ ... 225

4.2.1. Bevezetés ... 225

7|UWpQHOHP... 230

0RKDPHGpVD]LV]OiP ... 230

$]LV]OiPYDOOiVNLDODNXOiVD ... 230

0RKDPHGpMV]DNDLpVpJLXWD]iViQDNDW|UWpQHWH ... 232

A hidzsraNLYiQGRUOiV ... 233

$PHGLQDLLV]OiP ... 233

Az utódlás kérdése ... 236

$PHGLQDLNDOLIiWXVDQpJ\LJD]~WRQMiUyNDOLIDXUDONRGiVD ... 236

$EX%DNUNDOLIiWXVD± ... 236

8PDUNDOLIiWXVD± ... 236

8V]PiQNDOLIiWXVD± ... 237

$OLNDOLIiWXVD±pVD]HOVĘSROJiUKiERU~¿WQD ... 238

$GDPDV]NXV]L8PDMMiG.DOLIiWXV± ... 239

$PiVRGLNSROJiUKiERU~¿WQD± ... 239

9DOOiVLPR]JDOPDNDV]i]DGHOVĘIHOpEHQ ... 241

$EDJGDGL$EEiV]LGD.DOLIiWXV± ... 241

+iU~QDU5DVtG±NRUDDEDJGDGLNDOLIiWXVIpQ\NRUD ... 245

DO0iP~QNDOLID± ... 245

$ELURGDORPV]pWWDJROyGiViQDNNH]GHWHL ... 246

$]$EEiV]LGD.DOLIiWXVIHOERPOiVD ... 247

$VSDQ\RORUV]iJLLV]OiP ... 247

$ÄYLVV]DKyGtWiV´±UHNRQNYLV]WD ... 248

$.|]HO.HOHWD%DJGDGL.DOLIiWXVPHJV]ĦQpVHXWiQ ... 249

$0DPO~N6]XOWiQiWXV ... 249

,QGLDPXV]OLPPHJKyGtWiVD ... 251

$]LQGLDL0RJXO%LURGDORP ... 252

,UiQDV]i]DGRWN|YHWĘHQ ... 252

$]2V]PiQW|U|N%LURGDORP ... 253

(10)

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4.2.3. Vallás ... 254

$]LV]OiPYDOOiVDODSMDL ... 254

$]LV]OiPSLOOpUHL ... 254

$PHFVHWpVDmadrasza ... 259

$]LV]OiPMRJUHQGV]HUpQHNNLDODNXOiVD ... 260

A jogi iskolák kialakulása ... 261

Az analógia ... 262

,V]OiPMRJpViOODPLMRJDV]i]DGEDQ ... 263

A hadísztXGRPiQ\ ... 264

$]LV]OiPPLV]WLNXVLUiQ\]DWDDV]~¿]PXV ... 266

$.RUiQV]HUHSHDPLV]WLNiEDQ ... 270

$V]~¿UHQGHND]~QGHUYLVUHQGHNYLUiJNRUDD±V]i]DGN|]|WW ... 270

$VtLWDLV]OiP ... 271

$]LPiPLYDJ\WL]HQNpWLPiPRVVtLWiN ... 272

$]LV]PiLOLYDJ\KpWLPiPRVVtLWiN ... 273

7RYiEELVtLWDLUiQ\]DWRN ... 274

$]LV]OiPOHJ~MDEENRULLUiQ\]DWDL ... 275

$]LV]OiPYDKKiELWDLUiQ\]DWD ... 275

$V]i]DGLLV]OiPUHIRUPNRUQDKGD(J\LSWRPEDQ ... 276

$]LV]OiPV]i]DGLIĘEEWHQGHQFLiL ... 276

4.2.4. A világi civilizáció ... 277

$YLOiJLWXGRPiQ\RN.HOHWHQ ... 277

$VSDQ\RORUV]iJLLV]OiPFLYLOL]iFLyHUHGPpQ\HL ... 278

,URGDORPD]LV]OiPYLOiJN|]SRQWLWHUOHWHLQ ... 279

$UDEQ\HOYĦLURGDORPDN|]pSNRUEDQ ... 279

$N|]pSNRULSHU]VDN|OWpV]HW ... 280

$]RV]PiQW|U|NLURGDORP ... 280

,V]OiPPĦYpV]HWHN ... 281

$PHFVHWpStWpV]HWVWtOXVDL ... 281

2V]ORSFVDUQRNRVPHFVHW ... 281

$QpJ\ívánRVPHFVHW ... 282

.|]SRQWRVDODSUDM]~PHFVHW ... 282

.DOOLJUi¿DV]pStUiVKDWW ... 283

$IULND ... 289

5.1. Afrikai civilizációk – 6ඓඈආൻൺඍඁඒ=ඈඅඍගඇ ... 291

7HUPLQROyJLDLNpUGpVHNpVD]DIULNDLFLYLOL]iFLyNKDWiUDL ... 291

.XOWXUiOLVVRNV]tQĦVpJ ... 293

$]DIULNDLFLYLOL]iFLyNNpSHpVWRU]NpSHHJ]RWLNXPpVLGHROyJLD ... 294

5DVV]L]PXVpVD]DIULNDLGLDV]SyUDKDWiVD ... 296

(11)

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(WQLNDLpVQ\HOYLYLV]RQ\RN ... 298

ËUiVEHOLVpJpVV]yEHOLKDJ\RPiQ\ ... 303

7iUVDGDORPV]HUNH]HW ... 308

5.1.8. Vallás ... 310

7|UWpQHOHPDIULNDLiOODPRN ... 314

0ĦYpV]HW ... 317

(XUySD ... 325

$]RUWRGR[NHUHV]WpQ\(XUySDD]RURV]YiOWR]DW±6ඓ%ටඋඬ=ඈඅඍගඇ 327 7HUOHWLN|UOKDWiUROiV ... 327

2URV]RUV]iJWHUOHWLJ\DUDSRGiVD ... 331

$]RURV]W|UWpQHOPLIHMOĘGpVVDMiWRVViJDL ... 337

$Q\XJDWLNHUHV]WpQ\(XUySD±=ඌංඇ඄ൺ/ගඌඓඅඬ ... 357

6]HPOpOHWLDODSYHWpV ... 357

$ODSHOHPHNpVNHUHWHN ... 361

$Q\XJDWLNHUHV]WpQ\(XUySDV]OHWpVH± ... 366

Az antik örökség ... 366

$EDUEiUJHUPiQ|U|NVpJ ... 368

$ODWLQNHUHV]WpQ\NXOW~UN|]|VVpJV]OHWpVH ... 370

$.DUROLQJ%LURGDORPW|UWpQHOPLV]HUHSH ... 374

(XUySDRVWURPDODWW ... 378

$]H]UHGIRUGXOyMHOHQWĘVpJH ... 379

(XUySDHOVĘÄQHNLOHQGOpVH´D]pUHWWN|]pSNRUEDQ± ... 380

$V]i]DGLIRUGXOySRQW ... 381

1\XJDW(XUySDÄIRUUDGDOPDL´D]pUHWWN|]pSNRUEDQ ... 383

$NHUHV]WpQ\KLWDODSYHWĘMHOOHJ]HWHVVpJHL ... 384

$NHUHV]WpQ\KLWWiUVDGDOPLGLPHQ]LyMD ... 387

1\XJDWHXUySDLÄHUHGHWLMHOOHJ]HWHVVpJHN´ ... 389

$SUHPRGHUQpVDPRGHUQKDWiUiQ± ... 391

A reneszánsz ... 391

$UHIRUPiFLy ... 392

$WXGRPiQ\RVIRUUDGDORPpVDIHOYLOiJRVRGiV ... 395

(XUySDWQG|NOpVHpVKDQ\DWOiVD ... 397

$ÄKRVV]~V]i]DG´(XUySiMD ... 397

(XUySDDÄU|YLGV]i]DGEDQ´ ... 399

(12)

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$PHULND ... 407

$]pV]DNDPHULNDLFLYLOL]iFLy±=ඌංඇ඄ൺ/ගඌඓඅඬ ... 409

$ODSYHWĘMHOOHJ]HWHVVpJHN ... 409

$V]DEDGViJÄPHJDODStWiVD´D](J\HVOWÈOODPRNEDQ ... 414

$PHULNDLPtWRV]±DPHULNDLpUWpNHN ... 420

$](J\HVOWÈOODPRNIHOHPHONHGpVH ... 426

$SURJUHVV]LYL]PXVpVD1HZ'HDO ... 433

$PHULNDLFLYLOL]iFLyVpUWpNHNDV]i]DGPiVRGLNIHOpEHQ ... 438

/DWLQ$PHULNDFLYLOL]iFLyNN|OFV|QKDWiVRVUHQGV]HUH – /ൾඁඈർඓ඄ං%ൾඋඇൺൽൾඍඍ ... 449

7.2.1. Bevezetés ... 449

$.ROXPEXV]HOĘWWLNXOW~UiN ... 451

2OPpNRN ... 453

Maják ... 453

Aztékok ... 454

Inkák ... 455

$FLYLOL]iFLy|VV]HWHYĘL ... 456

1\HOYLVDMiWRVViJRN ... 456

Etnikai összetétel ... 457

9DOOiVDOHJNDWROLNXVDEENRQWLQHQV" ... 458

$ODWLQDPHULNDLFLYLOL]iFLyW|UWpQHWH ... 459

$PHULNDIHOIHGH]pVH" ... 459

$IJJHWOHQVpJNLYtYiVDN|]|VFpORNpVW|UHNYpVHN" ... 464

V]i]DGLGLOHPPiNQ\XJDWLYDJ\ODWLQDPHULNDL~W" ... 467

.RQNO~]Ly ... 471

ÈEUDMHJ\]pN ... 475

7pUNpSHN ... 475

.pSHN ... 477

)RJDOPDN ... 481

(13)

(14)

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