In conclusion: It has been this paper’s purpose to offer a brief glimpse at the rich “Fortleben” of Byzantine Greek vocabulary. As has been shown, most of Byzantine Greek-looking English words have to be regarded as “spontaneous parallels”. However, it is interesting to observe that these words must have been created in a continuous historical awareness of the Greek language which was not restricted to native speakers of Greek but also enfolded those who were familiar with the Greek-Roman language heritage.
So far, there is hardly any research on the continued existence of Byzantine Greek vocabulary after the fall of Constantinople. Further research will not only have to focus systematically on the research of Greek erudite vocabu-lary after 1500 AD – the creation of a dictionary filling the gap between LBG and Kumanudes (n. 11) is highly desirable40 – but also on the research of (Byzantine) Greek loanwords in English and other modern languages. These studies should also take into account the role of Middle Latin for the transfer of Greek vocabulary in modern Roman languages, particularly French, from where it found – in the case of French especially after the Norman invasion in 1066 – its way into English.41
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Appendix: Byzantine Terms for “English”
42The Modern Greek term for “English” Ἀγγλικός43 is attested as early as in the middle of the 15th century. The Hussite utraquist of English origin Konstantinos Platris, who was sent from Prague to Constantinople for church union negotations,44 refers to himself as Ἀγγλικός (SalConst 28): Ἐν ὀνομάτι
40 Cf. tRaPP (n. 15) 257; tRaPP (n. 14) 63.
41 Cf. meyeR-lüBke, w.: Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch. Heidelberg 19353.
42 This list can not lay claim to completeness.
43 Mpampiniotes (n. 29) s. v.
44 Cf. tRaPP, e. (et al.): Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit. Vienna 1976-1996. no.
23341; Hlaváček, I.: Die Hussiten und Byzanz um die Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts. in: SPeeR, a.
– SteinkRüGeR, Ph. (eds.): Knotenpunkt Byzanz. Wissensformen und kulturelle Wechselbeziehungen.
Berlin – Boston 2012. 611-632; especially 624f., 627f., 630f.
Byzantine Greek Words in English Vocabulary? 65
τοῦ Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ἀμήν. Ἐγὼ Κωνσταντῖνος Πλάτρις καὶ ἀλλοίως Τζέσης Ἀγγλικός … Georgios (Gennadios) Scholarios calls him Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Ἰγλίνος (GennSchol III 180,5).
The very first attestation of the term “English” in Byzantine vocabulary is found in a Chrysobullos Logos of the emperor Nikephoros III Botaneiates dating to the year 1080.45 In this document, it is stated that the inhabitants of Chrysopolis become freed from the so called μιτᾶτον46 of Roman and foreign troops such as the “English” (i.e. Varangians)47 (ABatop I 10,32)48: … πρὸ(ς) (δὲ) (καὶ) τ(οὺς) ἐν τῷ κ(α)τὰ τ(ὴν) Χρυσόπ(ο)λ(ιν) ἐνοίκ(ους) ἀπὸ πάσης ἐπηρεί(ας) διορίζετ(αι), ἤγουν μιτάτων ἐπιθέ(σεως) ἀρχόντ(ων) ταγματ(ικῶν) κ(αὶ) θεματ(ικῶν), ῥωμαϊκ(ῶν) τε παραταγῶν (καὶ) ἐθνηκ(ῶν), Ῥῶς, Βαράγγ(ων), Κουλπίγγ(ων), Ἰγγλίγγ(ων)49, Φράγγ(ων), Νεμιτζ(ῶν), Βουλγ(ά)-ρ(ων), Σαρακην(ῶν) … Very similar wording is used in two Chrysobulloi Logoi (a. 1082 / a. 1086) of Alexios I Komnenos in which the latter grants the same exemptation from the μιτᾶτον (already expressed by Nikephoros III) for the property of Leon Kephalas (ALavra I 44,2650: Ἰγγλίνων; ALavra I 48,2851: Ἰγγλίνων). The same exemption formula is also transmitted in another Chrysobullos Logos (a. 1088) of Alexios I for the monastery of St John on the island of Patmos (EngPatm 6,39: Ἰγγλίνων)52.
The next author using a Greek word with the meaning “English” is Eustathios of Thessalonica at the end of the 12th century (EustIl I 588,25):
Ὅτι δὲ καὶ βόρειοι Πυγμαῖοι περί που τὰ τῆς Θοῦλης ἀντιπέραια, ἔνθα τὰ
45 ciGGaaR, k.n.: L’émigration anglaise à Byzance après 1066. Un noveau texte en latin sur les Varangues à Constantinople. Revue des Études Byzantines 32 (1974) 301-342: 334. See also ciGGaaR, k.n.: Byzance et l’Angleterre. Études sur trois sources malconnues de la topographie et de l’histoire de Constantinople aux XIe et XIIe siècles. Proefschrift. [Leiden] 1976.
46 Term for the obligation on private individuals to quarter military and state officials, cf.
BaRtuSiS, m.c.: Mitaton. Fiscal Term. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium II. 1991. 1385.
47 From the late 11th century onwards the term “Varangians” / Βάραγγοι does not only refer to Scandinavians but also to Anglo-Saxons, cf. FRanklin, S. – cutleR, a.: Varangians. Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium III. 1991. 2152.
48 Cf. Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des Oströmischen Reiches von 565-1453. Bearbeitet von F.
dölGeR. 2. Teil: Regesten von 1025-1204. Zweite, erweiterte und verbesserte Auflage bearbeitet von P. wiRth. Munich 1995, no. 1048a.
49 This form is indeed transmitted in the manuscript (cf. ABatop, Album, pl. XI). The writing with -γγ- instead of -νν- was perhaps caused by the proceeding word Κουλπίγγ(ων) which the scribe still had in his mind when writing Ἰγγλίγγ(ων).
50 Cf. dölGeR – wiRth (n. 48), no. 1077b.
51 Cf. dölGeR – wiRth (n. 48), no. 1130b
52 Cf. dölGeR – wiRth (n. 48), no. 1150.
66 Andreas Rhoby
Ἰγλικά, βραχύσωμοι καὶ αὐτοὶ καὶ ὀλιγοχρόνιοι ἐς τὸ παντελές … Niketas Choniates, writing at the beginning of the 13th century, again uses the term Ἰγγλίνος when speaking about the English king Richard Lionheart and his axe-bearing53 troops (NChonHi 417,68): … καὶ ὁ τῶν πελεκυφόρων κατάρχων Γερμανῶν54, οὓς νῦν φασὶν Ἰγγλίνους55 … and (NChonHi 418,75): Ὁ δέ γε τῶν Ἰγγλίνων56 ῥὴξ … Richard Lionheart’s kingdom is called Ἰγγλινία (NChonHi 463,82): … πρὸς τοῦ ῥηγὸς Ἰγγλινίας … The first two passages of Niketas also served as a source for the chronicler Ephraim in the 14th century (Ephr 6005):
ὁ δ᾿ Ἰγκλίνων ῥὴξ κατάρας ἐς τὴν Κύπρον and (Ephr 6011): ὁ Γερμανῶν ῥῆξ, δηλαδὴ τῶν Ἰγκλίνων.
The spelling Ἰγκλίνων / Ἰγκλίνου is also attested in a document of Demetrios Chomatenos to be dated after the year 1220. In this text, one is informed that a certain woman called Kale from Kerkyra (DemChom 60,30.32) συνεζεύχθη ἀνδρὶ ἐθνικῷ, ἑνὶ δηλονότι τῶν Ἰγκλίνων57 … τὸν βίον δὲ τελευτήσαντος τοῦ Ἰγκλίνου. Unfortunately, the name of the “Englishman” (a Varangian
?) is not mentioned. Ιn a document of the emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos dating to the year 1272 the (English) Varangians are called Ἐγκλινοβάραγγοι (HeisPal 39,49)58.
Besides Ἰγγλ. and Ἰγκλ. also the spellings Ἐγγλ. and Ἐγκλ. are attested:
When speaking about Richard Lionheart selling the island of Cyprus to the Knights of the Temple in the year 1192, Neophytos Enkleistos very angrily does not even mention the English king’s name (NeophSyng III 179,326): Ἐκείνου δὲ ἀρθέντος (sc. Ἰσαακίου τοῦ Κομνηνοῦ) ἐπράθη ἡ χῶρα παρ᾿ Ἐγγλίνου διώκτου Φράγκοις χρυσίου χιλιάδων λιτρῶν διακοσίων … In the history of Georgios Pachymeres a certain Ἐρρῆς (Henry ?),59 most likely a Varangian, who in 1283 or later was responsible for the custody of Michael Komnenos,60 son of the ruler of Thessaly Ioannes I Angelos Dukas Komnenos, is fitted with
53 On πελεκυφόροι as synonym for Varangians see koliaS, t.: Byzantinische Waffen. Ein Beitrag zur byzantinischen Waffenkunde von den Anfängen bis zur lateinischen Eroberung. Vienna 1988. 166.
54 Varia lectio Βρεττανῶν (cod. s. XIII).
55 Variae lectiones Ἰγγυλίνους (cod. s. XIV) and Ἰγκλίνους (cod. s. XIV).
56 Varia lectio Ἠγγιλίνων (cod. s. XIV).
57 Varia lectio Ἰκλίνων (cod. s. XVI).
58 Cf. Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des Oströmischen Reiches von 565-1453. Bearbeitet von F. dölGeR. 3. Teil: Regesten von 1204-1282. Zweite, erweiterte und verbesserte Auflage von P. wiRth. Munich 1977. no. 1994.
59 Cf. tRaPP (n. 44) no. 6131.
60 Cf. Trapp (n. 44), no. 221.
Byzantine Greek Words in English Vocabulary? 67
the adjunct ἐξ Ἐγκλίνων (PachF III 85,17.20): … καὶ τῷ Ἐρρῇ ἐξ Ἐγκλίνων
… εἰς φυλακὴν ἐπιτετράφατο. … Εἰσὶ δ᾿ οἳ λέγουσιν ὅτι καὶ πορνικῶς ἐκείνῃ ὁ ἐξ Ἐγκλίνων συνήρχετο … The Varangians’ language is called ἐγκλινιστί by Pseudo-Kodinos (PsKod 210,1): Ἔπειτα ἔρχονται καὶ πολυχρονίζουσι καὶ οἱ Βάραγγοι, κατὰ τὴν πάτριον καὶ οὗτοι γλῶσσαν αὐτῶν, ἤγουν ἐγκλινιστί, τοὺς πελέκεις αὐτῶν συγκρούοντες κτύπον ἀποτελοῦντας.61
“Englishmen” are also mentioned in the Halosis history of Dukas: first in the passage describing the gathering of the crusaders of 1396 (Ducas 79,21): … ἤλθοσαν εἰς Οὐγγρίαν ἔαρος ἀρξαμένου ὅ τε ῥὴξ Φιλάνδρας καὶ ἐκ τῶν τῶν Ἰγγλήνων πλεῖστοι … Ἰγγλῆνοι are also mentioned in passages about the Ionian town of (Nea) Phokaia, a center of alum production (Ducas 205,21; 209,27).
As seen above, Niketas Choniates called “England” Ἰγγλινία. The Modern Greek term for “England” Ἀγγλία62 is first attested in the 15th century: the Halosis historian Laonikos Chalkokondyles mentions Ἀγγλία63 together with Γερμανία, Ἰβηρία, Δανία, Φλανδρία etc. in the ethnographical-geographical discourse of his historical account (Chalk I 80,6.9.10).64 The influence of French can be observed in some late Byzantine vernacular texts:65 in the chronicle of Morea the following forms are attested: Ἀγγλετέρρα, Ἐγγλιτέρα, Ἐκκλητέρα and Ἐκλιτέρρα.66 The most common form must have been Ἐγγλιτέρα because it is used repeatedly in the history of Belisarios67 (with variants such as Ἐγλητέρα and Ἐκκλυτέρα). The English philosopher and theologian John Wycliffe (c. 1320-1384) is called Ἰωάννης τῆς Αἰγλυτέρας in a Byzantine source.68
61 Cf. the above cited passage NChonHi 417,68.
62 Mpampiniotes (n. 29) s. v. Cf. also mPamPinioteS, G.d.: Ετυμολογικό λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας. Ιστορία των λέξεων. Με σχόλια και ένθετους πίνακες. Athens 2010. 57f.
63 Anglia is already attested in Late Latin, cf. Thesaurus Linguae Latinae: http://www.thesaurus.
badw.de/english/index.htm
64 In Chalk I 80,6 Ἀγγλία is combined with the adjective Βρετανική (which is already attested in Aristotle, Mu. 393b12.17 [Βρεττ.]).
65 Cf. TLG s. v. Ἐγγλετέρα, Ἐγγλιτέρα and Ἐγκλητέρα.
66 aeRtS, w. j. – hokweRda, h.: Lexicon on The Chronicle of Morea. Groningen 2002. 541.
67 BakkeR, w. F. – van GemeRt, a. F.: Ἱστορία τοῦ Βελισαρίου. Κριτικὴ ἔκδοση τῶν τεσσάρων διασκευῶν μὲ εἰσαγωγή, σχόλια καὶ γλωσσάριο. Athens 20072, 386 (index).
68 Cf. tRaPP (n. 44) no. 8742.
68 Andreas Rhoby List of Abbreviations
ABatop I = Actes de Vatopédi, I. Des origines à 1329. Ed. dipl. par j. BomPaiRe et al. Paris 2001.
ALavra I = Actes de Lavra, I. Des origines à 1204. Ed. dipl. par P. lemeRle et al.
Paris 1970.
AndCret = Andreas Cretensis. Patrologia Graeca 97.
Bars = Barsanuphe et Jean de Gaza, Correspondance. Ed. F. neyt – l. ReGnault. 5 Vol. Paris 1997-2002.
BoinAkol = BoineS, k. : ᾿Ακολουθία τοῦ Χριστοδούλου. Athen 1884.
Chalk = Laonici Chalcocandylae historiarum demonstrationes, rec. E.daRkó. 2 Bde.
Budapest 1922-1927.
CiccPoeti = ciccolella, F.: Cinque poeti bizantini. Anacreontee dal Barberiniano greco 310. Alessandria 2000.
DelAn = Anecdota Atheniensia et alia, ed. a. delatte. Tome I.,II. Liège – Paris 1927, 1939.
DemChom = Demetrios Chomatenos, Πονήματα διάφορα, ed. G. PRinzinG. Ber lin 2002.
Ducas = Ducas, Istoria Turco-Bizantina, ed. V. Grecu. Bukarest 1958.
EngPatm = Βυζαντινὰ ἔγγραφα τῆς Μονῆς Πάτμου. Α´ - Αὐτοκρατορικά.
Διπλωματικὴ ἔκδοσις ὑπὸ ῎Ερας L. Branuse. Athens 1980.
Ephr = Ephraem Aenii Historia Chronica, rec. o. lamPSideS. Athen 1990.
EustDam = Eustathius Thessalonicensis metropolita, Expositio hymni pen-tecostalis Damasceni. Patrologia Graeca 136 504-753.
EustIl = Eustathii Archiepiscopi Thessalonicensis Commentarii ad Homeri Iliadem pertinentes. Curavit m. vandeR valk. Vol. I-IV. Leiden 1971-1987.
EustOd = Eustathii Archiepiscopi Thessalonicensis Commentarii ad Homeri Odysseam, [ed. j. G. StallBaum] I., II. Leipzig 1825.
GennSchol = Petit, l. – SidéRidèS, x. – juGie, m.: Oeuvres complètes de Gennade Scholarios. I-VIII. Paris 1928-1936.
GermPG = Germanos I. Patrologia Graeca 98 39-453.
GrNyssOp = Gregorii Nysseni Opera, ed. w. jaeGeR [et al.], Vol.I- . Leiden 1960-.
GSync = Georgii Syncelli ecloga chronographica, ed. A.A.Mosshammer.
Leipzig 1984.
HeisPal = heiSenBeRG, a.: Aus der Geschichte und Literatur der Palaiologenzeit. Sb.
Bayer. Ak., Phil.-hist. Kl. 1920/10.
IsaacArm = Isaak, Invektive gegen die Armenier. Patrologia Graeca 132 1217-1237.
Byzantine Greek Words in English Vocabulary? 69
ManasArist = tSolakeS, e.: Συμβολὴ στὴ μελέτη τοῦ ποιητικοῦ ἔργου τοῦ Κων -σταντίνου Μανασσῆ καὶ κριτικὴ ἔκδοση τοῦ μυθιστορήματός του „Τὰ κατ᾿
᾿Αρίστανδρον καὶ Καλλιθέαν“. Thessalonike 1967.
ManasL = Constantini Manassis breviarium chronicum, ed. o. lamPSidiS. 1. Textus.
2. Indices. Athen 1996.
MaxThom = Maximi Confessoris ambigua ad Thomam una cum epistula secunda ad eundem, ed. B. janSSenS. Turnhout 2002.
MilTreat = Three Byzantine Military Treatises, ed. G. t. denniS. Washington, D.C. 1985.
MSyncPhrase = Le traité de la construction de la phrase de Michel le Syncelle de Jérusalem, ed. d. donnet. Bruxelles 1982.
NChonHi = Nicetae Choniatae Historia, rec. i. a. van dieten, I-II. Berlin 1975.
NeophSyng III = ῾Αγίου Νεοφύτου τοῦ ᾿Εγκλείστου Συγγράμματα. Τόμος Γ´:
Πανηγυρική Α´, ed. n. PaPatRiantaPhyllu – theodoRide - th. GiaGkoS. Ρaphos 1999.
PachF III = Georges Pachymérès, Relations historiques. Ed. par a. FailleR, trad.
fr. par v. lauRent, III: Livres VII-IX. Paris 1999.
PaulAeg = Paulus von Aegina, ed. i. l.heiBeRG, I.II (Corpus Medicorum Graecorum IX 1-2). Leipzig 1921-1924.
PsKod = Pseudo-Kodinos, Traité des Offices. Intr., texte et trad. par j.veRPeaux. Paris 1966.
RegelFont = ReGel, w.: Fontes rerum Byzantinarum, fasc. 1-2. St. Petersburg 1892-1917.
Rom = Sancti Romani Melodi cantica, ed. P. maaS – c. tRyPaniS, I (Cantica genuina).
Oxford 1963; II (Cantica dubia). Berlin 1970.
SalConst = Salač, a.: Constantinople et Prague en 1452. Rozpravy Českoslo venské Akademie Věd 68 (1958).
ScholIl = Scholia graeca in Homeri Iliadem, rec. h. eRBSe. 6 Bde. Berlin 1969-1983.
ScriptOr = Scriptores originum Constantinopolitanarum, rec. th. PReGeR, I-II.
Leipzig 1901-1907.
StilbLat = daRRouzèS, j.: Le mémoire de Constantin Stilbès contre les latins.
Revue des Études Byzantines 21 (1963) 50-100.
TheodosDiac = Theodosii Diaconi De Creta capta, ed. h. cRiScuolo. Leipzig 1979.
XanthHist = Nicephori Callisti Xanthopuli Ecclesiasticae Historiae Libri XVIII.
Patrologia Graeca 145-147.