s n i s a b r e v i r n a c i r f A n i e c a p s m o r f t h g u o r d d n a s d o o l f g n i r o t i n o M
m a a l a S s e r a D f o y ti s r e v i n U e h t t a e s r u o c r e h s e r f e r P F N
2 1 0 2 r e b m e t p e S 8 2 – 7 1
s e c r u o s e R r e t a W n i n o i t a v r e s b O h t r a E
t n e m e g a n a M
d n a t n e s e r P , t s a P e h t f o w e i v e R t r o h S A
e r u t u F
y d r e k e V n á tl o Z . r D
l n . c ti
@ y d r e k e v
s e u g a e ll o c C T I y l n i a m , r e h t o m o r f s e d il s l a r e v e s g n i s U
s n i s a b r e v i r n a c i r f A n i e c a p s m o r f t h g u o r d d n a s d o o l f g n i r o t i n o M
m a a l a S s e r a D f o y ti s r e v i n e h t t a e s r u o c r e h s e r f e r P F N
2 1 0 2 r e b m e t p e S 8 2 – 7 1
What is waiting for us in this presentation…?
Definitely neither a history nor an EO lesson!
Although we start with the first Earth Observation satellites What is optical RS?
First applications: colour composites
Statistical approaches: image classification
Physical EO examples: evaporation and water quality The future: GEOSS
What WM problems are dealt with in Africa: with the example of the TIGER Capacity Building Facility
A WM project with EO application in Iran
So, this is to show seriously with exmaples that EO is fun!
17-28 September 2012 NFP refresher course UDSM 2
3
When was the first satellite launched?
4 October 1957 – 4 January 1958 Sputnik 1 Russian
Sent radio signals continuously and its orbit was monitored (geophysical measurements)
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite
4
When was the first imaging earth observation satellite launched?
1 April 1960, TIROS-1 700-750 km altitude Television images
Operational for 78 days
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIROS-1
5
Development in forty years…
TIROS-1 1960
Source: www.leos.le.ac.uk/mipas/main.html
† Died in May 2012
6
The first RS image
Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TIROS-
1-Earth.png
7
Why remote sensing?
Synoptic overview
Additional information compared to field measurements/maps
Measurement of hydrology-related parameters: e.g. water-covered areas, temperature, water depth (in limited cases), soil moisture, evapotranspiration.
The best PR material for RS in daily use: Google Earth
8
Spectral characteristics of optical RS sensors
Energy sources
Atmospheric transmittance
Common RS systems
© Lillesand & Kiefer, 1994
9
First applications in the seventies: interpretation of RGB colour composites
(Virtually Hawaii 1999)
By the way: One of the first RGB composite images
17-28 September 2012 NFP refresher course UDSM 10
• Mohammed Alim Khan (1880–1944), Emir of
Bukhara
• 1911 by Sergei M.
Prokudin-
Gorskii using three
exposures with red, green, and blue filters.
Source:
Wikipedia
11
Colour composites (Landsat TM)
Natural CC False CC
(http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/remote/landsat/landsat.htm)
12
Special Landsat TM CC
Lake Van, Turkey
Special CC (127)
Andes, Peru
Special CC (235)
(http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/remote/landsat/landsat.htm)
13
Special LandsatTM CC
Special CC (375)
Infrared CC (457)
Paris, France White Sands, Mexico
(http://academic.emporia.edu/aberjame/remote/landsat/landsat.htm)
1150 km 14
Pushbroom Imager ( 5 cameras) Total swath width: 1150 Km Full Resolution: 300 m
Reduced resolution: 1200 m
VIS-NIR Spectrometer within spectral range: 390 to 1040 Nanometers 15 bands electronically programmable (in width and position)
A space-borne imaging spectrometer: MERIS on ENVISAT (ESA)
Source of slide: C. Stewart, ESA
25
Wind
L a te n t H ea t (P h a se c h a n g e)
Example of physical RS: surface energy balance (starting from the nineties)
Z. Su, 2005
15
In this MERIS image the contrast can clearly be seen between the desert areas of Senegal in the north to the vegetated coastal plains of Guinea- Bissau, The Gambia and Southern Senegal (shown in red on the image).
Acquistion: 24-Feb-2004
Example of MERIS images
The green colour of the sea around the islands of the Buagos Archipelago is caused by sediment being swept out to sea from the river
Source of slide: C. Stewart, ESA
16
Objective: Converting image data into thematic information
Statistical methods – from the seventies
17
Image space
Multi-band Image
18
One-dimensional feature space
Input layer
Distinction between classes
No distinction between classes
19
Multi-dimensional feature space
Feature vectors
20
Series of two-dimensional feature spaces
21
Problems in image classification
Constraints of pixel based image classification
• it results in spectral classes
• each pixel is assigned to one class only
Spectral bands - Spectral classes - Land cover - Land use Land cover
Grass Training samples
Spectral classes
Meadow Land use
Sport
22
Problems in image classification
Mixed Pixels
Terrain Image
23
Image classification result
Classified Ikonos image April 2000
Enschede
Applications ????
Physical process: Light interaction with materials on Earth
17-28 September 2012 NFP refresher course UDSM 24
R.S. Instrument Sun
Clouds
transmitted radiation
Scattered radiation*
Atmospheric absorption
Earth
Reflection processes Emission processes Thermal emission
Atmospheric emission Reflected
radiation scattered
radiation**
* selective scatter (blueish optical images)
** non-selective scatter (white clouds)
Atmosphere Atmospheric
interactions
25
Wind
L a te n t H ea t (P h a se c h a n g e)
Example of physical RS: surface energy balance (starting from the nineties)
Z. Su, 2005
26
SEBS Core Modules
Boundary Layer Similarity Theory
Roughness for Heat Transfer Surface Energy Balance Index
Meteorological Data Boundary Layer Variables
Remote Sensing Data VIS
NIR TIR
Input Output
Evaporative Fraction Turbulence Heat Fluxes
Actual Evaporation
Z. Su, 2005
SEBS: the Surface Energy
Balance System
Spatial Distribution of Annual Evaporation over the Urumqi River Basin
27
Interactions with the surface
© Lillesand & Kiefer, 1994
Principle of conservation of energy
The relative amount of each energy ( R,A,T ) changes with
28 Tiger Capacity Building Facility II.
Advanced Optical RS – 14-20. September 2010.
29
Physical RS: Water quality
Specific inherent optical properties
(SIOP) are absorption (a*) and scattering (b*) per unit of mass.
Source: [6]
0 5 10 15 20 25
400 500 600 700 800 900
Wavelength, nm
a * c d o m ,a _ w ( m ^ -1 )
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03
a * c h l (m 2 / m g ), a * ts m (m 2 / g ) a_w
a_dom a_tsm a_chl
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
400 500 600 700 800 900
Wavelength, nm b * ts m (m ^ 2 / g ) , b * c h l (m ^ 2 / m g )
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
b b _ w (m ^ -1 )
b_tsm bb_chl b_w
Mean specific absorption (left) and backscattering (right) coefficients
30
Example of physical RS with imaging spectrometry: water quality mapping
Spatial distribution of chlorophyll a (left) and suspended matter (right) for lake ‘Tegeler See’ on 23 April 1995
retrieved by a look-up table approach from CASI images.
Source: Dekker et al, 2001
31
Tandem mode for radar interferometry
32
Elevation changes due to earthquake along a fault
(California, USA)
33
Overflowing
Overtopping
Piping
Sliding inner slope
Plastic horizontal sliding
Nipping ice
Dike monitoring with In-SAR
BLUE Below Sea level
17000 km of water barriers:
3565 km primary water barriers (big rivers, sea, IJsselmeer, Markermeer),
>14000 km regional water barriers
On the potential of PS-InSAR for
monitoring dikes in the Netherlands
Courtesy R. Hansen Delft Institute of Earth
Observation and Space Systems
34
Landsat background, with PSI- dike results of 9 frames
superposed (1992-2005)
On the potential of PS-InSAR for monitoring dikes in the Netherlands
Courtesy of Ramon Hansen Delft Institute of Earth Observation and Space Systems
~90% of dikes monitored !!
GEOSS
35
• Global Earth Observation System of Systems:
– This emerging public infrastructure is interconnecting a diverse and growing array of instruments and systems for monitoring and forecasting changes in the global environment.
– This “system of systems” supports policymakers, resource
managers, science researchers and many other experts and
decision-makers. (source: http://earthobservations.org/)
17-28 September 2012 NFP refresher course UDSM 36
TIGER Capacity Building Facility
EO in Africa: Capacity building for research
TIGER Capacity Building Facility
TIGER Projects
Carry out research
Receive data from the TIGER programme Receive support and supervision from TCBF:
Supervisor
Tailored capacity building plan Promotion of results
37 The TIGER
Initiative
38
Number of projects which include the keyword
Keywords
1 Carbon sequestration; Drought;
Groundwater; Nutrient surplus;
Rainfall; Real-time monitoring;
Sediment transport; Spatial database;
Vulnerability
2 Algal bloom / aquatic plants; Change detection;
Forest cover / biomass; Irrigation / water demand;
Operational monitoring; Risk mapping 3 Land use / land cover change;
Modelling
4 Flood monitoring / water body mapping;
Decision support system, planning
5 Water balance
6 Climate change
7 Water quality
8 Water management
10 Water resources
39 The TIGER
Initiative
Test areas
40 The TIGER
Initiative
Types of data used in the projects
Data type Number of projects
High resolution optical (1-30 m) 9
Medium resolution optical (30-300 m) 20
Coarse resolution optical (>300 m) 13
High resolution SAR (1-30 m) 9
Medium resolution SAR (30-300 m) 10
Coarse resolution SAR (>300 m) 0
41 The TIGER
Initiative
Example: Mara wetland, Tanzania
42 The TIGER
Initiative
TCBF home page http://www.itc.nl/tiger/default.asp
43
44
A project example: Lake Uromiyeh
Hypersaline lake
45
Problem: water allocation between agriculture and the ecosystem
1272 1273 1274 1275 1276 1277 1278 1279
Jan-69 Jan-79 Jan-89 Jan-99
m a .m .s .l .
Lake level
Water stage - volume curve of Lake Uromiyeh
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
1270 1272 1274 1276 1278
T h o u s a n d s
Water stage [m a.m.s.l]
V o lu m e [ m 3 ]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
T h o u s a n d s L a k e s u rf a c e [ k m 2 ]
Lake volume Lake surface
46
Groundwater over-exploitation
Tassoj plain groundwater hydograph (94-2002))
1307 1309 1311 1313 1315 1317 1319 1321 1323
94- 95 95- 96 96- 97 97- 98 98- 99 99- 2000 2000- 2001 2001- 2002
Month/Years
G ro u n d w a te r le v e ls (m )
47
48
How can we meet the needs of the society?
Integrated landscape management
Integrated land resources management Integrated water resources management
=>
Complex approach, multidisciplinarity
49
Modelling approach to IWRM in Uromiyeh
ILWIS GIS
HYMOS Hydrological
Data Base
&
Modeling System
RIBASIM
Dmand Analysis Allocation Analysis Definite
Impact Assessment
&
Scenario Analysis Agriculture
Urban Industrial
Environmental
River Basin Simulation
Water Allocation to
Different Users
50
Input to the system: precipitation
precipitation 1993-94 precipitation 1999-2000
51
Losses from the system using SEBAL
actual evapotranspiration 1993-94 actual evapotranspiration 1999-
2000
52
Modelled sub-watershed: Gadar Chai
Gadarchai river
basin wetlands
53
!"!# $%&'( ' )*+'& , -.!/ 0#!12# 3 #
Agriculture grav irr naghadeh chaparabad sys.
Area=5000ha Agriculture grav irr
oshnaviyeh chaparabad sys. Area=11000ha
Agriculture grav irr hassanlu sys.
Area=4000ha
Gadar chi river
Groundwater total of naghadeh&
oshnaviyeh Orumiyeh
Lake
Yadgarl wetland Supply water
for indu&munici
Hassanlu dam
Dorgesangii wetland
Soldoziw etland Gelaxchi-osh basin
area=103km2 q=1.49m3/sec
Godarchi-payghaleh basin area=255km2 q=9.07m3/sec
Kanirash - chaparabad area=243km2 q=1.04m3/sec
Shaykhanrod-dorood basin area=62.2km2 q=1.36
Balighchi-balighchy basin area=230km2 q=.82m3/sec
Biram-moham..
Area=202.5km2 q=.63m3/sec
Conceptual model of Ghadar Chai
54
Long-term calibration of flow
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
19 68 19 69
19 70 19 71
19 72 19 73
19 74 19 75
19 76 19 77
19 78 19 79
19 80 19 81
19 82 19 83
19 84 19 85
19 86 19 87
19 88 19 89
19 90 19 91
19 92 19 93
19 94 19 95
19 96 19 97
19 98 19 99
20 00 20 01
Year Y ea rl y d is ch a rg e (m 3 /s ec )
Measurement
Calculated
55
Future developments
Agriculture grav irr naghadeh chaparabad sys. Area=9628ha
Agriculture pre irr naghadeh chaparabad sys. Area=2307ha Agriculture pre irr oshnaviyeh
chaparabad sys. Area=6926ha Agriculture grav irr oshnaviyeh
chaparabad sys. Area=15837ha Agriculture pre irr
payghaleh chaparabad sys.
Area=1445ha Agriculture grav irr
hassanlu sys.
Area=8473ha
Gadar chi river
Groundwater total of naghadeh&
oshnaviyeh
Agriculture pre irr hassanlu sys.
Area=5523ha
Orumiyeh Lake
Yadgarl wetland Supply water
for indu&munici
Hassanlu dam
Chaparabad dam
Dorgesangiiwe tland
Soldoziwet land Gelaxchi-osh basin
area=103km2 q=1.49m3/sec
Godarchi-payghaleh basin area=255km2 q=9.07m3/sec
Kanirash - chaparabad area=243km2 q=1.04m3/sec
Shaykhanrod-dorood basin area=62.2km2
q=1.36 Fish pond
Balighchi-balighchy basin area=230km2 q=.82m3/sec
Biram-moham..
Area=202.5km2
q=.63m3/sec
56
Scenarios
Agriculture without efficiency increase
Priority 1: domestic and industrial supply
Priority 2: agriculture and fishponds with present efficiency Priority 3: wetlands with present demand + streamflow
Agriculture with efficiency increase
P1: domestic and industrial supply
P2: agriculture and fishponds with increased efficiency P3: wetlands with increased demand + streamflow
Environment without efficiency increase
P1: domestic and industrial supply
P2: wetlands with present demand + streamflow P3: agriculture and fishponds with present efficiency
Environment with efficiency increase
P1: domestic and industrial supply
P2: wetlands with increased demand + streamflow
P3: agriculture and fishponds with increased efficiency
57
Conceptual model of the Uromiyeh Basin
Agriculture grav irr naghadeh chaparabad sys.
Area=5000ha Agriculture grav irr
oshnaviyeh chaparabad sys. Area=11000ha
Agriculture grav irr hassanlu sys.
Area=4000ha
Gadar chi river Groundwater total of naghadeh&
oshnaviyeh
Orumiyeh Lake
Yadgarl wetland Supply water
for indu&munici
Hassanlu dam
Dorgesangii wetland
Soldoziw etland Gelaxchi-osh basin
area=103km2 q=1.49m3/sec
Godarchi-payghaleh basin area=255km2 q=9.07m3/sec
Kanirash - chaparabad area=243km2 q=1.04m3/sec
Shaykhanrod-dorood basin area=62.2km2 q=1.36
Balighchi-balighchy basin area=230km2 q=.82m3/sec
Biram-moham.. Area=202.5km2 q=.63m3/sec Shahr chi River
Mirabad st.
No: 1 q= 5.24 m3/sec V= 165 m.c.m
Inter Basin No: 4
Inter Basin No: 5 Ups Band Agr.
A= 385 ha demand=3.31 m.c.m
Urban and Indusrrial Demand=
m.c.m
Inter Basin No: 3
Inter Basin No : 6 Down Band Agr.
A=2730 ha Demand=23.45 m.c.m
Mid Kashtiban Agr.
A=5130 ha Demand=44.07 m.c.m
Ups Kashtiban Agr.
A=1655 ha Demand=14.22 m.c.m
Down Kashtiban Agr.
A=1100 ha Demand=9.45 m.c.m Ground water Reservoir V=60 m.c.m
Baranduz chi river
Mahabad chi river Tasoj to sofian chi
Sofi chi river
Simineh rood river
Zarineh rood river Nazlo chi river
Zola chi river
Groundwater total of Baranduz chi Supply water for
indu&munici total Baranduzchi basin Agriculture Left up balanush area= ha
Agriculture left down balanush area= ha
Agriculture right up balanush area=
ha Enter dischage dam site locate (baranduz)
Agriculture right down balanush area= ha enter basin dize - babarood Balanush hyd. Station
Agriculture mahabad left river Area=5672.5 ha
kanibrazan wetland
Ghooy baba ali wetland
Agriculture mahabad right river Area=5916ha
Mahabad dam
Supply water for indu&munici total mahabad basin
Bitas hyd. station kooter hyd.station Dehbokr hyd.
station
Varsho chi river Chekan chi -Chekan Hyd. station Sofi chi riverSofichi - Tazehkand Hyd. station
Alavian dam
Supply water for indu&munici Maragheh city
Supply water for indu&munici Bonab city
Irrigation area right bank river sofichi area= 9365 ha Irrigation area left bank river sofichi area= 2835 ha
Groundwater total of Sofichi chi
From zarineh rood
Agricultural Demand Dashband from sw(pumping)
Agricultural Demand Dashband from sw(gravity)
Agricultural Demand Bookan from sw(pumping)
Agricultural Demand Bookan from sw(gravity)
Agricultural Demand Sharikand from sw(pumping)
Agricultural Demand Sharikand from sw(gravity)
Enter discharge tosystem
Pole anian hyd.
St.
Karimabad hyd.st.
Safakhanehhyd.st.
Mahmud abadHyd. St. Dare panbeh dan hyd. St.
Inter basin
Zarinehrood dam Agricultural
Demand Shahindezh
Groundwater Shahindezh Supply water for indu&munici Shahindezh
Chobloche hyd. St.
chalekh maz Hyd. St.
Agricultural Demand Mianduab Supply water for indu&munici Mianduab city
GroundwaterMi anduab Shirin kandy hyd. St. Inter basin
Mardugh hyd. St.
Supply water for indu&munici Tabriz city
Inter basin
Inter basin
Saransar= 133.6 MCM
Sarab GW SarabAgiculture
Area= 5000 ha
Mehraban= 55.68 MCM
Bostan Abad= 63.10 MCM BostanabadAgiculture
Area= 11466 ha Mehraban Agiculture
Area= 17000 ha
Mehraban &
Bostanabad Domestic demand
Kordkandi reservoir
Mehraban& Bostanabad GW
Pajchi= 26.95 MCM
Nahand chi= 42.94MCM
Nahand reservoir
Tabriz Domestic demand
Tabriz GW
Saeedabadchi= 11.07 MCM
Sardrood=9.305 MCM Lighvanchi=21.5 MCM Gomnabchi=34.11 MCM Senikh chi= 27.26MCM
Senikh chi (Pardil)=35.09 MCM
TabrizAgiculture Area=
34000 ha Vanyar reservoir
(under construction)
Zarrinehrood Line Aji Chi
Rozeh chi river Rozeh chi river
calhor Hyd.
station Nazlo chi river tepic hyd. Station.
Agricultural Demand for Nazlochi basin Ground water
Reservoir Nazlochi basin Supply water for
indu&munici total Nazlo chi basin Zolachi river Dam Site (Zola) Derik river Nazarabad Hyd.
station
Ground water Reservoir Nazlochi basin Supply water for
indu&munici total Nazlo chi basin
Salmas city Agricultural Demand
for Nazlochi basin Salmas plain
