■■■■flinpplfgM ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OF URBAN AND SUBURBAN SETTLEMENTS XII INTERNATIONAL ECO-CONFERENCE® 21st - 24th SEPTEMBER 2011

XII INTERNATIONAL ECO-CONFERENCE®

21st - 24th SEPTEMBER 2011

■■■■flinpplfgM

NOVI SAD, SERBIA

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OF URBAN AND SUBURBAN

SETTLEMENTS

X V IN T E R N A T I O N A L E C O -C O N F E R E N C E ®

21-24"'SEPTEMBER 2011 NOVI SAD, SERBIA

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OF URBAN AND SUBURBAN

SETTLEMENTS

PROCEEDINGS

2011

Vesna Radon/ic

YOUTH IN FOCUS • PERSONALITY IR A IT S AND C A R EER CHOICE Éva Erdélyi. Mária C sete

TOURISM IN SUSTAINABLE. RURAL DEVI LOPMENT,

A CASE STUDY O F LOCAL ADAPTATION...

Nemes Valentin, Scrac Carina

ENVIRONMENTAl DIAGNOSIS OF URBAN-RURAL

FRINGE ALONG CRISUL REPEDE VALLEY...

ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

Maja Siljanovski

IMPORTANCE OF ECOLOGY AND ECONOMY

IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION...

LEGAL ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

Milos Marjanovic

EUTHANASIA, YES OR NO - THE ATTITUDES OF

STUDENTS OF LAW SCHOOLS IN NOVI SAD AND M A RIBO R...

Stojsic Jelena

THE ROLE OF HUMAN RIGIITS IN

PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT...

Gábor Kecskés

THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE

LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL LIABILITY REGIM ES...

Marija Kostic. Zoltán Víg, Tamara Gajinov

ECOLABEL - LEGAL CONFIRMATION OF CLEANER

PRODUCTION AND SERVICES...

Marijana A lawk. Jelena Matijasevic

HIGH LEVEL OF PROTECTION AND IMPROVEMENT

OF ENVIRONMENT IN EUROPEAN UNION LAW...

121

131

141

153

163

171

179

189 Nona Ujurnvic. Dragisa Randjic, Goran Zenovic

C O M RAC I ( AN( TLLATION AS A CAUSE

OF URBAN LIFE INSTABILITY...

>97

Bojan Tuhic

THE EÚ DIRECTIVE ON STRATEGIC

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT..

205

Milana Tisuric >

IMIM I MENTATION OF THE

AARHUS CONVENTION... 215

lkomé flo/ana, Mihailo Tét unióié, Nikola Alekslé ( .’ORRÚIM ION AS A BASIS FOR POLLUTION

OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT...22*

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Матице српске,

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1они Сад

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INTERNATIONAL E c o -C o n fe re n c e ( 15 ; 2011 ; N ovi S a d ) Environmental p ro tectio n o f u rb an a n d su burban

settlements: proceedings / XV In tern atio n al E co -C o n feren ce , 21st-24th Septem ber 2 0 1 1 , N ovi Sad ; [ o rg an iz er Ecological Movement of Novi Sad ; p ro ject ed ito r N ik o la A leksic ] . - Novi Sad : Ecological M o v em en t o f N ovi Sad ,2 0 1 1 (N ovi Sad : Album). - 2 knj. (396; 4 8 0 s t r . ) : ilu s tr .; 23 cm

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X V IN T E R N A T I O N A L E C O -C O N F E R E N C E ®

21-24"’ SEPTEMBER 2011 NOVI SAD, SERBIA

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION OF URBAN AND SUBURBAN

SETTLEMENTS

II

PROCEEDINGS

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N ikola Aleksic, D anijela Tomcic

D ragom ir K icovic, C m a Gora A les G olja, Slovenija

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- E C O - C O N F E R E N C E 2011

E C O L O G I C A L M O V E M E N T O F T H E C IT Y O F NOVI SAD

Doc. d r M a r ija K o s t ic , d o c . d r Z o ltá n V ig , Tam ara G ajinov, M A, assistent S in g id u n u m U n iv ersity . N ovi Sad

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E C O L A B E L - L E G A L C O N F I R M A T I O N O F C L F .A N E R P R O D U C T I O N A N D S E R V I C E S

A b s tr a c t

This w o rk p rim a rily d e a ls w ith leg al reg u la tio n o f ecolabel, an important tool for informing the public o n th e im p a c t o f p ro d u c ts , p ro c e sse s a n d services on the natural environment The authors first a n a ly z e th e r e la te d re g u la tio n in the law o f the European Union, followed by the Serbian re g u la tio n w h a t is b a s ic a lly in lin e w ith the form er. In Serbia ecolabel has been introduced in 2 0 0 9 b a s e d o n th e E u ro p e a n m o d el, thus, it is relatively unknown for the wider public Therefore, o n e o f th e a im s o f the a u th o rs w ith this work is to popularize ecolabel. As pan o f this w o rk , th e a u th o r s h a v e c o n d u c te d a m o d est su rv ey on how fam iliar are people with ecolabel in S e rb ia a n d h o w w illin g th e y a re to buy products w ith such label. On the other hand, the authors w an t to m a k e m o re fa m ilia r th e S e rb ia n legal com m unity with the regulation related to this institution.

Key w o rd s : e c o la b e l, la b e lin g o f p r o d u c ts . Serb ia . EU.

IN TR O D U C TIO N

C o n stan t c a re f o r th e p r e s e r v a tio n a n d fu rth eran c e o f ou r environment implies scries o f d iffe re n t a n d c o m p le x m e a s u re s . A m o n g th ese m easures the information of the public o n th e s ta te o f th e e n v iro n m e n t h a s an ev er grow ing importance For the successful im p le m e n ta tio n o f th is a im it is n e c e ssa ry to h ave a well build up system of access to d a ta o n p ro d u c ts o f p r o d u c e rs w h o se activ ity significantly uffects the state of natural e n v iro n m e n t. W ith th e a im to p ro m o te th e publication o f such information.

a Siimu,ale bus,ncss organizations to voluntarily mfontv vbt * * * * ^ probable effects o f their activities and products on the e n v i r o n m e n u h t o u ^ t a i ^ l

system

o f awarding ecolabel. ' Having in mind that Serbia has recently introduced this kind of labeling 1 the model o f the European Union, and that the system o f requirements fot awvdmy using such label, as well as its design, is not w idely know n to the public, the MW o f this work aimed to analyze the European, and w ith it harm onized Serbian legn*, in this field. Thus, first the term and aim o f eco lab elin g is explained, followed by * normative regulation in the European U n io n an d in S erbia. Besides, the author« ^ ' conducted a survey to see how w ell a re p eople acq u ain ted with this label m Sert^

if they prefer products w ith ecolabel to o th e r p ro d u c ts w ith o u t such label.

TERM. FUNCTION AND FORMATION OF THE ECO LABEL

The term o f ecolabel covers a sy stem u n d e r w h ic h information regarding*

impact o f a product (and th e related p ro d u c tio n p ro c e ss o r a service) on * environment is clearly presented on the p ro d u c t (S tec, Cascy-Lefkowic, 2000). Tb basic idea that led to the introduction o f e c o la b e l w a s th e w ish to inform potest consumers that the product w as pro d u ced in a c c o rd a n c e w ith the standards of * environmental protection policy, and also that it has less harm to the environment U other similar products. Thus, through a sp ecial kin d o f inform ation offered to potato*

consumers and users o f some product o r serv ice, they a re able to compare and choar a product they wish to buy and co n su m e, d ire c tly a n d sim ply, comparing dor ecological characteristics.

First ecolabels were introduced on n atio n al le v els in member states of tk European Communities. In Germany it w as introduced already in 1977. under the act ..blue angel" (.fllau E ngel"). Follow ing th is, o th e r W estern countries has tk introduced their ecolabels, like France (ttN F E n v ir o n m e n t", in 1992), Great Br.az and Italy („Ecolabel"). The ecolabel o f the E u ro p ean U nion has been creaied ia № and symbolizes a flower (.flo w er lo g o " ) (see infra: F igure J). From 1993 the sac*

standards arc applied to all the products m a rk e te d un d er eco lab el in the Europe.' Union member states and Norway, Island and L ich ten stein (Hunter. Muyllc. 1**

The number and range o f products and services g ra n te d ecolabel is constantly in member states o f the European Union, thus, on e can find cleaning supplies, ptp' products, textiles, domestic products, products fo r the garden. lubes, as well is* * « * and activities related to tourism under this label. A cco rd in g to a research, the 6* ' logo in 2006 was present only on few hundred pro d u cts a n d services, from »hxb * were accommodation facilities in the touristic branch. H ow ever, during the last k*

years the sale o f products with ccoJabcJ grew for incredible 200 percent, printin'.> * Italy, the Netherlands. France and Spam (,.EU voluntary environm ental pox*:**

instruments*\ MEMO 06/6, Brussels. 2006). Thus, today ecolabel is awarded to products o f the textile and paint industry, as well as for tourist accom m odate*

hotels, h o te ls , № .

The S erb ian e c o la b e l h as b e e n iM iod uo od in 2 0 0 ‘J, and it comuNta of tw o ily li/c d elements a tree and a c u b e in th re e n u an ces o f green w ith the follow ing «logan w iiltin

|A Serbian w ith C y rillic a n d in I n g lia h Jnvirvnmentally lilmlly/' in „oftlolna" font, place m a circle (V .g . ( m jin o v , 2 0 1 0 ) (see mine Illu stration 2). 1’IiIh label cun h r used byproducts, p ro ce sses o r KcrviccH o rig in a tin g fro m the to m to ry ol Serbia which fulfill prescribed criteria, w h ich a rc id en tical to th o se for a w ard in g the Europeanflower logo.

Ins important to m e n tio n that foo d a n d ag ricu ltu ral products, d u n k s, organic product«, pharmaceutical p ro d u c ts a n d m ed ica l e q u ip m en ts in Serbia (in line with the iiuropenn regulation) can not g el e c o la b e l. In S e rb ia th e liisi such label w as aw arded to Potiije- ganjiia C o rpo ratio n in 2 0 1 0 fo r th e p ro d u ctio n o f tow tiles, pressed tiles and attic constructions.

Illustration I. Eco label o f the E U Illustration 2. Eco laht/l o f Serbia

B V W U c? rn

L E G A L R E G U L A T I O N O F A W A R D I N G A N D U SIN G E C O L A B E L I N T H E E U R O P E A N U N I O N A N D S E R B IA

The first legal a c t o n th e level o f th e E uropean U nion regulating ecolabel was enacted in 1992, th e Eco-Labeling Regulation 880/92/EEC. OJL99/I of II April 1992, amended with Regulation 1981)/2000/EC, OJ L 237 of 21 September 2000. Based on these legal acts w as a d o p te d th e Decision o f the Commission on a standard contract covering the terms of use o f the Community Eco-label 2000/729/EC of 10 November 2000, OJL 237, 21,9 2000, p J (hereafter: Decision), based on which was adopted the

so-called Standard contract (h ereafter: Contract) that regulates the conditions o f the usage of the /lower logo, T hese conditions aim to protect the interests both of producers and consumers b y introducing in advance defined conditions for the usage o f ecolabel.

As it is stated in th e Decision, the above m entioned Contract is concluded between the national body com petent fo r aw arding the label and the applicant, with the consent of the European U nion E colabclin g B oard (E U E B ) in a form regulated in fhc Annex

o f the D ecisio n. Besides, the D e c is io n reg u lates all the rights and oblige!o^

competent bodies awarding the label and o f the users o f the label, it is empk the D ecisio n that ecolabel can be used on ly o n p ro d u cts defined in the ^ \ concluded with the producer, and m ay not b e used as a label on the market. \

Aware o f the fact that ecolabel can be a special form o f good advert, (Baiun, 2009.), the European law m aker in article 2 o f the Decision's Annex p;c, ^ i the way and conditions under w hich it can be used for such purposes. An ^ regulates the m ethod o f im plem entation o f su p erv isio n for the use of label ^ ; competent body (i.c., its agents). This procedure includes tracking the accuracy ^ usage o f the ecolabel by the user, respecting the provisions o f the contract^ ^ ’ all the conditions o f its use. During the supervision, the users are obliged tosuf^,^

the necessary information and data essential fo r the procedure to the compete-]:^.

The Annex o f the Decision furtherm ore defines the conditions o f the confident:;.

information, suspension, and annulm ent o f the contract. Rights and obligations parties otherwise terminate with the expiry o f the contract if concluded for derV, time. The contract also ceases if it is term in ated by the parties or when the userceaj to fulfill the requirements for its use. A nnex o f the Decision provides that incc ; . dispute between the parties courts o f the m em ber state where the competent bo:, situated are competent.

When signing the Contract, it is n ecessary to subm it the copy of Regi^-A 1980/2000;EC. copy o f Decision E U 2000/728/ ES, w hich prescribe fees and ccq

related to the use and issue o f ecolabel, furtherm ore, the specification of the pro- with the name and reference num ber o f the producer, the production place andfaefo the relev ant license num ber for the use o f the ecolabel, as well as its precise descnpuw, and how will it be printed on the product (in color: in blue and green color, cr on white background or white on black background).

The criteria for acquiring o f Serbian ecolabel are very sim ilar to those of flow logo (C m obm ja, el.al. 2009), w ith the d ifferen ce that the products, processestr services originate from Serbia. T he legal ground fo r aw arding the Serbian ecolaix, the Law on the Protection o f Environment fro m 2004 (in Serbian: Zakonoiait zivotne sredine („Sluzheni glasnik Republike S r b i j ebr. 135/2004,36 2009i 362ÂX - dr. Zakon)), and the R ule based o n th is L aw , i.c., Rule on the Condition:.’, procedure fo r acquiring the right to use eco label, elements, appearance and the w

o f use o f ecolabel fo r products, processes an d services (in Serbian: Praviimk obits uslovima i postupku za dobijanje prava na koriscenje ekoloskog znaka, elenmnt izgledu i rtacinu upotrebe ekoloskog znaka za proizvode, procese i usluge

glasnik Republike Srbije'\ br. 3/2009.)) (h ereafter: Rule).

In Serbia, similarly to the regulation o f the E uropean Union, the use of tlie ecol^V is based on the principle o f voluntariness. T h e rig h t to u se the label can be awarded*

products produced on the territory o f S erb ia i f it fu lfils at least one o f the condition prescribed by the Rule: it decreases the use o f en erg y resources, or emission of no^' or vibration, or radiation, or decreases the em issio n o f harm ful and dangerous œatentf into the environm ent, reduces the p ro d u c tio n o f w a ste, the use of resources. * facilitates the use o f secondary raw m aterials, rec y cle d o r partly recycled m a№

(See: art. 4, s. I, i. 1-12 o f the Rule).

ppjcedure o f re q u e stin g e c o la b e l c o m m e n c e s w ith application to the Ministry for e m iro n m en tai p ro te c tio n (h e re a fte r: Ministry). The application has to r~ c"' ; ^ r . a m e o f the a p p lic a n t, n a m e o f th e p ro d u c t for w hich ecolabel is requested, J y - ¿s ¿1 die data n e c e ssa ry to p ro v e th at th e req u ire m e n ts to use such label are F*.;'ej. (See: art, 5. s. 2 o f th e R ule). F u rth e rm o re , sim ila rly to the European teiio», different d o c u m e n ts h a v e to b e a tta c h e d to the application, am ong others

^ C c rip a o n o f the p ro d u c t, in n o v a tio n c o m p a re d to o th er sim ilar products o f other or earlier p ro d u c ts o f th e s a m e k in d , te c h n ic a l d escrip tio n , certificates, ' <ects. and docum ent re la te d to te s tin g a n d an aly sis that confirm the fulfillm ent of

o f aw arding e c o la b e l. (S ee: art. 5. s. 3. i. 1-10 o f the Rule)

v'" the fulfillment o f the c o n d itio n s fo r a w a rd in g the Serbian ecolabel decides the .j-jeieat body, w h ich is in S e rb ia a five m e m b e r co m m ittee erected by the M inister R i s i b l e for the en v iro n m en ta l p ro te c tio n (h ereafter: the Minister). It is constituted ' 7 -e representative o f the M inistry, o n e o f th e M in istry com petent for standardization, representative o f the S erb ian C h a m b e r o f C o m m erce responsible for the branch o f

53

V. one representative o f th e c o n su m ers and o ne expert. T he com petent body first _ ; ; _3$es the request, and fo llo w in g th a t b rin g s a d ecisio n w ith m ajority vote. A fter

^ -¿king into consideration all th e p h a se s o f th e p roduction, draw s up a report within jO days from the receipt o f th e req u e st. (S ee: art.

8

and art. 9. o f the Rule) The decision 0 awarding ecolabel, fo r th e p e rio d o f th ree years, is issu ed by the M inistry w ithin 10

¿ays from the receipt o f the re p o rt o f th e c o m p e te n t body. T he com petent body is also j-liorized to supervise the u se o f e co lab e l.

In line with E uropean re g u la tio n , th e eco lab el can be taken aw ay in a prescribed aaocedure when the product, p ro c e ss o r se rv ice ceases to fulfill the requirem ents o f awarding, or if during the use o f th e e c o la b e l th ere w as an ecological accident during any phase of the life-cycle o f th e p ro d u c t. (See: art. 9, s. 1, i. 1-2 o f the Rule)

The Serbian ecolabel, lik e th e E u ro p e a n , is u sed as a logo on the product, packing and document related to th e p ro d u c t, a n d it a lw ay s h as to be visible, legible and sdelible. (See: art. 12, s. 1-2 o f th e R ule). T h e R ule allo w s using the label for commercial and advertisem ent p u rp o se s, b y th is p o p u larizin g clean er production and care for our natural en v iro n m en t. A t th e sa m e tim e, in ou r opinion, the M inistry and the media have to take la rg e r s ta k e in th e p o p u la riz a tio n o f the ecolabel itself, by making larger publicity to th e p ro g ra m o f e co la b e lin g , p ro ced u re o f aw arding such abel, taking it away, so rts o f p ro d u c ts a n d se rv ic e s fo r w h ich it can be granted, conditions o f aw arding it, a n d o th e r im p o rta n t issu es related to this label, as it is an mtportant element o f in fo rm in g th e p u b lic on th e im p act o f different products, processes and services on th e n a tu ra l e n v iro n m en t.

question was „W ould you buy a pr<xlw.> >.¡*1, «cokrfwi .f * + v*

11,6 laS' v,e than other sim ilar product without such tat«S''-

^ re« P « nSIV

--- , ,,, ,| I kit •' ’ 1 1 ^

-- g-

results related to the third question also show a relatively h / h *coki$&ai

^jreness of our citizens. People are willing to give money for t c o b ^ K * ) ) - / I'.-mdly 3* .yets even in the current d ifficu lt econom ic »ituation Such vyppori >* > a y

^ rtant, as in long term it encourages the producers to comply with "n e require««?**

?reSCribed for receiving ecolabel for their products.

C O N C L U S IO N

At the time when on global level there is m ore and more concern about our nature, environment, different form s o f environm entally friendly productions are ern co u rig sl jswell as sustainable developm ent is stim ulated. Thus, we can say that ecolabel gradually becomes more and m ore popular and demanded label for product., ptjce»s«s

¡nd services on the European m arket. T his tendency is also present in Serbia, where the regulation is harmonized with the European. This new regulation created conditions for a large number o f environm entally friendly products and serv ices to acquire ecolabel, thus, in the near future the expansion o f its use is expected.

This label nowadays represents an undoubted confirm ation o f quality and fulfillment of high ecological standards for products, processes and serv <ces it is granted for, despite the fact that its sim plicity, the scarce information it provides, and ns use primarily in m arketing purposes m itigates its importance as form o f information of the public (Kostic, 2009). This stem s from the fact that the criteria for awarding eco label are not established based on one o r sh o rt term factor, but based on studies in which the impact o f the product or service on the environm ent is analyzed on long term, that is to say, during its lifetim e - b eg in n in g w ith the extraction o f the ra*

materials in the phase o f preparation, over the production and distribution phase to the phase of disposal. Therefore, m erely acq u irin g ecolabel helps in the affirm ation o f production in which natural resources are spared, natural raw m aterials are u>ed or those which can be recycled, that is to say, harm ful im pact on the natural em tronmen’.

can be minimized.

Numerous positive effects o f the eco lab el w ere quickly recognized bo%h h>

producers and consumers. H ow ever, if producers and offerors o f serv ices wan: to use it to attract larger number o f custom ers, and to distinguish their products hroro others, they will improve their attitude to w ard s th e environm ent and take several ssep> to protect the environment. In any case, this is desirable outcom e and can considerably

1S5

contribute to the im p ro v e m e n t o f o u r n a tu ra l e n v ir o n m e n t. O n the

other kJI

customers relying on the p resen ce o f e c o la b e l c a n b e s u re th a t th ey have done therS choice and contributed to the p re s e rv a tio n a n d p ro te c tio n o f o u r natural e n v ir o n j ^

The relatively strict co n d itio n s fo r a w a rd in g e c o la b e l, a n d the precisely reg u i^

procedure with the p articip atio n o f e x p e rts a n d re p re s e n ta tiv e s o f consumers, both?

Serbian and the European U nion re g u la tio n , m a k e m o re re lia b le products with***

labels. However, it is necessary to in v est m o re in to th e p o p u la riz a tio n o f the ccolafc«

in the future in Serbia (M artié, K u ra n , 2 0 0 9 ). A tte n tio n o f th e consum ers has to drawn on its im portance and function. W id e r u sa g e o f e c o la b e l o n products, process«-, and services contributes to the im p ro v e m e n t o f a ttitu d e to w a rd s the environment ¡*

the society and represents a h u g e in c e n tiv e to th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f markets <&

ecologically sustainable and accep tab le w ay.

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10. Stec, S.; Casey-Lefkowic, S.: The Aarhus Convention: An implementation guide, UN New York and G eneva, 2000.

11 • Vig, Z., Gajinov, T.: Stanje iperspektive ekoloskopravne regulative u SrH ■.

Fakultét za evropske pravno-politicke stu d ije, N o v i S ad , 2011.

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У овом раду дат je приказ jeдн oг од значащих аспеката информисаньа jaвнocти о уппеду по]единих произвола, процеса и услуга на наше природно окружен>е, кроз систем

правног регулисан>а доб^аньа и употребе еколошког знака у европском, али и домаЬем

законодавсту. С р б и ] а п о узору на земл>е Европске уни]е, увела овакву врсту означаван>а

релативно скоро, те читав систем услова за доделу и коришйеае српског еколонгког знака,

као и Еьегово и д e j н o решен>е ш уе довольно познат шиpoj ]авности. Због тога су ауторн

имали за ц ш ь да се детал>ни]е осврну на ову проблематику, оцене знача] ове ознаке на

побол>шан>е нашег односа према природном окружен»у, али и меру н»еног утиц а] а на

потрошаче у процесу одабира произвола или услуга на тржишту.

К.ъучне речи: еколошки знак, означава!ье производа, Србьуа, ЕУ.