Nationalism, Populism and Ethnic Conflict Management in Eastern Europe T/Th 3:40 - 5:20
Instructor:
Erin Jenne, PhD
Professor, International Relations Dept.
Central European University Office hours: by appointment Jennee@ceu.edu
Teaching assistant:
Liliia Sablina
PhD candidate, Doctoral School of Political Science
4 Credits (8 ECTS Credits) Sablina_liliia@phd.ceu.edu
Course Description
The birthplace of the nation-state and multinational empires, Europe is notable not only for its history of secessionist and irredentist movements, but also for its long history of international conflict management. From the recognition of religious minorities under the Ottoman Empire and the protection of religious minorities under the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia to the modern interventions of NATO and the European Union in Bosnia-Hercegovina and Kosovo, Western governments have a storied history of attempting to resolve the tension between state power and nationalist movements using ethnic partition, military intervention and ethnic power-sharing to the granting of cultural or language rights—to varying degrees of success. The past century alone has borne witness to three major periods of political upheaval in Eastern Europe. Two of these—the fall of the Habsburg, Ottoman, German and Russian Empires at the end of World War I and the fall of the Soviet, Czechoslovak and Yugoslav socialist ethnofederations at the end of the Cold War—coincided with an upsurge of nationalist movements whose leaders sought to alter state borders or create new ones. After World War I, the victorious Allied Powers redrew the political boundaries of Eastern Europe’s multinational empires and forever altered the fate of its peoples. To prevent ethnic retributions in the wake of this political settlement, the Allied Powers set up a system of minority protection under the League of Nations. In the end, the League failed to prevent the persecution of minorities in Poland, Hungary, Albania, and Romania in the 1920s and 1930s. Populism, then a nascent force in interwar Europe, was quickly diverted into fascism in several East European countries, followed by military revisionism and systemic war.
Nationalism, populism and ethnic conflict reemerged on the international stage in the 1990s after forty-five years of relative quiescence. In the context of political transition, numerous self- identified nations and groups sought self-determination in response to ethnic fears or economic opportunities—in some cases leading to violence. To ensure the stability of the region and prevent a tidal wave of East European migrants to the West, the US and West European governments worked closely with NATO, the EU, the UN, the Council of Europe, and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) to ameliorate sectarian tensions in the region. Today, the UN, EU and NATO continue to search for solutions to ongoing violent conflicts in former Soviet Republics of Ukraine and Georgia as well as the newly independent Balkans states of Kosovo, Bosnia and Hercegovina, and North Macedonia. In recent years, populist movements (combined with ethnonationalism) have produced ethnopopulist governments in Poland, Hungary, Russia, North
Macedonia, and Serbia—as popular discontent with the results of neoliberalism and technocratic governance under European institutions continues apace.
Although we address the causes and consequences of conflicts more generally, the course focus primarily on Eastern Europe due to its long history of nationalism, populism, and ethnic conflict management. The European record can therefore be examined for lessons on resolving sectarian conflicts—both in Europe and beyond. We review the successes and failures of Europe’s history of conflict management to see whether lessons can be drawn from earlier periods of conflict management that can help policy makers today. We also assess the newer threat posed by right-wing populist movements in order to identify what, if anything, can be done to ameliorate conflict associated with populist nationalism. Although the course is focused primarily on Eastern Europe, we continually cast our gaze to comparable cases of conflict management in other parts of the world.
The course begins with concepts and definitions of minorities, ethnic groups, and nations. We then consider the origins, actors and processes associated with the emergence of both nationalist and ethnic conflict. This is followed by an examination of the principles of competing strategies of conflict management—including preventive diplomacy and ethnic partition—in concrete cases in interwar and postcommunist Eastern Europe. The final section of the course examines the history of populism in Eastern Europe and how it has intersected with ethnonationalism and social conservatism. Week 9 contains a practical exercise—we will use the principles of conflict management to develop a policy brief on how to manage ethnic conflict in a postwar Ukraine—the exercise will be coordinated with Professor Paul Diehl’s class at the University of Illinois (USA), which will jointly evaluate the proposals.
The overriding goal of the course is to give students the tools to evaluate the causes of nationalist, ethnic and populist conflicts in order to prescribe solutions to ongoing conflicts. The aim is to explore the intersection of theory and practice to give students a grounding in the strategies used to manage conflict, as well as an understanding of why one might work better than another in a given case. This experience (intertwining theory and practice) will ideally suggest ways in which future security regimes can be designed to reduce existing conflicts while preventing the outbreak of new ones.
Aims
The course’s main aim is to provide students with a sound understanding of:
1) The causes of nationalism, populism, and ethnic conflict 2) The theory and practice of conflict management
3) What makes third party conflict mediation successful
4) The origins, successes, and failures of European security regimes 5) How to write and deliver a brief on a real-world conflict
6) Learn how to use holistic grading to measure populism and nationalism
Learning Outcomes
✓ Distinguish the causal logics of competing theories of ethnic conflict
✓ Identify the drivers of populism and nationalism
✓ Identify the origins and dynamics of specific cases of conflict
✓ Critically evaluate competing solutions for conflict management
✓ Offer policy recommendations for designing ethnic diversity regimes
Course Requirements
(1) Policy Brief (40%). There are two parts to this assignment. First, students will be given a task to write a policy paper for a fictional think tank that analyzes the causes of the Ukraine war as well as an optimal minorities regime to manage tensions in the post- conflict period. (30%) Second, students will engage in a policy evaluation together with Paul Diehl’s class on conflict processes at the University of Illinois in the first or second week of March in which you will jointly communicate and evaluate one another’s conclusions. By the end of the debates, groups should arrive at a final proposal for conflict resolution and reconstruction in Ukraine. (10%).
(2) Class Participation (20%). Students are expected to attend all the seminars and participate in class discussions. They should come prepared to discuss the readings assigned for that day.
(3) Team Presentations (20%). During the second half of the course, students will sign up to work together with the instructors to teach the seminar on the topic for that day.
Ideally, it will cover cases or topics that are either historical or contemporary, from any region of the world, that builds on one or more of the main themes of the seminar. (Each student team should consult with me jointly at least one week prior to the week of their presentation.)
(4) Final Exam (20%). Students will be given a take-home essay examination that tests their understanding of different theories of nationalism, ethnic conflict and populism, using case evidence in Eastern Europe as well as material covered in lectures and readings. Students will have 24 hours to complete the exam.
Schedule:
Tuesday 15:40-17:20 Thursday 15:40-17:20
Communication with the instructor and TA:
Prof. Erin Jenne: appointment scheduler, room 421 Lilia Sablina: Sablina_liliia@phd.ceu.edu, room A605
COURSE SCHEDULE
PART ONE: NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC CONFLICT Week 1. Introduction
January 10: Nations, Nationalism and the Nation-State
Hechter, M., 2000. Containing nationalism. OUP Oxford.. Chapter 1, pages 5-17.
J. Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith (eds.) 1994. Nationalism: A Reader. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, excerpted writings by Renan, Stalin, and Geertz, pp. 15-21; 29-34
January 12: Theories of Nationalism
Gellner, E., 1983. Nations and Nationalism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Press, pp. 53-62.
Anderson, B., 2006. Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. Verso books, pp. 1-46.
Week 2. Ethnic Groups and Minorities January 17: Ethnic Groups and Boundaries
Brubaker, R., 2006. Ethnicity without groups. Harvard university press (chapters 1-2).
Barth, F., 2010. Introduction to ethnic groups and boundaries: The social organization of cultural difference. Selected Studies in International Migration and Immigrant Incorporation, pp. 407-436.
January 19: Minorities and Majorities
Wimmer, A. 2004. “Dominant Ethnicity and Dominant Nationhood,” in Eric P.
Kaufmann (ed.) Rethinking Ethnicity: Majority Groups and Dominant Minorities.
London and New York: Routledge), pp. 35-52.
Knott, E., 2015. What does it mean to be a kin majority? Analyzing Romanian identity in Moldova and Russian identity in Crimea from below. Social Science Quarterly, 96(3), pp.830-859.
Week 3. Theories of Nationalist and Ethnic Conflict
January 24: Masses versus Elites
Gagnon Jr, V.P., 1994. Ethnic nationalism and international conflict: The case of Serbia. International security, 19(3), pp.130-166.
Snyder J.. From voting to violence. Norton & Company, 2000. Chapter 1.
January 26: Ethnic Fears and Grievances
Petersen, R.D., 2002. Understanding ethnic violence: Fear, hatred, and resentment in twentieth-century Eastern Europe. Cambridge University Press. Chapters 1-2.
Cederman, L.E., Weidmann, N.B. and Gleditsch, K.S., 2011. Horizontal inequalities and ethnonationalist civil war: A global comparison. American political science review, 105(3), pp.478-495.
Week 4. Theories of Nationalist and Ethnic Conflict (continued) January 31: Opportunism and Competition Theory
Hale, H.E., 2000. The parade of sovereignties: Testing theories of secession in the Soviet setting. British Journal of Political Science, 30(1), pp.31-56.
Cunningham, D., 2012. Mobilizing ethnic competition. Theory and Society, 41(5), pp.505-525.
February 2: Bad Neighbors and Bad Neighborhoods
Salehyan, I., 2007. Transnational rebels: Neighboring states as sanctuary for rebel groups. World Politics, 59(2), pp.217-242.
Saideman, S.M. and Ayres, R.W., 2000. Determining the causes of irredentism: Logit analyses of minorities at risk data from the 1980s and 1990s. The Journal of Politics, 62(4), pp.1126-1144.
PART TWO: ETHNIC CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Week 5. History of Ethnic Conflict Management
February 7: Conflict Management: Actors and Processes
Abu-Nimer, M., 1999. Dialogue, conflict resolution, and change: Arab-Jewish encounters in Israel. Suny Press. Chapter 2, pp. 11-28.
Lederach, J.P., 1997. Structure: Lenses for the big picture. Building Peace: Sustainable reconciliation in divided societies, pp.37-61.
February 9: Post-WWI Ethnic Conflict Management (League of Nations)
Mazower, M., 2004. The strange triumph of human rights, 1933–1950. The Historical Journal, 47(2), pp.379-398.
Cowan, J.K., 2003. Who's afraid of violent language? Honour, sovereignty and claims- making in the League of Nations. Anthropological Theory, 3(3), pp.271-291.
Week 6. History of Ethnic Conflict Management (continued)
February 14: Post-WWII Ethnic Conflict Management (United Nations)
Cassese, A., 1995. Self-determination of peoples: a legal reappraisal (Vol. 12).
Cambridge University Press, pp. 67-100.
Walter, B.F., Howard, L.M. and Fortna, V.P., 2021. The extraordinary relationship between peacekeeping and peace. British Journal of Political Science, 51(4), pp.1705- 1722.
February 16: Post-Cold War Ethnic Conflict Management (NATO/EU/OSCE)
Toal, G., 2017. Near abroad: Putin, the west, and the contest over Ukraine and the Caucasus. Oxford University Press, Chapters 1-2.
Chandler, D., 2006. The OSCE and the internationalisation of national minority rights.
In Ethnicity and democratisation in the New Europe. Routledge, pp. 61-73.
Week 7. Competing Methods of Ethnic Conflict Management February 21: Preventive Diplomacy and Conditionality
Kelley, J., 2004. International actors on the domestic scene: Membership conditionality and socialization by international institutions. International organization, 58(3), pp.425-457.
Jenne, E., 2019. Nested Security: Lessons in Conflict Management from the League of Nations and the European Union. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, Chapters 2, 5.
February 23: Civic Engagement and Ethnic Reintegration
Jenne, E.K., 2010. Barriers to reintegration after ethnic civil wars: Lessons from minority returns and restitution in the Balkans. Civil Wars, 12(4), pp.370-394.
Varshney, A., 2001. Ethnic conflict and civil society: India and beyond. World politics, 53(3), pp.362-398.
Week 8. Competing Methods of Conflict Management (continued) February 28: Autonomy, Consociationalism and Induced Devolution
Brancati, D., 2006. Decentralization: Fueling the fire or dampening the flames of ethnic conflict and secessionism?. International organization, 60(3), pp.651-685.
March 2: Ethnic Partition
Kaufmann, C., 1996. Possible and impossible solutions to ethnic civil wars. International security, 20(4), pp.136-175.
Kalyvas, S.N., 2008. Ethnic defection in civil war. Comparative Political Studies, 41(8), pp.1043-1068.
[FIRST OR SECOND WEEK OF MARCH:
UKRAINE ETHNIC CONFLICT PROPOSALS AND EVALUATION]
PART THREE: POPULISM Week 9. Theories of Populism
March 7: Populism—A Framework of Analysis
Brubaker, R., 2017. Why populism?. Theory and society, 46(5), pp.357-385.
Mudde, C. and Kaltwasser, C.R., 2013. Exclusionary vs. inclusionary populism:
Comparing contemporary Europe and Latin America. Government and opposition, 48(2), pp.147-174.
March 9: Populism and Nationalism
Inglehart, R.F. and Norris, P., 2016. Trump, Brexit, and the rise of populism: Economic have-nots and cultural backlash. Faculty Research Working Paper Series, Harvard University.
De Cleen, B. and Stavrakakis, Y., 2017. Distinctions and articulations: A discourse theoretical framework for the study of populism and nationalism. Javnost-The Public, 24(4), pp.301-319.
Week 10. Populism and Nationalism in Historical Perspective
March 14: Populism, Peasantism and Fascism in Interwar Eastern Europe
Mudde, C., 2000. In the name of the peasantry, the proletariat, and the people:
populisms in Eastern Europe. East European Politics and Societies, 15(1), pp.33-53.
Karaömerlioğlu, M.A., 2002. Agrarian populism as an ideological discourse of interwar Europe. New Perspectives on Turkey, 26, pp.59-93.
March 16: Populism and Nationalism in Contemporary Eastern Europe
Enyedi, Z., 2016. Paternalist populism and illiberal elitism in Central Europe. Journal of Political Ideologies, 21(1), pp.9-25.
Lendvai‐Bainton, N., & Szelewa, D. 2021. “Governing new authoritarianism:
Populism, nationalism and radical welfare reforms in Hungary and Poland,” Social Policy & Administration, 55(4), 559-572.
Week 11. Measuring Discourse through Holistic Coding March 21. Measuring Populism versus Social Conservatism
Hawkins, K.A., Aguilar, R., Silva, B.C., Jenne, E.K., Kocijan, B. and Kaltwasser, C.R., 2019, June. Measuring populist discourse: The global populism database. In EPSA Annual Conference in Belfast, UK, June. pp. 20-22.
Lakoff, G., 2014. The all new don't think of an elephant!: Know your values and frame the debate. Chelsea Green Publishing. Chapters 1, 7, 8.
March 23. Measuring Nationalism
Billig, M., 1995. Banal nationalism. SAGE, Chapters 1, 4.
Week 12. Course Wrap-Up
March 28: The Future of Nationalism and Populism
Bieber, F., 2018. “Is Nationalism on the Rise? Assessing Global Trends,” Ethnopolitics, 17(5), pp. 519-540.
Jenne, E.K., 2018. Is Nationalism or Ethnopopulism on the rise today?
Ethnopolitics, 17(5), pp. 546-552.
March 30. TAKE-HOME FINAL EXAM
RECOMMENDED LITERATURE Theories of Nationalism
Andreas Wimmer. March/April 2019. “Why Nationalism Works and Why it Isn’t Going Away” Foreign Affairs, pp. 27-34.
Joseph Montville. 1990. “The Pathology and Prevention of Genocide,” in Vamik D.
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Elie Kedourie. 1961. Nationalism. New York: Praeger, pp. 1-11; 56-86.
George Schöpflin. 1995. “Nationalism and Ethnicity in Europe, East and West,” in Charles A.
Kupchan (ed.) Nationalism and Nationalities in the New Europe. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, pp. 37-65.
Jack Eller. 1999. From Culture to Ethnicity to Conflict: An Anthropological Perspective on International Ethnic Conflict. University of Michigan Press.
Walker Connor. 1994. Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding. Princeton, NJ:
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Tom Nairn. 1974. “Scotland and Europe,” New Left Review, No. 83, pp. 57-82.
Anthony Smith. 1998. Nationalism and Modernism: A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism. London: Routledge, pp. 1-24.
Karl Deutsch. 1966. “Communication and the Concept of a People,” Nationalism and Social Communication, pp. 96-105.
Ernest Gellner, “Nationalism,” in Thought and Change, pp. 158-71.
Miroslav Hroch. March/April 1993. “From National Movement to the Fully-Formed Nation,”
New Left Review, Vol. 198, pp. 3-20.
Liah Greenfeld. 1992. Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Brendan O’Leary. 1997. “On the Nature of Nationalism: An Appraisal of Ernest Gellner’s Writings on Nationalism,” British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 27, pp. 191-222.
E. J. Hobsbawm. 1990. Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 101-130.
Michael Billig. 1995. Banal Nationalism. London: SAGE, pp. 37-59.
George L. Mosse. 1985. Nationalism and Sexuality: Middle-Class Morality and Sexual Norms in Modern Europe. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Rogers Brubaker. 1992. Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge, MA:
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Peter Sahlins. 1989. Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, pp. 133-167.
Partha Chatterjee. 1993. The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Eric Kaufmann. Complexity and Nationalism. Nations and Nationalism 23(1), 2017, 6-25 Ethnic Groups and Boundaries
Fredrick Barth (ed.) 1969. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organisation of Culture Difference. Bergen/Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, pp. 9-38.
Henry Hale. 2004. Explaining Ethnicity,” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp.
458-485.
James Fearon. November 1999. “What is Identity (as We Now Use the Word)?” Mimeo, Stanford University, http://www.stanford.edu/~jfearon/papers/iden1v2.pdf.
Stuart Hall. 1989. “Ethnicity: Identity and Difference,” Radical America, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp.
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Hastings Donnan and Thomas M. Wilson. 1999. Borders: Frontiers of Identity, Nation and State. Oxford and New York: Berg, pp. 1-41.
Charles C. Tilly. Social Boundary Mechanisms. Philosophy of the Social Sciences.
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Donald Horowitz. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press, 3-54.
Minorities and Majorities
Paul M. Sniderman and Louk Hagendoorn. 2007. When Ways of Life Collide: Multiculturalism and its Discontents in the Netherlands. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Ted Robert Gurr. 1993. Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts.
Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, pp. 1-27.
Will Kymlicka (ed.) The Rights of Minority Cultures. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rogers Brubaker. 1996. Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 55-76.
Will Kymlicka. 1995. Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights. New York: Oxford University Press.
Susan T. Fiske. 1999. “Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination at the Seam between the Centuries: Evolution, Culture, Mind, and Brain, Agenda 2000,” European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 30, pp. 229-322.
Masses and Elites
Steven I. Wilkinson. 2012. A Constructivist Model of Ethnic Riots, In Constructivist Theories of Ethnic Politics, ed. Kanchan Chandra. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 359-386.
Andreas Wimmer. 2013. Waves of War: Nationalism, State Formation, and Ethnic Exclusion in the Modern World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sherrill Stroschein. 2012. Ethnic Struggle, Coexistence, and Democratization in Eastern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Claire Adida. 2014. Immigrant Exclusion and Insecurity in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Consuelo Cruz. 2000. “Identity and Persuasion: How Nations Remember their Past and Make their Futures,” World Politics, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 275-312.
Stuart Kaufman. 1996. “Spiraling to Ethnic War: Elites, Masses, and Moscow in Moldova’s Civil War,” International Security, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 108-138.
Valery Tishkov. 1997. Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union. The Mind Aflame. London: SAGE Publications, pp. 207-227.
Paul Brass. 2003. The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
Clifford Geertz. 1963. “The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States,” in Geertz (ed.) Old Societies and New States. New York: Free Press.
Ethnic Fears and Grievances
David, Steven R., 1997. “Internal Wars: Causes and Cure,” World Politics, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp.
552-576.
Barry Posen. 1993. “The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict,” in Michael Brown (ed.) Ethnic Conflict and International Security. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 103- 124.
James D. Fearon. 1998. “Commitment Problems and the Spread of Ethnic Conflict,” in David Lake and Donald Rothchild (eds.) The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 107-126.
Steven I. Wilkinson. 2004. Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Stuart Kaufman. 2001. Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Rui De Figueiredo and Barry Weingast. 1999. “The Rationality of Fear,” in Barbara F. Walter and Jack Snyder (eds.) Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 261-302.
Sambanis N. Do Ethnic and Nonethnic Civil Wars Have the Same Causes?: A Theoretical and Empirical Inquiry (Part 1). Journal of Conflict Resolution. 2001;45(3):259-282.
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Opportunism and Competition Theory
Philippe Le Billon. 2001. “The Political Ecology of War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts,” Political Geography, Vol. 20, pp. 561–584.
Susan Olzak. 1992. The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, chs. 1, 3.
David Yanagizawa-Drott. 2014. “Propaganda and Conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan Genocide,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 129, No. 4, 1947-94.
Michael L. Ross. 2004. “How Do Natural Resources Influence Civil Wars?” International Organization, Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 35-68.
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Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler. October 21, 2001. “Greed and Grievance in Civil War,”
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Bad Neighbors and Bad Neighborhoods
Erika Forsberg. 2014. Transnational Transmitters: Ethnic Kinship Ties and Conflict Contagion, 1946-2009,” International Interactions, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 143-165.
Harris Mylonas. 2012. The Politics of Nation-Building: Making Co-nationals, Refugees and Minorities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Erin K. Jenne. 2007. Ethnic Bargaining: The Paradox of Minority Empowerment. Ithaca, NY:
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Stephen Saideman. Autumn 1997. “Explaining the International Relations of Secessionist Conflicts,” International Organization 51(4), pp. 721-753.
Mary Kaldor. 1999. New and Old Wars, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 69-89.
Daniel L. Byman and Kenneth M. Pollack. August, 20, 2006. “What Next?” The Washington Post.
Idean Salehyan. 2009. Rebels Without Borders: Transnational Insurgencies in World Politics.
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Maria Koinova, Four Types of Diaspora Mobilization: Albanian Diaspora Activism For Kosovo Independence in the US and the UK, Foreign Policy Analysis, Volume 9, Issue 4, October 2013, Pages 433–453, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-8594.2012.00194.x
Populism—A Framework of Analysis
Pierre-André Taguieff, “Political Science Confronts Populism: From a Conceptual Mirage to a Real Problem,” Telos 1995, no. 103 (March 20, 1995): 9–43, https://doi.org/10.3817/0395103009.
Ernesto Laclau. 2005. On Populist Reason. New York: Verso.
Cas Mudde & Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. 2013. Populism. In M. Freeden, L. T. Sargent, &
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Kirk Hawkins, Madeleine Read and Teun Pauwels. 2016. Theories of Populism.
Cas Mudde. 2004. “The Populist Zeitgeist,” Government and Opposition: 541-563.
Paris Aslanidis. 2015. Is Populism an Ideology? A Refutation and a New Perspective. Political Studies, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 1-17.
Margaret Canovan. 1999. „Trust the People! Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy,”
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Kallis. 2018. „Populism, Sovereigntism, and the Unlikely Re-Emergence of the Territorial Nation-State,” Fudan Journal of the Humanities and the Social Sciences 11, 285-302.
Bochsler, D., Green, E., Jenne, E., Mylonas, H. and Wimmer, A., 2021. Exchange on the quantitative measurement of ethnic and national identity. Nations and Nationalism, 27(1), pp.22-40.
Populism and Nationalism
Ronald Inglehart and Pippa Norris. 2019. Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit and Authoritarian Populism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sherrill Stroschein. 2019. „Nationalism, Populism, and Party Politics,” Nationalities Papers, pp. 1-13.
Rogers Brubaker. 2019. „Populism and Nationalism,” Nations and Nationalism, pp. 1-23.
De, Cleen B, and Yannis Stavrakakis. "How Should We Analyze the Connections between Populism and Nationalism: a Response to Rogers Brubaker." Nations and Nationalism. 26.2 (2020): 314-322. Print.
Cas Mudde. 2007. Populist Radical Right Parties. Cambridge University Press. Chapter 1.
Paul Blokker. 2005. “Populist Nationalism, Anti-Europeanism, Nationalism, and the East-West Distinction,” Special Issue Confronting Memories—Anti-European Europeanism: The Rise of Populism, German Law Journal, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 371-389.
H. G. Betz. 1994. Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe. New York: St. Martin's
B. Bonikowski, D. Halikiopoulou, E. Kaufmann and M. Rooduijn. 2018. „Populism and Nationalism in Comparative Perspective: A Scholarly Exchange.” Nations and Nationalism, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 58-81.
G. Katsambekis and Y. Stavrakakis. 2017. Revisiting the Nationalism/Populism Nexus:
Lessons from the Greek Case. Javnost-The Public, 1-18.
Eatwell, Roger, and Matthew Goodwin. National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy. Penguin Books Limited, 2018. Introduction, 1-20
Katherine Cramer. 2016. The Politics of Resentment: Rural Consciousness in Wisconsin and the Rise of Scott Walker. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ch. 1.
Populism, Peasantism and Fascism in Interwar Eastern Europe
Sheri Berman, 2016. „Populism is not Fascism: But it Could be a Harbinger,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 95, pp. 39-45.
Paul Taggart. 2000. Populism. Buckingham and Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Friedrich Fritz. 1990. Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany. Oxford University Press.
Ghia Ionescu, “Eastern Europe,” in Populism: It’s Meanings and National Characteristics, pp.
97-121.
Populism and Nationalism in Contemporary Eastern Europe
M. Semyonov, R. Raijman, and A. Gorodzeisky. 2006. „The Rise of Anti-foreigner Sentiment in European Societies, 1988-2000,” American Sociological Review Vol. 71, pp. 426-449.
Ben Stanley. 2011. “Populism, nationalism, or national populism? An analysis of Slovak voting behaviour at the 2010 parliamentary election,” Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol.
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Post-Cold War Ethnic Conflict Management (NATO/EU/OSCE)
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Daniel S. Treisman. January 1997. “Russia’s ‘Ethnic Revival,’ The Separatist Activism of Regional Leaders in a Postcommunist Order,” World Politics, Vol. 49, pp. 212-49.
Charles King. 2010. “Loser Nationalisms: How Certain Ideas of the Nation Succeed or Fail,”
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Preventive Diplomacy and Conditionality
Jennie Schulze. 2016. Strategic Frames: Europe, Russia and Minority Inclusion in Estonia and Latvia. University of Pittsburgh Press.
Stephen John Stedman. 1995. “Alchemy for a New World Order: Overselling 'Preventive Diplomacy,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 74, No. 3 (May - Jun., 1995), pp. 14-20, and response from Michael S. Lund. 1995. “Underrating Preventive Diplomacy, Vol. 74, No. 4, pp. 160-163.
Walter A. Kemp. 2001. Quiet Diplomacy in Action: The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities. The Hague: Kluwer, pp. 47-84.
James Hughes and Gwendolyn Sasse. 2003. “Monitoring the Monitors: EU Enlargement Conditionality and Minority Protection in the CEECs,” Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe (JEMIE), No. 1.
Adam Burgess. 1999. “Critical Reflections on...East/West European Affairs” and David Chandler, “The OSCE and the Internationalisation of National Minority Rights,” in Karl Cordell (ed.) Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe. Routledge, pp. 49-73.
Milada Vachudova. 2005. Europe Undivided: Democracy, Leverage and Integration after Communism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Bruce W. Jentleson (ed.) 2000. Opportunities Missed, Opportunities Seized: Preventive Diplomacy in the post-Cold War World. New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York.
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Civic Engagement and Ethnic Reintegration
Babara E. Harrell-Bond. 1989. “Repatriation: Under What Conditions Is It the Most Desirable Solution for Refugees? An Agenda for Research,” African Studies Review, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp.
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Gil Loescher and James Milner. April 2004. “Protracted Refugee Situations and State and Regional Insecurity,” Conflict, Security and Development, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 3-20.
Julie Mertus. 2001. “Legitimizing the Use of Force in Kosovo,” Ethics and International Affairs, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 133-150.
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Autonomy, Consociationalism and Induced Devolution
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Daniel Bochsler and Edina Szöcsik. 2013. “Building inter-ethnic bridges or promoting ethno- territorial demarcation lines? Hungarian minority parties in competition” Nationalities Papers.
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Kjell-Åke Nordquiest. 1998. “Autonomy as a Conflict-Solving Mechanism—An Overview,”
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Ethnic Partition
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Radha Kumar. January/February 1997. “The Troubled History of Partition,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 22-34.
William Durch. 1996. “Keeping the Peace: Politics and Lessons of the 1990s,” in Durch (ed.) UN Peacekeeping, American Policy and the Uncivil Wars of the 1990s. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1-29.
Daniel L. Byman. Autumn 1997. “Divided They Stand: Lessons about Partition from Iraq and Lebanon,” Security Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1-29.
Robert M. Hayden. Fall 1995. “The 1995 Agreements on Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Dayton Constitution: The Political Utility of a Constitutional Illusion,” East European Constitutional Review, pp. 59-68.
Erin K. Jenne. 2011. “When Will We Part with Partition Theory? The Flawed Premises and Improbable Longevity of the Theory of Ethnic Partition,” Ethnopolitics, pp. 1-13.
The Future of Nationalism and (Ethno)populism
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