ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OF URBAN AND SUBURBAN SETTLEMENTS

XIII INTERNATIONAL ECO-CONFERENCE®

23'" - 26"' SEPTEMBER 2009 NOVI SAD. SERBIA

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OF URBAN AND SUBURBAN

SETTLEMENTS

PROCEEDINGS

2009

P M ithv

ECOLOGICAL MOVEMENT O F THE CITY OF NOVI SAD 21000 Now Sad. \bjvod»nsiih brigada 17/1

Phonc^'F*»: (• 3SI 211329^)96 Phone <*3*1 21)420-175 E-mail tkopokrctfonadlnmi c o n

Editorial Bcrnl

Nikola Aleksic Ana Mudrnui-Pereroc

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Srdan Aleksic P ro;«t £i:io<

Nikola Aleksic C op,fJco>

Si Jan Aleksic

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Fot the Publisher Nikola Aleksic, Director

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F.CO -CO N FERFN CE 2009

W / E C OL OGI C AL M O V E M E M OF TIIF CITY OK NOVI SAD

/ » I t a n V ie . T a m a r a G a jin o v

- itiiltv of European l.cgal and Political Studies, Sremska Karoenica, Serbia e-mail iopasri'uemail,cum

l e g a lr e g u l a t i o n o f p r o t e c t e d a r e a sa c c o r d

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T O T H E LAW ON P R O T E C T IO N OF NATURE

Abstract

Willi p illin g the t a w on Protection o f Nature Serbia has got a comprehensive and im- po-un egal jel which prowess the namre, ¡IsHeritage, assures the process o f strengthening u ,a iuhlc i, Aigc o f renewable resource» and regulates the manner and mechanisms of man itirg vliucs in accordance w ith Eu-opcan tenders ics I h e L iw- defines and classifies pro­

p e l »reas i s natural good s, regulates the procedure o f their declaration for protected, and

* fit same time contributes to the preservation, promotion and protection o f these areas The sin or the authors wilh this paper is to acquaint the wider public with these issues

Kr» words La if on Praltcuon o) Natuir. p m ite te d a s m . p nxcd o i* ofilrchrulioofor

¡„-.in red anew», ;utJtertian o f naiural goods.

INTRODUCTION

en d angering natural e n v ir o n m e n t. d cgrarialion o f its b ea u ties and v a lu es, grad- :c-ls affected th e fo rm a tio n o f c o n s c io u s n e s s and a w a ren ess o n n ece ssity o f urgent and n dkm- a ctio n s rela ted In its p ro tectio n In the 2 1 “ century, it b eca m e outo b li- giliun lo contribute to th e p r e s e r v a tio n o f out natural en v iro n m en t. O n e o f the field s of H xr.cc w hich co u ld p r o v id e s ig n ific a n t support for this aim is leg a l sc ie n c e In Ite Iasi few d eca d es, .r le m n tio n a l e n v ir o n m e n ta l law and standards have d ev elo p ed s lUiiti ranlly,

lik in g into a cc o u n t th e co rn p i e x t t y o f th e is s u e o f legal p rotection o f natiuai en vnunmenf. as zurhors o f th is w o rk , w e w o u ld lik e to con tribu te to th e popularization of n:w legal s o lu tio n s in th is f ie ld o f s c ie n c e th rou gh live interpretation o f the m ost imrottant pros n io n s o f th e n e w S erb ia n l a w o n P ro lcctio n o f N alure T hrough the ir u ly u s o f p ro v isio n s re la ted to th e p ro ce d u re o f registration , declaration ami pm -

iciiiin o f area* ai preceded natural geoiiv, we w ant Ur point o it the m

to present tin new solutions

<mtc|

lipEa ol

of hanntwiiMhon anti approxinw tioo o f S erbian legislation w tih Europe*/) t.n^

legislation and principle* in this fie ld o f law-.

SOURCES OF I. AW

The lega' ground for the regulation or this subject-m atter in Serbia .< prow ls hy the C'orwtrlution 1 huv it* uittcle ‘>7 (9) provides that it is the duty of (be Krpjj he to assure am! regulate sustainable developm ent, the system o f protection ans lir r.enance o f environment, the protection and p reservaliori o f flora and (njl4 Preservation of nature, as well as regulation of pro tectio n o f its regtotiil and hot, gical diversity were for many years regulated only .n general, by the Law un P

. tect.-on o f Environment (published in the O fficial G azette o f the Repul: tc ofSohis (hereinafter: OGRSi, no 6 6 9 ! , 8,1,92 51,91, 6 7 9 3 , 48 94. 53/95 ar.d 135W.I provisions have not beer, amended from the tim e ol its enactm ent, except thru; re

ia’ed to penalties. The I .aw on Protection o f E nvironm ent has foreseen the ceres-.

to enact a special law that regulates the system o f p rotection o f nature, however, Ihj has not been dorse tor a long period o f lime Instead, in accordance with this law, v,(

protected natural goods as well as for protected areas, c ertain special legal acts »m applied, among which the most important arc the Law on N ational Paths (OCRS, nr 39/91, 4 4 .9 1 ,5 1 9 3 .6 7 9 1 ,4 « ,9 4 and 101 200S), R ules on the Register o f ProtecW Goods (OCRS, no 3092), Rules on C ategorization o f N atural (io n d s (OURS, re 3092) as we!! as Rules on the M anner o f M ark in g o f P ro tected Natural <jut>Js fOGRS, no 3092. 24 ‘>4 and 17,96) H ow ever, the enaettnent o f the Law cm Pro lection ol Nature and related acts (w hich still h av e to be enacted) tepc.il these i;g and their provisions Particularly, provisions o f the L aw on Protection of Environ- nienl that concerts the protection o f nature and o f th e I aw on N ational Paths (except provisions contained in its articles 6 and 7 ) are repealed. T he 1 a w on Protectee rrf Nature obliges rhe Government and the M inister to e n ac t w ith in a year from thcdit»

of entering into fotce o f the Law on P rotection o f N ature all necessary legis'.iticG re­

lated to this Law, Until this, legal acts w hich w ere en acted based on the Law on Piu- tcetion of Environment remain in force. T hus, there is a very com plex legal siruar on in the held o f regulation o f protected ureas N o tw ith stan d in g , w e finally got u i<p>

rate and complex legal act in this field o f law, w h ich pro v id es for the protectioctuf nature, its beauties and values, assures the system o f strengthening o f sustainable usage of renew able natural resources and reg u lates the m anagem ent of natural val­

ues in accordance w ith European tendencies.

The Law on Protection o f N ature o b lig e s the N a tio n a l Assem bly to pass ite Strategy on the protection o f nature and natural v alues for th e period o f ten years M the same time, the Government, the com petent o rg an s o f autonom ous provinces in;

the units of local self-governments have to p ass p ro g ram s o f protection of nature he

the same period With the enactm ent o f the L aw on P ro tectio n o f Nature S ab i

fulfilled several international obligations co n tain ed in ratified international convert

tions such as Convention on Biological D iversity. C o n v en tio n o n International Trade

m Endangered Species o f Wild Fauna and F lora, C o n v e n tio n Concerning the Pic-

no", o f the \V o r lJ Cultural ami N atural Heritage. ( '«nventujii on vtc'- w i t t k A,n or Migi.itorv Species, ami Carpathian Convention. a* writ at nu>k «

_,0 , K.e.'.i.'.' h.uiii, m ira tio n o f o u r legislation with the legislation o f t h t h n e fm m i men. above all with C o u n cil D irective 7V/40H/HKC on the com m .«»« rd «.M

i.ts Council D irective 9 2 /4 3 /E E C o n the conservation of natural hah. u s .« id ,,<

t>UJ

.

I flora. Council R egulation (E C ) N o J I H W on the protection of -pc. an e wilJ fauna and flo ra by tcgulattng trad e th ciein . Hi well as Council Directive

;2 EC relating to the keeping o f w ild anim als in / O O i Serbia. n.yrti-.«:r *,-r t:;! member- and non-member states, as well as w ith some o f African counttwi s.un.s to establish a co h eren t European ecological network of special arc», of r„, ..r, filled N.ii.ira 2000”, w h ic h has been defined by Ihc Directive of the C o u n tf or conservation o f w ild b ird s a n d the o n e on the conservation of natural habitats and of

•Ailil fauna and flora F or S erb ia an d oth er EU member and candidate states. e«pe cUUy for those which poscss lot o f preserved forests, natural regions, natural hab ­ its ind species o f European importance, it is a challenge to fulfill high expectations :i ited to the formation o f this network Besides, these countries are working on in,-

om c up of a so c ailed "Emerald network" fotmed o f areas and habitats that are of special national and international importance from the aspect of protecting bio­

logical diversity.

NOTION. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTECTED AREAS AND THE SYSTEM OF THEIR PROTECTION

fhc new Law on P ro tectio n o f N ature reckons am ong protected natural goods, -esuics protected species and m ovable protected natural documents, also protected

»teas. According to article 28 o f the Law, any territory can be declared protected area o f public '.merest w hich has geological, biological, cco-systemical or and re­

gional diversity, based on a special act o f th c m inister competent for the protection if environment, and o p in io n s o f m in istries com petent for agriculture, water and forestry and the one that is responsible for the protection o f cultural goods At the sunt time, during th is p ro c ed u re , u niversally recognized international principles hive Hr be respected. It is also an im portant provision o f the Law that protected areas m»y be connected with p ro tected a reas o f o th er neighboring states

According to the Law on P ro tectio n o f N ature, protected areas include stria mu special reserves o f nature, natio n a l p a rks, m onum ents o) nature, protected habi tests, regions o f excep tio n a l n a tu ra l characteristics and /rarks ofnature. Similar

s ficjtioo W3.s also applied by the Law on Protection o f Environment in its prov isions icjted to the protection o f nature, how ever, it did not contain the notion o f protected rrea, b e categorized all the above types o f protected areas as "natural goods ’.

According to the Law on P rotection o f Nature, strict reserves ojnatun- are «rens u tb unchanged natural d istin ctiv en ess and representative eco-systcms This kind ot protected area is aim ed at p reservation o f original nature, genetic fund and ecologi­

cal halarxc. All kinds o f econom ic activities are strictly forbidden in llicse reserves

Sftecial reserve o f n ature is an area o f unchanged or insignificantly changed na-

lure of importance d u e to its uniqueness, representativeness, rarity, on w hich area

habitats of endangered flora and fauna can be found. O n the territories of special rc-

*tfve< iif n M t cw> «*iM only exceptionally vriilcim.ni. ln w hvh . h trr. ny wilh the m m « tu k u tfc ju to p ro em - #*• -u Unuy»* (,c

•n< ailhout ■«■>•■ebm« <*utnif KiKoglca. bulimic at tin *u--u' n„ u indSfCCUl «»MVC o f nature ore forblililcn ill U.-.IVI'.|e, III* »L-.jIUd,»,'” *'%v

¿\njet those iturielorurtlu» v*JqiUillKi or lK*e t r .r r v o fur wh|<h cured pu-Xcird ««»* TliKAing of phcnrclieii» uml conitoeMHg * m ’>«ei«fcrvoo*it bcdtmetv.y tuscil on the permit o f the compete«

i.u\ .uii^'t c4 ihf r c y t\f of pfulCiliOn uitheve J

» ire

Ui. ciench Ca*i b)-the lcj»J act that doe l o w the specific urea for prr*,c^ ‘ <5 uentiCOM VlSdV to (time U № <an b* dun* ,hc p rrrn it <if. 01 in <tr-

J E ? W id for pTrtiefi^

.Viif.vji.ji

u

wen w.'h

variety o f ill Iter cm rui-.i.-i! «to-ry^xm, tiuual importance, specif) regional d i i r r f i m i t i c i anJ cu dural mVrrtjnr*»![!»

humicw live mhirmony with die -iMuie, making e (toils >o pretorwc m

vahxy m wella» iu irgiorvi.'. .going...tl ami biological diversity h itu tx ,,^ * * only th«*e activities arc ullowed winch <lo oot disturb I h r originality of nann. ?*•

it* area «ui be used lor educational. icwnlific recreational and toaatstre ?W6>

oni* a .-con dance w. it li the ' aw arid Management plan anil .1 such utr d . . danger the survival of spevrex, rutur.i cco systems and region*. Suer, i n i ^ , ^ lie ¡jn.'.ei) with the aim i t preserving the originality ol natuic n the orti»,^. '*

lhe L a* foresee* the enactm ent o l a sp ecial U w that w o t ni regu-ite the

I management o f natioosl parks

Monument o f nature is a smaller, unchanged or partially changed

»*,,, spat al ini:t , cteicct ot physically clcsii.y (distinct I separated (o ccu rren ce! pheun * recognizable and unique because o f ils goo-morphologicaL, geological, k-,d„t * cal, speleological and other characteristics. It can be also a botanic») vtW< tf,*?

a scientific:, cstbehc.il, cultural or educational significance In the aie.i of a

oBjf of nature all activities aie forbidden ilia! would endanger its characters u-tl Measures ofprotection of these areas and trie temw o f its usage arc regulated v,^

the legal acl '.hat declares it lot protected area.

Protected habitat contains o fo n e or m o re types u 1 n atu ral habitats that ire ^ n port a: w e lot the preservation o f o n e o r m o re p o p u la tio n s o : w ild specter mri i,_, communities The aim s o f providing protection for h a b ita ts cor. b e d-.Hcrem, the-- ••

legal act that declares them tor p ro tected h a b ita ts re g u la te s m detail tbevr m p, tam e, purpose, anil m easures lor their p re set v alio n . In th e area o f protected all activ ities are foibidden that w ould e n d a n g e r th e ir special characteristic! ardsiV ties (because o f which they w ere declared p ro tec te d ).

Region o f exceptional n a tu ra l c h a ra c te ristics is a n a re a recognizable brstf » us natural, eslhetical, b iological, c c o -sy s te m a tic a l. an d cultural-historical vrii.-.

which were developing during the tim e as the re s u lt o f in teractio n o f live nature ct potentials o f the area, as w ell as the result o f tra d itio n a l w a y o f living oitbelocj population without disturbing natural c c o -sy s te m s in th is area The Law m il« as- tmetton between tw o types o f reg io n s o f e x c e p tio n a l n a tu ra l characteristic* tej- ra! and cultuial regions o f e x ce p tio n a l n a tu ra l c h a ra c te ris tic s . The Icgi'. ait'r*

declares the area for region o f ex cep tio n al n a tu ra l c h ara cte ris tics

indtiu for protection m easures, w ays o f p u rs u in g e c o n o m ic a n d traditional activi’c- a well as for the usage o f natural and crea te d v a lu e s in tin s a rea However, all a” 1- ties that could endangei such areas are fo rb id d en b y th e L aw

Park o f nature is an area o f w e ll-p re se rv ed n atu ral v a lu e s w ith prevailing'-: tre

.,,,..1 ^'«

I с ш -syatcn» Uiul Г-.tu ro o u e l.iR.Ur«pr« that .ur aimed tt p m m m g

" , ,v uJ. reg ->rt.il, and biological diversity National ¡¡жгк.ч cart be u«cd Гос m l v dm '.mnal. health. teireatin iu t and scientific purposes on»y in W wttb thr , uH iptex otiusl.ijim bl* development atuS t/id ld o rjf

M aasuietofprorrr-

ч; ,.l th ere area.» arc

regulated

protected.

Article 1S o f the 1 j i v on I’t ncccUan o f Nature provide» I Ко protected arcs can ye sejuniled into '/onev" In these n vu't different reunites of protection are ailm ent I ( »" b '\ ’41" and III" grades. i.e.. /ones) These zones arc proposed by the Ser

Protection o f Nature < hereinafter Institute) in a study on pro- looted »teas

a

o f protection

earned out no that part o f protected

.Л

‘

unchanged o r ooly slightly changed eco-syslrm of esieptyonsf

In this zone every kind o f uclivily is forbidden

and educations’ activities under control Another excepixin

c o f

(i,c

ident), with the consent of the ministry

o f protection, meaning that

t ox allow

in

"I a"

the

and fur- ihrrscc el'

"II"

is enforced in I tv-

protected area

exceptional scientific

where the

«сп-sy ste tn is

only partially

In this

are

lowed which aim to fuither, revitalize or

the

preserving all the qualities and values of its natural

as

activities Grade

protection

entoiced

Ihe

with partially altered or altered eco-systems o f

and

where it is possible to use selectively and testrictively

tunics aimed at furthenng and restoring

goods, sustainable

de lejopment o f rural household*, maintaining buildings

cultural,

srchiiecliaal heritage, as well as adequate infrastructural investments

purposes accommodated lo the natural surroundings

LEGAL REGULATION OH DECLARAI ION OF PROTECTED AREAS

A rticle 41 o f th e L a w o n P r o te c tio n o f N a tu r e p r o v id e s le g a l g ro u n d s o n w h ich an area ca n h e d e c la r e d p r o te c te d . T h u s, n a tio n a l p a rk s arc d e c la r e d b y th e N o tio n a l A ssem bly b y ¡aw . S tric t a n d s p e c ia l r e s e r v e s o f n a tu r e, p ro tected h a b ita ts, re g io n s o f exceptional c h a r a c te r is tic s ( w it h cu ltu ra l g o o d s o f e x c e p tio n a l s ig n if ic a n c e on their

>e m ’.ory), parks o f n a tu r e (s p r e a d in g o n (h e territo ry o f t w o o r m o re lo c a l s c lf - g o v - em m eistsk as w e ll as natural g o o d s w h ic h e n jo y in ternational p ro tectio n are d e c la ic d for p rotected b y a c t o f G o v e r n m e n t ( p r e v io u s o p in io n o f th e c o m p eten t m in istries, i^gans o f th e a u t o n o m o u s p r o v in c e is n e c e s s a r y ) . T h e co m p e te n t organ o f th e au- tununtous p r o v in c e , w ith th e p r e v i o u s ly o b ta in e d o p in io n o f th e G o v e rn m en t and com petent m in istries, d e c la r e s p r o te c te d re g iu n s o f ex c e p tio n a l ch aracteristics (w ith ­ out cintura! g o o d s o f e x c e p tio n a l s ig n if ic a n c e ) , w h ic h ¡ay in th cit en tirety o n the ter- m ory o f th e a u t o n o m o u s p r o v in c e . It a ls o d e c la r e s fo r p ro tecte d park s o f nature which are o n th e terr ito ry o f th e p r o v in c e an d w h ic h run th ro u g h Ihe territory o f

mure than o n e local self-g o v er n m e n t The com p eten t vry erament. w ith the co n sen t o f the G overnm ent declare) r » > I r turc. as w ell as reg io n s o f ex c ep tio n a l characteristic)< >

exceptional im portance) for p rotected it they are on I co vr : .j posal o f th e com p eten t m inistry, the G overnm ent can do ifir ,,n:

organ o f the autonum ouv p ro v in ce or lo ca l s e lf government f.u :.

ascertained that the g iv en area is o f ex cep tio n a l or repohlitun ,i -.,r I h e procedure for d eclarin g an area for protected ca-i h e i r . . . - public o f Serbia, autonom ou s p ro v in ces, local com inuiim e . . . i . natural persons as users o f natural resources and g o o d s, mar. - ,t j ■ ■ civ il, p rofession al and scie n tific o rgan ization s, public service tions. A doption o f th e declaration act is alw a y s preceded by clar. >r, posal rh is in cludes w ork in g out and passin g o f a protection Mi dy by i i ; |r A bout this pioLcdure the lo ca l population, ow ners and user- ii .hr inform ed The protection study is aim ed to ascertain the value of t v ; : a ; be protected and manner* o f its m anagem ent f in an cial means lor the cub tbc study arc piuvrded from the b ud get o f the R epublic o f Serbia, a, p rovin ces, or local self-g o v ern m en ts. T h e I a w prescribes the content ©*' ..

w hich am ong others has to con tain the reasons for the initiation o f ire procokan con cepts o f protection and furtherance, p rospects o f sustainable develcprtrr; i valu es o f the good , as w ell as the estim ation o f needed financial iream fre v,.- ••

tection O n e or the important solu tion s o f the L aw on Protection o f Nature u !h • ligation o f th e com petent utgnn to inform the public about the prupc'-ul ofde:Lr*;

an area for protected through i1s pub lication :n al least one daily neus?ar<r'*t;j is distributed on the w h o le torriUiry o f Serbia T he ¿ct on the declaration i t ;•

tee ted has to be also p ub lished, dep en din g on the organ that niiopis the lit eric*:

the o fficia l journal o f R epublic o f Serbia, autonom ous province, or of ihe lo.\. >:

governm ent. Thi* publication lias to contain am on g others, the name anl .». : protected area, its boundaries, the regim es o f protection, prohibited activno r ± zo n es n f protection, n g h ts and o b lig a tio n s o f the managers, way of assunn? inr, cial m ean s for securing protection. R esides, the o ig a n which adopts the . in g the area protected has to register tins tact with the competent cow. <-n'.

days, as tins fact has to be entered into the RegtMer o f Real Estate.

publican Institute for G e o d e sy (w h ich enters the tact into the Rey.uerofP G oods) and the m anager of the protected area has to be .nformed Areas n^kt c?

u v ca llcd preliminary protection based on the d ecisio n o f the ministry il tbr h.-:.*- ascertains that it has the cap acity o f protected area or procedure oi (kilim?

protected has alteady been initiated. H o w ev e r, in this casc it is iveccssrr* tii com petent organ adopts the act on declaring for protected the area in qucM’.ir * one year Failing this, prelim inary p rotection ce a ses, and it cannot be rcesi.b • 1 h e d ecision on prelim inary protection has to b e published in the Offt. a K ir r the R epublic o f Serbia and com m u n icated to the com petent organ thit i>

ble for declaring the area protected, as w ell as to the Institute to reins'.« \i< i- p rd im u u ry protection

CONCLUSION

n»f act of pwunjg the

t

r . iha law respects internationally recognized principle* o f c f l l irnrv «nd i«.

' ..Nice ot natural

resource*.

,i,tior.' provided by this Low. there arc certain imuc» related to thi\ field ,.h be jvjkI greater attention in the p ew luture Firu of ail, if would he .^define precisely I in the Law» methods o f financing o f the manufrement »1 p*».

K^tcdlKas. avoiding the possibility o f promiscuous misuse o f bare principio dur the drift o f executive acts for this purpose. H o id es, practical implementation *,f

>;<xk le^jl mcAsures is also an important issue Even if n is clear that there i. sot .»1 juire.se» regarding the need o f saving, protecting and preserv ing nature, it is que»- ,oiKc huw determined and ready w e arc to put through concrete and radii. aJ n *a.

¿its necessary n the field o f protecting areas as natural goods, when taking into ucuotf available technical, technological and personal potentials

It ,\ sen important that ihe new legal regulation aims at switching from to - (¿lcd "network o f isolated islands" to the system o f planning the development o f raiinl goods as regional, national, and international systems o f protected areas Be od:s. management is transferred from national level to regional and local levels,

•tuj> i kind o f decentralization is in accordance with the intereses, needs’ and goal*

oflecal communities, what is otherwise a European tendency It should be also men- ncoed dial the concept o f management and protection o f nature in earlier legal act»

•Ait based cm nature as area w ithout human inhabitants, while the new Law on Pro- ectior. of Nature takes into account also the needs, interests, cultural historic inher­

ence, way o f life, achievements ond values o f the inhabitant*.

Thr new Law through assuring the right to pursue certain activities on protected cmj might dove the development o f tourism, catering trade and other economic jctvities Part. .pants in these activ ities and u sen o f proceded areas might see c er­

an ..station uf rheir opportunities and tights in som e o f these legal solutions les re.nlly in aggravation o f protection niexsures» Thus, it might happen that they w ill

• ii'a down practical implementation o f these provisions

In our opinion, the protection o f nature and its goods is s e lf evident It is un- ytc-jfi :o ice céntrale more moan* on the restoration, revitalization and rehabilita : :n al the nature. New legal solutions are steps forward to achieve numerous x>:»economic goals through adequate usage o f natural goods The foreseen elab- ct/u n o f the Strategy for the protection o l ivjturc and natural values could create belief CCTiditions for putting through management based on long-term programs, as

> ell ax much better and more efficient approach to the protec twin and preservation oftleenviraocKne. We are o f the opinion that through new legal solutions Serbia has f a m: rrjdy tu integrate Us natural goods and protected areas into international

•v^AUfks and systems o f protected areas

By iL mear», the new Law on Protection o f Nature gives a comnbulMfi o f in

»jkabfe importance by providing adequate protection for these areas G oab are ccaU set, systems and m edian isms o f protection are foreseen in accordance with m —¿.omal<:*i|igjtiom ot Serbia It remains to efficiently implement these legal so-

< * r£. and to endure if) protecting and preserving the nature

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