❑ísér❧❡t❡❦ ❛③ ❛❧❛♣❢r❡❦✈❡♥❝✐❛ ❜❡❝s❧ésér❡ ♠é❧② ♥❡✉r♦♥❤á❧ós✱ ✉❧tr❛❤❛♥❣✲❛❧❛♣ú ♥é♠❛❜❡s③é❞✲✐♥t❡r❢és③❡❦❜❡♥

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❑!"#$❧❡'❡❦ ❛③ ❛❧❛♣❢$❡❦✈❡♥❝✐❛ ❜❡❝"❧#"#$❡

♠#❧② ♥❡✉$♦♥❤7❧8"✱ ✉❧'$❛❤❛♥❣✲❛❧❛♣<

♥#♠❛❜❡"③#❞✲✐♥'❡$❢#"③❡❦❜❡♥

●!"#③ ❚❛♠(#^1,2✱ ❚"*❤ ▲(#③❧"¹✱ ●♦#③*♦❧②❛ ●(❜♦!²✱

❈#❛♣" ❚❛♠(# ●(❜♦!^3,5✱ ▼❛!❦" ❆❧❡①❛♥❞!❛^4,5

1❙③❡❣❡❞✐ ❚✉❞♦♠*♥②❡❣②❡-❡♠✱ ■♥❢♦1♠❛-✐❦❛✐ ■♥-4③❡-

2▼❚❆✲❙❩❚❊ ▼❡:-❡1:4❣❡: ■♥-❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝✐❛ ❑✉-❛->❝:♦♣♦1-

3❇✉❞❛♣❡:-✐ ▼➯:③❛❦✐ 4: ●❛③❞❛:*❣-✉❞♦♠*♥②✐ ❊❣②❡-❡♠✱

❚*✈❦D③❧4:✐ 4: ▼4❞✐❛✐♥❢♦1♠❛-✐❦❛✐ ❚❛♥:③4❦

4❊D-✈D: ▲♦1*♥❞ ❚✉❞♦♠*♥②❡❣②❡-❡♠✱ ❋♦♥❡-✐❦❛✐ ❚❛♥:③4❦

5▼❚❆✲❊▲❚❊ ▲❡♥❞G❧❡- ▲✐♥❣✈*❧✐: ❆1-✐❦✉❧*❝✐> ❑✉-❛->❝:♦♣♦1-

④ -♦-❤❧✱ ❣1♦:③-✱ ❣❣❛❜♦1 ⑥ ❅ ✐♥❢✳✉✲:③❡❣❡❞✳❤✉

❝:❛♣♦- ❅ -♠✐-✳❜♠❡✳❤✉✱ ♠❛1❦♦✳❛❧❡①❛♥❞1❛ ❅ ❜-❦✳❡❧-❡✳❤✉

❑✐✈♦♥❛& ❆ ❧❡❣❦♦1:③❡1➯❜❜ ♥4♠❛❜❡:③4❞✲✐♥-❡1❢4:③❡❦ ✈♦❦>❞❡1- ❤❛:③♥*❧✈❛

❦D③✈❡-❧❡♥G❧ ❛③ ❛1-✐❦✉❧*❝✐>: ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤❦❜➤❧ ❣❡♥❡1*❧♥❛❦ ❜❡:③4❞❡-✳ ❆ ❧❡❣-D❜❜

✐❧②❡♥ ❥❡❧❧❡❣➯ ❦✉-❛-*:❜❛♥ ❝:❛❦ ❛ ❜❡:③4❞ :♣❡❦-1*❧✐: ♣❛1❛♠4-❡1❡✐♥❡❦ ♣♦♥-♦:

❜❡❝:❧4:41❡ ❦♦♥❝❡♥-1*❧♥❛❦✱ ❛ :③✐♥-4③✐:❤❡③ :③G❦:4❣❡: ❛❧❛♣❢1❡❦✈❡♥❝✐❛✲♣❛1❛✲

♠4-❡1❦4♥- ❦♦♥:-❛♥: ❋✵✲41-4❦❡-✱ ❛③ ❡1❡❞❡-✐ ❋✵✲❣D1❜4-✱ ✈❛❣② ❡:❡-❧❡❣ ❢❡❤41✲

③❛❥♦: ❣❡1❥❡:③-4:- ❤❛:③♥*❧♥❛❦✳ ❊ ♠❡❣♦❧❞*: ♠D❣D-- ❛③ ❛ ❢❡❧-4-❡❧❡③4: ❤R③>❞✐❦

♠❡❣✱ ♠✐:③❡1✐♥- ❛③ ❋✵✲❣D1❜❡ ♥❡♠ ❜❡❝:G❧❤❡-➤ ♦❧②❛♥ ❛1-✐❦✉❧*❝✐>: ❥❡❧❧❡♠✲

③➤❦4:③❧❡-❜➤❧✱ ❛♠❡❧② ♥❡♠ -❛1-❛❧♠❛③ ❛ ❤❛♥❣:③❛❧❛❣♦❦ 1❡③❣4:41❡ ✈♦♥❛-❦♦③>

❦D③✈❡-❧❡♥ ♠414:✐ ❛❞❛-♦-✳ ❏❡❧❡♥ ❝✐❦❦G♥❦❜❡♥ ✐❧②❡♥ ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤❦❜➤❧✱ ❦♦♥❦14-❛♥

✉❧-1❛❤❛♥❣✲❢❡❧✈4-❡❧❡❦❜➤❧ ❦T:41❡❧❥G❦ ♠❡❣ ❛ ❜❡:③4❞❥❡❧ ❤❡❧②1❡*❧❧T-*:*-✱ ❦✐❡♠❡❧-

❤❛♥❣:R❧②- ❤❡❧②❡③✈❡ ❛ ③D♥❣4::4❣✱ ✐❧❧❡-✈❡ ❛③ ❛❧❛♣❢1❡❦✈❡♥❝✐❛ ❜❡❝:❧4:41❡✳ ❊❧✲

❧❡♥-4-❜❡♥ ❛ ❢❡❧-❡✈4::❡❧✱ ♠✐:③❡1✐♥- ❛③ ❛❧❛♣❢1❡❦✈❡♥❝✐❛ ✐❧②❡♥ ❛❞❛-♦❦❜>❧ ♥❡♠

1❡❦♦♥:-1✉*❧❤❛->✱ ❛ ❜❡❝:G❧- 4: ❛③ ❡1❡❞❡-✐ ❋✵✲❣D1❜❡ ❦D③D-- ✵✱✼✹✲❡: ❦♦11❡✲

❧*❝✐>: 41-4❦❡- ♠41-G♥❦✳ ❆♠✐ ♠4❣ ❢♦♥-♦:❛❜❜✱ ♠❡❣❤❛❧❧❣❛-*:♦: ❦T:41❧❡-❡✐♥❦

❛❧❛♥②❛✐ ♥❡♠ -✉❞-❛❦ ❦G❧D♥❜:4❣❡- -❡♥♥✐ ❛③ ❡1❡❞❡-✐ 4: ❛ ❜❡❝:G❧- ❋✵✲❣D1❜4✈❡❧

:③✐♥-❡-✐③*❧- ♠♦♥❞❛-♦❦ ❦D③D--✱ ❛③♦❦❛- ❡❣②❢♦1♠❛ ♠✐♥➤:4❣➯♥❡❦ 41-4❦❡❧-4❦✳

❑✉❧❝**③❛✈❛❦✿ ♥4♠❛❜❡:③4❞✲✐♥-❡1❢4:③✱ ♠4❧② ♥❡✉1♦♥❤*❧>✱ ❛❧❛♣❢1❡❦✈❡♥❝✐❛

✶✳ ❇❡✈❡③❡&'(

❆③ ✉*"❜❜✐ <✈*✐③❡❞❜❡♥ ♠❡❣♥➤** ❛③ <!❞❡❦❧➤❞<# ❛ ❜❡#③<❞❥❡❧ ❛!*✐❦✉❧(❝✐"# ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤❦❜➤❧

✈❛❧" ❤❡❧②!❡(❧❧B*(#❛ ✐!(♥*✱ ❛♠✐ ❛③ C♥ ♥<♠❛❜❡#③<❞✲✐♥*❡!❢<#③❡❦ ✭❙✐❧❡♥* ❙♣❡❡❝❤ ■♥*❡!✲

❢❛❝❡✱ ❙❙■✮ ❛❧❛♣❥(* ❦<♣❡③✐ ❬✶❪✳ ❆ ♣!♦❜❧<♠❛ ❧<♥②❡❣❡✱ ❤♦❣② ✈❛❧❛♠✐❧②❡♥ ❡#③❦N③③❡❧ !N❣✲

③B*❥O❦ ❛③ ❛!*✐❦✉❧(❝✐"# #③❡!✈❡❦ ✭♣❧✳ ♥②❡❧✈ <#✴✈❛❣② ❛❥❦❛❦✮ ♠♦③❣(#(*✱ ♠❛❥❞ ❡③❡❦❜➤❧ ❛③

❛❞❛*♦❦❜"❧ !❡❦♦♥#*!✉(❧❥✉❦ ❛ ❜❡#③<❞❥❡❧❡* ❛♥<❧❦O❧✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ❛❧❛♥② ✈❛❧"❜❛♥ ❜❡#③<❞❥❡✲

❧❡* ♣!♦❞✉❦(❧♥❛✳ ❆ ♥<♠❛❜❡#③<❞✲✐♥*❡!❢<#③❡❦ ❤❛#③♥♦#❛❦ ❧❡❤❡*♥❡❦ ❛ ❜❡#③<❞❦<♣③<#❜❡♥

#<!O❧*❡❦ ✭♣❧✳ ❣<❣❡❡❧*(✈♦❧B*(#♦♥ (*❡#❡** ❜❡*❡❣❡❦✮ #③(♠(!❛✱ ✈❛❣② ♦❧②❛♥ ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③(✲

#♦❦❜❛♥✱ ❛❤♦❧ ❛ ❜❡#③<❞❥❡❧ (*✈✐*❡❧❡ ♥❡♠ ❧❡❤❡*#<❣❡#✱ ♣<❧❞(✉❧ ❡①*!<♠ ♠"❞♦♥ ③❛❥♦#

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❦!"♥②❡③❡'❜❡♥ ✭❧+,❞ ❦❛'♦♥❛✐ ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③+,♦❦✮✳ ❆③ ❛"'✐❦✉❧+❝✐7, ❛❞❛'♦❦ "!❣③9':,❡ '!"✲

':♥❤❡' ✉❧'"❛❤❛♥❣♦, ❦:♣❛❧❦♦'+,,❛❧ ✭✉❧'"❛,♦✉♥❞ '♦♥❣✉❡ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣✱ ❯❚■✮ ❬✷✱✸✱✹✱✺✱✻✱✼❪✱

❡❧❡❦'"♦♠+❣♥❡,❡, ❛"'✐❦✉❧♦❣"+✛❛❧ ✭❡❧❡❝'"♦♠❛❣♥❡'✐❝ ❛"'✐❝✉❧♦❣"❛♣❤②✱ ❊▼❆✮ ❬✽✱✾❪✱ +❧✲

❧❛♥❞7 ♠+❣♥❡,❡, ❛"'✐❦✉❧♦❣"+✛❛❧ ✭♣❡"♠❛♥❡♥' ♠❛❣♥❡'✐❝ ❛"'✐❝✉❧♦❣"❛♣❤②✱ O▼❆✮ ❬✶✵❪✱

❡❧❡❦'"♦♠✐♦❣"+✜+✈❛❧ ✭❡❧❡❝'"♦♠②♦❣"❛♣❤②✱ ❊▼●✮ ❬✶✶❪✱ ❛✈❛❣② ❛ ❢❡♥'✐❡❦❡' ❦❡✈❡"➤ ♠✉❧✲

'✐♠♦❞+❧✐, ♠❡❣♦❧❞+,♦❦❦❛❧ ❬✶✷❪✳

❆ ❥❡❧❡♥❧❡❣✐ ❧❡❣❦♦",③❡"➯❜❜ ❙❙■ "❡♥❞,③❡"❡❦ ❛ ✒❦!③✈❡'❧❡♥ ,③✐♥':③✐,✑ ❛❧❛♣❡❧✈:' ❛❧✲

❦❛❧♠❛③③+❦✱ ✈❛❣②✐, ❛ ❜❡,③:❞❥❡❧❡' ❦!③❜❡❡,➤ +'❛❧❛❦9'+,♦❦ ♥:❧❦\❧ ✭♣❧✳ ❜❡,③:❞❤❛♥❣♦❦

❢❡❧✐,♠❡":,❡✮ ❦!③✈❡'❧❡♥\❧ ❛③ ❛"'✐❦✉❧+❝✐7, ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤❦❜➤❧ +❧❧9'❥+❦ ❡❧➤✱ ✈♦❦7❞❡" ❤❛,③♥+✲

❧❛'+✈❛❧ ❬✸✱✹✱✺✱✾✱✶✵❪✳ ❆③ ✐❧②❡♥ ❥❡❧❧❡❣➯ ❦9,:"❧❡'❡❦❡' ✈:❣③➤ ❦✉'❛'7❦ '!❜❜,:❣❡ ❛ ,③✐♥':✲

③✐,❤❡③ ,③\❦,:❣❡, ,♣❡❦'"+❧✐, ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤❦ ❜❡❝,❧:,:"❡ ❢7❦✉,③+❧ ✭✐❧②❡♥ ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤❦:,③❧❡' ♣❧✳

❛ ▼❡❧✲●❡♥❡"❛❧✐③❡❞ ❈❡♣,'"✉♠✱ ▼●❈✮✳ ❊♥♥❡❦ ♦❦❛✱ ❤♦❣② ♠9❣ ❛ ,♣❡❦'"+❧✐, ❜✉"❦♦❧7✲

❣!"❜❡ ♥②✐❧✈+♥✈❛❧7 ♠7❞♦♥ ❛ ♥②❡❧✈ :, ❛③ ❛❥❦❛❦ ♠♦③❣+,+✈❛❧ ❦♦""❡❧+❧✱ ❛③ ❛❧❛♣❢"❡❦✈❡♥✲

❝✐❛ ✭❋✵✮ ♣❛"❛♠:'❡"' ❛ ❤❛♥❣,③❛❧❛❣♦❦ "❡③❣:,❡ ❜❡❢♦❧②+,♦❧❥❛✱ ❛♠✐ ✈✐,③♦♥' ❦!③✈❡'❧❡♥

♠7❞♦♥ ♥❡♠ ❢\❣❣ ❛ ♥②❡❧✈✱ ❛③ ❛"❝ ✈❛❣② ❛③ ❛❥❦❛❦ ❦♦♥✜❣✉"+❝✐7❥+'7❧ ❬✶✸❪✳ ❊♥♥❡❦ ❡❧✲

❧❡♥:"❡ ✈❛♥♥❛❦ ❛""❛ ✉'❛❧7 ❦✉'❛'+,♦❦✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ♥②❡❧✈ ❦♦♥✜❣✉"+❝✐7❥❛ ♥:♠✐❦:♣♣ ❡❧':"

③!♥❣:, :, ③!♥❣:'❧❡♥ ❤❛♥❣♦❦ ❡,❡':♥✱ ♣:❧❞+✉❧ ❛ ❤❛♥❣,③❛❧❛❣ "❡③❣:,❡ ❧❡❧❛,,✉❧ ❛ ♠+,✲

,❛❧❤❛♥❣③7❦ ❛"'✐❦✉❧+❝✐7❥❛ ,♦"+♥ ❬✶✹❪✳ ❊❣②:❜ ':♥②❡③➤❦ ♠❡❧❧❡'' ❡③❡❦ ❛ ✈+❧'♦③+,♦❦ ✐,

❦♦""❡❧+❧♥❛❦ ❛③ ♦❜,'"✉❡♥, ❤❛♥❣♦❦ ❛"'✐❦✉❧+❝✐7, ❦♦♥✜❣✉"+❝✐7❥+✈❛❧✱ ❛③❛③ ❛ ❤❛♥❣":, :,

❛③ ❛❦❛❞+❧② ❦!③!''✐ ':"❢♦❣❛''❛❧ ❬✶✺❪✳ ▼✐♥❞❡③❡♥ ❦✉'❛'+,✐ ❡"❡❞♠:♥②❡❦ ❡❧❧❡♥:"❡ ❛③ ❙❙■

"❡♥❞,③❡"❡❦ ❢❡❥❧❡,③'➤✐ ❛③ ❋✵✲❣!"❜❡ ❜❡❝,❧:,:' ❧❡❣'!❜❜,③!" "❡♠:♥②'❡❧❡♥ ❢❡❧❛❞❛'❦:♥'

❦❡③❡❧✐❦✱ ❡③:"' ❛③ ❡❣②,③❡"➯,:❣ ❦❡❞✈::"' ❦♦♥,'❛♥, ❋✵✲:"':❦❡'✱ ❛③ ❡"❡❞❡'✐ ❋✵✲❣!"❜:'✱

✈❛❣② ❡,❡'❧❡❣ ❢❡❤:"③❛❥✲❣❡"❥❡,③':,' ❤❛,③♥+❧♥❛❦ ❛ ,③✐♥':③✐, ,♦"+♥✳

❱❛♥ ❛③♦♥❜❛♥ ♥:❤+♥② ,③❡"③➤✱ ❛❦✐ ♣"7❜+❧❦♦③♦'' ❛ ③!♥❣:,,:❣✱ ✐❧❧❡'✈❡ ❛③ ❋✵✲❣!"❜❡

❤❡❧②"❡+❧❧9'+,+✈❛❧✳ ◆❛❦❛♠✉"❛ :, ',❛✐ ❊▼●✲❢❡❧✈:'❡❧❡❦❦❡❧ ❞♦❧❣♦③'❛❦✱ :, ❛ ❢❡❧❛❞❛'♦'

❦:' ❧:♣:,"❡ ❜♦♥'✈❛ ✐❣②❡❦❡③'❡❦ ♠❡❣♦❧❞❛♥✐✳ ❊❣②":,③' ❡❣② ❙❱▼✲❡' ❤❛,③♥+❧'❛❦ ❛ ③!♥✲

❣:,✴③!♥❣:'❧❡♥ ✭✈♦✐❝❡❞✴✉♥✈♦✐❝❡❞✱ ❱✴❯✮ ❥❡❧,③❛❦❛,③♦❦ ❡❧❦\❧!♥9':,:"❡✱ ♠❛❥❞ ♠+,♦❞✐❦

❧:♣:,❜❡♥ ❡❣② ●▼▼ ♠♦❞❡❧❧❡❧ ❜❡❝,\❧':❦ ❛ ③!♥❣:, ,③❛❦❛,③♦❦ ❦♦♥❦":' ❋✵✲:"':❦:'✳

❊③③❡❧ ❛ ♠7❞,③❡""❡❧ ✵✱✺ ❦!"\❧✐ ❦♦""❡❧+❝✐7, :"':❦❡' :"'❡❦ ❡❧ ❛③ ❡"❡❞❡'✐ :, ❛ ❜❡❝,\❧'

❋✵✲❣!"❜❡ ❦!③!''✱ ♠❛❣❛ ❛ ❱✴❯ ❞!♥':, ♣♦♥'♦,,+❣❛ ♣❡❞✐❣ ✽✹✪ ✈♦❧' ❬✶✶❪✳ ❍✉❡❜❡" :, ',❛✐ ✉❧'"❛❤❛♥❣♦, ❛❞❛'♦❦ :, ❛❥❛❦✈✐❞❡7❦ ❦♦♠❜✐♥+❧+,+✈❛❧ '❡''❡❦ ❦9,:"❧❡'❡' ❛""❛✱ ❤♦❣②

❛ ,♣❡❦'"+❧✐, ♣❛"❛♠:'❡"❡❦ ♠❡❧❧❡'' ❛ ❱✴❯ ❞!♥':,' ✐, ♠❡❣❜❡❝,\❧❥:❦ ❬✸❪✳ ❆ ❝:❧"❛ ❡❣②

❡❧➤"❡❝,❛'♦❧' ✭❢❡❡❞✲❢♦"✇❛"❞✮ ♠:❧② ♥❡✉"♦♥❤+❧7' ✭❞❡❡♣ ♥❡✉"❛❧ ♥❡'✇♦"❦✱ ❉◆◆✮ ❤❛,③✲

♥+❧'❛❦✱ :, ❛ ❱✴❯ ❜❡❝,❧:, ♣♦♥'♦,,+❣+"❛ ✽✷✪✲♦' ❦❛♣'❛❦✱ ❛♠✐ ♥❛❣②♦♥ ❤❛,♦♥❧7 ◆❛❦❛✲

♠✉"❛ :, ',❛✐ ❡"❡❞♠:♥②:❤❡③✳ ▼✐✈❡❧ ❛ ♠:"' ❛❞❛'♦❦ ♥❡♠ '❛"'❛❧♠❛③'❛❦ ❦!③✈❡'❧❡♥\❧

❛ ❤❛♥❣,③❛❧❛❣♦❦ ♠➯❦!❞:,:' "❡♣"❡③❡♥'+❧7 ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤'✱ ❛ "❡❧❛'9✈❡ ♠❛❣❛, ♣♦♥'♦,,+❣♦'

✐♥❞✐"❡❦' !,,③❡❢\❣❣:,❡❦❦❡❧ ♠❛❣②❛"+③'+❦✱ ♣:❧❞+✉❧ ❛③③❛❧✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ,'❛❜✐❧ ❛"'✐❦✉❧+❝✐7,

❦♦♥✜❣✉"+❝✐7❦ +❧'❛❧+❜❛♥ ♠❛❣+♥❤❛♥❣③7❦♥❛❦✱ ❛③❛③ ③!♥❣:, ❥❡❧,③❛❦❛,③♦❦♥❛❦ ❢❡❧❡❧♥❡❦

♠❡❣✳

❑:' ❡❣:,③❡♥ ❢"✐,, ♣✉❜❧✐❦+❝✐7 ❊▼❆✲❢❡❧✈:'❡❧❡❦❜➤❧ ♣"7❜+❧'❛ ❛③ ❋✵✲❣!"❜:' ❜❡❝,\❧✲

♥✐✳ ▲✐✉ :, ',❛✐ ❦\❧!♥❢:❧❡ '9♣✉,h ♠:❧② ❤+❧7❦ ✭❉◆◆✱ ❘◆◆ :, ▲❙❚▼✮ '❡❧❥❡,9'♠:♥②:'

❤❛,♦♥❧9'♦''+❦ !,,③❡ ❛ ③!♥❣:,,:❣ ❜❡❝,❧:,:"❡✳ ❆③' ❦❛♣'+❦✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ❦:'❧:♣:,❡, ❜❡❝,✲

❧:,✱ ❛③❛③ ❡❧➤,③!" ❛ ,♣❡❦'"+❧✐, ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤❦ ❜❡❝,❧:,❡✱ ♠❛❥❞ ❛ ❜❡❝,❧:,,❡❧ ❦❛♣♦'' :"':❦❡❦

❡"❡❞❡'✐ ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤❦❦❡❧ ✈❛❧7 !,,③❡❢➯③:,❡ ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ❡,❡'❜❡♥ ❥❛✈9' ❛③ ❡"❡❞♠:♥②❡❦❡♥ ❬✶✻❪✳

❩❤❛♦ :, ',❛✐ ♣❡❞✐❣ h❣② '❛❧+❧'+❦✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ❊▼❆✲❛❞❛'♦❦ ✈+❧'♦③+,✐ ,❡❜❡,,:❣❡ :,

(3)

❣②♦#$✉❧'$❛ ♥❛❣②♦♥ ❤❛$③♥♦$❛❦ ❛③ ❋✵✲❣0#❜❡ ❜❡❝$❧4$❡ $♦#'♥✱ 4$ ❤♦❣② ❛③ 6♥✳ ▲❙❚▼

♥❡✉#♦♥❤'❧<❦ ❥♦❜❜❛♥ >❡❧❥❡$?>❡♥❡❦ ❡ >4#❡♥✱ ♠✐♥> ❛ $>❛♥❞❛#❞ ❉◆◆✲❡❦✳ ❖❜❥❡❦>?✈

❦✐4#>4❦❡❧4$✐ ❦#✐>4#✐✉♠♦❦ $③❡#✐♥> ❜✐③>❛>< ❋✵✲❜❡❝$❧4$✐ ❡#❡❞♠4♥②❡❦❡> ❦❛♣>❛❦✱ ♠❡❣✲

❤❛❧❧❣❛>'$♦$ ❦✐4#>4❦❡❧4$> ✈✐$③♦♥> ♥❡♠ ✈4❣❡③>❡❦ ❬✶✼❪✳

❍❛❜'# ❛ ❢❡♥>✐ #0✈✐❞ 0$$③❡❣③4$ ❛③> ♠✉>❛>❥❛✱ ❤♦❣② ♥4❤'♥② ❦?$4#❧❡> ✉❣②❛♥ >0#✲

>4♥> ❛③ ❋✵✲❣0#❜❡ ❜❡❝$❧4$4#❡✱ ❦♦♥❦#4>❛♥ ♦❧②❛♥ ❦✉>❛>'$> ♥❡♠ >❛❧'❧>✉♥❦✱ ❛♠❡❧② ❛

❧❡❣♠♦❞❡#♥❡❜❜ ♠4❧② ❤'❧<$ >❡❝❤♥♦❧<❣✐'> ❤❛$③♥'❧♥' ✉❧>#❛❤❛♥❣♦$ ❦✐✐♥❞✉❧'$✐ ❛❞❛>♦✲

❦♦♥✳ ❈$❛♣< 4$ >$❛✐ ✈4❣❡③>❡❦ ✉❣②❛♥ ✐❧②❡♥ ❦?$4#❧❡>❡❦❡>✱ ❞❡ ❛③ ❋✵ ❜❡❝$❧4$4✈❡❧ ♥❡♠

♣#<❜'❧❦♦③>❛❦✱ ♠'$♦❦❤♦③ ❤❛$♦♥❧<❛♥ ❛③ ❡#❡❞❡>✐ ❋✵✲❣0#❜4> ❤❛$③♥'❧>'❦ ❛ $③✐♥>4③✐$

$♦#'♥ ❬✻✱✼❪✳ ❆③ ❛③♦♥❜❛♥ ♥②✐❧✈'♥✈❛❧<✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ❙❙■✲#❡♥❞$③❡#❡❦ ❦4$➤❜❜✐ ❣②❛❦♦#❧❛>✐

❤❛$③♥'❧❤❛><$'❣'❤♦③ ❛③ ❋✵ ❜❡❝$❧4$4> ✐$ ♠❡❣ ❦❡❧❧ ♦❧❞❛♥✐✳ ❏❡❧❡♥ ❝✐❦❦❜❡♥ ❡③③❡❧ ❦?$4#✲

❧❡>❡③T♥❦✱ ◆❛❦❛♠✉#❛ 4$ >$❛✐ ♠❡❣❦0③❡❧?>4$4❤❡③ ❤❛$♦♥❧<❛♥ ❡❣② ❦4>❧4♣❝$➤$ ♠♦❞❡❧❧❡❧✱

❛♠❡❧②❜❡♥ ❛③ ❡❣②✐❦ ❣4♣✐ >❛♥✉❧'$✐ ❦♦♠♣♦♥❡♥$ ❛ ③0♥❣4$$4❣✐ ❥❡❣②❡>✱ ♠?❣ ❛ ♠'$✐❦ ❛

③0♥❣4$ ❥❡❧$③❛❦❛$③♦❦ ❦♦♥❦#4> ❋✵✲4#>4❦4> ✐❣②❡❦$③✐❦ ♠❡❣❜❡❝$T❧♥✐✳ ❆❜❜❛♥ ✈✐$③♦♥> ❡❧✲

>4#T♥❦ ❛ ◆❛❦❛♠✉#❛✲❢4❧❡ >❛♥✉❧♠'♥②><❧✱ ❤♦❣② ♠✐♥❞❦4> #4$③❢❡❧❛❞❛>#❛ ♠4❧② ♥❡✉#♦♥✲

❤'❧<❦❛> ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③✉♥❦ ❬✶✶❪✳ ❚♦✈'❜❜✐ ❡❧>4#4$✱ ❤♦❣② ♠?❣ ➤❦ ❊▼●✲❢❡❧✈4>❡❧❡❦❜➤❧ ✐♥❞✉❧✲

>❛❦ ❦✐✱ ❡$❡>T♥❦❜❡♥ ✉❧>#❛❤❛♥❣✲❢❡❧✈4>❡❧ ❛③ ✐♥♣✉>✱ ❛♠❡❧② ❞✐#❡❦> ♠<❞♦♥ ♥❡♠ #0❣③?>✐

❛ ❤❛♥❣$③❛❧❛❣♦❦ #❡③❣4$4>✳ ▼<❞$③❡#❡✐♥❦ ❦✐4#>4❦❡❧4$4> ❡❣② ♥➤✐ ❜❡$③4❧➤>➤❧ $③'#♠❛③<

❢❡❧✈4>❡❧❡❦❡♥ ❢♦❣❥✉❦ ✈4❣❡③♥✐✳

✷✳ ❑#$%&❧❡)✐ ❜❡,❧❧#),$♦❦

❆ ❦?$4#❧❡>❡❦❤❡③ ❤❛$③♥'❧> ❢❡❧✈4>❡❧❡❦❡> ❡❣② ✭✹✷ 4✈❡$✮ ♠❛❣②❛# ❛♥②❛♥②❡❧✈➯✱ ❜❡$③4❞✲

❦4♣③4$✐ ♣#♦❜❧4♠'✈❛❧ ♥❡♠ #❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③➤ ♥➤ $❡❣?>$4❣4✈❡❧ #0❣③?>❡>>T❦✱ ❛❦✐ 0$$③❡$❡♥

✹✼✸ ♠♦♥❞❛>♦> ♦❧✈❛$♦>> ❢❡❧✳ ❊❦0③❜❡♥ ❛ ♥②❡❧✈ ♠♦③❣'$'> ❛③ ❆#>✐❝✉❧❛>❡ ■♥$>#✉✲

♠❡♥>$ ▲>❞✳ '❧>❛❧ ❣②'#>♦>> ✒▼✐❝#♦✑ >?♣✉$6 ✉❧>#❛❤❛♥❣✲❜❡#❡♥❞❡③4$$❡❧ #0❣③?>❡>>T❦ ✽✷

❦4♣✴♠'$♦❞♣❡#❝ $❡❜❡$$4❣❣❡❧✳ ❊③③❡❧ ♣'#❤✉③❛♠♦$❛♥ ❛ ❜❡$③4❞❥❡❧❡> ✐$ ❢❡❧✈❡>>T❦ ❡❣②

❆✉❞✐♦✲❚❡❝❤♥✐❝❛ ✲ ❆❚❘ ✸✸✺✵ >?♣✉$6 ❦♦♥❞❡♥③'>♦#♠✐❦#♦❢♦♥♥❛❧✳ ❆ >♦✈'❜❜✐❛❦❜❛♥

✐$♠❡#>❡>❡>> ❦?$4#❧❡>❡❦ ✐♥♣✉>❥'> ❛ ♥②❡#$ ✉❧>#❛❤❛♥❣✲❢❡❧✈4>❡❧❡❦ ❦4♣❡③>4❦✱ ❛ ❦4♣❡❦

♠4#❡>❡ ✻✹×✶✶✾ ♣✐①❡❧ ✈♦❧> ✭>♦✈'❜❜✐ #4$③❧❡>❡❦4#> ❧'$❞ ❬✻✱✼❪✮✳

✷✳✶✳ ❊❧➤❢❡❧❞♦❧❣♦③,- .- -③✐♥1❡1✐③,❧,-

❆ ❜❡$③4❞❥❡❧ ❡❧❡♠③4$4#❡ 4$ $③✐♥>❡>✐③'❧'$'#❛ ❛ ♥②?❧> ❢♦##'$6 ❙e❚❑ ❡$③❦0③>'# ❡❣②✐❦

✈♦❦<❞❡#4> ❤❛$③♥'❧>✉❦ ✭❤>>♣✿✴✴$♣✲>❦✳$♦✉#❝❡❢♦#❣❡✳♥❡>✮✳ ❆ ❜❡$③4❞❥❡❧❡> 6❥#❛♠✐♥>❛✈4✲

>❡❧❡③>T❦ ✶✶ ✵✺✵ ❍③✲❡♥✳ ❆③ ❋✵✲❣0#❜4> ❛ ❙❲■e❊ ❛❧❣♦#✐>♠✉$$❛❧ ♥②❡#>T❦ ❦✐ ❬✶✽❪✳ ❆

$♣❡❦>#'❧✐$ ❜✉#❦♦❧<❣0#❜4> ✶✷ ▼●❈✲▲❙e ❡❣②T>>❤❛><✈❛❧✱ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥> ❛③ ❡♥❡#❣✐❛4#>4❦✲

❦❡❧ #❡♣#❡③❡♥>'❧>✉❦✱ ❛♠✐ 0$$③❡$$4❣4❜❡♥ ❡❣② ✶✸✲❞✐♠❡♥③✐<$ ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤✈❡❦>♦#> ❡#❡❞♠4✲

♥②❡③❡>>✳ ❆ ♣❛#❛♠4>❡#❡❦❡> ❛③ ✉❧>#❛❤❛♥❣❦4♣❡❦❦❡❧ $③✐♥❦#♦♥❜❛♥✱ ✶✷ ♠$ ❦❡#❡>❡❧>♦❧'$✲

$❛❧ ♥②❡#>T❦ ❦✐✳ ❆ ♠4❧② ♥❡✉#♦♥❤'❧<❦ >❛♥?>'$❛ $♦#'♥ ❛③ ❡❧➤❜❜✐ ✈❡❦>♦# ❦4♣❡③>❡ ❛

♠❡❣>❛♥✉❧❛♥❞< ❝4❧✈❡❦>♦#>✳ ❆ $③✐♥>4③✐$ $♦#'♥ ❛③ ❡#❡❞❡>✐ ♣❛#❛♠4>❡#✈❡❦>♦# ❤❡❧②❡>>

❛ ❉◆◆ '❧>❛❧ ❛③ ✉❧>#❛❤❛♥❣✲❢❡❧✈4>❡❧❡❦❜➤❧ ❜❡❝$T❧> 4#>4❦❡❦❡> ❤❛$③♥'❧>✉❦✳ ❊❤❤❡③ ❛

✈♦❦<❞❡# ❛③ ❋✵ ♣❛#❛♠4>❡# $❡❣?>$4❣4✈❡❧ ✐♠♣✉❧③✉$✲❣❡#❥❡$③>➤❥❡❧❡> ♣#♦❞✉❦'❧>✱ ♠❛❥❞

❡③> '>❡♥❣❡❞>❡ ❛③ ▼●❈✲▲❙e ♣❛#❛♠4>❡#❡❦❜➤❧ ❦4♣③❡>> 6♥✳ ▼❡❧✲●❡♥❡#❛❧✐③❡❞ ▲♦❣

❙♣❡❝>#❛❧ ❆♣♣#♦①✐♠❛>✐♦♥ ✭▼●▲❙❆✮ $③➯#➤♥ ❬✶✾❪✱ ?❣② ✈4❣❡③✈❡ ❡❧ ❛ ❜❡$③4❞❥❡❧ #❡✲

❦♦♥$>#✉❦❝✐<❥'>✳

(4)

Ultrahang−

videó

Zöngésség meghatározása

(DNN)

F0 meghatározása (DNN)

Kombinálás

✶✳ "❜$❛✳ ❆③ ❋✵ ❜❡❝,❧.,.$❡ ❥❛✈❛,♦❧2 ❡❧❥"$",✳

✷✳✷✳ ❆③ ❛❧❛♣❢(❡❦✈❡♥❝✐❛ ❜❡❝0❧10❡ ♠1❧② ♥❡✉(♦♥❤7❧8✈❛❧

❆③ ❛❧❛♣❢&❡❦✈❡♥❝✐❛ ❜❡❝.❧/.❡ ♣✉.③12♥ ✉❧1&❛❤❛♥❣✲❢❡❧✈/1❡❧❡❦ ❛❧❛♣❥2♥ ♥❡♠ ❡❣②.③❡&➯

❢❡❧❛❞❛1✳ ◆❛❦❛♠✉&❛ /. 1.❛✐ ❡❧❥2&2.2❤♦③ ❤❛.♦♥❧>❛♥ ♠✐ ✐. ❦/1❧/♣❝.➤. ❣/♣✐ 1❛♥✉❧2.✐

♠❡❣❦@③❡❧A1/.1 ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③1✉♥❦ ❬✶✶❪✱ ❛❤♦❧ ❛③ ❡❣②✐❦ ❣/♣✐ 1❛♥✉❧> ❛ ③@♥❣/../❣ ❥❡❧❡♥❧/1/1✱

❛ ♠2.✐❦ ♣❡❞✐❣ ❛ ③@♥❣/. ❦❡&❡1❡❦ ❋✵✲/&1/❦/1 ✈♦❧1 ❤✐✈❛1✈❛ ♠❡❣❜❡❝.H❧♥✐✳ ◆❛❦❛♠✉&❛

/. 12&.❛✐✈❛❧ .③❡♠❜❡♥ ♠✐ ♠✐♥❞❦/1 ❢❡❧❛❞❛1&❛ ♠/❧② ♥❡✉&♦♥❤2❧>1 ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③1✉♥❦✳ ▼✐✈❡❧

❛ ❱✴❯ ❞@♥1/. ❦✐♠❡♥❡1❡ ❜✐♥2&✐.✱ ❡③1 ♦.③12❧②♦③2.✐ ❢❡❧❛❞❛1❦/♥1 ❦❡③❡❧1H❦✱ ❛ ❦♦♥❦&/1

❋✵✲/&1/❦ ❜❡❝.❧/./1 ✈✐.③♦♥1 &❡❣&❡..③✐>. ❢❡❧❛❞❛1♥❛❦ 1❡❦✐♥1❡11H❦✱ /. ❡③ ✉1>❜❜✐ ♥❡✉✲

&♦♥❤2❧>1 ❝.❛❦ ❛ ③@♥❣/. ✐❞➤❦❡&❡1❡❦❤❡③ ♠❡❣❛❞♦11 ❋✵✲/&1/❦❡❦ ❜❡❝.❧/./&❡ 1❛♥A1♦11✉❦✳

❆ ❦✐/&1/❦❡❧/.✐ ❧/♣/.✱ ❛③❛③ ❛ .③✐♥1/③✐. .♦&2♥ ❛ ❦/1 ❤2❧> ❦✐♠❡♥❡1/1 ❦♦♠❜✐♥2❧1✉❦✱ ❛③✲

❛③ ❛ ③@♥❣/.♥❡❦ A1/❧1 ❛❞❛1❦❡&❡1❡❦❤❡③ ❛③ ❋✵✲❜❡❝.❧➤ ❤2❧> ❦✐♠❡♥❡1/1 &❡♥❞❡❧1H❦✱ ♠A❣ ❛

③@♥❣/1❧❡♥ ♣✐❧❧❛♥❛1♦❦❜❛♥ ❡❣② ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤ ✭❛ ✈♦❦>❞❡& 2❧1❛❧ ❞❡✜♥✐2❧1✮ ❦♦♥.1❛♥. /&1/❦❡1

❛❞1✉♥❦ ✈✐..③❛✳ ✭❆ ❜❡❝.❧/. ♠❡♥❡1/&➤❧ ❧2.❞ ❛③ ✶✳ 2❜&21✳✮

(5)

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Képkockák

4.5 5 5.5

log(F0)

Eredeti F0 Becsült F0

✷✳ "❜$❛✳ ❊❣② ♣*❧❞❛ ❛ $❡♥❞/③❡$1♥❦ ❛❧❛♣❢$❡❦✈❡♥❝✐❛✲❜❡❝/❧*/✐ ❦✐♠❡♥❡9*$❡✱ ❛③ ❡$❡❞❡9✐ ❋✵✲

❣=$❜*❤❡③ ❦*♣❡/9✳

▼❡❣❥❡❣②❡③③&❦✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ✉-.❜❜✐ 1✈❡❦❜❡♥ ❛ ❦1♣✐ ❢❡❧✐7♠❡917✐ ❢❡❧❛❞❛-♦❦❜❛♥ ❛ ❦♦♥✲

✈♦❧<❝✐.7 ♥❡✉9♦♥❤>❧.❦ ❤❛7③♥>❧❛-❛ ✈>❧- ❞♦♠✐♥>♥77>✳ ▼✐ ❛③♦♥❜❛♥ ❡❣②7③❡9➯ -❡❧❥❡7❡♥

❦❛♣❝7♦❧- ❤>❧.- ❤❛7③♥>❧-✉♥❦ ❛③ ❛❧>❜❜✐ ♠❡❣❢♦♥-♦❧>7♦❦ ♠✐❛--✳ ❊❣②917③- ❛ ❦♦♥✈♦❧<✲

❝✐.7 ❤>❧.❦ ♦❧②❛♥ ❢❡❧❛❞❛-♦❦❜❛♥ ❜✐③♦♥②✉❧♥❛❦ 7♦❦❦❛❧ ❥♦❜❜♥❛❦ ❛ 7-❛♥❞❛9❞ ❤>❧.❦♥>❧✱

❛♠✐❦♦9 ❛ ❦1♣ 7♦❦ ❛♣9. 917③❧❡-❜➤❧✱ ❤✐❡9❛9❝❤✐❦✉7❛♥ 1♣&❧ ❢C❧✳ ❊7❡-&♥❦❜❡♥ ❛③♦♥❜❛♥

❛ ❦1♣ ❛❧❛❝7♦♥② ❢❡❧❜♦♥->7<✱ 17 ❝7✉♣>♥ ♣>9 1♣D-➤❡❧❡♠❜➤❧ >❧❧ ✭❛ ♥②❡❧✈✱ ❛③ >❧❧❦❛♣♦❝7✱

✈❛❧❛♠✐♥- ❛ ♥②❡❧✈❝7♦♥- >9♥②1❦❛✮✳ ▼>7917③- ❛ ❦♦♥✈♦❧<❝✐.7 ❤>❧.❦ ❛ ❤✐❡9❛9❝❤✐❦✉7

❢❡❧❜♦♥->7 7♦9>♥ ❡❧✈❡7③D-✐❦ ❛③ ❡❣②❡7 ❦♦♠♣♦♥❡♥7❡❦ ♣♦♥-♦7 ♣♦③D❝✐.❥>-✳ ➪❧-❛❧>♥♦7

❡7❡-❜❡♥ ❡③ ♠1❣ ❡❧➤♥②C7 ✐7✱ ❞❡ <❣② 19❡③-&❦✱ ❤♦❣② ❡7❡-&♥❦❜❡♥ ❧1♥②❡❣❡7 ✐♥❢♦9♠>❝✐.-

✈❡7③D-❡♥1♥❦✳ ❆ ❢❡♥-✐ ✐♥❞♦❦♦❦ ♠✐❛-- ❡❣② ❡❣②7③❡9➯✱ ✺ 9❡❥-❡-- 91-❡❣❡- -❛9-❛❧♠❛③. ❡❧➤✲

9❡❝7❛-♦❧- ❤>❧.✈❛❧ ❞♦❧❣♦③-✉♥❦✱ 91-❡❣❡♥❦1♥- ✶✵✵✵ ❘❡▲❯ ♥❡✉9♦♥♥❛❧✳ ❆ ❤>❧. ❢❡❧❛❞❛-❛

❛ ✶✷ ▲❙Q ♣❛9❛♠1-❡9✱ ❛③ ❡♥❡9❣✐❛ 17 ❛③ ❋✵✲19-1❦ ❜❡❝7❧17❡ ✈♦❧-❀ ❡❧➤③❡-❡7 ❦D719❧❡-❡✲

✐♥❦❜❡♥ <❣② -❛❧>❧-✉❦✱ ❤♦❣② ❤❛-1❦♦♥②❛❜❜ ❡③❡❦❡- ❡❣②&-- -❛♥✉❧♥✐✱ ♠✐♥- ❦&❧C♥✲❦&❧C♥✳

❊③19- ❛ ♣❛9❛♠1-❡9❡❦ ❡❣②&--❡7 -❛♥✉❧>7>9❛ ✭9❡❣9❡77③✐.❥>9❛✮ ❡❣② ✶✹ ❧✐♥❡>9✐7 ❦✐♠❡♥❡-✐

♥❡✉9♦♥- -❛9-❛❧♠❛③. ❉◆◆✲- ❤❛7③♥>❧-✉♥❦✳ ❆ ③C♥❣1771❣ ❡❧❞C♥-171- -❛♥✉❧. ♥❡✉9♦♥✲

❤>❧.♥❦ ✉❣②❛♥✐❧②❡♥ ❢❡❧1♣D-17➯ ✈♦❧-✱ ❞❡ ❡❣② ❦1-♦7③->❧②♦7 7♦❢-♠❛① ❦✐♠❡♥❡-✐ 91-❡❣❣❡❧✳

✷✳✸✳ ❆③ ✐♥♣✉) *❡♣*❡③❡♥),❧,.❛

❈7❛♣. 17 -7❛✐ ❦♦9>❜❜✐ ❝✐❦❦&❦❜❡♥ 7③>♠♦7 ❦D719❧❡-❡- ✈1❣❡③-❡❦ ❛③ ♦♣-✐♠>❧✐7 ✐♥♣✉-✲

9❡♣9❡③❡♥->❝✐. ♠❡❣-❛❧>❧>7>9❛✳ ❊③19- ♠✐ ✐-- ❝7❛❦ ❛③♦❦❛- ❛ ♠❡❣♦❧❞>7♦❦❛- ✈✐③7❣>❧-✉❦✱

❛♠❡❧②❡❦ ♦-- ❛ ❧❡❣❥♦❜❜♥❛❦ ❜✐③♦♥②✉❧-❛❦ ❬✻✱✼❪✳ ▼✐♥❞❦1- ♥❡✉9♦♥❤>❧. ✉❣②❛♥❛③♦♥ ❛③

✐♥♣✉- ❛❞❛-♦♥ -❛♥✉❧-✳ ]77③❡❤❛7♦♥❧D->7✐ ❛❧❛♣❦1♥- ✭❛ -♦✈>❜❜✐❛❦❜❛♥ ❛❧❛♣#❡♥❞'③❡#✮✱

❛ ❧❡❣❡❣②7③❡9➯❜❜ ♠❡❣♦❧❞>7 7③♦❧❣>❧-✱ ❛♠✐❦♦9 ❛ ❉◆◆ ✐♥♣✉-❥❛ ❡❣②❡-❧❡♥ ✉❧-9❛❤❛♥❣✲

❦1♣❦♦❝❦❛✳ ❊③✉->♥ ❛③ ✐♥♣✉-♦- ❦✐❜➤✈D-❡--&❦✱ ❤♦❣② ✺ 7③♦♠7③1❞♦7 ❦1♣❦♦❝❦>❜.❧ >❧❧.

❛❞❛-✈❡❦-♦9- -❛9-❛❧♠❛③③♦♥ ✭❛ -♦✈>❜❜✐❛❦❜❛♥ ✺✲❦❡#❡,✮✳ ❊③③❡❧ ❛③ ❡❣②7③❡9➯ ♠❡❣♦❧❞>7✲

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❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥( ❚❡*③(

❩-♥❣✳ F⁰ ❩!♥❣✳ F⁰

■♥♣✉( ❜❡❝,❧., ◆▼❙❊ ❑♦55✳ ❜❡❝,❧., ◆▼❙❊ ❑♦55✳

❆❧❛♣5❡♥❞,③❡5 ✭✶ ❦❡5❡(✮ ✽✻✱✶✪ ✵✱✺✻✷ ✵✱✼✶✾ ✽✺✱✼✪ ✵✱✺✼✼ ✵✱✼✶✶

✺ ❦❡5❡( ✽✽✱✷✪ ✵✱✹✼✻ ✵✱✼✻✵ ✽✼✱✷✪ ✵✱✺✶✻ ✵✱✼✹✷

✶✼ ❦❡5❡( ✰ ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤❦✐✈✳ ✽✼✱✹✪ ✵✱✺✵✻ ✵✱✼✹✼ ✽✻✱✾✪ ✵✱✺✷✻ ✵✱✼✸✻

✶✳ (O❜❧O③❛(✳ ❆ ❉◆◆ ③!♥❣.,,.❣✐ ., ❋✵✲❜❡❝,❧.,✐ ♣♦♥(♦,,O❣❛ ❦S❧!♥❢.❧❡ ✐♥♣✉(✲

❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤❦.,③❧❡(❡❦ ❡,❡(.♥

❛❧ ❛③♦♥❜❛♥ ❥❡❧❡♥)➤ ❡♥ ♠❡❣♥➤ ❛ ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤✈❡❦)♦/ ♠0/❡)❡✱ ❛♠✐ ❣0♣✐ )❛♥✉❧5 ✐ ③❡♠✲

♣♦♥)❜7❧ ♥❡♠ ❡❧➤♥②9 ✳ ❊♠✐❛)) ❡❣② ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤❦✐✈5❧❛ ③)5 ✐ ♠7❞ ③❡/) ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③)✉♥❦

❛③ ❡❣②❡ ❦0♣❡❦ ♠0/❡)0♥❡❦ ✷✵✪✲/❛ ✈❛❧7 /❡❞✉❦5❧5 5/❛ ❬✻✱✼❪✳ ■❧② ♠7❞♦♥ ✽✲✽ ❜❛❧ 0

❥♦❜❜ ♦❧❞❛❧✐ ③♦♠ ③0❞♦ ❦0♣❦♦❝❦5) ✐ ✜❣②❡❧❡♠❜❡ )✉❞)✉♥❦ ✈❡♥♥✐ ❛③ ✐♥♣✉)✈❡❦)♦/

♠0/❡)0♥❡❦ ❥❡❧❡♥)➤ ♥9✈❡❦❡❞0 ❡ ♥0❧❦H❧✳ ❊③) ❛ /❡♥❞ ③❡/) ✶✼✲❦❡%❡&✰❥❦ ♥0✈❡♥ ❢♦❣✲

❥✉❦ ❤✐✈❛)❦♦③♥✐✳ ❚♦✈5❜❜✐ /0 ③❧❡)❡❦ ❛ ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤❦✐♥②❡/0 /➤❧ ❈ ❛♣7 0 ) ❛✐ ❝✐❦❦0❜❡♥

)❛❧5❧❤❛)7❦ ❬✼❪✳

❆ ❧❡❣❥♦❜❜♥❛❦ ❜✐③♦♥②✉❧7 ❋✵✲❜❡❝ ❧➤ ♠♦❞❡❧❧ ❦✐0/)0❦❡❧0 0/❡ ③✉❜❥❡❦)O✈ ♠❡❣❤❛❧❧✲

❣❛)5 ♦ )❡ ③)❡❦❡) ✐ ✈0❣❡③)H♥❦✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦❜❡♥ ✉❣②❛♥❛③) ❛ ♠♦♥❞❛)♦) ❦H❧9♥❜9③➤ ❋✵✲

❣9/❜0❦❦❡❧ ✐ ③✐♥)❡)✐③5❧)✉❦✳ P ③❡❤❛ ♦♥❧O)5 ✐ ❛❧❛♣❦0♥) ❦♦♥ )❛♥ ❋✵✲) ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③✲

)✉♥❦✱ ❛❤♦❧ ❛ ❉◆◆ ❝ ✉♣5♥ ❛ ❱✴❯ ❞9♥)0 ) ❜❡❝ H❧)❡✳ ❊③ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❧ ❋✵✲❦♦♥-&❛♥-

❝O♠❦0✈❡❧ ③❡/❡♣❡❧ ❛③ 5❜/5❦♦♥✳ ❆③ 9 ③❡❤❛ ♦♥❧O)5 ♠5 ✐❦ ✈0❣♣♦♥)❥❛❦0♥) ❛ ♠♦♥❞❛✲

)♦) ❛③ ❡/❡❞❡)✐ ❋✵✲❣9/❜0✈❡❧ ③✐♥)❡)✐③5❧)✉❦ ✭❋✵✲❡%❡❞❡&✐ ❛③ 5❜/5❦♦♥✮✳ ❱0❣❡③❡)H❧✱ ❛

❜❡❝ H❧) ❋✵✲❣9/❜0) ❤❛ ③♥5❧7 ♠♦❞❡❧❧ ❋✵✲❉◆◆ ♥0✈❡♥ ③❡/❡♣❡❧ ❛ )♦✈5❜❜✐❛❦❜❛♥✳

✸✳ ❊#❡❞♠'♥②❡❦ '+ ❞✐+③❦✉++③✐/

✸✳✶✳ ❖❜❥❡❦()✈ ❦✐,-(,❦❡❧,/

❆ ❉◆◆✲❛❧❛♣X ❋✵✲❜❡❝ ❧0 ♣♦♥)♦ 5❣5♥❛❦ ③5♠ ③❡/➯ ❦✐0/)0❦❡❧0 0/❡ ❛ ♥♦/♠❛❧✐③5❧) 5)❧❛❣♦ ♥0❣②③❡)❡ ❤✐❜5) ✭◆♦/♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ▼❡❛♥ ❙\✉❛/❡ ❊//♦/✱ ◆▼❙❊✮ 0 ❛ ]❡❛/ ♦♥

❦♦//❡❧5❝✐7 ❡❣②H))❤❛)7) ❤❛ ③♥5❧)✉❦ ❬✼❪✳ ❆③ ✶✳ )5❜❧5③❛) 9 ③❡❣③✐ ❛ ❦H❧9♥❢0❧❡✱ ❛③

❡❧➤③➤ ❢❡❥❡③❡)❜❡♥ ❜❡♠✉)❛)♦)) ✐♥♣✉)/❡♣/❡③❡♥)5❧5 ✐ ♠7❞ ③❡/❡❦ ❡ ❡)0♥ ❦❛♣♦)) ❡/❡❞✲

♠0♥②❡❦❡)✳ ▼✐♥❞❡❣②✐❦ ♠❡❣♦❧❞5 ❛❧ ❡❧0❣ ❥7 ❱✴❯ ❞9♥)0 ✐ ♣♦♥)♦ 5❣♦) 0/)H♥❦ ❡❧✱

❛ ❧❡❣❥♦❜❜ ❋✵✲❜❡❝ ❧➤ ♠♦❞❡❧❧ ♣❡❞✐❣ ✵✱✼✹ ❦♦//❡❧5❝✐7 0/)0❦❡) ♣/♦❞✉❦5❧)✳ ❆ ✷✳ 5❜/❛

❡❣② ♣0❧❞5♥ 0/③0❦❡❧)❡)✐ ❛③ ❡/❡❞❡)✐ 0 ❛ ❜❡❝ H❧) ❋✵✲❣9/❜❡ ❡❧)0/0 0)✳ ❆③ ❡/❡❞♠0♥②❡❦

❛❧❛♣❥5♥ ❛③ ❛❧❛♣❢/❡❦✈❡♥❝✐❛ ✉❧)/❛❤❛♥❣✲❢❡❧✈0)❡❧❡❦❜➤❧ ✈❛❧7 ❜❡❝ ❧0 ❡ ❡❣②5❧)❛❧5♥ ♥❡♠

/❡♠0♥②)❡❧❡♥✳

✸✳✷✳ ❙③✉❜❥❡❦()✈ ♠❡❣❤❛❧❧❣❛(8/♦/ (❡/③(❡❦

❆③ ♦❜❥❡❦)O✈ ❤✐❜❛♠0/)0❦❡❦ ❛❥♥♦ ♥❡♠ ♦❦❛) ♠♦♥❞❛♥❛❦ ❛//7❧✱ ❤♦❣② ✈❛❥♦♥ ❛ ❜❡❝ ✲

❧0 ✐ ❤✐❜❛ ♠❡♥♥②✐/❡ ❜❡❢♦❧②5 ♦❧❥❛ ❛ ③✐♥)❡)✐③5❧) ♠♦♥❞❛)♦❦ ♠✐♥➤ 0❣0)✳ ❊③0/) ❛ ❤❛♥❣✲

♠✐♥➤ 0❣ ③✉❜❥❡❦)O✈ ❦✐0/)0❦❡❧0 0/❡ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ ▼❯❙❍❘❆ ✭▼❯❧)✐✲❙)✐♠✉❧✉ )❡ ) ✇✐)❤

(7)

(8)

(9)

♣!❡❞✐❦&❧( ❋✵✲❣-!❜/✈❡❧ 1③✐♥(❡(✐③&❧( ♠♦♥❞❛(♦❦❛( ❦-③❡❧ ❡❣②❢♦!♠&♥ (❡!♠/1③❡(❡1♥❡❦

♠✐♥➤1:(❡((/❦✳ ❊!❡❞♠/♥②❡✐♥❦ ❛❧❛♣❥&♥ ❡❧♠♦♥❞❤❛(❥✉❦✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ❦-③❦❡❧❡(➯ ❢❡❧(❡✈/11❡❧

1③❡♠❜❡♥ ❛③ ❛❧❛♣❢!❡❦✈❡♥❝✐❛ ❜❡❝1❧/1❡ ♥❡♠ !❡♠/♥②(❡❧❡♥ ♠/❣ ❛❦❦♦! 1❡♠✱ ❤❛ ❛ ♠/✲

!/1✐ ❛❞❛(♦❦ ✭❡1❡(D♥❦❜❡♥ ✉❧(!❛❤❛♥❣✲❢❡❧✈/(❡❧❡❦✮ ❛ ❤❛♥❣1③❛❧❛❣♦❦ !❡③❣/1/( ❦-③✈❡(❧❡♥

♠F❞♦♥ ♥❡♠ !❡♣!❡③❡♥(&❧❥&❦✳ ▼✐♥❞❛♠❡❧❧❡(( ♠❡❣❥❡❣②❡③③D❦✱ ❤♦❣② ❦:1/!❧❡(❡✐♥❦❜❡♥

❡❣②❡(❧❡♥ ❜❡1③/❧➤ ❛♥②❛❣&✈❛❧ ❞♦❧❣♦③(✉♥❦✱ /1 ❡③ ❛ (/♥② ❢❡❧(❡❤❡(➤❧❡❣ ♥❛❣②♠/!(/❦❜❡♥

❤♦③③&❥&!✉❧( ❛ ❥F ❡!❡❞♠/♥②❡❦❤❡③✳ ❆③( ❣♦♥❞♦❧❥✉❦✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ❜❡1③/❧➤❢D❣❣➤1/❣ ♥❡♠

❥❡❧❡♥( ❤&(!&♥②( ♦❧②❛♥ /!(❡❧❡♠❜❡♥✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ❥-✈➤❜❡♥✐ ♥/♠❛❜❡1③/❞✲✐♥(❡!❢/1③❡❦ ♠✐♥✲

❞❡♥ ❜✐③♦♥♥②❛❧ 1③❡♠/❧②❢D❣❣➤❡❦ ❧❡1③♥❡❦✳ ❊♥♥❡❦ ❡❧❧❡♥/!❡ (❡!✈❡③③D❦ ❦:1/!❧❡(❡✐♥❦❡(

♠❡❣✐1♠/(❡❧♥✐ (-❜❜ ❜❡1③/❧➤(➤❧ ✭❢/!✜❛❦ /1 ♥➤❦ ✈❡❣②❡1❡♥✮ 1③&!♠❛③F ❢❡❧✈/(❡❧❡❦❦❡❧✳

❚♦✈&❜❜✐ ♠❡❣❥❡❣②③/1D♥❦✱ ❤♦❣② /❧❡1 ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③&1♦❦❜❛♥ ❛ !❡♥❞1③❡!♥❡❦ ♠❛❥❞ ❛ ❤❛♥❣✲

1③❛❧❛❣♦❦ !❡③❣/1❡ ♥/❧❦D❧ ✐1 ♠➯❦-❞♥✐❡ ❦❡❧❧✱ ♠✐ ✈✐1③♦♥( ❡❣② ❡❣/1③1/❣❡1 (❡1③(❛❧❛♥♥②❛❧

❞♦❧❣♦③(✉♥❦✱ ❛❦✐ ♥♦!♠&❧ ❜❡1③/❞❡( ♣!♦❞✉❦&❧(✳ ❊❜❜➤❧ ❦-✈❡(❦❡③➤❡♥ 1③D❦1/❣❡1 ❧❡1③ ❛

❦:1/!❧❡(❡❦ ✈❛❧F❞✐ ♥/♠❛ ❜❡1③/❞❞❡❧ ✈❛❧F ♠❡❣✐1♠/(❧/1❡ ✐1✳

❑!"③!♥❡&♥②✐❧✈+♥,&+"

❆ ❦✉(❛(&1( !/1③❜❡♥ ❛ ◆❡♠③❡(✐ ❑✉(❛(&1✐✱ ❋❡❥❧❡1③(/1✐ /1 ■♥♥♦✈&❝✐F1 ❍✐✈❛(❛❧ (&♠♦✲

❣❛((❛ ✭❋❑ ✶✷✹✺✽✹✮✳ ❚F(❤ ▲&1③❧F ♠✉♥❦&❥&( ❛③ ▼❚❆ ❇♦❧②❛✐ ❏&♥♦1 ❑✉(❛(&1✐ W1③✲

(-♥❞:❥❛ (&♠♦❣❛((❛✳ ●!F1③ ❚❛♠&1( ❛③ ❊♠❜❡!✐ ❊!➤❢♦!!&1♦❦ ▼✐♥✐1③(/!✐✉♠❛ Y◆❑Z✲

✶✼✲✸ ❦F❞1③&♠] Y❥ ◆❡♠③❡(✐ ❑✐✈&❧F1&❣ Z!♦❣!❛♠❥❛ (&♠♦❣❛((❛✳ ❆ ❝✐❦❦ ❡❧❦/1③:(/1/✲

❤❡③ ❤❛1③♥&❧( ❚✐(❛♥✲❳ ❣!❛✜❦✉1 ❦&!(②&( ❛③ ◆❱■❉■❆ ❈♦!♣♦!❛(✐♦♥ ❛❞♦♠&♥②♦③(❛✳

❍✐✈❛&❦♦③+"♦❦

✶✳ ❉❡♥❜②✱ ❇✳✱ ❙❝❤✉❧.③✱ ❚✳✱ ❍♦♥❞❛✱ ❑✳✱ ❍✉❡❜❡6✱ ❚✳✱ ●✐❧❜❡6.✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❇6✉♠❜❡6❣✱ ❏✳❙✳✿ ❙✐❧❡♥.

>♣❡❡❝❤ ✐♥.❡6❢❛❝❡>✳ ❙♣❡❡❝❤ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛.✐♦♥ ✺✷✭✹✮ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ✷✼✵✕✷✽✼

✷✳ ❉❡♥❜②✱ ❇✳✱ ❙.♦♥❡✱ ▼✳✿ ❙♣❡❡❝❤ >②♥.❤❡>✐> ❢6♦♠ 6❡❛❧ .✐♠❡ ✉❧.6❛>♦✉♥❞ ✐♠❛❣❡> ♦❢ .❤❡

.♦♥❣✉❡✳ ■♥✿ ■❈❆❙❙L✱ ▼♦♥.6❡❛❧✱ ❑❛♥❛❞❛ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ✻✽✺✕✻✽✽

✸✳ ❍✉❡❜❡6✱ ❚✳✱ ❇❡♥❛6♦②❛✱ ❊✳❧✳✱ ❉❡♥❜②✱ ❇✳✱ ❈❤♦❧❧❡.✱ ●✳✿ ❙.❛.✐>.✐❝❛❧ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❜❡.✇❡❡♥

❛6.✐❝✉❧❛.♦6② ❛♥❞ ❛❝♦✉>.✐❝ ❞❛.❛ ❢♦6 ❛♥ ✉❧.6❛>♦✉♥❞✲❜❛>❡❞ >✐❧❡♥. >♣❡❡❝❤ ✐♥.❡6❢❛❝❡✳ ■♥✿

■♥.❡6>♣❡❡❝❤✱ ❋❧♦6❡♥❝❡✱ ❖❧❛>③♦6>③U❣ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ✺✾✸✕✺✾✻

✹✳ ❍✉❡❜❡6✱ ❚✳✱ ❇❛✐❧❧②✱ ●✳✱ ❉❡♥❜②✱ ❇✳✿ ❈♦♥.✐♥✉♦✉> ❛6.✐❝✉❧❛.♦6②✲.♦✲❛❝♦✉>.✐❝ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣

✉>✐♥❣ ♣❤♦♥❡✲❜❛>❡❞ .6❛❥❡❝.♦6② ❍▼▼ ❢♦6 ❛ >✐❧❡♥. >♣❡❡❝❤ ✐♥.❡6❢❛❝❡✳ ■♥✿ ■♥.❡6>♣❡❡❝❤✱

L♦6.❧❛♥❞✱ ❯❙❆ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ✼✷✸✕✼✷✻

✺✳ ❏❛✉♠❛6❞✲❍❛❦♦✉♥✱ ❆✳✱ ❳✉✱ ❑✳✱ ▲❡❜♦✉❧❧❡♥❣❡6✱ ❈✳✱ ❘♦✉>>❡❧✲❘❛❣♦.✱ L✳✱ ❉❡♥❜②✱ ❇✳✿ ❆♥

❛6.✐❝✉❧❛.♦6②✲❜❛>❡❞ >✐♥❣✐♥❣ ✈♦✐❝❡ >②♥.❤❡>✐> ✉>✐♥❣ .♦♥❣✉❡ ❛♥❞ ❧✐♣> ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣✳ ■♥✿ ■♥✲

.❡6>♣❡❡❝❤✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮ ✶✹✻✼✕✶✹✼✶

✻✳ ❈>❛♣^✱ ❚✳●✳✱ ●6^>③✱ ❚✳✱ ❚^.❤✱ ▲✳✱ ▼❛6❦^✱ ❆✳✿ ❇❡>③_❞>③✐♥._③✐> ✉❧.6❛❤❛♥❣♦> ❛6.✐❦✉❧U✲

❝✐^> ❢❡❧✈_.❡❧❡❦❜➤❧ ♠_❧② ♥❡✉6♦♥❤U❧^❦ >❡❣a.>_❣_✈❡❧✳ ■♥✿ ▼❙❩◆❨ ✷✵✶✼✱ ❙③❡❣❡❞ ✭✷✵✶✼✮

✶✽✶✕✶✾✷

✼✳ ❈>❛♣^✱ ❚✳●✳✱ ●6^>③✱ ❚✳✱ ●♦>③.♦❧②❛✱ ●✳✱ ❚^.❤✱ ▲✳✱ ▼❛6❦^✱ ❆✳✿ ❉◆◆✲❜❛>❡❞

✉❧.6❛>♦✉♥❞✲.♦✲>♣❡❡❝❤ ❝♦♥✈❡6>✐♦♥ ❢♦6 ❛ >✐❧❡♥. >♣❡❡❝❤ ✐♥.❡6❢❛❝❡✳ ■♥✿ ■♥.❡6>♣❡❡❝❤✱ ❙.♦❝❦✲

❤♦❧♠✱ ❙✈_❞♦6>③U❣ ✭✷✵✶✼✮ ✸✻✼✷✕✸✻✼✻

✽✳ ❲❛♥❣✱ ❏✳✱ ❙❛♠❛❧✱ ❆✳✱ ●6❡❡♥✱ ❏✳✿ L6❡❧✐♠✐♥❛6② .❡>. ♦❢ ❛ 6❡❛❧✲.✐♠❡✱ ✐♥.❡6❛❝.✐✈❡ >✐❧❡♥.

>♣❡❡❝❤ ✐♥.❡6❢❛❝❡ ❜❛>❡❞ ♦♥ ❡❧❡❝.6♦♠❛❣♥❡.✐❝ ❛6.✐❝✉❧♦❣6❛♣❤✳ ■♥✿ ❙L▲❆❚✱ ❇❛❧.✐♠♦6❡✱

❯❙❆ ✭✷✵✶✹✮ ✸✽✕✹✺

(10)

✾✳ ❇♦❝%✉❡❧❡)✱ ❋✳✱ ❍✉❡❜❡.✱ ❚✳✱ ●✐.✐♥✱ ▲✳✱ ❙❛✈❛.✐❛✉①✱ ❈✳✱ ❨✈❡.)✱ ❇✳✿ ❘❡❛❧✲)✐♠❡ ❝♦♥).♦❧

♦❢ ❛♥ ❛.)✐❝✉❧❛)♦.②✲❜❛@❡❞ @♣❡❡❝❤ @②♥)❤❡@✐③❡. ❢♦. ❜.❛✐♥ ❝♦♠♣✉)❡. ✐♥)❡.❢❛❝❡@✳ E▲❖❙

❈♦♠♣✉)❛)✐♦♥❛❧ ❇✐♦❧♦❣② ✶✷✭✶✶✮ ✭✷✵✶✻✮ ❡✶✵✵✺✶✶✾

✶✵✳ ●♦♥③❛❧❡③✱ ❏✳❆✳✱ ❈❤❡❛❤✱ ▲✳❆✳✱ ●.❡❡♥✱ E✳❉✳✱ ●✐❧❜❡.)✱ ❏✳▼✳✱ ❊❧❧✱ ❙✳❘✳✱ ▼♦♦.❡✱ ❘✳❑✳✱

❍♦❧❞@✇♦.)❤✱ ❊✳✿ ❊✈❛❧✉❛)✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ @✐❧❡♥) @♣❡❡❝❤ ✐♥)❡.❢❛❝❡ ❜❛@❡❞ ♦♥ ♠❛❣♥❡)✐❝ @❡♥@✐♥❣

❛♥❞ ❞❡❡♣ ❧❡❛.♥✐♥❣ ❢♦. ❛ ♣❤♦♥❡)✐❝❛❧❧② .✐❝❤ ✈♦❝❛❜✉❧❛.②✳ ■♥✿ ■♥)❡.@♣❡❡❝❤✱ ❙)♦❝❦❤♦❧♠✱

❙✈X❞♦.@③Y❣ ✭✷✵✶✼✮ ✸✾✽✻✕✸✾✾✵

✶✶✳ ◆❛❦❛♠✉.❛✱ ❑✳✱ ❏❛♥❦❡✱ ▼✳✱ ❲❛♥❞✱ ▼✳✱ ❙❝❤✉❧)③✱ ❚✳✿ ❊@)✐♠❛)✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥)❛❧

❢.❡%✉❡♥❝② ❢.♦♠ @✉.❢❛❝❡ ❡❧❡❝).♦♠②♦❣.❛♣❤✐❝ ❞❛)❛✿ ❊▼●✲)♦✲❋✵✳ ■♥✿ ■❈❆❙❙E✱ E.Y❣❛✱

❈@❡❤♦.@③Y❣ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ✺✼✸✕✺✼✻

✶✷✳ ❋.❡✐)❛@✱ ❏✳✱ ❋❡..❡✐.❛✱ ❆✳❏✳✱ ❋✐❣✉❡✐.❡❞♦✱ ▼✳❆✳❚✳✱ ❚❡✐①❡✐.❛✱ ❆✳❏✳❙✳✱ ❉✐❛@✱ ▼✳❙✳✿ ❊♥✲

❤❛♥❝✐♥❣ ♠✉❧)✐♠♦❞❛❧ @✐❧❡♥) @♣❡❡❝❤ ✐♥)❡.❢❛❝❡@ ✇✐)❤ ❢❡❛)✉.❡ @❡❧❡❝)✐♦♥✳ ■♥✿ ■♥)❡.@♣❡❡❝❤✱

❙③✐♥❣❛♣`. ✭✷✵✶✹✮ ✶✶✻✾✕✶✶✼✸

✶✸✳ ❏✐❛♥❣✱ ❏✳✱ ❆❧✇❛♥✱ ❆✳✱ ❇❡.♥@)❡✐♥✱ ▲✳❊✳✱ ❑❡❛)✐♥❣✱ E✳✱ ❆✉❡. ❏.✳✱ ❊✳✿ ❖♥ )❤❡ ❝♦..❡❧❛)✐♦♥

❜❡)✇❡❡♥ ❢❛❝✐❛❧ ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥)@✱ )♦♥❣✉❡ ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥)@✱ ❛♥❞ @♣❡❡❝❤ ❛❝♦✉@)✐❝@✳ ❊❯❘❆❙■E

❏♦✉.♥❛❧ ♦♥ ❆♣♣❧✐❡❞ ❙✐❣♥❛❧ E.♦❝❡@@✐♥❣ ✭✶✶✮ ✭✷✵✵✷✮ ✶✼✹✕✶✶✽✽

✶✹✳ ❇✐❝❦❧❡②✱ ❈✳❆✳✱ ❙)❡✈❡♥@✱ ❑✳◆✳✿ ❊✛❡❝)@ ♦❢ ❛ ✈♦❝❛❧ ).❛❝) ❝♦♥@).✐❝)✐♦♥ ♦♥ )❤❡ ❣❧♦))❛❧

@♦✉.❝❡✿ ❡①♣❡.✐♠❡♥)❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ @)✉❞✐❡@✳ ❏♦✉.♥❛❧ ♦❢ E❤♦♥❡)✐❝@ ✶✹ ✭✶✾✽✻✮ ✸✼✸✕✸✽✷

✶✺✳ ❲❡@)❜✉.②✱ ❏✳❘✳✱ ❑❡❛)✐♥❣✱ E✳❆✳✿ ❖♥ )❤❡ ♥❛)✉.❛❧♥❡@@ ♦❢ @)♦♣ ❝♦♥@♦♥❛♥) ✈♦✐❝✐♥❣✳

❏♦✉.♥❛❧ ♦❢ ▲✐♥❣✉✐@)✐❝@ ✷✷ ✭✶✾✽✻✮ ✶✹✺✕✶✻✻

✶✻✳ ▲✐✉✱ ❩✳❈✳✱ ▲✐♥❣✱ ❩✳❍✳✱ ❉❛✐✱ ▲✳❘✳✿ ❆.)✐❝✉❧❛)♦.②✲)♦✲❛❝♦✉@)✐❝ ❝♦♥✈❡.@✐♦♥ ✇✐)❤ ❝❛@❝❛❞❡❞

♣.❡❞✐❝)✐♦♥ ♦❢ @♣❡❝).❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡①❝✐)❛)✐♦♥ ❢❡❛)✉.❡@ ✉@✐♥❣ ♥❡✉.❛❧ ♥❡)✇♦.❦@✳ ■♥✿ ■♥)❡.@♣❡✲

❡❝❤✳ ✭✷✵✶✻✮ ✶✺✵✷✕✶✺✵✻

✶✼✳ ❩❤❛♦✱ ❈✳✱ ❲❛♥❣✱ ▲✳✱ ❉❛♥❣✱ ❏✳✱ ❨✉✱ ❘✳✿ E.❡❞✐❝)✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❋✵ ❜❛@❡❞ ♦♥ ❛.)✐❝✉❧❛)♦.②

❢❡❛)✉.❡@ ✉@✐♥❣ ❉◆◆✳ ■♥✿ ■❙❙E✱ ❚✐❡♥❥✐♥✱ ❑f♥❛ ✭✷✵✶✼✮

✶✽✳ ❈❛♠❛❝❤♦✱ ❆✳✱ ❍❛..✐@✱ ❏✳●✳✿ ❆ @❛✇)♦♦)❤ ✇❛✈❡❢♦.♠ ✐♥@♣✐.❡❞ ♣✐)❝❤ ❡@)✐♠❛)♦. ❢♦.

@♣❡❡❝❤ ❛♥❞ ♠✉@✐❝✳ ❚❤❡ ❏♦✉.♥❛❧ ♦❢ )❤❡ ❆❝♦✉@)✐❝❛❧ ❙♦❝✐❡)② ♦❢ ❆♠❡.✐❝❛ ✶✷✹✭✸✮ ✭✷✵✵✽✮

✶✻✸✽✕✶✻✺✷

✶✾✳ ■♠❛✐✱ ❙✳✱ ❙✉♠✐)❛✱ ❑✳✱ ❋✉.✉✐❝❤✐✱ ❈✳✿ ▼❡❧ ❧♦❣ @♣❡❝).✉♠ ❛♣♣.♦①✐♠❛)✐♦♥ ✭▼▲❙❆✮ ✜❧)❡.

❢♦. @♣❡❡❝❤ @②♥)❤❡@✐@✳ ❊❧❡❝).♦♥✐❝@ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛)✐♦♥@ ✐♥ ❏❛♣❛♥ ✭E❛.) ■✿ ❈♦♠♠✉✲

♥✐❝❛)✐♦♥@✮ ✻✻✭✷✮ ✭✶✾✽✸✮ ✶✵✕✶✽

✷✵✳ ✿ ■❚❯✲❘ ❘❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛)✐♦♥ ❇❙✳✶✺✸✹✿ ▼❡)❤♦❞ ❢♦. )❤❡ @✉❜❥❡❝)✐✈❡ ❛@@❡@@♠❡♥) ♦❢ ✐♥✲

)❡.♠❡❞✐❛)❡ ❛✉❞✐♦ %✉❛❧✐)② ✭✷✵✵✶✮