Central Asia: Local Politics, Regional Dynamics, and the Geopolitics of Energy
(MA course, 4 CEU credits, 8 ECTS)
Fall Semester, AY 2015/16
Class hours: Wednesdays and Fridays, 13:30 – 15:10 Room: Faculty Tower (Nador 9), 309
Matteo Fumagalli
Phone: ext. 2219, Nàdor u. 9, FT307 E-mail: fumagallim@ceu.edu
Office hours: Thursdays, 10-12, Faculty Tower (Nador 9), 307
Teaching Assistant: Seraphine Maerz E-mail: Maerz_Seraphine@phd.ceu.edu
Course description and structure:
The course primarily focuses on the five post-Soviet states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. It is structured in four sections. The first part offers an introduction to the region, including key events of the 130 years of Russian dominance in Central Asia and the regional implications of the Soviet collapse as well as the ensuing state building processes. Second, local politics will be examined, paying special attention to nationalist mobilization, ethnicity, regionalism, clan networks and neo-patrimonialism. The third part of the course explores the economic developments and foreign policy of the different countries since their independence in the early 1990s. Additionally, aspects such as religion, regional cooperation and other regional
dynamics and problems of the local-global nexus are discussed. The final part of the course discusses the geopolitics of energy, the domestic and external dimension of natural resources and the political economy of the Central Asian states.
Format of the course:
A brief lecture introduces the main issue under consideration and outlines the
terms of the scholarly
debate. This is followed by case studies as well as various types of discussion, including
debates, role plays, and presentations.Assessment:
30% Continuous assessment
(10% participation, 20% 2*short presentations, max. 15 minutes) 30% Role play
(1-page background paper; participation in the simulation; 6-page reflection paper) 40% Research paper (3,500 words)
Aims:
The course’s main aim is to provide students with a strong understanding of:
the key political actors in contemporary Central Asia
political processes and developments in the region since 1991
the foreign relations of Central Asian states
the inter-twined nature of the various dimensions of local politics, regional dynamics and the geostrategic significance of the region
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course students will:
have a firm understanding of the role of the Russian and Soviet legacies in shaping the different pathways of the Central Asian states
critically engage with the post-communist transition literature
apply their knowledge of comparative foreign policies and democracy/autocracy research to this region as well as demonstrate their appreciation of the domestic/foreign policy nexus.
Deadlines:
Slides of Presentations: 24h before class Role play: 11/12/2015
Research paper: 16/12/2015, 5pm
Note: Class attendance is mandatory. Failure to attend more than two classes will lead to failing the
course. In case you are unable to attend, you need to inform us via email prior to our class.
Introductory texts:
Central Asia in general:
Cummings, Sally N. 2012: Understanding Central Asia. Politics and contested transformations. New York: Routledge.
Cummings, Sally N., ed. 2003. Oil, transition and security in Central Asia. RoutledgeCurzon advances in Central Asian studies. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
Dawisha, Karen, and Bruce Parrott, eds. 1999. Conflict, cleavage, and change in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Repr.
Democratization and authoritarianism in postcommunist societies / eds. Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott ; 4.
Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Gleason, Gregory. 1997. The Central Asian states: Discovering independence. Westview series on the post-Soviet republics. Boulder, Colo. Westview Press.
Jones Luong, Pauline 2004: The transformation of Central Asia. States and societies from Soviet rule to independence.
Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Legvold, Robert, ed. 2003. Thinking strategically: The major powers, Kazakhstan, and the central Asian nexus.
American Academy studies in global security. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Reeves, Madeleine; Rasanayagam, Johan; Beyer, Judith (Hg.). 2014: Ethnographies of the state in Central Asia.
Performing politics. Rethinking the Political in Central Asia. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.
Roy, Olivier. 2000. The new Central Asia: The creation of nations. New York: New York Univ. Press.
Sahadeo, Jeff, and Russell G. Zanca, eds. 2007. Everyday life in Central Asia: Past and present. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.
Kazakhstan:
Cummings, Sally N. 2005: Kazakhstan. Power and the elite. London, New York, New York: I.B. Tauris.
Dave, Bhavna. 2007: Kazakhstan. Ethnicity, language and power. London: Routledge (Central Asian studies series, 8).
Olcott, Martha Brill. 2010: Kazakhstan. Unfulfilled promise? [Rev. ed]. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Kyrgyzstan:
Anderson, John. 1999: Kyrgyzstan. Central Asia's island of democracy? Amsterdam: Harwood Acad. Publ (Postcommunist states and nations, 4).
International Crisis Group. 2005. Kyrgyzstan: A faltering state, Asia Report 109.
International Crisis Group. 2008. Kyrgyzstan: A Deceptive Calm. Asia briefing 79.
Liu, Morgan Y. 2012. Under Solomon's throne: Uzbek visions of renewal in Osh. Central Eurasia in context. Pittsburgh:
Univ. of Pittsburgh Press.
Radnitz, Scott. 2012. Weapons of the wealthy: Predatory regimes and elite-led protests in Central Asia. 1. print., Cornell paperbacks. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press.
Tajikistan:
Akiner, Shirin. 2001: Tajikistan. Disintegration or reconciliation? London: Royal Inst. of Internat. Affairs (Central Asian and Caucasian prospects).
Bergne, Paul. 2009: The birth of Tajikistan. National identity and the origins of the republic. Reprinted. London: Tauris (International library of Central Asian studies, 1).
Heathershaw, John. 2011. Post-conflict Tajikistan: The politics of peacebuilding and the emergence of legitimate order.
Paperback [ed.]. Central Asian studies series 16. London: Routledge.
Martino, Luigi de. 2004. Tajikistan at a crossroad: The politics of decentralization. Situation report 4. Geneva: Cimera Publications. Accessed July 14, 2015. http://www.cimera.org/en/publications/situationrep.htm
Turkmenistan:
Edgar, Adrienne L. 2006. Tribal nation: The making of Soviet Turkmenistan. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press.
Peyrouse, Sebastien. 2012. Turkmenistan: Strategies of power, dilemmas of development. Armonk, NY: Sharpe.
Uzbekistan:
Adams, Laura L. 2010. The spectacular state: Culture and national identity in Uzbekistan. Politics, history, and culture.
Durham: Duke University Press.
Melvin, Neil. 2000. Uzbekistan: Transition to authoritarianism on the Silk Road. Postcommunist states and nations.
Amsterdam: Harwood Academic.
Bohr, Annette. 1998. Uzbekistan: Politics and foreign policy. Central Asian and Caucasian prospects. London: Royal Inst. of Internat. Affairs.
Relevant journals for this course include the following:
Central Asian Survey, Central Asian Affairs, Europe-Asia Studies, Post-Soviet Affairs, Problems of Post-Communism, Demokratizatsiya, Communist and Post-Communist Studies
Useful news updates:
RFE/RL (www.rferl.org)
Central Asia and the Caucasus Analyst (www.cacianalyst.org) Fergana.ru (www.fergana.ru)
International Crisis Group (www.crisisgroup.org) The Jamestown Foundation (www.jamestown.org)
E-learning:
The course makes use of e-learning, a web-based learning program (http://ceulearning.ceu.hu). Log
in with your university ID and password and register for the course (located under ‘International
Relations’). You will be given the enrollment key during the first class. Lecture slides will be
uploaded there, as well as key additional readings. You are, however, strongly encouraged to do
your own library searches, either among the hard copies of books and journals available in the CEU
library or among the electronic resources.
Calendar:
Class: Week: Topic: Date:
PART ONE: Intro
1 1 Introduction to the course 23/09/15
2 Introduction to the region
(MOVIE, later class hours, 18:00 -20:00, Auditorium, drinks afterwards!)
25/09/15
3 2 Russian and Soviet rule in Central Asia 30/09/15
4 The collapse of the Soviet Union 02/10/15
5 3 NO CLASS 07/10/15
6 DOUBLE-CLASS: State formation in Central Asia / Democracy in Kyrgyzstan? Class hours: 13:30-17:10
09/10/15 PART TWO: Local politics
7 4 Nationalism 14/10/15
8 Ethnicity and Security 16/10/15
9 5 Post-Soviet Islam and the fight against terrorism 21/10/15
10 NO CLASS 23/10/15
11 6 Clan politics and neo-patrimonialism 28/10/15
12 Legitimating authoritarianism 30/10/15
PART THREE: Regional dynamics
13 7 The local ↔ global nexus 04/11/15
14 Foreign policy strategies I 06/11/15
15 8 Intro to role play 11/11/15
16 Foreign policy strategies II 13/11/15
17 9 Post-Soviet regionalism 18/11/15
18 From the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to the Eurasian Economic Union
20/11/15 PART FOUR: Central Asia and the geopolitics of energy
19 10 The political economy of Central Asia 25/11/15
20 The politics of energy in Central Asia (guest lecture) 27/11/15 21 11 A new Great Game? Russia, the West and Central Asia 02/12/15
22 China and Central Asia 04/12/15
23 12 Role Play: Simulation 09/12/15
24 Role Play (simulation cont., debriefing), course wrap-up 11/12/15
Readings:
PART ONE: Intro Class 1: Introduction to the course
Core reading
Green, Nile. 2014. Writing travel in Central Asian history. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Selected chapters.
Hopkirk, Kathleen. 2013. Central Asia: Through writers' eyes. London: Eland. Selected chapters (see e-learning)
Additional reading
Aitmatov, Chingiz. 1983. The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Aitmatov, Chingiz. 1989. Piebald dog running along the shore and other stories. Moscow: Raduga Publishers.
Le Albert von, Coq. 1988. Buried Treasures of Chinese Turkestan. Hong Kong: Oxford Univ. Press.
Hopkirk, Peter. 2006. The great game: On secret service in high Asia. 1. publ., repr. London: Murray.
Class 2: Introduction to the region
(MOVIE, later class hours! 18:00-20:00, Auditorium)
Core reading
Starr, S. Frederick. 2009. Rediscovering Central Asia, Wilson Quarterly, Vol 33 (3), 33-43.
McGlinchey, Eric M. 2011. Chaos, violence, dynasty: Politics and Islam in Central Asia. Central Eurasia in context.
Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press. Chapter 2, 48-79.
Additional reading
Hopkirk, Peter. 2006. Foreign devils on the silk road: The search for the lost treasures of Central Asia. Paperback ed.
London: Murray.
Rashid, Ahmed. 2015. “Jihad’s New Frontier: Tajikistan.” New York Times Online. June 11, 2015. Accessed July 22, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/10/opinion/jihads-new-frontier-tajikistan.html?_r=0.
Shishkin, Philip. 2013. Restless valley: Revolution, murder, and intrigue in the heart of Central Asia. New Haven, London: Yale University Press.
Class 3: Russian and Soviet rule in Central Asia
Core reading
Hirsch, Francine. 2000. ‘Towards an Empire of Nations: Border-Making and the Formation of 'Soviet' National Identities,’ Russian Review, 59(2), 201-26.
Carrière d'Encausse, Hélène. 1994. “Systematic Conquest, 1865-1884.” In Central Asia, 130 years of Russian dominance: A historical overview, edited by Edward Allworth. 3rd ed., 2nd pr, 131–50. Central Asia book series.
Durham: Duke Univ. Press.
Additional reading
Allworth, Edward (Hg.). 1994. Central Asia, 130 years of Russian dominance. A historical overview. 3. Aufl. Durham:
Duke University Press.
Baldauf, Ingeborg. 1991: Some Thoughts on the Making of the Uzbek Nation. In: Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique (32/1), 79–95.
Edgar, Adrienne L. 2001. “Genealogy, Class and 'Tribal Policy' in Soviet Turkmenistan, 1924-1934”, in Slavic Review, 60(2). 266-288.
Haugen, Arne. 2003. The Establishment of National Republics in Central Asia. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kamp, Marianne. 2010. The new woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, modernity, and unveiling under communism. Jackson School publications in international studies. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press.
Khalid, Adeeb. 2007. ‘Locating the (Post-)colonial in Soviet History’, Central Asian Survey, 26(4), 465-473.
Levi, Scott. 1999. “India, Russia and the Eighteenth-Century Transformation of the Central Asian Caravan Trade.”
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient (Vol. 42, No. 4): 519–48.
Martin, Terry and R.G. Suny. 2001. A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Building in the Age of Lenin and Stalin, Oxford UP.
Martin, Terry. 2001. The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union 1923-1939, Cornell UP.
MacKenzie, David. 1974. “Turkestan's Significance to Russia (1850-1917).” Russian Review 33 (2): 167.
Northrop, Douglas. 2004. Veiled empire: Gender & power in Stalinist Central Asia. Cornell paperbacks. Ithaca, NY:
Cornell Univ. Press.
Starr, S. Frederick. 2008. ’In Defense of Greater Central Asia’. Silk Road Papers.
Class 4: The collapse of the Soviet Union
Core reading
Ro'i, Yaacov. 1991. “Central Asian riots and disturbances, 1989–1990: Causes and context.” Central Asian Survey 10 (3): 21–54.
Slezkine, Yuri. 1994. “The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism.”
Slavic Review (Vol. 53, 2): 414–52.
Additional reading
Dallin, Alexander. 1992. 'Causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union', Post-Soviet Affairs, 8/4, 279-302.
Dannreuther, Roland. 1994. Creating new states in Central Asia: The strategic implications of the collapse of Soviet power in Central Asia. Adelphi paper 288. London: Brassey's.
Grant, Jonathan. 1994. “Decolonization by default: Independence in soviet central Asia.” Central Asian Survey 13 (1):
51–58.
Karklins, Rasma. 1994.‘Explaining regime change in the Soviet Union’, Europe-Asia Studies, vol. 46, no. 1.
Marples, David R. 2004. The collapse of the Soviet Union: 1985 - 1991. 1. ed. Seminar studies in history. Harlow:
Pearson Longman, chapter 6, 101-110.
McFaul, Micheal. 2002. ‘The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship: Noncooperative Transitions in the
Postcommunist Word’, World Politics, 54:2, 212-244.
Sakwa, Richard. 1993. 'A cleansing storm: the August coup and the triumph of perestroika', JCSvol. 9, no 4, March, 131-149.
Slavic Review. 2004. Special Issue on Gorbachev and Reform of the USSR Vol. 63, No. 3.
Class 5: NO CLASS
Reading in preparation of next class
Akbarzadeh, Sharam. 1996. ‘Why Did Nationalism Fail in Tajikistan?’, Europe-Asia Studies, 48(7), 1105-1130.
Jones Luong, Pauline. 2004. ‘Introduction’, in P. Jones Luong (ed), The Transformation of Central Asia. States and Societies from Soviet Rule to Independence, Cornell UP. 1-29.
Laruelle, Marlène. 2012. “The paradigm of nationalism in Kyrgyzstan. Evolving narrative, the sovereignty issue, and political agenda.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 45 (1-2): 39–49.
Class 6: DOUBLE-CLASS State formation in Central Asia / Democracy in Kyrgyzstan? Class hours: 13:30-17:10
Core reading
Polese, Abel, and Slavomir Horák. 2015. “A tale of two presidents: Personality cult and symbolic nation-building in Turkmenistan.” Nationalities Papers 43 (3): 457–78.
Melvin, Neil J. 2001. ‘Patterns of Centre-Regional Relations in Central Asia: The Cases of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and Uzbekistan’, Regional and Federal Studies, 11(3), 165-193.
Megoran, Nick. 2012. “Averting Violence in Kyrgyzstan: Understanding and Responding to Nationalism.” Chatham House: Russia and Eurasia Programme Paper (2012/03). Accessed July 22, 2015.
http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/Russia%20and
%20Eurasia/1212ppmegoran.pdf
→ Kyrgyzstan held elections on the 4
thof October, please check the Central Elections Commission's website: http://www.shailoo.gov.kg
Additional reading
Anderson, John. 1995. “Authoritarian political development in Central Asia: The case of Turkmenistan.” Central Asian Survey 14 (4): 509–27.
Barrington, Lowell. 1995. The Domestic and International Consequences of Citizenship in the Soviet Successor States.
Europe-Asia Studies, 47(5), 731-763.
Collins, Kathleen. 2011. Kyrgyzstan’s latest revolution. Journal of Democracy 22(3).
Cummings, Sally N., ed. 2002. Power and change in Central Asia. Politics in Asia series. London, New York:
Routledge. Part I. (chapter 1-5).
Dawisha, Karen, and Bruce Parrott, eds. 1999. Conflict, cleavage, and change in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Repr.
Democratization and authoritarianism in postcommunist societies / eds. Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott ; 4.
Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Fish M. Steven, and R.S. Brooks. 2004. ‘Does Diversity Hurt Democracy?’, Journal of Democracy, 15, (1), 154-166.
International Crisis Group. 2010a. The Pogroms in Kyrgyzstan, Asia Report 193.
International Crisis Group. 2010b. Kyrgyzstan: A Hollow Regime Collapses, Asia Briefing 102.
Kandiyoti, Deniz. 2007. “Post-Soviet institutional design and the paradoxes of the ‘Uzbek path’1.” Central Asian Survey 26 (1): 31–48.
Matveeva, A. 2010. Kyrgyzstan in Crisis: permanent revolution and the curse of nationalism, LSE Crisis States Research Center, Working Paper No 79 (series 2).
Nourzhanov, Kirill. 2005. Saviours of the nation or robber barons? Warlord Politics in Tajikistan. Central Asian Survey, 24(2), 109-130.
Olcott, Martha B. 2007. Central Asia's second chance. 2. pr. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Chapter 2.
Pomfret, Richard. 2006. The Central Asian Economies since Independence, Princeton University Press, chapter 1.
Radnitz, Scott. 2006. What happened in Kyrgyzstan. Journal of Democracy, 17(2).
Roy, Oliver. 2005. The predicament of ‘civil society’ in Central Asia and the ‘Greater Middle East’. International Affairs, 81(5), 1001-1012.
Roy, Olivier. 2000. “From Nationalism to Independence. In: The new Central Asia: The creation of nations. New York:
New York Univ. Press. 125-142.
Rubin, Barnett R. 1998., “Russian hegemony and state breakdown in the periphery: causes and consequences of the civil war in Tajikistan,”. Chapter 7 in Rubin and Jack Snyder. 1998. Post-Soviet Political Order: Conflict and State- Building. Routledge, 128-161.
Smith, Graham, Vivien Law, Andrew Wilson, Annette Bohr, Edward Allworth. 1998. “The Central Asian States as Nationalizing Regimes,” Chapter 7 in Nation-Building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 139-166.
Smith, Graham. 1999. “From transformation to fragmentation.” In: The post-Soviet states: mapping the politics of transition. Hodder Arnold. 15-43.
Tunçer Kılavuz, İdil. 2009. 'The Role of Networks in Tajikistan's Civil War: Network Activation and Violence Specialists', Nationalities Papers, 37: 5, 693-717.
PART TWO: Local politics Class 7: Nationalism
Core reading
Brubaker, Rogers. 1995. ‘National minorities, nationalizing states and external homelands in the New Europe’, Daedalus, Vol 124, No 2, 107–32.
Isaacs, Rico, and Abel Polese. 2015. “Between “imagined” and “real” nation-building: Identities and nationhood in post-Soviet Central Asia.” Nationalities Papers 43 (3): 371–82.
Additional reading
Brubaker, Rogers. 1994. ‘Nationhood and the national question in the Soviet Union and post-Soviet Eurasia: an institutionalist account’, Theory and Society, Vol 23, No 1, 47–78.
Kurzman, Charles. 1999. Uzbekistan: The invention of Nationalism in an invented Nation. In: Critique: Journal for Critical Studies of the Middle East (15), S. 77–98.
Kuzio, Taras. 2001. ‘Nationalising states’ or nation-building: a review of the theoretical literature and empirical evidence’, Nations and Nationalism, Vol 7, No 2, 135–154.
Kuzio, Taras. 2002. ‘The myth of the civic state: a critical survey of Hans Kohn’s framework for understanding nationalism’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol 25, No1, 20–39.
March, Andrew F. 2002. The Use and Abuse of History: ‘National Ideology’ as Transcendental Object in Islam Karimov's ‘Ideology of National Independence’. In: Central Asian Survey 21 (4), S. 371–384.
Megoran, Nick W. 2004a. 'The critical geopolitics of the Uzbekistan-Kyrgyzstan Ferghana Valley boundary dispute 1999–2000', Political Geography, 23, 6, 731-764.
Megoran, Nick W. 2004b. ‘Revisiting the 'pivot': the influence of Halford Mackinder on analysis of Uzbekistan's international relations’, Geographical Journal, 170, 4.
Class 8: Ethnicity and Security
Core reading
Fumagalli, M. 2007. Framing Ethnic Minority Mobilization in Central Asia: The Cases of Uzbeks in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Europe-Asia Studies, 59(4), 565-588.
Jackson, Nicole J. 2006. ‘International Organizations, Security Dichotomies and the Trafficking of Persons and Narcotics in Post-Soviet Central Asia: A Critique of the Securitization Framework’, Security Dialogue, 37, 3, 299- 317.
Additional reading
Adams, Laura L. 2013. “Ethnicity and the politics of heritage in Uzbekistan.” Central Asian Survey 32 (2): 115–33.
Engvall, Johan. 2006. ‘The state under Siege: The drug trade and organised crime in Tajikistan’, Europe-Asia Studies, 58, 6, 827-854.
Fumagalli, Matteo. 2007. Ethnicity, state formation and foreign policy: Uzbekistan and 'Uzbeks abroad'. Central Asian Survey, 26(1).
Kaufman, Stuart J. 1996.“An “international’ theory of inter-ethnic war”, Review of International Studies, 22, 149-171.
King, Charles. 2001. "The Benefits of Ethnic War: Understanding Eurasia's Unrecognized States," World Politics, Vol.
53, 524-552.
Marat, Erica. 2005. The State-Crime Nexus in Central Asia: State Weakness, Organized Crime and Corruption in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, Silk Road Papers.
Schatz, Edward. 2000. “The Politics of Multiple Identities: Lineage and Ethnicity in Kazakhstan”. Europe-Asia Studies 52 (3), 489-506.
Yiftachel, Oren. 2000. “Ethnocracy” and Its Discontents: Minorities, Protests, and the Israeli Polity. Critical Inquiry, 26(4), 725-756.
Class 9: Post-Soviet Islam and the fight against terrorism
Core reading:
Heathershaw, John, and Davic W. Montgomery. 2014. “The Myth of Post-Soviet Muslim Radicalization in the Central Asian Republics.” Chatham House: Russia and Eurasia Programme Paper (November). Accessed July 23, 2015.
http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/field/field_document/20141111PostSovietRadicalizationHea thershawMontgomery.pdf
Khalid, Adeeb. 2003. ‘A secular Islam: Nation, state, and religion in Uzbekistan’, International Journal of Middle East Studies 35 (4).
Additional reading
Cheng, Joseph Y. S. 2015. “The Afghanistan Situation and China’s New Approach to the SCO.” Asian Survey 55 (2):
346–70.
Horsman, Stuart. 2005. ‘Themes in official discourses on terrorism in Central Asia’, Third World Quarterly, 26(1), 199- 213.
Ilkhamov, Alisher. 2006. ‘The Phenomenology of “Akromiya”: Separating Facts from Fiction’, CEFQ, 39-48.
International Crisis Group. 2003a. Is Radical Islam Inevitable in Central Asia? Priorities for Engagement, Asia Rep. 72.
International Crisis Group. 2003b. Central Asia: Islam and the State, Asia Report 59.
Kamp, Marianne. 2004. “Between women and the state: Mahalla committees and social welfare in Uzbekistan.” In The transformation of Central Asia: States and societies from Soviet rule to independence, edited by Pauline Jones Luong, 29–58. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press.
Khalid, Adeeb. 2007. ‘Islam in Opposition’, in A. Khalid, Islam after Communism. University of California Press, 2007. chapter 6.
Knysh, Alexander. 2007. Contextualizing the Salafi - Sufi conflict (from the Northern Caucasus to Hadramawt), Middle Eastern Studies, 43(4).
McGlinchey, Eric. 2005a. ‘The Making of Militants: The State and Political Islam in Central Asia’, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 25, 3, 554-566.
McGlinchey, Eric. 2005b. ‘Autocrats, Islamist, and the Rise of Radicalism in Central Asia’. Current History, October 2005.
McGlinchey, Eric M. 2011. Chaos, violence, dynasty: Politics and Islam in Central Asia. Central Eurasia in context.
Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press. Chapter 4: Uzbek Violence, 114-146.
Naumkin, V.V. 2005. Radical Islam in Central Asia: Between Pen and Rifle. Rowman and Littlefield.
Olcott, Martha B. 2007. Roots of Radical Islam in Central Asia, Carnegie Paper No. 77, Last accessed July 15, 2015.
http://www.carnegieendowment.org/files/cp_77_olcott_roots_final.pdf
Radnitz, Scott. 2006. “Look Who’s Talking! Islamic Discourse in the Chechen Wars,” Nationalities Papers 34(2), 237- 256.
Rasanayagam, Johan. 2011. Islam in post-Soviet Uzbekistan. The morality of experience. Cambridge,, New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Rasanayagam, Johan. 2014. “The politics of culture and the space for Islam: Soviet and post-Soviet imaginaries in Uzbekistan.” Central Asian Survey 33 (1): 1–14.
Ro'i, Yaacov, ed. 2004. Democracy and pluralism in Muslim Eurasia. The Cummings Center series 19. London, New
York: Frank Cass.
Scobell, Andrew. 2015. “China Ponders Post-2014 Afghanistan.” Asian Survey 55 (2): 325–45.
Steele, Jonathan. 2013. “A tale of two retreats: Afghan transition in historical perspective.” Central Asian Survey 32 (3):
306–17.
Weitz, Richard. 2004. ‘Storm Clouds over Central Asia: Revival of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)?’, Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 27, 6, 505-530.
Class 10: NO CLASS
Class 11: Clan politics and neo-patrimonialism
Core reading
Collins, Kathleen. 2004. ‘The Logic of Clan Politics: Evidence from the Central Asian Trajectories’, World Politics, 56(2), 224-261.
Isaacs, Rico. 2014. Neopatrimonialism and beyond. Reassessing the formal and informal in the study of Central Asian politics. In: Contemporary Politics 20 (2), S. 229–245.
Additional reading
Collins, Kathleen. 2006. Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia. Cambridge UP, 122-68.
Cummings, Sally N., ed. 2003. Oil, transition and security in Central Asia. RoutledgeCurzon advances in Central Asian studies. London: Routledge
Cummings, Sally N. 2012. Understanding Central Asia: Politics and contested transformations. London: Routledge.
Chapter 4 (Authoritarian alternatives).
Ilkhamov, Alisher. 2007. Neopatrimonialism, interest groups and patronage networks: the impasses of the governance system in Uzbekistan, Central Asian Survey, 26(1), 65-84.
Isaacs, Rico. 2013. “Nur Otan, Informal Networks and the Countering of Elite Instability in Kazakhstan: Bringing the
‘Formal’ Back In.” Europe-Asia Studies 65 (6): 1055–79.
Jones Luong, Pauline. 2002. Institutional change and political continuity in Post-Soviet Central Asia. Power, perceptions, and pacts. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. Chapter 2, 25-50.
Kunysz, Nicholas. 2012. “From sultanism to neopatrimonialism? Regionalism within Turkmenistan.” Central Asian Survey 31 (1): 1–16.
Starr, S. Frederick (2006): Clans, authoritarian rulers, and parliaments in central Asia. Washington, D.C: Central Asia- Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program (Silk road paper).
Weber, Max ed. by Guenther Roth and Claus Wittich (Hg.) (2002): Economy and Society. An outline of interpretive sociology. 7th printing. Berkeley: University of California Press. Types of Legitimate Domination, ch. 3, 212-216.
Class 12: Legitimating authoritarianism
Core reading
Matveeva, Anna (2009): Legitimising Central Asian Authoritarianism: Political Manipulation and Symbolic Power. In:
Europe-Asia Studies 61 (7), S. 1095–1121.
Megoran, Nick. 2008. Framing Andijon, narrating the nation: Islam Karimov's account of the events of 13 May 2005.
In: Central Asian Survey 27 (1), S. 15–31.
Additional reading
Adams, Laura; Rustemova, Assel. 2009. Mass Spectacle and Styles of Governmentality in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
In: Europe-Asia Studies (Vol. 61, No. 7), S. 1249–1276.
Adams, Laura L. 2010. The spectacular state: Culture and national identity in Uzbekistan. Politics, history, and culture.
Durham: Duke University Press.
March, Andrew F. 2003a. From Leninism to Karimovism: Hegemony, Ideology and Authoritarian Legitimation. In:
Post-Soviet Affairs (Vo. 19, No. 4), 307–336.
March, Andrew. 2003b. State ideology and the legitimation of authoritarianism: the case of post-Soviet Uzbekistan. In:
Journal of Political Ideologies (Vol. 8, No. 2,), 209–232.
McGlinchey, Eric M. 2009. “Searching for Kamalot: Political Patronage and Youth Politics in Uzbekistan.” Europe- Asia Studies 61 (7): 1137–50.
McGlinchey, Eric M. 2011. Chaos, violence, dynasty: Politics and Islam in Central Asia. Central Eurasia in context.
Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press. Chapter 1: 17-47.
Melvin, Neil J. 2004. Authoritarian Pathways in Central Asia: A Comparision of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and Uzbekistan. In: Yaacov Ro'i (Hg.): Democracy and pluralism in Muslim Eurasia. London, New York: Frank Cass (The Cummings Center series, 19), S. 119–142.
Murzakulova, Asel, and John Schoeberlein. 2009. “The Invention of Legitimacy: Struggles in Kyrgyzstan to Craft an Effective Nation-State Ideology.” Europe-Asia Studies 61 (7): 1229–48.
Zanca, Russell. 2015. “Eat, Drink, and Be Merry, and Damn the Dictatorship.” Central Asian Affairs 2 (1): 95–115.
PART THREE: Regional dynamics Class 13: The local ↔ global nexus
Core reading
Bissenova, Alima. 2014. “The Master Plan of Astana: Between the "Art of Government" and the "Art of Being Global".” In Ethnographies of the state in Central Asia: Performing politics, edited by Madeleine Reeves, Johan Rasanayagam, and Judith Beyer, 127–48. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.
Fumagalli, Matteo. 2008. “The ‘Food-Energy-Water’ Nexus in Central Asia: Regional Implications of and the International Response to the Crises in Tajikistan: EU-Central Asia Monitoring, October 2008, No. 2.” Accessed July 27, 2015. http://aei.pitt.edu/11082/1/1731%5B1%5D.pdf.
Additional reading
Fauve, Adrien. 2015. Global Astana. Nation branding as a legitimization tool for authoritarian regimes. In: Central Asian Survey 34 (1), S. 110–124.
Kraudzun, Tobias. 2014. “Bottom-up and top-down dynamics of the energy transformation in the Eastern Pamirs of Tajikistan's Gorno Badakhshan region.” Central Asian Survey 33 (4): 550–65.
Trevisani, Tommaso. 2014. “The Reshaping of Cities and Citizens in Uzbekistan. The Case of Namangan's "New Uzbeks".” In Ethnographies of the state in Central Asia: Performing politics, edited by Madeleine Reeves, Johan Rasanayagam, and Judith Beyer, 243–60. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.
Class 14: Foreign policy strategies I
Core reading
Cooley, Alexander. 2012. Great Games, Local Rules. The New Great Power Contest in Central Asia. (Oxford: OUP).
Chapter 2: How Central Asian Regimes Survive, 16-29.
Anceschi, Luca. 2010. “Integrating domestic politics and foreign policy making: the cases of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.” Central Asian Survey 29 (2): 143–58.
Additional reading
Anceschi, Luca. 2014. “Regime-building, identity-making and foreign policy: Neo-Eurasianist rhetoric in post-Soviet Kazakhstan.” Nationalities Papers 42 (5): 733–49.
Cummings, Sally N. 2003. ‘Eurasian bridge or murky waters between east and west? Ideas, identity and output in Kazakhstan's foreign policy’, Journal of Communist studies and Transition Politics, 19, 3, 139-155.
Diener, Alexander C. 2014. “Central Asia in international relations: the legacies of Halford Mackinder.” Central Asian Survey 33 (4): 573–75.
Teles Fazendeiro, Bernardo da Silva Relva. 2015. “Keeping face in the public sphere: Recognition, discretion and Uzbekistan's relations with the United States and Germany, 1991–2006.” Central Asian Survey, 1–16.
Class 15: Introduction to role play
Reading in preparation of next class
Fumagalli, Matteo. 2007a. ‘Alignments and re-alignments in Central Asia: Rationale and Implications of Uzbekistan’s Rapprochement with Russia’, International Political Science Review, 28, 3, 253-271.
Pikalov, Aleksandr. 2014. Uzbekistan between the great powers: a balancing act or a multi-vectorial approach? In:
Central Asian Survey (33/3), S. 297–311.
Class 16: Foreign policy strategies II
Core reading
Ambrosio, Thomas, and William A. Lange. 2014. “Mapping Kazakhstan’s geopolitical code: An analysis of Nazarbayev’s presidential addresses, 1997–2014.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 55 (5): 537–59.
Heathershaw, John. 2011. “Tajikistan amidst globalization: state failure or state transformation?” Central Asian Survey 30 (1): 147–68.
Additional reading
Atkin, Muriel. 2011. “Tajikistan: From de facto Colony to Sovereign Dependency.” In Sovereignty after empire:
Comparing the Middle East and Central Asia, edited by Sally N. Cummings, 304–25. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ.
Press.
Markowitz, Lawrence P. 2012. “Tajikistan: authoritarian reaction in a postwar state.” Democratization 19 (1): 98–119.
Megoran, Nick, ed. 2013. Central Asia in international relations: The legacies of Halford Mackinder. London: Hurst &
Company.
Pomfret, Richard. 2008. “Turkmenistan’s Foreign Policy.” China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly (Volume 6, No. 4): 19–
34.
Class 17: Post-Soviet regionalism
Core reading
Kubicek, Paul. 2009. “The Commonwealth of Independent States: an example of failed regionalism?” Rev. Int. Stud. 35 (S1): 237.
Deyermond, Ruth. 2009. “Matrioshka hegemony? Multi-levelled hegemonic competition and security in post-Soviet Central Asia.” Rev. Int. Stud. 35 (01): 151.
Additional reading
Allison, Roy. 2008. “Virtual regionalism, regional structures and regime security in Central Asia.” Central Asian Survey 27 (2): 185–202.
Bohr, Annette. 2004. “Regionalism in Central Asia: New Geopolitics, Old Regional Order.” Int Affairs 80 (3): 485–502.
Collins, Kathleen. 2009. “Economic and Security Regionalism among Patrimonial Authoritarian Regimes: The Case of Central Asia.” Europe-Asia Studies 61 (2): 249–81.
Frost, Alexander. 2009. “The Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and Russia’s Strategic Goals in Central Asia.” China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly (Vol. 7, 3): 83–102.
Gleason, Gregory. 2001. “Inter-State Cooperation in Central Asia from the CIS to the Shanghai Forum.” Europe-Asia Studies 53 (7): 1077–95.
Melvin, Neil J. 2007. ‘The European Union’s Strategic Role in Central Asia’, CEPS Policy Brief 128.
Melvin, Neil J. (ed). 2008. Engaging Central Asia: The European Union’s Strategy in the Heart of Eurasia, CEPS/Brookings Institution Press, Brussels, available at http://shop.ceps.eu/BookDetail.php?item_id=1662.
Rose, Richard and N. Munro. 2008. ‘Do Russians see their future in Europe or the CIS?’, Europe-Asia Studies, 60, No.
1, 49–66.
Warktosch, A. 2007. The OSCE as an agent of socialisation? International norm Dynamics and political change in Central Asia, Europe-Asia Studies, 59(5), 829-846.
Class 18: From the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to the Eurasian Economic Union
Core reading
Ambrosio, Thomas. 2008. “Catching the ‘Shanghai Spirit’: How the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Promotes Authoritarian Norms in Central Asia.” Europe-Asia Studies 60 (8): 1321–44.
Aris, Stephen. 2012. “The Response of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation to the Crisis in Kyrgyzstan.” Civil Wars 14 (3): 451–76.
Additional reading
Aris, Stephen and Matthias Neumann, Robert Orttung, Jeronim Perović, Heiko Pleines, Hans-Henning Schröder, Aglaya Snetkov (ed.). 2015. “Eurasian Economic Union: A 6 months report: Russian Analytical Digest, No. 170, 7 July 2015.” Accessed July 27, 2015. http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/Russian_Analytical_Digest_172.pdf.
Aris, Stephen. 2009. “The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: ‘Tackling the Three Evils’. A Regional Response to Non-traditional Security Challenges or an Anti-Western Bloc?” Europe-Asia Studies 61 (3): 457–82.
Chung, Chien. 2006. “China and the Institutionalization of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.” Problems of Post- Communism 53 (5): 3–14.
Cooley, Alexander. 2012. Great games, local rules: The new great power contest in Central Asia. Oxford, New York:
Oxford University Press. Chapter 5: The SCO and Beijing's Great Leap Westwards, 74-96.
Dadabaev, Timur. 2013. “Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Regional Identity Formation from the Perspective of the Central Asia States.” Journal of Contemporary China 23 (85): 102–18.
Fredholm, Michael, and Birgit N. Schlyter. 2013. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Eurasian geopolitics:
New directions, perspectives, and challenges. Asia insights 2. Copenhagen, Abingdon: NIAS Press.
Yuan, Jing-Dong. 2010. “China's Role in Establishing and Building the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).”
Journal of Contemporary China 19 (67): 855–69.
PART FOUR: Central Asia and the geopolitics of energy Class 19: The political economy of Central Asia
Core reading
Pomfret, Richard. 2006. The Central Asian economies since independence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
Introduction, 1-21.
Cooley, Alexander; Sharman, J. C. 2015. Blurring the line between licit and illicit. Transnational corruption networks in Central Asia and beyond. In: Central Asian Survey 34 (1), S. 11–28.
Additional reading
Gleason, Gregory. 2011. “China, Russia, and Central Asia: Triangular Energy Politics.” In: China's Energy Relations, Carrie Liu Currier and Manochehr Dorraj, ed. New York: Continuum, 83-100.
International Crisis Group. 2002. Central Asia: Water and Conflict, Asia Report 34.
International Crisis Group. 2010. Central Asia: Migrants and the Economic Crisis, Asia Report 183.
Korobkov, Andrei V. 2007. Migration Trends in Central Eurasia: Politics versus Economics. Communist and Post- communist Studies, 40(2).
Laruelle, Marlene. 2007. ‘Central Asian Labor Migrants in Russia: The Diasporization of the Central Asian States?’, CEFQ, 5(3), 101-119.
Laruelle, Marlène, and Sébastien Peyrouse. 2013. Globalizing Central Asia: Geopolitics and the challenges of economic development. Armonk, NY: Sharpe.
Olcott, Martha B. 2007. Central Asia's second chance. 2. pr. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Pomfret, Richard. 2000. “Transition and Democracy in Mongolia.” Europe-Asia Studies 52 (1): 149–60.
Radnitz, Scott. 2006. Weighing the Political and Economic Motivations for Migration in Uzbekistan. Europe-Asia Studies 58(5), 653-677.
Reeves, Jeffrey. 2013. “Sino-Mongolian relations and Mongolia's non-traditional security.” Central Asian Survey 32 (2):
175–88.
Rumer, Boris Z., ed. 2005. Central Asia at the end of the transition. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe.
Rustemova, Assel. 2011. Political economy of Central Asia. Initial reflections on the need for a new approach. In:
Journal of Eurasian Studies 2 (1), S. 30–39.
Ruziev, Kobil, Dipak Ghosh, and Sheila C. Dow. 2007. “The Uzbek puzzle revisited: An analysis of economic performance in Uzbekistan since 1991.” Central Asian Survey 26 (1): 7–30.
Sahadeo, Jeff. 2007. ‘Druzhba narodov or second-class citizenship? Soviet Asian migrants in a postcolonial world’, Central Asian Survey, 26(4), 559-579.
Sneath, David. 2010. “Political mobilization and the construction of collective identity in Mongolia.” Central Asian Survey 29 (3): 251–67.
Toktomushev, Kemel. 2015. Regime security, base politics and rent-seeking. The local and global political economies of the American air base in Kyrgyzstan, 2001–2010. In: Central Asian Survey 34 (1), S. 57–77.
→ Blog on Mongolia, Central Asia Program of the George Washington University: Accessed July 28, 2015.
http://centralasiaprogram.org/blog/tag/mongolia/
Class 20: The politics of energy in Central Asia (guest lecture)
Core reading
→ TBA
Additional reading
Bedeski, Robert and Swanstrom, Nilks (eds). 2012. Eurasia's Ascent in Energy and Geopolitics: Rivalry or Partnership for China, Russia, and Central Asia? London: Routledge.
Fumagalli, Matteo. 2015. “The Kumtor Gold Mine and the Rise of Resource Nationalism in Kyrgyzstan: Central Asia Economic Papers, No 16.” CAP - Central Asia Program.
Gleason, G. 2010. ‘Natural gas and authoritarianism in Turkmenistan’. In:Overland, I., H. Kjaernet, and A. Kendall- Taylor. 2010. Caspian Energy Politics: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan: Routledge: Central Asian Studies.
78-90
Jones-Luong, P and Weinthal, E. 2010a. Two versions of rentierism: State ownership with control in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Chapter 4 in: Jones-Luong, Pauline and Weinthal, Erika. 2010. Oil is not a curse. Ownership Structure and Institutions in Soviet Successor States. Cambridge: CUP.
Jones Luong, P. and Weinthal, E. 2010b. Petroleum Rents without Rentierism: Domestic Private Ownership in the Russian Federation. Chapter 5 in: Jones-Luong, Pauline and Weinthal, Erika. 2010. Oil is not a curse. Ownership Structure and Institutions in Soviet Successor States. Cambridge: CUP.
Klare, Michael T. 2008. Rising Powers, Shrinking Planet: The New Geopolitics of Energy. New York: Henry Holt.
Nurmakov, A. 2010. Resource nationalism in Kazakhstan’s petroleum sector: curse or blessing? In: Overland, I., H.
Kjaernet, and A. Kendall-Taylor. 2010. Caspian Energy Politics: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan:
Routledge: Central Asian Studies. 20-37.
Ostrowski, Wojciech. 2009. Politics and Oil in Kazakhstan. London: Routledge. Ch. 3: The Kazakh oil industry in transition. Deformalising formal relations; Ch. 4: Strengthening the informal ties: The Kazakhization of the oil industry; Ch. 5: Controlling oil rich regions: local populations; Ch 6: Controlling the oil-rich region: local interest groups.
Shaffer, Brenda. 2009. Energy politics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Chapter 3, 7, 10.
Ziegler, C.E. 2008. Competing for markets and influence: Asian national oil companies in Eurasia, Asian Perspective, 32(1), 129–63.
Class 21: A new Great Game? Russia, the West and Central Asia
Core reading
Cooley, Alexander. 2012. Great Games, Local Rules. The New Great Power Contest in Central Asia. (Oxford: OUP).
chapter 1: The New Great Power Contest in Central Asia, 3-15.
Fumagalli, Matteo. 2016. “Stateness, contested nationhood, and imperilled sovereignty: the effects of (non-Western) linkages and leverage on conflicts in Kyrgyzstan.” East European Politics (forthcoming).
Additional reading
Dadabaev, Timur. 2013. “Japan’s Search for Its Central Asian Policy.” Asian Survey 53 (3): 506–32.
Dadabaev, Timur. 2014. “Chinese and Japanese foreign policies towards central Asia from a comparative perspective.”
The Pacific Review 27 (1): 123–45.
Dave, B. 2007. ‘The EU and Kazakhstan: Balancing Economic Cooperation and Aiding Democratic Reforms in the Central Asian Region’, CEPS Policy Brief 127.
Denison, M. 2007. ‘Turkmenistan in Transition – a Window for EU Engagement’, CEPS Policy Brief 129.
Fumagalli, Matteo. 2007b. ‘Tajikistan and the EU: From Post-Conflict Reconstruction to Critical Engagement’, CEPS Policy Brief 132.
Fumagalli, Matteo. 2016. “Growing inter-Asian Connections: Links, Rivalries, and Challenges in South Korea- Central Asia Relations.” Journal of Eurasian Studies (forthcoming).
Heathershaw, John. 2007. ‘Worlds Apart: the making and remaking of geopolitical space in the US Strategic Partnership’, Central Asian Survey, 26, 1, 123-140.
Laruelle, Marlene. 2008. Russia’s Central Asian Policy and the Role of Russian Nationalism, Silk Road Studies Papers, Johns Hopkins University-Uppsala University.
Olcott, M.B. 2007. “The Shrinking US Footprint in Central Asia”, Current History, October 2007.
Polat, A. 2007. ‘Reassessing Andijan: The Road to restoring US-Uzbek relations’, Jamestown Foundation Occasional Papers, June 2007, available at http://www.jamestown.org/docs/Jamestown-Andijan.pdf.
Swanström, Niklas. 2013. “Sino–Russian Relations at the Start of the New Millennium in Central Asia and Beyond.”
Journal of Contemporary China 23 (87): 480–97.
Tsygankov, Andrei P. 2009. ‘Russia in the Post-Western World: The End of the Normalization Paradigm?’, Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 4.
Class 22: China and Central Asia
Core readings
Pantucci, Raffaello. 2015. “Central Asia: the view from China”. European Union Institute for Security Studies, January 2015.” Accessed July 28, 2015. http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/Alert_3_Central_Asia_China.pdf.
Standish, Reid. 2014. “Hungry for Gas, China Muscles Onto Russian Turf: Foreign Policy, June 19, 2014.” Accessed July 27, 2015. http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/06/19/hungry-for-gas-china-muscles-onto-russian-turf/.
Additional reading
Bellér-Hann, Ildikó. 2014. “The Bulldozer State: Chinese Socialist Development in Xinjiang.” In Ethnographies of the state in Central Asia: Performing politics, edited by Madeleine Reeves, Johan Rasanayagam, and Judith Beyer, 173–
97. Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press.
Dannreuther, R. 2011. China and global oil: vulnerability and opportunity, International Affairs, 87(6), 1345–1364.
Kong, Bo. 2010. China’s international petroleum policy. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Security International.
Kuchins, A. 2007. Russia and China: The Ambivalent Embrace. Current History, 107(702), 321-327.
Marketos, Thrassy N. 2009. China's energy geopolitics: The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Central Asia.
Routledge contemporary China series. Abingdon, Oxon, New York: Routledge.
Olcott, Martha B. 2013. “China’s Unmatched Influence in Central Asia: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.”
Accessed July 27, 2015. http://carnegieendowment.org/2013/09/18/china-s-unmatched-influence-in-central-asia.
O'Neill, Daniel C. 2014. “Risky business: The political economy of Chinese investment in Kazakhstan.” Journal of Eurasian Studies 5 (2): 145–56.
Overland, Indra, Kjaernet, Heidi, and Kendall-Taylor, Andrea (eds). 2010. Caspian Energy Politics. London: Routledge.
Peyrouse, S. 2007a. ‘The Hydroelectric Sector in Central Asia and the Growing Role of China’, China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, 5, 2, 131-148.
Peyrouse, S. 2007b. The Economic Aspects of the Chinese-Central Asia Rapprochement. Silk Road Studies Paper.
Raballand, G. and A. Andresy. 2007. Why should trade between Central Asia and China continue to expand? Asia- Europe Journal, 5(2).
Shaffer, Brenda. 2009. Energy Politics. Philadelphia: UPenn UP, Chapter 10: China.
Shlapentokh, Dmitry. 2014. “Kazakhstan Drifts to China Amid Tension with Russia.”, The CACI Analyst, 08.01.2014.
Accessed July 27, 2015. http://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/12888-kazakhstan-drifts-to- china-amid-tension-with-russia.html.
