◆!✈✉$%❦✱ ❡❧➤+❡✦
❑♦+♣✉0③✈❡③!+❡❧$ ❡❧❡♠③!0 ❛ ♥!✈✉$%0③❡+➯ ❡❧❡♠❡❦+➤❧
▲✐❣❡$✐✲◆❛❣② ◆♦*♠✐1,2
1▼❚❆✲$$❑❊ ▼❛❣②❛* ◆②❡❧✈/❡❝❤♥♦❧4❣✐❛✐ ❑✉/❛/4❝7♦♣♦*/✱
✶✵✽✸ ❇✉❞❛♣❡7/✱ $*@/❡* ✉✳ ✺✵✴❆
2$@③♠@♥② $F/❡* ❑❛/♦❧✐❦✉7 ❊❣②❡/❡♠ ❇H❧❝7F7③❡/✲ F7 ❚@*7❛❞❛❧♦♠/✉❞♦♠@♥②✐ ❑❛*
✷✵✽✼ $✐❧✐7❝7❛❜❛✱ ❊❣②❡/❡♠ ✉✳ ✶✳
❧✐❣❡/✐✲♥❛❣②✳♥♦❡♠✐❅✐/❦✳♣♣❦❡✳❤✉
❑✐✈♦♥❛& ❏❡❧❡♥ /❛♥✉❧♠@♥②❜❛♥ ❛ ♠❛❣②❛* ♥F✈✉/4❦ ❝7♦♣♦*/❥@/ ✈✐③7❣@❧❥❛✳ ❆
❦♦*♣✉7③✈❡③F*❡❧/ ❡❧❡♠③F7 7♦*@♥ ❤❛/ ✕ ❜✐♥@*✐7 ✕ /✉❧❛❥❞♦♥7@❣*❛ ❢4❦✉7③@❧✉♥❦✱
❛ ♥F✈✉/4❦ ❦❛/❡❣4*✐@❥@*❛ ③@*/ F7 ♠❡*❡✈ ♦7③/@❧② ❤❡❧②❡// ❦♦♥/✐♥✉✉♠❦F♥/
/❡❦✐♥/✈❡✳ ❊*❡❞♠F♥②❡✐♥❦ ❡❣② Q❥7③❡*➯ ♠❡❣❦H③❡❧S/F7/ ❥❡❧❡♥/❡♥❡❦✱ ❛♠❡❧❧②❡❧
❤❛/F❦♦♥②❛❜❜❛♥ ❡❧❡♠❡③❤❡/➤❦ ❛ ♥F✈✉/47③❡*➯ ❡❧❡♠❡❦ ❛ ♠♦♥❞❛/❜❛♥✳
❑✉❧❝**③❛✈❛❦✿ ♥F✈✉/4❦✱ ❦♦*♣✉7③♥②❡❧✈F7③❡/✱ ♠♦♥❞❛/❡❧❡♠③➤
✶✳ ❇❡✈❡③❡&'(
❊❜❜❡♥ ❛ ❝✐❦❦❜❡♥ ❡❣② 1$❢♦❣3✱ ❦♦5♣✉8③✈❡③*5❡❧$ ❡❧❡♠③*8$ ❦*8③<$=♥❦ ❛ ♠❛❣②❛5 ♥*✈✲
✉$3❦ ❢♦❧②❛♠❛$♦8❛♥ ✈1❧$♦③3 ❝8♦♣♦5$❥153❧✳ ❆ ❝*❧ ❛③✱ ❤♦❣② ❡③❡❦5❡ ❛ 8③❛✈❛❦5❛ ♥❡ ❡❣②
♠❡5❡✈ *8 ❤♦♠♦❣*♥ ❦❛$❡❣35✐❛ ❡❧❡♠❡✐❦*♥$ $❡❦✐♥$8=♥❦✱ ❤❛♥❡♠ ✐♥❦1❜❜ ❦♦♥$✐♥✉✉♠✲
❦*♥$✱ ❛♠❡❧②❜❡♥ $B❜❜ ❦=❧B♥❜B③➤ $✉❧❛❥❞♦♥81❣ ❛❧❛♣❥1♥ ❤❡❧②❡③❤❡$➤❦ ❡❧ ❛③ ❡❣②❡8 8③❛✲
✈❛❦✳ ❚1✈♦❧❛❜❜✐ ❝*❧✉♥❦ ❡❣②❢❛❥$❛ ❢=❣❣➤8*❣✐ ♥②❡❧✈$❛♥ ❦❡5❡$❡✐♥ ❜❡❧=❧ ❡❧❡♠❡③♥✐ ➤❦❡$✱
❧❡❤❡$➤8*❣ 8③❡5✐♥$ ♠✐♥❞✈*❣✐❣ 8③❡♠ ❡❧➤$$ $❛5$✈❛ ❡❣② ♣8③✐❝❤♦❧✐♥❣✈✐8③$✐❦❛✐❧❛❣ ♠♦$✐✈1❧$
❡❧❡♠③➤5❡♥❞8③❡5 ✭❆♥❛●$❛♠♠❛✱ ❬✶✱✷❪✮ ✐❣*♥②❡✐$✳
❆ ❧❡❣❢♦♥$♦8❛❜❜ $✐8③$1③❛♥❞3 ❦*5❞*8 ❛③ ❡❧❡❥*♥✱ ❤♦❣② ♠✐$ *5$=♥❦ ♥*✈✉$3 ❛❧❛$$✳
❙③1♠<$3❣*♣❡8 ♥②❡❧✈*8③❡$✐ 8③❡♠♣♦♥$❜3❧ ❛ ♥*✈✉$3❦ ❛③♦❦ ❛③ ✕ B♥1❧❧3 ✕ ❡❧❡♠❡❦✱ ❛♠❡✲
❧②❡❦ ♠❡❣❦*5❞➤❥❡❧❡③❤❡$❡$❧❡♥=❧ ❥❡❧③✐❦ ❡❣② ❢➤♥*✈✐ ❝8♦♣♦5$ ✈*❣*$ ❛ ♠♦♥❞❛$❜❛♥ ✭❧❞✳
♣*❧❞1✉❧ ❛③ ✶✲❡8 ♣*❧❞1❜❛♥✮✳ ❯❣②❛♥❛❦❦♦5 ❡❧❦❡5=❧❤❡$❡$❧❡♥ ❡❣② ♠*❧②5❡❤❛$3 ✐5♦❞❛❧♠✐
1$$❡❦✐♥$*8 ❛553❧✱ ❤♦❣② ♣♦♥$♦8❛♥ ♠❡❧② ❡❧❡♠❡❦ $❛5$♦③♥❛❦ ❡❜❜❡ ❛ ❝8♦♣♦5$❜❛✳ ❆ ✷✳✶✳
❢❡❥❡③❡$❜❡♥ ❜❡♠✉$❛$❥✉❦✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ❥❡❧❡♥$➤8❡❜❜ ♥②❡❧✈*8③❡$✐ ✐8❦♦❧1❦ ❤♦❣②❛♥ ✈*❧❡❦❡❞$❡❦
❛ ♥*✈✉$3❦53❧✱ ♥♦❤❛ ❛ ♠✐ ❝*❧✉♥❦ ❡③❡❦♥❡❦ ❛ 8③❛✈❛❦♥❛❦ ❛③ ❡❧❡♠③*8❡ ❢=❣❣❡$❧❡♥=❧ ❛$✲
$3❧✱ ❤♦❣② ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ✐8❦♦❧❛ 8③❡5✐♥$ ♥*✈✉$3❦✲❡ ✈❛❣② 8❡♠✳ ❆ ✷✳✷✳ ❢❡❥❡③❡$❜❡♥ ❛ ❦✉$❛$18
❤1$$❡5*$ ❥❡❧❡♥$➤ ❡❧❡♠③➤5❡♥❞8③❡5$ ♠✉$❛$❥✉❦ ❜❡ 5B✈✐❞❡♥✳ ❆ ✸✳ ❢❡❥❡③❡$❜❡♥ ❜❡♠✉$❛$✲
❥✉❦ ❛ 8❛❥1$ ❦5✐$*5✐✉♠❛✐♥❦❛$ *8 ♦8③$1❧②♦③18✐ ❢❡❧$*$❡❧❡✐♥❦❡$✳ ❆ ✹✳ ❢❡❥❡③❡$❜❡♥ B88③❡✲
❢♦❣❧❛❧❥✉❦ ♠✐♥❞❛③$✱ ❛♠✐ ✈✐③8❣1❧❛$❛✐♥❦ 8♦51♥ ❛ ❦♦5♣✉8③❜3❧ ♥②✐❧✈1♥✈❛❧3 ✈1❧$✱ ✐❧❧❡$✈❡
❜❡♠✉$❛$❥✉❦✱ ❤♦❣②❛♥ ❥❡❧❧❡♠❡③❤❡$➤❦ ❛③ ❡❣②❡8 ♥*✈✉$38③❡5➯ ❡❧❡♠❡❦ ❛ 8③3❢❛❥ ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤
$✉❧❛❥❞♦♥81❣❛✐$ ❦*♣✈✐8❡❧➤ ❜✐♥15✐8 ❥❡❣②❡❦ 8❡❣<$8*❣*✈❡❧✳ ❈✐❦❦=♥❦❡$ ❛③ ✺✳ ❢❡❥❡③❡$❜❡♥
B88③❡❢♦❣❧❛❧188❛❧ ③15❥✉❦✳
✭✶✮ ❆ ❢➤♥$✈ ✉!"♥ ❥'♥ ❛ ♥$✈✉*+✳
✷✳ ❇❡✈❡③❡&'(
✷✳✶✳ ❑❛♣❝'♦❧*❞* ✐-♦❞❛❧♦♠
❆❧✐❣❤❛ &❛❧'❧✉♥❦ ♠,❣ ❡❣② ♦❧②❛♥ 0③2♦0③&'❧②&✱ ❛♠❡❧② ✈✐0③♦♥②❧❛❣ ❦❡✈,0 0③'♠5 ❡❧❡✲
♠❡ ❡❧❧❡♥,7❡ ♦❧②❛♥ ❤♦00③❛♥ &❛7&2 ✈✐&'& ❡7❡❞♠,♥②❡③♥❡✱ ♠✐♥& ❛ ♠❛❣②❛7 ♥,✈✉&2❦✳
❙③✐♥&❡ ❧❡❤❡&❡&❧❡♥ ❦,& ❦;❧<♥❜<③➤ &❛♥✉❧♠'♥②& &❛❧'❧♥✐✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦ ✉❣②❛♥♦❧②❛♥ ❦❧❛00③✐✲
✜❦'❝✐2 ♠❡❧❧❡&& ,7✈❡❧♥,♥❡❦✳ ❊❜❜❡♥ ❛ ❢❡❥❡③❡&❜❡♥ ♠❡❣♣72❜'❧✉♥❦ '&&❡❦✐♥&,0& ❛❞♥✐
❛772❧✱ ❛♠✐& ❛③ ❡❧♠,❧❡&✐ ♥②❡❧✈,0③❡❦ ❡❞❞✐❣ ♠♦♥❞&❛❦ ❛ ♠❛❣②❛7 ♥,✈✉&2❦72❧✳ ❆ ❤❛✲
❣②♦♠'♥②♦0 ♠❛❣②❛7 ♥②❡❧✈&❛♥♦❦❜❛♥ ❬✸❪ ❛ ♥,✈✉&2❦ ❛ ❢✉♥❦❝✐20③❛✈❛❦ ❡❣② ❝0♦♣♦7&❥'&
❛❧❦♦&❥'❦✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦ ♠♦7❢♦❧2❣✐❛✐ ❥❡❧❧❡❣➯ ❡❣②0,❣❡& ❛❧❦♦&♥❛❦ ❛③ ➤❦❡& ♠❡❣❡❧➤③➤ ❢➤♥,✈✲
✈❡❧ ✭✈❛❣② ❢➤♥,✈✐ ❦✐❢❡❥❡③,00❡❧✮✱ K❣② ❡0❡&7❛❣❦,♥& ♠➯❦<❞♥❡❦✳ ❊③❡❦ ❛ ♥②❡❧✈&❛♥♦❦ ❛
❦<✈❡&❦❡③➤❦,♣♣❡♥ ❝0♦♣♦7&♦0K&❥'❦ ❛ ♥,✈✉&2❦❛&✿
✭✷✮ ❛✳ ❱❛❧*❞✐ ♥1✈✉4*❦✱ ❛ ♥,✈✉&2❦✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦ ❡0❡&7❛❣ ♥,❧❦;❧✐ ❢➤♥❡✈❡& ❦<✈❡&♥❡❦✿
❧"❛❧✱ ❛❧ ✱ ❛❧❛""✱ ❛❧$❧✱ ❡❧&✱ ❡❧➤""✱ ❡❧➤❧✱ ❡❧❧❡♥✱ ❢❡❧&✱ ❢❡❧➤❧✱ ❢*❧& ✱ ❢*❧*""✱ ❤❡❧②❡""✱
✐. ♥"✱ ❦*.& ✱ ❦*.0❧✱ ❦*③&✱ ❦*③*""✱ ❦*③0❧✱ ♠❡❧❧&✱ ♠❡❧❧❡""✱ ♠❡❧❧➤❧✱ ♠✐❛""✱ ♠*❣&✱
♠*❣*""✱ ♠*❣0❧✱ ♥&❧❦0❧✱ 4③❡.✐♥"✱ ✉" ♥✳
❜✳ ❘❛❣✈♦♥③* ♥1✈✉4*❦✿ ❢♦❣✈❛✱ ❦❡③❞✈❡✱ ♥&③✈❡✱ ❦❡.❡4③"0❧✱ "9❧✱ ❡❣②0"" 0&❜✳
❝✳ ❇✐-4♦❦♦' '③❡♠1❧②❥❡❧❡4 4❛-4❛❧♠❛③* ♥1✈✉4*❦✿ ❛❧❛♣❥ ♥✱ ❝&❧❥ ❜$❧✱ ❡❧❧❡✲
♥&.❡✱ &.❞❡❦&❜❡♥✱ &."❡❧♠&❜❡♥✱ ❡4❡"&❜❡♥✱ ❢♦❧②❛♠ ♥✱ ❥❛✈ .❛✱ ❦*✈❡"❦❡③"&❜❡♥✱
♥②♦♠ ♥✱ .&4③&.➤❧✱ 4③ ♠ .❛✱ " ❥ ♥ 0&❜✳
❊③& ❛ ❦❛&❡❣♦7✐③'❝✐2& ❡7➤0❡♥ ✈✐&❛&❥'❦ ❛ 0&7✉❦&✉7❛❧✐0&❛ ✈❛❣② ❣❡♥❡7❛&K✈ ❤'&&❡7➯
&❛♥✉❧♠'♥②♦❦✳ ❆ ❙".✉❦"✉. ❧✐4 ♠❛❣②❛. ♥②❡❧✈"❛♥ ✸✳ ❦<&❡&,❜❡♥ ❬✹❪ ❛ ♥,✈✉&2❦❛& ❤'7♦♠
✭,0 ❢,❧✮ ❝0♦♣♦7&❜❛ 0♦7♦❧❥'❦✿
✭✸✮ ❛✳ ❊'❡4'③❡-➯ ♥1✈✉4*❦✿ ❛ ❝0♦♣♦7& &❛❣❥❛✐ ❡0❡&7❛❣❦,♥& ✈✐0❡❧❦❡❞♥❡❦✳ ◆❡♠
❛❞♥❛❦ ❡0❡&❡& ❛③ ◆P✲♥❡❦✱ ❡0❡&7❛❣ ♥,❧❦;❧✐ ❢➤♥,✈✐ ❝0♦♣♦7&♦& ✈♦♥③❛♥❛❦✳ P,❧✲
❞'✉❧✿ ❧"❛❧✱ ❛❧ ✱ ❛❧❛""✱ ❛❧$❧✱ ❡❧&✱ ❡❧➤""✱ ❡❧➤❧✱ ❡❧❧❡♥✱ ❢❡❧&✱ ❢❡❧➤❧✱ ❢*❧&✱ ❢*❧*""✱
❤❡❧②❡""✱ ✐. ♥"✱ ❦*.&✱ ❦*.0❧✱ ❦*③&✱ ❦*③*""✱ ❦*③0❧✱ ♠❡❧❧&✱ ♠❡❧❧❡""✱ ♠❡❧❧➤❧✱ ♠✐✲
❛""✱ ♠*❣&✱ ♠*❣*""✱ ♠*❣0❧✱ ♥&❧❦0❧✱ 4③❡.✐♥"✱ ✉" ♥✳
❜✳ ❱❛❧*❞✐ ♥1✈✉4*❦✿ ❛③♦❦ ❛③ ❡❧❡♠❡❦✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦ ❧❡①✐❦❛✐ ❡0❡&&❡❧ 7❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③➤
♥,✈0③2& ✈♦♥③❛♥❛❦✿ ❛❧✉❧✱ "✱ ❜❡❧0❧✱ ❦@✈0❧✱ ❡❣②0"" 0&❜✳
❝✳ ❊❣②1❜ ♥1✈✉4*❦✿ ❛③♦❦ ❛ ♥,✈✉&2❦✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦ 0♦0❡♠ ❢♦7❞✉❧♥❛❦ ❡❧➤ 0③❡♠,✲
❧②❡0 ♥,✈♠'00❛❧✿ ✈&❣❡""✱ ❦*③❜❡♥✱ $"❛✱ ❣②❛♥ ♥"✱ ❤♦44③❛"✳
❞✳ ✭◆,✈✉&20③❡7➯ ❡❧❡♠❡❦✮✿ ❡❣② '&♠❡♥❡&✐ ♦0③&'❧②✱ ❜✐7&♦❦♦0 0③❡♠,❧②❥❡❧❡0 ❛❧❛✲
❦♦❦❛& &❛7&❛❧♠❛③✳
❋❡❧0♦7♦❧'0✉♥❦❜2❧ ♠,❣ ❤✐'♥②③✐❦ ❡❣② &✐0③&'♥ ❣❡♥❡7❛&K✈ ♠❡❣❦<③❡❧K&,0✳ ❊③& ❜✐③&♦✲
0K&❥❛ ♣,❧❞'✉❧ ➱✳ ❑✐00 ❛ ❚❤❡ ❙②♥"❛① ♦❢ ❍✉♥❣❛.✐❛♥✲❜❡♥ ❬✺❪✳ ■&& ❛③ ❡❞❞✐❣ ❡♠❧K&❡&&
0③❛✈❛❦ ❛ ❦<✈❡&❦❡③➤ ❦❛&❡❣♦7✐③'❝✐2❜❛♥ ❥❡❧❡♥♥❡❦ ♠❡❣✿
✭✹✮ ❛✳ ❱♦♥③❛%♦& ❤❛%()♦③*&③*❦ ✭❧❡①✐❦❛✐ ❡*❡++❡❧ ,❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③➤ ❢➤♥2✈✐ ❝*♦♣♦,+♦+
✈♦♥③7 ✒♥2✈✉+7❦✑✮✿ ❡❣②#$$✱ ❛❧✉❧ *+❜✳
❜✳ ■❞✐♦♠❛%✐❦✉& ♠❡❧❧3❦♥3✈✐ ✈❛❣② ❤❛%()♦③*✐ ✐❣❡♥❡✈❡❦✱ ❧❡①✐❦❛✐ ❡*❡++❡❧
,❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③➤ ❢➤♥2✈✐ ❝*♦♣♦,+♦+ ✈♦♥③❛♥❛❦✿ ♥)③✈❡✱ ❦❡③❞✈❡ *+❜✳
❝✳ ❊&❡%)❛❣ ♥3❧❦8❧✐ ❢➤♥3✈✐ ❝&♦♣♦)%♦% ✈♦♥③* ♥3✈✉%*❦✿ ❛❧.✱ ❛❧❛$$✱ ❛❧/❧✱
❡❧)✱ ❡❧➤$$✱ ❡❧➤❧✱ ❢❡❧)✱ ❢❡❧➤❧✱ ❢2❧)✱ ❢2❧2$$✱ ❢2❧#❧✱ ❦23)✱ ❦23#❧✱ ❦2③)✱ ❦2③2$$✱ ❦2③#❧✱
.❧$❛❧✱ ❡❧❧❡♥✱ ❡❧❧❡♥)3❡✱ ❤❡❧②❡$$✱ 5③❡3✐♥$✱ ✐3.♥$✱ ♠✐❛$$✱ ♥)❧❦#❧✱ ✉$.♥✱ ✈)❣❡$$ 2*
3)✈)♥✳
❊③ ❛ ❤@,♦♠ ❦B❧C♥❜C③➤ ❦❛+❡❣♦,✐③@❝✐7 ❥7❧ ♣2❧❞@③③❛✱ ♠✐❧②❡♥ ❜✐③♦♥②+❛❧❛♥ ❛ ♥2✈✲
✉+7❦ ♠❡❣❤❛+@,♦③@*❛ ❛ ♠❛❣②❛, ♥②❡❧✈2*③❡+✐ ✐,♦❞❛❧♦♠❜❛♥✳ ❯❣②❛♥❛❦❦♦, *③B❦*2❣❡*
❡❣② ♠@*✐❦✱ ❡,,❡ ❛ ❦2,❞2*,❡ ✈♦♥❛+❦♦③7 ✐,♦❞❛❧♠✐ +2+❡❧,❡ ✐* ❤✐✈❛+❦♦③♥✉♥❦✱ ♥❡✈❡③❡✲
+❡*❡♥ ❉2❦@♥② ➱✈❛ ❞♦❦+♦,✐ ❞✐**③❡,+@❝✐7❥@,❛✱ ❛♠❡❧② ,2*③❧❡+❡* ❧✐*+@+ +❛,+❛❧♠❛③ ❛③ C**③❡* ♠❛❣②❛, ♥2✈✉+7,7❧ ❬✻❪✳ ❉2❦@♥② ➱✈❛ ❝*♦♣♦,+♦*N+@*@+ ❛ ♥❛❦❡❞ 2* ❛ ❞3❡55❡❞
♥2✈✉+7❦ ❢♦❣❛❧♠@,❛ ❛❧❛♣♦③+❛✱ ❛♠❡❧② ♠❡❣❤❛+@,♦③@*♦❦ ❡,❡❞❡+✐❧❡❣ ▼❛,@❝③ ▲@*③❧7+7❧
*③@,♠❛③♥❛❦ ❬✼❪✳ ◆❛❦❡❞ ♥2✈✉+7 ❛❧❛++ ❛③ ❡*❡+,❛❣♦*✱ ❞3❡55❡❞ ♥2✈✉+7 ❛❧❛++ ♣❡❞✐❣ ❛③
❡*❡+,❛❣ ♥2❧❦B❧✐ ♥2✈*③7✈❛❧ +@,*✉❧7 ♥2✈✉+7❦❛+ 2,+✐❦✳ ❊③ ❛ ❦❛+❡❣♦,✐③@❝✐7 ✐* *③❡,❡♣❡❧
❛③ ✶✳ +@❜❧@③❛+❜❛♥✱ ❛♠❡❧② ❡❣② ❦✐♠❡,N+➤✱ 2* C**③❡❤❛*♦♥❧N+7 ❥❡❧❧❡❣➯ ❢❡❧*♦,♦❧@*❛ ❛③ ✐,♦✲
❞❛❧♦♠❜❛♥ ✈❛❧❛❤❛ ♥2✈✉+7❦2♥+ ❡♠❧N+❡++ *③❛✈❛❦♥❛❦ ✭❛ ❢❡♥+ ❡♠❧N+❡++ ♥2❣② +❛♥✉❧♠@♥②
❛❧❛♣❥@♥✮✳
❆③ ✶✳ +@❜❧@③❛+❜❛♥ ❞➤❧++❡❧ *③❡❞❡++ *③❛✈❛❦ ❛ ♥2✈✉+7❦✳ ❆③ ❡③❡❦❡+ ❦C✈❡+➤ ♥2❣②✲
♥2❣② ♦*③❧♦♣ ❛ ❥❡❧❡♥ +❛♥✉❧♠@♥②❜❛♥ ❡♠❧N+❡++ ♥2❣② ❤✐✈❛+❦♦③@*+ ❥❡❧C❧✐ ✭▼● ♠✐♥+ ▼❛✲
❣②❛, ❣,❛♠♠❛+✐❦❛ ❬✸❪✱ ❙+, ♠✐♥+ ❙+,✉❦+✉,@❧✐* ♠❛❣②❛, ♥②❡❧✈+❛♥ ❬✹❪✱ ❙♦❍ ♠✐♥+ ❚❤❡
❙②♥+❛① ♦❢ ❍✉♥❣❛,✐❛♥ ❬✺❪ 2* ❉✳➱✳ ♠✐♥+ ❉2❦@♥② ➱✈❛ ❞✐**③❡,+@❝✐7❥❛ ❬✻❪✮✳ ❆③ ♦*③❧♦✲
♣♦❦❜❛♥ +❛❧@❧❤❛+7 ❥❡❧❡❦ ❛③ ❛❞♦++ +❛♥✉❧♠@♥② ♥2✈✉+7❦❦❛❧ ❦❛♣❝*♦❧❛+♦* ✈2❧❡♠2♥②2+
❥❡❧C❧✐❦✿ ❡❣② *③@♠ ❛③+ ❥❡❧❡♥+✐✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ❛❞♦++ *③7+ ❛③ ❛❞♦++ +❛♥✉❧♠@♥②❜❛♥ ♥2✈✉+7✲
♥❛❦ +❡❦✐♥+✐❦❀ ❡❣② ❜❡+➯ ❛③+ ❥❡❧❡♥+✐✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ❛❞♦++ *③7+ ❡♠❧N+✐❦ ❛ +❛♥✉❧♠@♥②❜❛♥✱ ❞❡
♠✐♥+ ♥❡♠✲♥2✈✉+7+✳ ❆ ❦B❧C♥❜C③➤ *③@♠♦❦ 2* ❜❡+➯❦ ❦B❧C♥❜C③➤ ❛❧❦❛+❡❣♦,✐③@❝✐7,❛
✉+❛❧♥❛❦✳ ❍❛ ③@,7❥❡❧ *③❡,❡♣❡❧ ❛③ ❛❞♦++ ❥❡❧ ❦C,B❧✱ ❛③+ ❥❡❧❡♥+✐✱ ❤♦❣② ❡③ ❛ *③7 ♥❡♠
*③❡,❡♣❡❧ ❛③ ❛❞♦++ +❛♥✉❧♠@♥②❜❛♥✱ 2* ♥❡♠ ✈❛❣②✉♥❦ ❜✐③+♦*❛❦ ❛✭③ ❛❞♦++ +❛♥✉❧♠@♥②
*③❡,✐♥+✐✮ ❦❛+❡❣♦,✐③@❝✐7❥@❜❛♥✳ ❆ ✲ ❛③+ ❥❡❧❡♥+✐✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ❛❞♦++ ✐,♦❞❛❧♦♠ ♥❡♠ @❧❧N+
*❡♠♠✐+ ❛③ ❛❞♦++ *③7,7❧✳
❆ ♥2✈✉+7❦ ❦❛+❡❣♦,✐③@❝✐7❥@♥❛❦ ❢➤ ♣,♦❜❧2♠@❥❛ ❛③♦♥♥❛❧ ✈✐❧@❣♦**@ ✈@❧✐❦ ❛ +@❜✲
❧@③❛+ ❛❧❛♣❥@♥✿ ✈❛♥ ❛ *③❛✈❛❦♥❛❦ ❡❣② ❝*♦♣♦,+❥❛ ✭❤N✈❥✉❦ ➤❦❡+ ✒+✐*③+❛ ♥2✈✉+7❦♥❛❦✑✮✱
❛♠❡❧②❡❦ ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ❤❡❧②③❡+❜❡♥ ♥2✈✉+7❦2♥+ ✈✐*❡❧❦❡❞♥❡❦✱ ❛ ♥2✈✉+7❦ ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ❢♦♥+♦* +✉✲
❧❛❥❞♦♥*@❣@✈❛❧ ,❡♥❞❡❧❦❡③♥❡❦✱ 2* ♥❡♠ ✉+♦❧*7*♦,❜❛♥ ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ❥❡❧❡♥+➤* +❛♥✉❧♠@♥②❜❛♥
♥2✈✉+7❦2♥+ ❤❛+@,♦③③@❦ ♠❡❣ ➤❦❡+✳ ▼@* *③❛✈❛❦❦❛❧✿ ❛ +@❜❧@③❛+ ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ♦*③❧♦♣@❜❛♥
❡❣② *③@♠ +❛,+♦③✐❦ ❤♦③③@❥✉❦✳ ❯❣②❛♥❛❦❦♦, ✈❛♥♥❛❦ ♦❧②❛♥ *③❛✈❛❦ ✐*✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦ ✕ 2*
♣♦♥+♦*❛♥ ❡,,❡ ❦N✈@♥✉♥❦ ,@✈✐❧@❣N+❛♥✐ ❛③ ✶✳ +@❜❧@③❛++❛❧✱ ✕ ❜✐③♦♥②♦* *③❡♠♣♦♥+❜7❧
♥2✈✉+7❦✱ ❞❡ ♠@* *③❡♠♣♦♥+❜7❧ ✈❛❧❛♠✐ ❡❣2*③❡♥ ♠@*♦❦✳ ❆ ❝2❧✉♥❦ ❛③✱ ❤♦❣② ❡③+ ❛
❢♦❧②❛♠❛+♦**@❣♦+ ,❛❣❛❞❥✉❦ ♠❡❣✿ ♠❡❣❤❛+@,♦③③✉❦ ❛ ♣,♦+♦+✐♣✐❦✉* ♥2✈✉+7❦ ❝*♦♣♦,+✲
❥@+ 2* ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤✐+✱ ✐❧❧❡+✈❡ ❦C,B❧N,❥✉❦ ❛③ ❡③+ ❛ ♠❛❣♦+ ❦C,B❧✈❡❧➤ ,2+❡❣❡❦❡+✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦ ❛
♥❡♠ ♣,♦+♦+✐♣✐❦✉* ♥2✈✉+7❦❛+ +❛,+❛❧♠❛③③@❦✳
✶✳ "#❜❧#③❛"✳ ❆ ♥*✈✉"-❦*♥" "#/❣②❛❧" 2③❛✈❛❦ ❧✐2"#❥❛ *2 ❝2♦♣♦/"♦28"#2✉❦ 922③❡❢♦❣❧❛❧#2❛✳ ❘9✲
✈✐❞8"*2❡❦✿ ▼●✿ ▼❛❣②❛/ ❣/❛♠♠❛"✐❦❛ ❬✸❪✱ ❙"/✿ ❙"/✉❦"✉/#❧✐2 ♠❛❣②❛/ ♥②❡❧✈"❛♥ ❬✹❪✱ ❙♦❍✿
❚❤❡ ❙②♥"❛① ♦❢ ❍✉♥❣❛/✐❛♥ ❬✺❪✱ ❉✳➱✳✿ ❉*❦#♥② ➱✈❛ ❞✐22③❡/"#❝✐-❥❛ ❬✻❪✳ ❙③#♠♦❦✿ ❛ 2③- ❛③
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▼● ❙"/ ❙♦❍ ❉✳➱✳ ▼● ❙"/ ❙♦❍ ❉✳➱✳
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❦$%. ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
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❛③ ❡(❡&+❛❣♦❦&7❧ ✈❛❧7 ❡❧❦:❧;♥%&3(:❦❜❡♥✳ ➱♣♣❡♥ ❡③3+& ✐&& ♠♦(& ♥❡♠ ❦%✈,♥✉♥❦ (③7❧✲
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❛③ ✉&7❜❜✐❛❦ ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤ &✉❧❛❥❞♦♥(,❣❛✐✿ ❡③❡❦ ♦❦♦③③,❦ ✉❣②❛♥✐( ❛ ❦❛&❡❣♦+✐③,❝✐7❦ ❡❧✲
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♥❛❣②♦❜❜ ❦3♣❡& ♠❡❣+❛❣❛❞♥✐✱ ❛ ♥3✈✉&7❦+❛ ♠✐♥& ❦♦♥&✐♥✉✉♠+❛ &❡❦✐♥&✈❡✿ ❛ ♣+♦&♦&✐♣✐✲
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❝(❛❦ ♥3❤,♥♥②❛❧✳
✷✳✷✳ ❆③ ❡❧❡♠③➤(❡♥❞+③❡(
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✈❛❣② ❦%♥,❧❛&❦3♥& ❥❡❧❡♥♥❡❦ ♠❡❣ ❛ ♠♦♥❞❛&❜❛♥✳ ❍❛ ❡❣② ❦❡+❡(❧❡& ;((③❡&❛❧,❧❦♦③✐❦ ❡❣②
♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤ ❦%♥,❧❛&&❛❧✱ ❛❦❦♦+ ♠❡❣(③:❧❡&✐❦ ❛ ❢:❣❣➤(3❣✐ ❦❛♣❝(♦❧❛& ❦;③;&&:❦✳
✸✳ ▼#❞%③❡(
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❡❧❡♠❡ ❦3♣❡( ♠❡❣❥❡❧❡♥♥✐ ❛ ❢➤♥3✈✐ ❢+,③✐( ❡❧➤&& 3( ✉&,♥ ✐(✳ ❏❡❧❡♥ &❛♥✉❧♠,♥②✉♥❦❜❛♥ ✕
&❡❦✐♥&✈❡✱ ❤♦❣② &,✈♦❧❛❜❜✐ ❝3❧✉♥❦ ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ♥3✈✉&7(③❡+➯ ❡❧❡♠ ✈✐(❡❧❦❡❞3(3♥❡❦ ❛❧❣♦+✐&✲
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♠✐♥❞❡♥ ❡(❡&❜❡♥ ❡❣②:&& ❦❡❧❧ ❥,+♥✐❛ ❡❣② ❢➤♥3✈✐ ❝(♦♣♦+&&❛❧✱ ♠✐♥❞❡❣②✱ ❤♦❣② ♠❛❣❛
❡❧➤&& ✈❛❣② ♠❛❣❛ ✉&,♥ ✈❡(③✐✱ ❡(❡&+❛❣❣❛❧ ✈❛❣② ❡(❡&+❛❣ ♥3❧❦:❧✳ ❊③& ❛ ❦:❧;♥❜(3❣❡&
(③❡♠❧3❧&❡&✐ ❛③ ✺❛ 3( ❛③ ✺❜ ❛❧❛&&✐ ♣3❧❞❛✳ ❆③ ✺❛✲❜❛♥ (③❡+❡♣❧➤ ❦'✈,❧"➤❧ ❜❡❧❡&❛+&♦③✐❦
❛ ✈✐③(❣,❧& (③❛✈❛❦ ❦;+3❜❡✱ ❞❡ ❛③ ✺❜✲❜❡♥ (③❡+❡♣❧➤ ♥❡♠✳
✭✺✮ ❛✳ ❆ ❤❛♥❣ ❛ #③♦❜)♥ ❦!✈#❧%➤❧ ❥5%%✳
❜✳ ❆ ❤❛♥❣ ❦!✈#❧%➤❧ ❥5%%✳
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❣,❧❛& ❡❣②✐❦ (③❛❦❛(③❛ ♠♦&✐✈,❧&❛ ❛ ♠,(✐❦❛&❀ ❦❡+❡(3(❡✐♥❦❡& ❛③ ✶✳ &,❜❧,③❛& ❡❧❡♠❡✐❜➤❧
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❛③&✳
❆③ ✐+♦❞❛❧♦♠✱ ✈❛❧❛♠✐♥& ❦♦+♣✉(③❧❡❦3+❞❡③3(❡✐♥❦ ❡+❡❞♠3♥②❡✐ ❛❧❛♣❥,♥ ❛ ❦;✈❡&❦❡③➤
&✉❧❛❥❞♦♥(,❣♦❦❛& ❤❛&,+♦③&✉❦ ♠❡❣✿
✕ ♣♦③$❝✐'✿ ❛ ♥#✈✉&' ❛ ♥#✈(③'✐ ❝(♦♣♦.& ❡❧➤&& ✈❛❣② ✉&4♥ (③❡.❡♣❡❧❄ ❊♥♥❡❦ #.&#❦❡
❢9❣❣❡&❧❡♥ ❛&&'❧✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③♦❦ (③✐❣♦.<❛♥ ❦=✈❡&✐❦✲❡ ❡❣②♠4(&✱ ✈❛❣② ❦❡.9❧❤❡& ❦=✲
③#❥9❦ ♠4( ❡❧❡♠✳ ❆ ♣♦③C❝✐' &✉❧❛❥❞♦♥(4❣4♥❛❦ #.&#❦❡ ✶✱ ❤❛ ❛ ♥#✈✉&' ♠✐♥❞❡♥
❡(❡&❜❡♥ ❛ ♥#✈(③' ✉&4♥ ❦=✈❡&❦❡③✐❦✱ ✵ ❡❣②#❜❦#♥&✳
✕ ❛ ✈♦♥③❛& ❡)❡*+❛❣❥❛✿ ❡❧(➤ ❧#♣#(❦#♥&✱ ❛ &✉❧❛❥❞♦♥(4❣♦❦ ❜✐♥❛.✐&4(4& ♠❡❣&❛.&❛♥✲
❞'✱ ❛③ ❡(❡&.❛❣ ♥#❧❦9❧✐ #( ❛③ ❡(❡&.❛❣♦( ❢➤♥❡✈❡❦❡& ✈♦♥③' ♥#✈✉&'❦ ❡❧❦9❧=♥C&#(#&
❝#❧♦③③✉❦ ♠❡❣✳ ❯❣②❛♥❛❦❦♦. ❛ ❦#(➤❜❜✐❡❦❜❡♥ (③9❦(#❣❡( ❧❡❤❡& ❛ ♥#✈✉&'❦ ♠❡❣❦9✲
❧=♥❜=③&❡&#(❡ ❛③ 4❧&❛❧✉❦ ✈♦♥③♦&& ❡(❡&.❛❣♦❦ ❛❧❛♣❥4♥ ✐(✳ ❊♥♥❡❦ ❛ &✉❧❛❥❞♦♥(4❣♥❛❦
❛③ #.&#❦❡ ✶✱ ❤❛ ❛ ♥#✈✉&' ♠✐♥❞✐❣ ❡(❡&.❛❣ ♥#❧❦9❧✐ ❢➤♥#✈❤❡③ ❥4.✉❧✱ ✵ ❡❣②#❜❦#♥&✳
✕ )③♦♠)③/❞♦))1❣✿ #.&#❦❡ ✶✱ ❤❛ ❛ ♥#✈✉&' #( ❛ ♥#✈(③' ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ❡(❡&❜❡♥ ❦=③✈❡&❧❡♥
(③♦♠(③#❞❛✐ ❡❣②♠4(♥❛❦✱ ✵ ❡❣②#❜❦#♥&✳
✕ ♣♦③C❝✐'❥✉❦ ❛ ❦/+❞➤)③❛✈❛) ♠♦♥❞❛*♦❦❜❛♥✿ ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ❡(❡&❜❡♥ ❦=✈❡&✐ ❛ ♥#✈✉&'
❛ ❦#.❞➤(③'&✱ ✈❛❣② ❤4&✉❧ ♠❛.❛❞❤❛&❄ ❆③ ❡❧➤❜❜✐ ❡(❡&❜❡♥ ❛③ #.&#❦ ✶✱ ❡❣②#❜❦#♥&
✵✳
❊③❡❦ ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤❡♥ (③✐♥&❛❦&✐❦❛✐ ❛&&.✐❜<&✉♠♦❦✱ ❢➤❦#♥& ❛ ✕ ❥❡❧❡♥ &❛♥✉❧♠4♥②❜❛♥ ❛❧✲
❦❛❧♠❛③♦&& ✕ (③4♠C&'❣#♣❡( ♥②❡❧✈#(③❡&✐ ♥#③➤♣♦♥&✉♥❦ ♠♦&✐✈4❧❥❛ ➤❦❡&✳ ❊③❡♥ ❦C✈9❧
❛③♦♥❜❛♥ (③9❦(#❣❡( ❧❡❤❡& ♥#❤4♥② ♠♦.❢♦❧'❣✐❛✐ ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤ (③4♠❜❛✈#&❡❧❡ ✐(✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦
✉❣②❛♥ ♥❡♠ ❜❡❢♦❧②4(♦❧❥4❦ ❥❡❧❡♥&➤(❡♥ ❡③❡❦♥❡❦ ❛ (③❛✈❛❦♥❛❦ ❛ (③4♠C&'❣#♣❡( ❡❧❡♠③#✲
(#&✱ ❞❡ ❦❡❧❧❡♥❡❦ ❛ ❦♦♠♣❧❡① ❦#♣❤❡③✳
✕ ♠✉*❛*' ♥/✈♠1)♦❦✿ ❛ ♥#✈✉&' ✐( ♠✐♥❞✐❣ ♠4(♦❧'❞✐❦ ❛ ♠✉&❛&' ♥#✈♠4(.❛✱ ✈❛❣②
❝(❛❦ ❛③ ❡(❡&.❛❣❄ ❆③ ❡❧(➤ ❡(❡&❜❡♥ ❛③ #.&#❦ ✶✱ ❡❣②#❜❦#♥& ✵ ✭❧4(❞ ✻❛ #( ✻❜✮✳
✕ (③❡♠#❧②✲(③4♠ ❡❣②❡③*❡*/)✿ ❤❛ ❛ ♥#✈✉&' ❡❣② (③❡♠#❧②❡( ♥#✈♠4(❤♦③ ❥4.✉❧✱ ❤♦❧
❥❡❧❡♥✐❦ ♠❡❣ ❛③ ❡❣②❡③&❡&#(❄ ➱.&#❦❡ ✶✱ ❤❛ ❛③ ❡❣②❡③&❡&#( ❛ ♥#✈✉&'♥ ❥❡❧❡♥✐❦ ♠❡❣✱
✵ ❡❣②#❜❦#♥& ✭❧❞✳ ✼❛ #( ✼❜✮✳
✭✻✮ ❛✳ ❛ !"# ❛❧%❧
❛③ ❛❧"❧ ❛ !"# ❛❧"❧
❜✳ ❛ !"#❡♥ )#
❛③♦♥ ❛ !"#❡♥ #$
✭✼✮ ❛✳ ❛❧%❧❛♠
❜✳ !❛❥#❛♠ ❦❡!❡-③#.❧
✹✳ ❊#❡❞♠'♥②❡❦
❆ ✷✳ &4❜❧4③❛&❜❛♥ ❧4&❤❛&' ❛ ♥#✈✉&'❦ ❜✐♥4.✐( #.&#❦➯ &✉❧❛❥❞♦♥(4❣♦❦.❛ ❧❡❜♦♥&♦&&
❡❧❡♠③#(❡✳ ❆ ✒♣♦③✑ ♦(③❧♦♣ ❛ ♥#✈✉&'♥❛❦ ❛ ♥#✈(③'❤♦③ ❦#♣❡(& ✈❡&& ♣♦③C❝✐'❥4& #.&#✲
❦❡❧✐✿ ❤❛ ❛ ♥#✈✉&' ♠✐♥❞✐❣ ❦=✈❡&✐ ❛ ♥#✈(③'&✱ ❛❦❦♦. ❡♥♥❡❦ #.&#❦❡ ✶✱ ❦9❧=♥❜❡♥ ✵✳
❆ ✒◆❖▼✑ ♦(③❧♦♣ ❛ ♥#✈✉&' 4❧&❛❧ ♠❡❣❦C✈4♥& ❡(❡&.❛❣❣❛❧ ❦❛♣❝(♦❧❛&♦(✿ ❤❛ ❛ ♥#✈(③'
♠✐♥❞✐❣ ❡(❡&.❛❣ ♥#❧❦9❧✐✱ ❛❦❦♦. ❡♥♥❡❦ #.&#❦❡ ✶✱ ❦9❧=♥❜❡♥ ✵✳ ❆ ✒(③♦♠✑ ♦(③❧♦♣ ❛ (③♦♠(③#❞♦((4❣♦& ✈✐③(❣4❧❥❛✿ ❤❛ ❛ ♥#✈(③' #( ❛ ♥#✈✉&' ♠✐♥❞✐❣ ❦=③✈❡&❧❡♥9❧ ❡❣②♠4(
♠❡❧❧❡## #❛❧%❧❤❛#'❛❦✱ ❛❦❦♦+ ❡♥♥❡❦ -+#-❦❡ ✶✱ ❦/❧0♥❜❡♥ ✵✳ ❋♦♥#♦5 ❦✐#-#❡❧✱ ❤♦❣② ❛
♥-✈5③'❦ ❡❧➤## ✐5 ♠❡❣❥❡❧❡♥♥✐ ❦-♣❡5 ♥-✈✉#'❦♥%❧ ❛ ♥-✈5③' ❡❧➤##✐ ✭-5 ❛ ♥-✈✉#' ✉#%♥✐✮
♥-✈❡❧➤# ♥❡♠ 5③%♠A#♦##✉❦✱ ❝5❛❦ ❡❣②-❜ ♠'❞♦5A#' ❡❧❡♠❡❦ ❥❡❧❡♥❧-#-#✳ ❆ ✒✇❤✑ ♦5③❧♦♣
❛ ❦-+❞➤5③❛✈❛5 ❦✐❢❡❥❡③-5❡❦❜❡♥ ✈✐③5❣%❧❥❛ ❛ ♥-✈✉#'❦❛#✿ ❤❛ ❛③♦❦ ❛ ❦-+❞➤5③' ♥-✈✉#'✐✲
❦-♥# ❥❡❧❡♥♥❡❦ ♠❡❣✱ ❛❦❦♦+ ❡♥♥❡❦ -+#-❦❡ ✶✱ ❦/❧0♥❜❡♥ ✵✳ ❆③ ✒❛③❴❛✑ ♦5③❧♦♣ ❛ ♠✉#❛#'
♥-✈♠%5✐ ❞❡#❡+♠✐♥%♥5L ❢➤♥-✈✐ ❝5♦♣♦+#♦❦❦❛❧ ❦❛♣❝5♦❧❛#♦5✿ ❤❛ ❛ ♥-✈✉#' ❛ ♠✉#❛#'
♥-✈♠%5♦♥ ✐5 ✐5♠-#❧➤❞✐❦✱ ❛❦❦♦+ ❡♥♥❡❦ -+#-❦❡ ✶✱ ❦/❧0♥❜❡♥ ✵✳ ❱-❣/❧ ❛ ✒♣❡+5✑ ♦5③✲
❧♦♣ ❛③# -+#-❦❡❧✐✱ ❤♦❣② ❤❛ 5③❡♠-❧②❡5 ♥-✈♠%5❤♦③ ❥%+✉❧ ❛ ♥-✈✉#'✱ ❛③ ❡❣②❡③#❡#-5 ❛
♥-✈✉#'♥ ✭✶✮ ✈❛❣② ❡❣② ❦/❧0♥ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ ❥❡❧❡♥✐❦✲❡ ♠❡❣ ✭✵✮✳
❆ ♠'❞5③❡+#❛♥♥❛❧ ❦❛♣❝5♦❧❛#❜❛♥ ♠❡❣❥❡❣②③❡♥❞➤✱ ❤♦❣② ✺ ❞❛+❛❜ ❡❧❧❡♥♣-❧❞❛ 5③/❦✲
5-❣❡❧#❡#❡## ❛❤❤♦③✱ ❤♦❣② ❡❣② ❛❞♦## ♥-✈✉#' ♥❡ ❦❛♣❥♦♥ ✶✲❡5 -+#-❦❡# ❡❣② #✉❧❛❥❞♦♥✲
5%❣+❛✳ ❍❛ ♣-❧❞%✉❧ ✺ ❡5❡#❜❡♥ 5③❡+❡♣❡❧ ❛ ♥-✈5③' ❡❧➤##✱ ❛❦❦♦+ ♠%+ ✵ ❧%#❤❛#' ❛ ✒♣♦③✑
♦5③❧♦♣ ❛❞♦## 5♦+%❜❛♥✳
❆ ✒✇❤✑ #✉❧❛❥❞♦♥5%❣ ❦✐-+#-❦❡❧-5❡ ❦/❧0♥05❡♥ ♥❡❤-③ ❛ ❦♦+♣✉5③ ❛❧❛♣❥%♥✱ ❡③-+# ❛
❧❡❣#0❜❜ ❡5❡#❜❡♥ ✐## ❛③ -+#-❦❡# 5❛❥%# ♥②❡❧✈✐ ✐♥#✉A❝✐'♥❦ ❛❧❛♣❥%♥ ❤❛#%+♦③#✉❦ ♠❡❣✳ ❆
❄✲❡# #❛+#❛❧♠❛③' ❝❡❧❧%❦ ❛③# ❥❡❧③✐❦✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ❛❞♦## #✉❧❛❥❞♦♥5%❣ #❡5③#❡❧-5-+❡ ❦✐0#❧0##
♣-❧❞%✐♥❦ ❡❧❢♦❣❛❞❤❛#'5%❣%❜❛♥ ♥❡♠ ✈❛❣②✉♥❦ #❡❧❥❡5❡♥ ❜✐③#♦5❛❦✳
❆③ ❡❧5➤✱ ❛♠✐ 5③❡♠❜❡#➯♥✐❦ ❛ ✷✳ #%❜❧%③❛#❜❛♥✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ✹✲✻✳ ♦5③❧♦♣❜❛♥ ❣②❛❦♦+✐ ❛ ✲✳
❊③ ❛③# ❥❡❧③✐✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ❛❞♦## 5③❡+❦❡③❡#❜❡♥ ❛③ ❛❞♦## ♥-✈✉#' ♥❡♠ ❢♦+❞✉❧ ❡❧➤✳ V-❧❞%✉❧
❛ ❣②❛♥$♥% ♥-✈✉#'# ♥❡♠ ❧❡❤❡# 5③❡♠-❧②❡5 ♥-✈♠%5❤♦③ ✐❧❧❡5③#❡♥✐✱ ❡③-+# 5③❡+❡♣❡❧ ✲ ❛
❣②❛♥$♥% ✈❡❦#♦+%♥❛❦ ✉#♦❧5' ♣♦③A❝✐'❥%♥✳
❍❛ ❛ ❦✐③%+'❧❛❣ ✶✲❡5 -+#-❦❡# #❛+#❛❧♠❛③' ✈❡❦#♦+L ♥-✈✉#'❦❛# #❡❦✐♥#❥/❦✱ ❛❦❦♦+
❦✐+❛❥③♦❧'❞✐❦ ❛ ♣+♦#♦#✐♣✐❦✉5 ♥-✈✉#'❦ ❦0+❡✿ ❡③❡❦ 5③✐♥#❡ #❡❧❥❡5❡♥ ♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧♥❡❦ ❛ 5③❛❦✲
✐+♦❞❛❧♠✐ ❦❛#❡❣♦+✐③%❝✐'❦ ❛❧❛♣❥%♥ ✐5 ✒#✐5③#❛ ♥-✈✉#'❦♥❛❦✑ ♥❡✈❡③❡## ❝5♦♣♦+# #❛❣❥❛✐✈❛❧✳
❆ ❦✐✈-#❡❧# ❡❣②+-5③# ❛③♦❦♥❛❦ ❛ ♥-✈✉#'❦♥❛❦ ❡❣② +-5③❡ ❥❡❧❡♥#✐✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦♥❡❦ ❛③ ❡❣②❡5 5③%♠ ❤❛+♠❛❞✐❦ 5③❡♠-❧②➯ ♥-✈♠%5❤♦③ ✐❧❧❡5③#❡## ❛❧❛❦❥❛ ♠❡❣❡❣②❡③✐❦ ❛③ ❛❧❛♣ ❛❧❛❦✲
❥✉❦❦❛❧ ✭❛❧$✱ ❡❧)✮✳ ❊③❡❦♥-❧ ♠❡❣✜❣②❡❧❤❡#➤✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ♥-✈5③' ❡❧➤## ✐5 ♠❡❣❥❡❧❡♥❤❡#♥❡❦
❡❧) ❛ ✳✳✳✲♥❛❦ 5③❡+❦❡③❡#❜❡♥ ✭❧❞✳ ✽✮✳ ❑✐✈-#❡❧# ❥❡❧❡♥# ♠-❣ ❛③ $❧%❛❧✱ ❛♠❡❧② ❢➤❧❡❣ ❛ 5③-♣✲
✐+♦❞❛❧♠✐ ❛❧❦♦+♣✉5③❜❛♥✱ ❞❡ ❦✐5❡❜❜ 5③%♠❜❛♥ ❛ 5③❡♠-❧②❡5 ❛❧❦♦+♣✉5③❜❛♥ ✐5 ❡❧➤❢♦+❞✉❧
❡5❡#+❛❣♦5 ♥-✈5③'✈❛❧ ✭✾✮✳
✭✽✮ ✲ ▼❡.%/)❜❡♥ ♠❡❣ .❡♠ $❧❧✉♥❦ ✲ .③4❧% ❡❧) ❛ ❦♦❝.✐.♥❛❦✳
✭✾✮ ❚❡/♠).③❡%❡.❡♥ .③✐♥%)♥ .③✐❣♦/9❛♥ %)✈)♥ $❧%❛❧✳
❍❛ ❡❧#❡❦✐♥#/♥❦ ❛ ✹✲✻✳ #✉❧❛❥❞♦♥5%❣♦❦ -+#-❦-#➤❧✱ ❦✐+❛❥③♦❧'❞✐❦ ♠-❣ ❡❣② ❥❡❧❡♥#➤5
❝5♦♣♦+#✱ ❛♠❡❧②❡❦ ❛③ ❡❧5➤ ❤%+♦♠✱ 5③✐♥#❛❦#✐❦❛✐ 5③❡♠♣♦♥#+❛ ✶ -+#-❦❡# ❦❛♣#❛❦✳ ▼✐✈❡❧
❛ ✹✲✻✳ #✉❧❛❥❞♦♥5%❣ ♠✐♥# ❢❡❧#-#❡❧ ♥❡♠ ❛❧❦❛❧♠❛③❤❛#' #❡❧❥❡5 ❦0+➯❡♥ ❡③❡❦+❡ ❛ 5③❛✲
✈❛❦+❛✱ ❦✐❤❛❣②%5✉❦ ❡❣② ❛❧❣♦+✐#♠✐❦✉5 ❢❡❧❞♦❧❣♦③%5♥%❧ ♥❡♠ ♦❦♦③❤❛# ❣♦♥❞♦#✳ ❆③ ✶✲✸✳
#✉❧❛❥❞♦♥5%❣+❛ ❦❛♣♦## ✶ -+#-❦ ❛③♦♥❜❛♥ ❛③# ❥❡❧③✐✱ ❤♦❣② ❡③❡❦❡# ❛ 5③❛✈❛❦❛# -+❞❡♠❡5
❧❡♥♥❡ ♥-✈✉#'♥❛❦ ❛♥♥♦#%❧♥✐ ❛ ❦♦+♣✉5③❜❛♥✱ ♠✐✈❡❧ ♠✐♥❞✐❣ ❢➤♥-✈✐ ❝5♦♣♦+#♦# ❧❡③%+'
♣♦③A❝✐'❜❛♥ 5③❡+❡♣❡❧♥❡❦✱ ❦0③✈❡#❧❡♥/❧ ❛ ♠❛❣%♥ #❡5#❡5 ❡5❡#+❛❣♦# ♥❡♠ ✈✐5❡❧➤ ♥-✈5③'
✉#%♥✳
❆ #%❜❧%③❛#❜❛♥ ❛ ❦❛❦✉❦❦#♦❥%5 ❛ .③❡♠❜➤❧✿ ❡③#✱ ♠✐✈❡❧ ❛ ❢➤ 5③✐♥#❛❦#✐❦❛✐ #✉❧❛❥❞♦♥✲
5%❣♦❦+❛ ♠-❣ -+#-❦❡# 5❡♠ ❦❛♣❤❛#✱ ❧-✈-♥ ❤♦❣② ♥❡♠ ❢♦+❞✉❧ ❡❧➤ ♦❧②❛♥ 5③❡+❦❡③❡#❡❦❜❡♥✱
♥❡♠ #❡❦✐♥#❥/❦ 5❡♠♠✐❧②❡♥ 5③❡♠♣♦♥#❜'❧ 5❡♠ ♥-✈✉#'♥❛❦✳
✷✳ "#❜❧#③❛"✳ ❆ ♠❛❣②❛, ♥②❡❧✈01③❡"✐ 1③❛❦✐,♦❞❛❧♦♠❜❛♥ ✈❛❧❛❤❛ ♥0✈✉"8❦0♥" ❡♠❧9"❡"" 1③❛✈❛❦
"✉❧❛❥❞♦♥1#❣✈❡❦"♦,❦0♥" ";,"0♥➤ ♠❡❣❥❡❧❡♥9"01❡✳
♣♦③ ◆❖▼ 1③♦♠ ✇❤ ❛③❴❛ ♣❡,1
❛❧" ✵ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
❛❧❛♣❥"♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵✴✶ ✵
❛❧❛&& ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
❛❧'❧ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
"❧&❛❧ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
❛❧✉❧ ✶ ✵ ✵ ✶ ✵ ✵
"& ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵
❜❡❧+❧ ❄ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✵
❝-❧❥"❜'❧ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✲
❡❣②+&& ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵
❡❧- ✵ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
❡❧❧❡♥ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
❡❧❧❡♥-0❡ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✲
❡❧➤❧ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
❡❧➤&& ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
❡2❡&-♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✲
❢❡❧- ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
❢❡❧➤❧ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
❢❡❧+❧ ✶ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵
❢♦❣✈❛ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✵
❢6❧- ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
❢6❧6&& ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
❢6❧+❧ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✶
❢♦❧②&"♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ❄ ✵ ✲
❣②❛♥"♥& ✶ ✶ ✶ ✲ ✲ ✲
❤❛2♦♥❧'❛♥ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✶ ✵ ✵
❤❡❧②❡&& ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
❤♦22③❛& ✶ ✶ ✶ ✲ ✲ ✲
✐♥♥❡♥ ✵ ✵ ✵ ❄ ✵ ✵
✐0"♥& ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
:③❜❡♥ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✲ ✲ ✲
❥❛✈"0❛ ✶ ✵ ✵ ✶ ✵ ✶
❦❡❞✈--0& ✶ ✵ ✵ ✶ ✵ ✶
❦-♣❡2& ✶ ✵ ✵ ✶ ✵ ✵
❦❡0❡2③&+❧ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵
❦❡③❞✈❡ ✵ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✵
❦✐✈-✈❡ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✶ ✵ ✵
❦:✈+❧ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✶ ✵ ✵
❦:✈+❧0❡ ✶ ✵ ✵ ✶ ✵ ✵
❦:✈+❧0➤❧ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✲
❦60- ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
✳✳✳ ✳✳✳ ✳✳✳ ✳✳✳ ✳✳✳ ✳✳✳
♣♦③ ◆❖▼ 1③♦♠ ✇❤ ❛③❴❛ ♣❡,1
✳✳✳ ✳✳✳ ✳✳✳ ✳✳✳ ✳✳✳ ✳✳✳
❦60+❧ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
❦6✈❡&❦❡③&-❜❡♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✲
❦6③❜❡♥ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✲
❦6③- ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
❦6③❡❧ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵
❦6③6&& ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
❦6③+❧ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
❧-&-0❡ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✲ ✲ ✲
♠❡❧❧- ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
♠❡❧❧❡&& ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
♠❡❧❧➤❧ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
♠✐❛&& ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
♠'❞❥"0❛ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✲ ✵❄ ✲
♠'❞0❛ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✲ ✲ ✲
♠6❣- ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
♠6❣6&& ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
♠6❣+❧ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
♠>❧&"♥ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✲
♠>❧✈❛ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✲ ✲ ✲
♥-❧❦+❧ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
♥-③✈❡ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✵
♥②♦♠"♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✲
'&❛ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✲
0-2③-0❡ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✶
0-✈-♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✲
2♦0"♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✶
2③"♠"0❛ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✶
2③❡♠❜❡ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✶ ✵ ✵
2③❡♠❜❡♥ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✶ ✵ ✵
2③❡♠❜➤❧ ✲ ✲ ✲ ✲ ✵ ✵
2③❡♠❦6③& ✵ ✵ ✵ ✶ ✵ ✵
2③❡0✐♥& ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
&"❥❜❛♥✴&"❥& ✶ ✶ ✶ ✲❄ ✲❄ ✲
&>❧ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵
&>❧0❛ ✶ ✵ ✵ ✶ ✵ ✵
&>❧0'❧ ✶ ✵ ✵ ✶ ✵ ✵
✉&"♥ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶
>&❥"♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✲
✈-❣❡&& ✶ ✶ ✶ ✶ ✲ ✶
✈-❣✐❣ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵ ✵
❍❛"#$♦③♦""❛♥ ❦✐$❛❥③♦❧,❞✐❦ ❛ ♣❡$✐❢1$✐#♥ ❧1✈➤ 4③❛✈❛❦ ❝4♦♣♦$"❥❛ ✐4✿ ❡③❡❦ ❛③♦❦✱ ♠❡✲
❧②❡❦♥❡❦ ♠✐♥❞❡♥ 1$"1❦❡ ✵✳ ❆③ ❡❣②#$$✱ ❦'③❡❧✱ $*❧✱ ✈,❣✐❣ ❡4❡"1❜❡♥ ❦?③?4✱ ❤♦❣② ♠✐♥❞❡♥
4③❡♠♣♦♥"❜,❧ ♠❡❣✈✐③4❣#❧❤❛",❛❦✱ "❡❤#" ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ♦❧②❛♥ 4③❡$❦❡③❡"❜❡♥ ❡❧➤❢♦$❞✉❧♥❛❦✱
❛♠✐❜❡♥ ❛ "✐♣✐❦✉4 ♥1✈✉",❦ ✭③?♠❡✮✱ ❛③♦♥❜❛♥ ♥❡♠ E❣② ✈✐4❡❧❦❡❞♥❡❦ ❡③❡❦❜❡♥✱ ♠✐♥" ❛
"✐♣✐❦✉4 ♥1✈✉",❦✳ ❊③❡❦♥❡❦ ❛③ ❛♥♥♦"#❝✐,❥#❜❛♥ 1$❞❡♠❡4 ❛ ❤❛"#$♦③,4③,✐ ❥❡❧❧❡❣G❦❤?③
$❛❣❛4③❦♦❞♥✐✱ ✈✐4❡❧❦❡❞14G❦ ❛ ✒✈♦♥③❛"♦4 ❤❛"#$♦③,4③,✑ "❡$♠✐♥✉44❛❧ $❛❣❛❞❤❛", ♠❡❣
❛ ❧❡❣❥♦❜❜❛♥✿ ❡❣② ❡4❡"$❛❣♦4 ♥1✈4③," ✈♦♥③❛♥❛❦✱ ♠❛❣✉❦ ❡❧➤"" ✈❛❣② ♠❛❣✉❦ ♠?❣?""
✐4 ❡❧❢♦❣❛❞❥#❦✱ 14 "#✈♦❧$❛ ✐4 ❦❡$G❧❤❡"♥❡❦ ❛ ✈♦♥③❛"✉❦",❧✳
❆ ❧❡❣1$❞❡❦❡4❡❜❜❡❦ ❛③♦❦ ❛③ ❡❧❡♠❡❦✱ ♠❡❧②❡❦❤❡③ ❛③ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✈❡❦"♦$ "❛$"♦③✐❦ ✭❛ ✹✲✻✳
"✉❧❛❥❞♦♥4#❣♦" ✜❣②❡❧♠❡♥ ❦N✈G❧ ❤❛❣②✈❛✮✿ ❡③❡❦ ❛ ❦?③✈❡"❧❡♥G❧ ❛ ❢➤♥1✈ ✉"#♥ 4③❡$❡♣❧➤✱
❞❡ ❡4❡"$❛❣♦4 ❢➤♥❡✈❡" ✈♦♥③, ♥1✈✉",❦✳ ▼✐♥" ❧#"❤❛",✱ ❡③❡❦ ✈✐4❡❧❦❡❞14G❦❜❡♥ 4♦❦✲
❦❛❧ ❦?③❡❧❡❜❜ #❧❧♥❛❦ ❛ ♣$♦"♦"✐♣✐❦✉4 ♥1✈✉",❦❤♦③✱ ♠✐♥" ❛ ✈♦♥③❛"♦4 ❤❛"#$♦③,4③,❦✳
❆ ♣$♦❜❧1♠#" ❛③ #❧"❛❧✉❦ ♠❡❣❦?✈❡"❡❧" ❡4❡"$❛❣ ♦❦♦③③❛✿ ❡❣② ♥1✈4③, 14 ❡❣② ♣$♦"♦✲
"✐♣✐❦✉4 ♥1✈✉", ❦❛♣❝4♦❧❛"#♥❛❦ ❡❧❡♠③14❡ ♥❡♠ 4♦❦❜❛♥ ❦G❧?♥❜?③✐❦ ❡❣② ❡4❡"$❛❣♦4
♥1✈4③,1",❧❀ ❤❛ ❛③ ❆♥❛●$❛♠♠❛ ❡❧❡♠③➤$❡♥❞4③❡$ ❜❛❧$,❧ ❥♦❜❜$❛ "?$"1♥➤ ❢❡❧❞♦❧❣♦✲
③#4#" ✈❡44③G❦ ❛❧❛♣✉❧✱ ❛❦❦♦$ ❛③ ❛❧❣♦$✐"♠✉4 ❧1♥②❡❣❡✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ❡4❡"$❛❣ ♥1❧❦G❧✐ ♥1✈4③,
♠❡❧❧❡""✱ ❤❛ ♠❡❣"❛❧#❧❥✉❦ ❛ ♥1✈✉","✱ ❛ ❦❡""➤" ?44③❡❦❛♣❝4♦❧❥✉❦✱ 14 ❡❣②G"" ❧❡❤❡"♥❡❦
♠❛❥❞ ❛ ♠♦♥❞❛"❜❛♥ ❡❣② ♠#4✐❦ ❡❧❡♠♥❡❦ ❛ ✈♦♥③❛"❛✐✳ ❆ ✈♦♥③❛"♦4 ❤❛"#$♦③,4③,❦ ❡4❡✲
"1❜❡♥ ❛ ❦N✈#♥" ❡4❡"$❛❣ ❦❡$❡4❧❡"❦1♥" ❥❡❧❡♥✐❦ ♠❡❣ ❛ ♠♦♥❞❛"❜❛♥✱ ❛♠✐" ❡❣②✱ ❛③ ❛❞♦""
❡4❡"$❛❣♦" ♠❛❣#♥ ✈✐4❡❧➤ ❢➤♥1✈✐ ❝4♦♣♦$" ❦N♥#❧❛"❛ ❢♦❣ ❦✐❡❧1❣N"❡♥✐✳ ❆③ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✈❡❦"♦$E
❡❧❡♠❡❦ ❡4❡"1❜❡♥ ❛③♦♥❜❛♥ ❛ ♥1✈✉"," ♠❡❣❡❧➤③➤ ❢➤♥1✈✐ ❝4♦♣♦$" ♥❡♠ ❡4❡"$❛❣ ♥1❧❦G❧✐✱
❛③ ❛③" ❧❡③#$, ❡4❡"$❛❣ ❛③" ❦♦♠♠✉♥✐❦#❧❥❛✱ ❤♦❣② ✐"" ✈1❣❡" 1$" ❡❣② ❢➤♥1✈✐ ❝4♦♣♦$"✳ ❆
♣$♦❜❧1♠❛ ♠❡❣♦❧❞#4#$❛ ❛❧#❜❜ ❥❛✈❛4♦❧✉♥❦ ❡❣② ❧❡❤❡"41❣❡4 ❛❧❣♦$✐"♠✉4"✳
❆ ✷✳ "#❜❧#③❛" ♥1❤#♥② ❝❡❧❧#❥❛ "♦✈#❜❜✐ ♠❛❣②❛$#③❛"♦" ✐❣1♥②❡❧✳ ❆③ ❛❧❛♣❥1♥ ✵✴✶
1$"1❦❡" ❦❛♣♦"" ❛③ ✒❛③❴❛✑ "✉❧❛❥❞♦♥4#❣$❛✳ ❊③" ❛③1$" N❣② ❥❡❧❡③"G❦✱ ♠❡$" ♠✐♥❞❡♥
♠#4 ♥1✈✉", ✈❛❣② ❛③ ❡❣②✐❦✱ ✈❛❣② ❛ ♠#4✐❦ ♠,❞♦♥ ✈✐4❡❧❦❡❞✐❦ ❛ ♠✉"❛", ♥1✈♠#4✐
❞❡"❡$♠✐♥#♥44❛❧✱ ❛③ ❛❧❛♣❥1♥ ❛③♦♥❜❛♥ ♠✐♥❞❦1" ❢♦$♠#❜❛♥ ❡❧➤❢♦$❞✉❧ ❛ ❦♦$♣✉4③❜❛♥
✭✶✵❛ 14 ✶✵❜✮✳ ❊③ ❝4❛❦ ❡$$❡ ❛ ♥1✈✉",$❛ ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤✳
✭✶✵✮ ❛✳ ❛③ ❛❧❛♣❥1♥ ❛③ ✐❞,③❡$ ❛❧❛♣❥1♥
❜✳ ❛♥♥❛❦ ❛③ ,❧❡$$❛♥✐ $❛♣❛4③$❛❧❛$♥❛❦ ❛❧❛♣❥1♥
❆ ✸✳ "#❜❧#③❛"❜❛♥ 4③❡$❡♣❡❧♥❡❦ ❛ ❦♦$♣✉4③❧❡❦1$❞❡③14❡✐♥❦ 4♦$#♥ ❣②❛❦$❛♥ ❡❧➤❦❡$G✲
❧➤✱ ♥1✈✉",4③❡$➯ ✈✐4❡❧❦❡❞14" ♣$♦❞✉❦#❧, 4③❛✈❛❦ ✭♠❡❧②❡❦♥❡❦ ❡❣② $14③❡ ♠#$ ♠#4❤♦❧
✐4 ❡♠❧N"14$❡ ❦❡$G❧" ♥1✈✉",✲❥❡❧?❧"❦1♥" ❬✾❪✮✳ ▼✐♥" ❧#"❤❛",✱ ❛ ❦?③✈❡"❧❡♥ 4③♦♠4③1❞♦4✲
4#❣ ♠✐♥❞❡❣②✐❦G❦ ❥❡❧❧❡♠③➤ "✉❧❛❥❞♦♥4#❣❛❀ ❡③❡♥ ❦N✈G❧ ❡❣②✲❦1" ❦✐✈1"❡❧"➤❧ ❡❧"❡❦✐♥"✈❡
♠✐♥❞✐❣ ❛ ❢➤♥1✈✐ ❝4♦♣♦$" ✉"#♥ "❛❧#❧❤❛",❦✳ ❊♠✐❛"" ❛③ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✈❡❦"♦$E ❝4♦♣♦$" ❡❧❡♠❡✐✲
❤❡③ ❦?③❡❧✐ 4③❛✈❛❦✱ ❛③③❛❧ ❛ ❦G❧?♥❜41❣❣❡❧✱ ❤♦❣② ♠♦$❢♦❧,❣✐❛✐❧❛❣ ?44③❡"❡""❡❜❜❡❦✱ ✈❛❣②
❜✐$"♦❦♦4 4③❡♠1❧②❥❡❧❡4✱ ✈❛❣② ❡44③N✈✉4③✐ ♠,❞❤❛"#$♦③, $❛❣♦4 4③,❛❧❛❦♦❦✳ ▼♦♥❞❛"❜❡❧✐
❡❧❡♠③14G❦ ♥❡♠ 4♦❦❜❛♥ ❦G❧?♥❜?③✐❦ ❛"",❧✱ ❛♠✐" ❛ $14③❧❡"❡4 ♠♦$❢♦❧,❣✐❛✐ ❡❧❡♠③14G❦
❛❦"✐✈#❧♥❛✱ ❛③♦♥❜❛♥ ❛ ❥❡❧❡♥"14G❦ 14 ❛ ❦✐③#$,❧❛❣ ❡❜❜❡♥ ❛ "✐♣✐❦✉4 ♥1✈✉",✲♣♦③N❝✐,❜❛♥
"?$"1♥➤ ❡❧➤❢♦$❞✉❧#4✉❦ ❛③" ✐♥❞♦❦♦❧❥❛✱ ❤♦❣② ❢❡❧✈❡❣②G❦ ➤❦❡" ❛ ♥1✈✉",❦ ❦?③1✳
❆③ ❡❞❞✐❣ ❡❧♠♦♥❞♦""❛❦ ❛❧❛♣❥#♥ ❛ ♥1✈✉",4③❡$➯ ❡❧❡♠❡❦ ❤#$♦♠ ♥❛❣② ❝4♦♣♦$"❥❛
❦?$✈♦♥❛❧❛③,❞✐❦✳ ❆ ❣1♣✐ ♠♦♥❞❛"❡❧❡♠③14 4♦$#♥ ✕ ❛③ ❆♥❛●$❛♠♠❛ ❜❛❧$,❧ ❥♦❜❜$❛
❤❛❧❛❞,✱ ❦❡5❡4❧❡$✲❦7♥1❧❛$ ❦❡$❡"$❡♥❞4③❡$❜❡♥ ♠➯❦?❞➤ ❡❧❥#$#4#" 4③❡♠ ❡❧➤"" "❛$"✈❛ ✕ ❛
❦?✈❡"❦❡③➤ ❛❧❣♦$✐"♠✉4♦❦❛" ❣♦♥❞♦❧❥✉❦ ♠❡❣✈❛❧,4N"❤❛",♥❛❦✿
✸✳ "#❜❧#③❛"✳ ❆ ❦♦+♣✉.③❧❡❦0+❞❡③0.❡❦ .♦+#♥ ♠❡❣✜❣②❡❧" ♥0✈✉"8.③❡+➯ ❡❧❡♠❡❦ ❧✐."#❥❛ 0. ❛
"✉❧❛❥❞♦♥.#❣♦❦❤♦③ +❡♥❞❡❧" 0+"0❦❡✐❦✳
♣♦③ ◆❖▼ .③♦♠ ✇❤ ❛③❴❛ ♣❡+.
❝!♠#♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✲
❞❛❝'(❛ ✵ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✲
❡❧+#(➤❡♥ ✵ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✵
❡-❡+#❜❡♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✶
#(❞❡❦#❜❡♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✶
#(+❡❧♠#❜❡♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✲
❢#♥②#❜❡♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✲
❢2❣❣➤❡♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✵
❤✐'♥②'❜❛♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✲
✐❞❡❥#♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✲
❥❡❣②#❜❡♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✲
❦❡(❡+#❜❡♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✲
❦❡③❞➤❞➤❡♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✵
❦8-③8♥❤❡+➤❡♥ ✵ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✵
❦8✈❡+➤❡♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✵
♠❡❣❡❣②❡③➤❡♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✵
♠❡❣❡❧➤③➤❡♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✵
♠❡❣❢❡❧❡❧➤❡♥ ✵ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✵
+❡(#♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✲
2(2❣②#♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✲
✈♦♥❛+❦♦③;❛♥ ✶ ✵ ✶ ✶ ✵ ✵
✕ ❆ ♣"♦$♦$✐♣✐❦✉( ♥*✈✉$,❦ ❡(❡$*♥✿ ❡③❡❦ ❛ (③❛✈❛❦ ♠✐♥❞✐❣ ❦4③✈❡$❧❡♥6❧ ❡❣② $❡($❡(
❡(❡$"❛❣ ♥*❧❦6❧✐ ✕ ❥❡❧❡♥❧❡❣ $❡❤;$ ❛❧❛♣*"$❡❧♠❡③❡$$❡♥ ◆❖▼✲♥❛❦ ❝>♠❦*③❡$$ ✕ ♥*✈✲
(③, ✉$;♥ $❛❧;❧❤❛$,❦✳ ❋❡❧❞♦❧❣♦③;(✉❦ ❧*♥②❡❣❡✱ ❤♦❣② ❛③ ❡(❡$"❛❣ ♥*❧❦6❧✐ ♥*✈(③,❤♦③
*"❦❡③✈❡✱ ❛③ ❛❜❧❛❦ ❡❧❡♠❡✐"❡ ❦✐$❡❦✐♥$✈❡ ❧;$❥❛ ➤❦❡$ ❛③ ❡❧❡♠③➤✱ ❡③*"$ $♦✈;❜❜✐ ❛♥❛❧✐✲
③;❧;( ♥*❧❦6❧ 4((③❡❦❛♣❝(♦❧❥❛ ❛ ♥*✈(③,$ ❛ ♥*✈✉$,✈❛❧✱ *( ♦♥♥❛♥$,❧ ❦❡③❞✈❡ ❡❣②6$$✱
❛③ ❡(❡$"❛❣♦( ♥*✈(③,❦❦❛❧ ♣❛"❛❧❧❡❧ ♠,❞♦♥ ✈❡(③♥❡❦ "*(③$ ❛③ ❡❧❡♠③*(❜❡♥✳ ❆ ♣"♦✲
$♦$✐♣✐❦✉( ♥*✈✉$,❦ D❖❙✲$❛❣❥*♥❡❦ ❛ ◆❯ ❦❛$❡❣,"✐;$ ❥❛✈❛(♦❧❥✉❦ ✕ ❛❤♦❣② ❛③ ❛③ ✐❞❡
$❛"$♦③, ❡❧❡♠❡❦ ♥❛❣② "*(③*♥*❧ ❥❡❧❡♥❧❡❣ ✐( ✈❛♥✳ ❊③❡❦ ❛ (③❛✈❛❦ ❛ ✷✳ $;❜❧;③❛$ ❛③♦♥
❡❧❡♠❡✐✱ ♠❡❧②❡❦♥*❧ ❛③ ❡❧(➤ ❤;"♦♠ ❝❡❧❧;❜❛♥ ✶✲❡( *"$*❦ $❛❧;❧❤❛$,✳
✕ ❆ ♣"♦$♦$✐♣✐❦✉( ♥*✈✉$,❦❤♦③ ❦*♣❡($ ❛ ♣❡"✐❢*"✐;♥ ❡❧❤❡❧②❡③❦❡❞➤ ❡❧❡♠❡❦ ❡(❡$*♥✿
❡③❡❦ ❛ (③❛✈❛❦ ♠✐♥❞✐❣ ❡(❡$"❛❣♦( ♥*✈(③,$ ✈♦♥③❛♥❛❦✱ ❛ ♥*✈(③, ❡❧➤$$ ✐(✱ ♠;(
❡❧❡♠❡❦ ❦4③❜❡*❦❡❧➤❞*(*✈❡❧ ✐( ♠❡❣❥❡❧❡♥❤❡$♥❡❦✳ ❆ ✷✳ $;❜❧;③❛$❜❛♥ ♠✐♥❞❡♥ ❝❡❧❧;✲
❜❛♥ ✵ *"$*❦❡$ ❦❛♣$❛❦✳ ❊③❡❦♥❡❦ ❛③ ❡❧❡♠③*(❡ ♠;(✱ "*❣❡♥( (③❡"❡♣➯ ❡❧❡♠❡❦*✈❡❧
♠❡❣❡❣②❡③➤❡♥ $4"$*♥❤❡$✳ D❖❙✲$❛❣❥6❦♥❡❦ ❛ ❍❆ ❦❛$❡❣,"✐;$ ❥❛✈❛(♦❧❥✉❦✱ ❞❡ ❡♠❡❧✲
❧❡$$ $✉❧❛❥❞♦♥(;❣❛✐❦ ❦4③4$$ ❢♦♥$♦( ❢❡❧$6♥$❡$♥✐✱ ❤♦❣② ♠✐❧②❡♥ ❡(❡$"❛❣M ♥*✈(③,$
✈♦♥③❛♥❛❦ ✕ ❡③ ❧❡(③ ✉❣②❛♥✐( ❛ ❦❡"❡(❧❡$6❦ ❛ ♠♦♥❞❛$ ❡❧❡♠③*(❡ (♦";♥✳
✕ ❆③ ❡(❡$"❛❣♦( ♥*✈(③,$ ✈♦♥③, ♥*✈✉$,❦ ❡(❡$*♥✿ ❡③❡❦ ❛ (③❛✈❛❦✱ ❜;" ♠✐♥❞✐❣ ❦4③✲
✈❡$❧❡♥6❧ ❛ ♥*✈(③, ✉$;♥ $❛❧;❧❤❛$,❛❦✱ ❦6❧4♥❜4③♥❡❦ ❛ ♣"♦$♦$✐♣✐❦✉( ♥*✈✉$,❦$,❧
❛❜❜❛♥✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ♥*✈(③, ❡❧➤$$6❦ $❡($❡( ❡(❡$"❛❣♦$ ✈✐(❡❧✭❤❡$✮✳ ❆ ✷✳ $;❜❧;③❛$❜❛♥
✶ ✵ ✶ ❛ ❤♦③③;❥✉❦ "❡♥❞❡❧$ ✈❡❦$♦" ❦❡③❞❡$❡✳ ❊❧❡♠③*(6❦ ♥❡♠ ❡❣②❡③❤❡$ ♠❡❣ ❛
✈♦♥③❛$♦( ❤❛$;"♦③,(③,♥❛❦ $❡❦✐♥$❡$$✱ ♣❡"✐❢*"✐;( ♥*✈✉$,(③❡"➯ ❡❧❡♠❡❦*✈❡❧✱ ❤✐(③❡♥
♥❡♠ ❦❧❛&&③✐❦✉& *+,❡❧❡♠❜❡♥ ✈❡,, +*❣❡♥&❡❦❀ ♥❡♠ ❦❡+❡&✐❦ ❛ ✈♦♥③❛,✉❦❛, ❛ ♠♦♥✲
❞❛,❜❛♥✱ ❤❛♥❡♠ ❡❣②*+,❡❧♠➯❡♥ ,✉❞❥9❦✱ ❤♦❣② ❦:③✈❡,❧❡♥;❧ ♠❛❣✉❦ ❡❧➤,, ,❛❧9❧✲
❤❛,=✳ ❆ ♣+♦❜❧*♠9, ❛③ ❥❡❧❡♥,✐✱ ❤♦❣② ❤❛ ❛③ ❡&❡,+❛❣♦& ♥*✈&③= ❡❧❡♠③*&❡❦♦+ ❛③,
♥❡♠ ❦❛♣❝&♦❧❥✉❦ :&&③❡ ❛ ♥*✈✉,=❥9✈❛❧✱ ❛③ ❡&❡,+❛❣❥❛ ♠✐❛,, ❛③ ❡❧❡♠③*& ✕ +:✈✐❞
✐❞❡✐❣ ✉❣②❛♥✱ ❞❡ ✕ ,*✈C,+❛ ❥✉,❤❛,✳ ❆ ✶✶✲❡& ♣*❧❞9❜❛♥ ❛ ♠9+ ❢❡❧❞♦❧❣♦③♦,, ❧!"✲
"❛♠ ❦❡+❡& ❡❣② ,9+❣②❡&❡,❜❡♥ ❧*✈➤ ♥*✈&③=, ✕ ❛③ ❡❧➤❛❞!)" ,♦❦❡♥❤❡③ *+✈❡ ♠❡❣
✐& ,❛❧9❧❤❛,❥❛✱ *& ✈♦♥③❛,9✉❧ ✈❡❤❡,✐✳ ❊③❡❦♥❡❦ ❛③ ❡&❡,❡❦♥❡❦ ❛ ❦✐❦;&③:❜:❧*&*+❡
❛③, ❥❛✈❛&♦❧❥✉❦✱ ❤♦❣② ♥❡ ❝&✉♣9♥ ❛③ ❡&❡,+❛❣ ♥*❧❦;❧✐✱ ❞❡ ❛ ,❡&,❡& ❡&❡,+❛❣♦, ✈✐✲
&❡❧➤ ♥*✈&③=❦ ❡❧❡♠③*&❡❦♦+ ✐& ✈✐③&❣9❧❥✉❦ ♠❡❣ ❛③ ❛❜❧❛❦ ❡❧&➤ ❡❧❡♠*,✱ ❤♦❣② ♥❡♠
♥*✈✉,=✲❡✳ ❚❡+♠*&③❡,❡&❡♥ ❡③ ❛③ ❡❧❥9+9& ✐& ,:❜❜ ♣+♦❜❧*♠9, ❢❡❧✈❡,✿ ❣❛③❞❛&9❣♦&&9✲
❣9♥❛❦✱ ♣♦♥,♦&&9❣9♥❛❦ ✈✐③&❣9❧❛,❛ ❛③ ✐,, ❢❡❧✈9③♦❧, ❛❧❣♦+✐,♠✉& ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥,9❝✐=❥❛
✉,9♥ ❧❡❤❡,&*❣❡&✳
✭✶✶✮ ◆❡♠ ❧!""❛♠ )❡❤♦❧ ❛③ ❡❧➤❛❞%&' ❦/✈❡"➤❡♥ ❛ ❢➤♥/❦/"✳
✺✳ "##③❡❣③'#
❚❛♥✉❧♠9♥②✉♥❦❜❛♥ ❛ ♥*✈✉,=&③❡+➯ ❡❧❡♠❡❦ +*&③❧❡,❡&✱ ❦♦+♣✉&③❛❧❛♣C ❡❧❡♠③*&*, ♠✉✲
,❛,,✉❦ ❜❡✳ ▼❡❣✈✐③&❣9❧,✉❦✱ ❤♦❣② ❛ ♥②❡❧✈*&③❡,✐ &③❛❦✐+♦❞❛❧♦♠❜❛♥ ✐& ❡♠❧L,❡,,✱ ❛ ♥*✈✲
✉,=❦ ❡❣②❡& ❝&♦♣♦+,❥❛✐, ❡③❡❦❜❡♥ ❛ ,❛♥✉❧♠9♥②♦❦❜❛♥ ❡❣②♠9&,=❧ *❧❡&❡♥ ❡❧✈9❧❛&③,❛✲
♥✐ ❤✐✈❛,♦,, ,✉❧❛❥❞♦♥&9❣♦❦ ❛ ❦♦+♣✉&③♦♥ ✈✐③&❣9❧✈❛ ♠✐❦*♥, ❥❡❧❧❡♠③✐❦ ❛ ♥*✈✉,=❦❛,✳
❆ ✷✳ ,9❜❧9③❛, ❡+❡❞♠*♥②❡✐, ✈✐③&❣9❧✈❛ ❧9,❤❛,=✱ ❤♦❣② ❥=❧ +❡♥❞&③❡+❡③❤❡,➤ ❛ &③9♠,❛✲
❧❛♥ ♥*✈✉,=✲❥❡❧:❧, ❡③❡❦♥❡❦ ❛ ,✉❧❛❥❞♦♥&9❣♦❦♥❛❦ ❛ ♠❡♥,*♥✳ ❚❛❧9❧✉♥❦ ♣+♦,♦,✐♣✐❦✉&
*& ♣❡+✐❢*+✐9& ❡❧❡♠❡❦❡, ✐&✱ ♠❡❧②❡❦♥❡❦ ❛③ ❡❧❡♠③*&❡ ❡❣② ❣*♣✐ ♠♦♥❞❛,❡❧❡♠③*& &♦✲
+9♥ ❡❧,*+➤ ❦❡❧❧✱ ❤♦❣② ❧❡❣②❡♥✳ ❍9+♦♠ ♥❛❣② ❝&♦♣♦+, ❦:+✈♦♥❛❧❛③=❞✐❦✱ ♠❡❧②❡❦♥❡❦
❢❡❧❞♦❧❣♦③9&9+❛ ❤9+♦♠ ❦;❧:♥❜:③➤ ❛❧❣♦+✐,♠✉&, ❥❛✈❛&♦❧,✉♥❦✳ ❆ ❦✉,❛,9& ❦:✈❡,❦❡③➤
❢9③✐&9❜❛♥ ❡③❡❦♥❡❦ ❛③ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥,9❝✐=❥9, ❦❡❧❧ ♠❡❣✈❛❧=&L,❛♥✐✱ ❤♦❣② ❦✐*+,*❦❡❧❤❡&&;❦
❛ ,❡❧❥❡&L,♠*♥②;❦❡,✳ ❊♠❡❧❧❡,, ❢♦♥,♦& ❦♦♥❦+*, &③9♠♦❦❛, +❡♥❞❡❧♥✐ ❛ ✷✳ ,9❜❧9③❛, ✵ *+✲
,*❦➯ ❝❡❧❧9✐❤♦③✱ ❤♦❣② ❧9&&✉❦ ❛③♦❦ &③✐❣♥✐✜❦❛♥❝✐9❥9,✱ ❡③9❧,❛❧ ,♦✈9❜❜ ♣♦♥,♦&L,❤❛&&✉❦
❛ ♥*✈✉,=❦ ❜❡&♦+♦❧9&9,✳
❍✐✈❛,❦♦③/#♦❦
✶✳ "#$%③'❦②✱ ●✳✱ ■♥❞✐❣✱ ❇✳✱ ❱❛❞4%③✱ ◆✳✿ "❡#❢♦#♠❛♥❝✐❛❛❧❛♣> ❡❧❡♠③➤ ♠❛❣②❛# %③@✈❡❣❡❦ %③4✲
♠CD$❣'♣❡% ♠❡❣'#D'%'❤❡③✳ ■♥ ❑❛%✱ ❇✳✱ ❡❞✳✿ ✒❙③❛✈❛❞ ♥❡ ❢❡❧❡❞❞✦✑✿ ❚❛♥✉❧♠4♥②♦❦ ❇4♥#'D✐
❩♦❧D4♥ D✐%③D❡❧❡D'#❡✳ ▼❚❆ ◆❨❚■✱ ❇✉❞❛♣❡%D ✭✷✵✶✻✮ ✷✷✸✕✷✸✷
✷✳ "#$%③'❦②✱ ●✳✱ ■♥❞✐❣✱ ❇✳✿ ▼❛❣②❛# %③@✈❡❣❡❦ ♣%③✐❝❤♦❧✐♥❣✈✐%③D✐❦❛✐ ✐♥❞CDD❛D4%> ❡❧❡♠③'%❡
%③4♠CD$❣'♣♣❡❧✳ ❆❧❦❛❧♠❛③♦DD ♥②❡❧✈D✉❞♦♠4♥② ✶✺✭✶✲✷✮ ✭✷✵✶✺✮ ✷✾✕✹✹
✸✳ ❑❡%③❧❡#✱ ❇✳✱ ❡❞✳✿ ▼❛❣②❛# ❣#❛♠♠❛D✐❦❛✳ ◆❡♠③❡D✐ ❚❛♥❦@♥②✈❦✐❛❞$ ✭✷✵✵✵✮
✹✳ ❑✐❡❢❡#✱ ❋✳✱ ❇4♥#'D✐✱ ❩✳✿ ❙D#✉❦D✉#4❧✐% ♠❛❣②❛# ♥②❡❧✈D❛♥✿ ▼♦♥❞❛DD❛♥✳ ❙D#✉❦D✉#4❧✐%
♠❛❣②❛# ♥②❡❧✈D❛♥✳ ❆❦❛❞'♠✐❛✐ ❑✐❛❞$ ✭✶✾✾✷✮
✺✳ ➱✳ ❑✐%%✱ ❑✳✿ ❚❤❡ ❙②♥D❛① ♦❢ ❍✉♥❣❛#✐❛♥✳ ❈❛♠❜#✐❞❣❡ ❙②♥D❛① ●✉✐❞❡%✳ ❈❛♠❜#✐❞❣❡
❯♥✐✈❡#%✐D② "#❡%% ✭✷✵✵✷✮
✻✳ ❉#❦%♥②✱ ➱✳❑✳✿ ❆ ♣.♦✜❧❡ ♦❢ 4❤❡ ❍✉♥❣❛.✐❛♥ ❉;✿ 4❤❡ ✐♥4❡.❛❝4✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧❡①✐❝❛❧✐③❛4✐♦♥✱
❛❣.❡❡♠❡♥4 ❛♥❞ ❧✐♥❡❛.✐③❛4✐♦♥ ✇✐4❤ 4❤❡ ❢✉♥❝4✐♦♥❛❧ B❡C✉❡♥❝❡ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ;❤❉ ❞✐BB❡.4❛4✐♦♥✳
❯♥✐✈❡.B✐4② ♦❢ ❚.♦♠BL✳
✼✳ ▼❛.%❝③✱ ▲✳✿ ❉.❡BB❡❞ ♦. ♥❛❦❡❞✿ 4❤❡ ❝❛B❡ ♦❢ 4❤❡ ;; ✐♥ ❍✉♥❣❛.✐❛♥✳ ■♥ ❲❡.♥❡.✱ ❆❜✲
.❛❤❛♠ #B ❞❡ ▼❡✐❥✱ ❙✳✱ ❡❞✳✿ ❚♦♣✐❝✱ ❋♦❝✉B ❛♥❞ ❈♦♥✜❣✉.❛4✐♦♥❛❧✐4②✳ ❏♦❤♥ ❇❡♥❥❛♠✐♥B✱
❆♠B4❡.❞❛♠ ❛♥❞ ;❤✐❧❛❞❡❧♣❤✐❛ ✭✶✾✽✻✮ ✷✷✸✕✷✺✷
✽✳ ❖.❛✈❡❝③✱ ❈B✳✱ ❱%.❛❞✐✱ ❚✳✱ ❙❛BB✱ ❇✳✿ ❚❤❡ ❍✉♥❣❛.✐❛♥ ●✐❣❛✇♦.❞ ❈♦.♣✉B✳ ■♥ ❈❛❧③♦❧❛.✐✱
◆✳✱ ❈❤♦✉❦.✐✱ ❑✳✱ ❉❡❝❧❡.❝❦✱ ❚✳✱ ▲♦❢4BB♦♥✱ ❍✳✱ ▼❛❡❣❛❛.❞✱ ❇✳✱ ▼❛.✐❛♥✐✱ ❏✳✱ ▼♦.❡♥♦✱
❆✳✱ ❖❞✐❥❦✱ ❏✳✱ ;✐♣❡.✐❞✐B✱ ❙✳✱ ❡❞B✳✿ ;.♦❝❡❡❞✐♥❣B ♦❢ 4❤❡ ◆✐♥4❤ ■♥4❡.♥❛4✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❢❡.❡♥❝❡
♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❘❡B♦✉.❝❡B ❛♥❞ ❊✈❛❧✉❛4✐♦♥ ✭▲❘❊❈✬✶✹✮✱ ❘❡②❦❥❛✈✐❦✱ ■❝❡❧❛♥❞✱ ❊✉.♦♣❡❛♥
▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❘❡B♦✉.❝❡B ❆BB♦❝✐❛4✐♦♥ ✭❊▲❘❆✮ ✭✷✵✶✹✮
✾✳ ▲✐❣❡4✐✲◆❛❣②✱ ◆✳✿ ❙③g✈❡❣❦♦.♣✉B③♦❦ ♣♦♥4♦B❛❜❜ ❛♥♥♦4%❝✐h❥❛ ❣#♣✐ ❡❧❡♠③#B❤❡③✳ ■♥✿ ❚g❜❜✲
♥②❡❧✈➯B#❣ #B ❦♦♠♠✉♥✐❦%❝✐h ❑❡❧❡4✲❑g③#♣✲❊✉.h♣%❜❛♥✳ ❳❳■❱✳ ▼❛❣②❛. ❆❧❦❛❧♠❛③♦44
◆②❡❧✈#B③❡4✐ ❑♦♥❣.❡BB③✉B✱ ❊.❞#❧②✐ ▼k③❡✉♠✲❊❣②❡Bl❧❡4 ✭✷✵✶✺✮ ✹✷✶✕✹✷✾
