5. Conclusions
5.4 Summary
It was shown in this PhD work that plasma modification of polymeric membrane surfaces is a unique method improving their tissue compatibility. Polyester, and polysulfon membranes were modified targeted successfully by a non-polymer forming ammonia and polymer forming allylamine plasma. Surfaces were characterised regarding to their chemical and physical properties, process parameters were optimised and surface methods were compared based on these observation. Biocompatibility of selected samples was investigated and compared to the plain membrane used as reference. It was shown that plasma polymerisation of allylamine is a more effective method with respect of surface modification compared to ammonia plasma, and also that biocompatibility of polymeric membranes can be increased this way.
85
Acknowledgements
In the first place I would like to thank my wife Klaudia and my family to have encouraged me in times of need. Nevertheless I am also very grateful to my supervisor Dr Thomas Weigel from GKSS and Dr Gyula Marton from the University of Veszprém Institute of Chemical Engineering, Veszprém (Hungary). Special thanks to Prof. Dieter Paul, Dr Wolfgang Albrecht, Dr Thomas Groth, Dr Barbara Seifert, Doris Micheli and Ruth Hesse, for useful discussions, advises and many support for my work. I would like to thank Dr. Schossig-Tiedemann for performing SEM, and Dr Richau from the GKSS Research Centre, Institute for Chemistry, Teltow (Germany) for steaming potential measurements, moreover to Dr.
Katalin Josepovits from the Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest (Hungary) for performing XPS measurements. Last but not least special thanks to Dr Jenő Hancsók my former supervisor at the University of Veszprém Institute of Chemical Engineering.
86
References
Akazaki M, Muraoka K, Watanabe Y, Ebihara K, Elemental of Plasma Technology, Sangyo Toscho, Tolyo (1974)
Altankov G, Thom V, Groth Th, Jankova K, Jonsson G, Ulbricht M. J. Biomed. Mater. Res.
52, 219 (2000).
Anders S, Raoux S, Krisnan K, Martan R.A, Brown I.G, J. Appl. Phys 79, 6785 (1996).
Andrade J.D, Hlady V, Prog. Surf. Sci. 79, 1 (1986)
Augestine M, Sebastian m, Malini K.A, Joseph M.J, Tenson J, Sakthikumar D, Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys. 34, 966, (1996).
Beamson G, Briggs D, High-resolution XPS of organic polymers. Whiley, Chichester, p182 (1992)
Bell A.T, in Hollan J.R, Bell A.T (Ed.) Techniques and applications of plasma chemistry Whiley, New York (1974)
Bell A.T, in Veprek S, Venugopalan M, (Ed.) Plasma Chemistry III, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, p.43 (1980).
Benisch J, Mehdorn F, Holländer A, Zimmermann H, Surf. Coat. Technol. 98, 875 (1998).
Beumer G.J, Fuhrer A, Vaithianathan T, Griesser H.J, Polym. Prep. 38, 1006 (1997).
Boenig H.V, Plasma Science and Technology, Carl Hanser Verlag, München (1982).
Bogaerts A, Neyts E, Gijbels R, van der Mullen J, Spectrochim. Acta Part B 57, 609 (2002).
Boxman R.L, Goldsmidt S, Greenwood A, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 25, 1174 (1997).
Brunette D.M. Int. J. Oral Maxillofacial Implants 3, 231 (1988).
Burns N.L, Holmberg K, Brink C, J. Coll. Interf. Sci. 178, 116 (1996).
Burns N.L, J. Colloid. Interf. Sci. 183, 249 (1996).
Carter S.B, Nature 208, 1183 (1965).
Castner D.G, Ratner B.D, Surf. Sci. 500, 28 (2002).
Chang S.J, Kuo S.M, Lan J.W, Wang Y, Biotechnology 27, 229 (1999).
Chapman B, Glow Discharge Processes, Wiley, New York (1980).
Chappel P.J.C, Brown J.R, George G.A, Willis C.L, Surf. Interf. Anal. 17, 143 (1991).
Charlesby A, Atomic Radiation and Polymers. Pergamon Press, New York p.412 (1960).
Chatelier R.C, Xie X, Gengenbach T.R, Griesser H.J, Langmuir 11, 2576 (1995).
Chen K.R, Leboeuf J.N, Wood R.F, Goenhegan D.B, Donato J.M, Liu C.L, Puretzk A.A,
87
Appl. Surf. Sci. 96-98, 45 (1996).
Chen S.H, Wu T.H, Ruaan R.C, Lai J.Y, J. Membr. Sci. 141, 255 (1998).
Chinn J.A, Sauter J.A, Phillips R.E, Kao W.J, Anderson J.M, Hanson S.R, Ashton T.R, J.
Biomed. Mater. Res. 39, 130 (1998).
Chu CF, Lu A, Liszkowski M, Sipehia R, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1472, 479 (1999).
Chu P.K, Chen J.Y, Wang L.P, Huang N, Mater. Sci. Eng. R36, 143 (2002).
Clark D.T, Dilks A, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed. 15, 2321 (1977).
Claude R, Moisan M, Wertheimer M, Zakrzewsky Z, Appl. Phys. Lett. 50, 1797 (1987).
Clouet F, Shi M.K, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 46, 1955 (1992).
Coleman D.L, Gregonis D.E, Andrade I.D, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 16, 381 (1982).
Colton C.K, Cell Transplantation 4, 415 (1995).
Curtis A.S.G, Wilkinson C.D.W, Trends in Biotechnology 19(3), 97 (2001).
Czvikovszky T, Nagy P (Ed.) Polimerek az orvostechnikában Műegyetemi Kiadó, Budapest p.47 (2003)
d’Agostino R, (Ed.) Plasma Deposition Treatment and Etching of Polymers. Academic, London (1990).
Daw R, O’Leary T, Kelly J, Short R.D, Cambray-Deakin M, Devlin A.J, Brook I.M, Scutt A, Kothari S, Plasmas and Polym. 4, 113 (1999).
Dee K.C, Andersen T.T, Bizios R, Tissue Eng. 1, 135 (1995).
Dembo M, Bell G.I, Curr. Top. Membr. Transp. 29, 71 (1987).
Denaro A.R, Owens A.P, Crawshaw A, Eur. Polym. J. 4, 93 (1968).
Denizot F, Lang R. J. Immunol. Methods 89, 271 (1986).
Dettre R.H, Johnson R.E, J. Phys. Chem. 69, 1507 (1965).
Dewez J-L, Doren A, Schneider Y-J, Rouxhet P.G, Biomaterials 20, 549 (1999).
Enderle J, Blanchard S, Bronzino J, Introduction to Biomedical Engineering. Academic New York, p.571 (1999).
Fairbrother F, Mastin H: J. Chem. Soc. 125, 2319 (1924).
Fally F, Doneux C, Riga J, Verbist J.J, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 56, 597 (1995).
Fauchais P, Vardelle A, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 25, 1258 (1997).
Ferreira C.M, Loureiro J, J. Phys D: Appl. Phys. 17, 1175 (1984).
Ferreira C.M, Miosan M, (Ed.) Microwave Discharges: Fundamentals and Applications, NATO advanced Study Institute Series B: Physics, Vol. 302, Plenum, New York (1993)
88
Fettes E.M, (Ed.) Chemical Reactions of Polymers, Interscience Pub. New York p.564 (1964).
Fey-Lamprecht F, Albrecht W, Groth T, Weigel T, Gross U, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. (2002) (in press).
Firma Plasma Consult, Handbuch und Betriebsanleitung (1996)
France R.M, Short R.D, Dawson R.A, MacNeil S, J. Mater. Chem. 8, 37 (1998).
Gancarz I, Pozniak G, Bryjak M, Eur. Polym. J. 36, 1563 (2000).
Gancarz I, Pozniak G, Bryjak M, Tylus W, Eur. Polym. J. Article in press (2002).
Garbassi F, Morra M, Occhiello E, Barino L, Scordamaglia R, Surf. Interface Anal. 14, 585 (1989).
Geiger B, Bershadsky A, Pankov R, Yamada K.M. Nature Reviews-Mol Cell Biol. 2, 793(2001).
Gekas V, Persson K.M, Wahlgren M, Sivik B, J. Membr. Sci. 72, 293 (1992).
Gengenbach T.R, Chatelier R.C, Griesser H.J, Polym. Prep. 38, 1045 (1997).
Gengenbach T.R, Chatelier R.C, Griesser H.J, Surf. Interf. Anal. 24, 271 (1996).
Goldman A, Amouroux J, in: Kunhardt E.E, Luessen L.H, (Ed.) Electrical Breakdown and Discharge in Gases, Macroscopic Process and Discharges Plenum Press, New York p.293 (1983).
Goldston R.J., Rutherford P.H., Plasmaphysik. Vieweg (1998).
Gong X.Y, Dai L.M, Mana A.W.M, Griesser H.J, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem.36, 633 (1998).
Greisler H.P, Gosselin C, Ren D, Kang S.S, Kim D.U, Biomaterials 17, 329 (1996).
Grinell F, Feld M.K, L. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 15, 363 (1981).
Grinell F, Miliam N, Spree P, Biochem. Med. 7, 87 (1973).
Groth Th, Altankov G, in: Harris P.I, Chapman D, (Ed.) New Biomedical Materials. IOS Press, Amsterdam p.12 (1998).
Groth Th, Altankov G, Kostadinova A, Krasteva N, Albrecht W, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 44, 341 (1999).
Groth Th, Seifert B, Malsch G, Albrecht W, Paul D, Kostadinova A, Krasteva N, Altankov G, J. Biomed Mater. Res. 61, (2002).
Groth Th., Seifert B, Malsch G, Albrecht W, Paul D, Kostadinova A, Krasteva N, Altankov G, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 61 (2002)
Haefer R.A Oberflächen- und Dünnschicht-Technologie. Carl Hanser Verlag. (1987).
Haller I, White D, J. Phys. Chem. 67, 1748 (1961).
Hansen R.A. Schonhorn H. J. Polym. Sci. Polym.Lett. Ed. 4, 209 (1966).
89
Hansen R.A. Schonhorn H. J.Appl. Polym. Sci. 11, 1461 (1967).
Harsch A, Calderon J, Timmons R.B, Gross G.W, J. Neurosci. Methods 98, 135 (2000).
Hill D, Design Engineering of Biomaterials and Biomedical Devices. Wiley, New York p.143 (1998)
Hochart F, Levalois-Mitjaville J, De Jaeger R, Genembre L, Grimbolt J, Appl. Surf. Sci. 142, 574 (1999).
Holly J, Refojo M, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 9, 315 (1975).
Horbett T.A, Schway M.B, J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 22, 763 (1988).
Horch R.E, Debus M, Wagner G, Stark G.B, Tissue Engineering 6, 53 (2000).
Hubell J.A, Biotechnology 13, 507 (1995).
Humes H.D, Seminars in Nephrology 20, 71 (2000).
Hunter R.J: Zeta potential in colloid science. Academic Press, London (1981).
Hyun I.K, Sung S.K, J. Memb. Sci. 190, 21 (2003).
Inagaki N, Plasma Surface Modification and Plasma Polymerisation Technomic, Lancaster (1996)
Inagaki N, Tasaka S, Inoue T, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 69, 1179 (1998).
Inagaki N, Tasaka S, Narushima K, Kobayashi H, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 85, 2845 (2002) Inagaki N, Tasaka S, Umehara T, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 71, 2191 (1999).
Inagaki N, Yoshizawa T, Ueda Y, Kawan Y, Thin Solid Films 386, 152 (2000).
Ivanov V.B, Benisch J, Holländer A, Mehdorn A, Zimmermann H, Surf. Interf. Anal. 24, 257 (1996).
Iwata H, Isozaki S, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 49, 1041 (1993).
Johnson H.J, Northup S.J, Seagraves P.A, Garvin P.J, Wallin R.F, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 17, 541 (1983).
Kay E, Coburn J, Dilks A, Top. Curr. Chem. 94, 1 (1980).
Kay E, Coburn J, Dilks A, Top. Curr. Chem. 94, 1 (1980).
Kim H.I, Kim S.S. J. Memb. Sci. 190, 21 (2001).
Kim H.J, Hong S.H, IEEE Trans Plasma Sci. 23, 252 (1995).
Kobayashi H, Shen M, Bell A.T, J. Macromol. Sci. A8, 1345 (1974).
Koller M.R, Papoutsakis E.T, in: Hjortso M.A, Roos J.W, (Ed.) Cell adhesion: fundamentals and biotechnological applications New York: Marcel Dekker, p.61(1995).
Koller M.R, Papoutsakis E.T, in: M.A. Hjortso, J.W. Roos (Ed.). Cell adhesion: fundamentals and biotechnological applications. New York: Marcel Dekker, p.61(1995).
90
Koziol J.E, Peyman G.A,Yasuda H, Arch. Ophthamol. 101, 1779 (1993).
Krasteva N, Harms U, Albrecht W, Seifert B, Hopp M, Altankow G, Groth T, Biomaterials 23, 2467 (2002)
Krishnamurthy V, Kamel I.L, J. Polym Sci. Part A Polym. Chem. 27, 1211 (1989).
Kühn G, Retzko I, Lippitz A, Unger W, Friedrich J. Surf. Coat. Technol. 142-144, 494 (2001) Kumazawa H, Yoshida M, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 78, l845 (2000).
Kurosawa S, Hirokawa T, Kashima K, Aizawa H, Han D.S, Yoshimi Y, Thin Solid Films 374, 262 (2000).
Kuroyanagaki Y, J. Artif. Organs 2, 97 (1999).
Lanzer RP, Langer R, Chick WL. (Ed.) Principles of tissue engineering Landes Bioscience, New York (1997).
Lassen B, Malmsten M, J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 186, 9 (1997).
László K, Tombácz E, Josepovits K, Carbon 39, 1217 (2001).
László K, Tombácz E, Josepovits K. Carbon 39,1217 (2000) Legallais C, David B, Doré E, J. Memb. Sci. 181, 81 (2001).
Lei M.K, Zhang Z.L, Ma T.C, Surf. Coat. Tech. 131, 317 (2000).
Liebermann M.A, Ashida S, Plasma Sources Sci. Tech. 5, 145 (1996).
Liebermann M.A, in: Schlüter H, Schivarova A. (Ed.) Advanced Technologies Based on Wave and Beam Genererated Plasmas NATO Science Ser. Kluwer, Dordrecht, Vol.67 p.1 (1999).
Lister G.G, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 25, 1649 (1992).
Lukás J, Richau K, Schwarz H.-H, Paul D, J. Membr. Sci. 131 39 (1997).
Mackie N.M, Castner D.G, Fischer E.R, Langmuir 14, 1227 (1998).
Mar M.N, Ratner D.B, Yee S.S, Sensors and Actuators B. 54, 125 (1999).
Maroudas N.G, J. Cell. Physiol. 90, 511 (1977).
Mas A, Jaaba H, Schué F, Belu A.M, Kassis C.M, Linton R.W, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 198, 3737 (1997).
Massia S.P, Stark J, Letbetter D.S, Biomaterials 21, 2253 (2000).
Matsujama H, Hirai K, Teramoto M, J. Membr. Sci. 92, 257 (1994).
Miyake S, Setsuhara Y, Sakawa Y, Shoji T, Surf. Coat. Tech. 131, 71 (2000).
Moisan M, Pelletier J, (Ed) Microwave Excited Plasmas Elsevier, Amsterdam (1992).
Moisan M, Wertheimer M.R, Surface Coatings and Technology, 59, 1 (1993).
Molinari E, Pure. Appl. Chem. 39, 343 (1974).
91
Molinari E. Pure Appl. Chem. 39, 343 (1974).
Moosheimer U, Plasmavorbehandlung und Beschichtung von Kunststoffolien, Dissertation, Universität Regensburg (1997).
Morosoff N, in: d’Agostino R. (Ed.) Plasma Deposition, Treatment, and Etching of Polymers.
Academic, London (1990).
Mosmann T J. Immunol. Methods. 65, 55 (1983).
Mott-Smith H.M, Langmuir I, Phys. Rev. 28, 727 (1926).
Müller M, Oehr C, Surf. Coat. Tech. 116-119, 802 (1999).
Nakamura R, Muguruma H, Ikebukuro K, Sasaki S, Nagata R, Karube I, Anal. Chem. 69, 4649 (1997).
Nedelmann H, Weigel T, Hicke H.G, Müller J, Paul D, Surf. Coat. Tech. 116-119, 973 (1999).
Netuschil L, Z. Zahnärztl. Implantol. 4, 246 (1988).
Norde W, Lyklema J, J. Biomat Sci. Polym. Ed. 2, 183 (1991).
Osada Y. in Osada Y., Nakagawa T, (Ed.) Membrane Science and Technology, Marcel Dekker, New York, p.167 (1995).
Oster G, in Stein W.D, Bronner F, (Ed.) Cell Shape: Determinants, Regulation and Regulatory Role Academic Press, New York p.33 (1989).
Palumbo F, Favia P, Vulpio M, d’Agostino R, Plasmas and Polym. in press (2001).
Park S.G, Oh B.H, Sohn M, Kim J, Surf. Coat. Tech. 133/134, 509 (2000).
Pehl E, Mikrowellentechnik 1.2, (1988) Pehl E, Mikrowellentechnik 2.2, (1989)
Penn L.S, Wang H, Polym. Adv. Technol. 5, 809 (1994).
Pringle S.D, Joss V.S, Jones C, Surf. Interf. Anal. 24, 821 (1996).
Puleo D.A, Kissling R.A, Sheu M-S. Biomaterials 23, 2079 (2002).
Raizer Y.P (Ed.) Gas Discharge Physics Springer, New York (1991).
Raizer Y.P, Schneider M.N, Yatsenko N.A (Ed.) Radio Frequency Capacitive Discharges, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1995).
Ramachandran K, Selvarajan V, Ananthapadmanabhan P.V, Sreekumar K.P, Thin Solid Films 315, 144 (1998).
Ramires P.A, Mirenghi L, Romano A.R, Palumbo F, Nicolardi G, J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 51, 535 (2000).
Ranby B, Rabek J.F. (Ed.) Photodegradation, Photooxidation and Photostabilisation of
92
Polymers. Whiley, London (1975).
Ratner B.D, Contemporary Biomaterials: Material and Host Response, Clinical Applications, New Technology and Legal Aspects. Noyes Publications, p.193(1984).
Ratner B.D, Hoffman A.S, Schoening F.J, Lemons L, (Ed.) Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine, Vol 2 Academic, New York (1996).
Ratner B.D, in Boretos J.W, Eden M (Ed.) Contemporary Biomaterials: Material and Host Response, Clinical Applications, New Technology and Legal Aspects Noyes Publ.
P.193 (1984)
Ratner B.D, Surf. Interface Anal. 23, 521 (1995).
Ratner B.D. Biosensors & Bioelectronics 10, 797 (1995).
Reich L, Stivale S.S, Elements of Polymer Degradation, McGrawhill, New York, p.1 (1971).
Richau K, Eisold C, Kudela V, Schwarz H.-H, Paul D, Desalination 104 19 (1996).
Ruoslachti E, Annu. Rev. Cel.l Biol. 12, 697 (1996).
Ruoslachti E, Pirschbacher M.D, Science 238, 491 (1987).
Sabolinski M.L, Alvarez O, Auletta M, Mulder G, Parentau N.L, Biomaterials 17, 311 (1996).
Sanders D.M, Anders A, Surf Coat. Tech. 133/134, 78 (2000).
Säuberlich S, Klee D, Richter E.J, Höcker H, Spiekermann H, Clinical Oral Implants Res. 10, 379 (1999).
Seifert B, Michanetzis G, Groth T, Albrecht W, Richau K, Missirlis Y, Paul D, von Sengbusch G, Artif. Organs 26, 189 (2002).
Shimomura T, Hirakawa M, Murase I, Sasaki M, Sano T, Appl. Polym. Symposium 38, 173 (1984).
Silver F.H, (Ed.) Biomaterials, Medical Devices and Tissue Engineering – An Integrated Approach. Chapmann & Hall, London (1994).
Somorjai G.A, J. Phys. Chem. 94, 1013 (1990).
Somorjai G.A, Langmuir 7, 3176 (1991).
Soucy G, Jurewitz J.W, Boulos M.I, Plasma Chem. Plasma Proc. 15, 693 (1995).
Steele J.G, Johnson G, McFarland C, Dalton B.A, Gengenbach T.R, Chatelier R.C, Underwood P.A, Griesser H.J, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 6 511 (1994).
Steffen H.J, Schmidt J, Gonzalez-Elipe A, Surf. Interface Anal. 29, 386 (2000).
Tamada Y, Ikada Y, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 28, 783 (1994).
Tamada Y, Kulik E.A, Ikada Y, Biomaterials 16, 259 (1995)
Tang L, Wu Yuliang Timmons R.B, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 42, 156 (1998).
93
Thom V.H, Altankov G, Groth Th, Jankova K, Jonsson G, Ulbricht M, Langmiur 16, 2756 (2000).
Thompson L.F, Mayhan G.K, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 16, 2291 (1972).
Tibbit J, Bell A.T, Shen B, J. Macromol. Sci. Chem. Ed. A16 139 (1977).
Timmermans E, Atomic and Molecular Excitation Processes in Microwave Induced Plasmas Ph.D. Thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology (1999).
Tseng D.Y, Edelman E.R, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 42, 188 (1998).
Tufik M, Mas A, Shkinev V, Nechaev A, Elharfi A, Schué F, Eur. Polym. J. 38, 203 (2002).
Tusek L, Nitschke M, Werner C, Kleinschek K.S, Ribitsch V, Coll. Surf. A: Physicochem.
Eng. Aspects 195, 81 (2001).
Uchida E, Uyama Y, Ikada Y, Langmuir 9, 1121 (1993) Ulbricht M, Belfort G, J. Memb. Sci. 111, 193 (1996).
Underwood P.A, Bennett F.A, Experimental Cell Research 205, 331 (1993).
Urano Y, Li Y.L, Kanno K, Iizuka S, Sato N, Thin Solid Films 316, 60 (1998).
Vacanti J.P, Vacanti C.A, in: Lanza R.P, Langer R, Chick W.L (Ed.) Principles of tissue engineering. Landes Bioscience, Austin TX p.1 (1997).
Vallon S, Hofrichter A, Drevillon B, Klemberg-Sapiea J.E, Martinu L, Poncinepaiilard F, Thin Solid Films 291, 68 (1996).
van Wachem P.B, Beugeling T, Feijen J, Bantjes A, Detmers J.D, van Aken W.G, Biomaterials 6, 403 (1985)
van Wagenen R.A, Andrade J.D, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 76, 305 (1980).
Vidaurre Castro E.F, Achete C.A, Simao R.A, Habert A.C, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys.
Res. B 175-177, 732 (2001).
Vogler E.A, Adv. Coll. Interf. Sci. 74, 69 (1998).
Webb K, Hlady V, Tresco P.A, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 49, 362 (2000).
Webb K, Hlady W, Tresco P.A, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 41, 422 (1998).
Weigel Th, Albrecht W, Paul D, Acta Polymer. 44, 87 (1993).
Werner C, Jacobasch HJ, Reichelt G, J. Biomater. Sci. Polymer Edn. 7.1 61 (1995).
Werner C, Körber H, Zimmermann R, Dukhin S, Jacobasch H.J, J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 208, 329 (1998).
Werner F, Fortschr. Ber. VDI 21 221 (1997)
Wertheimer M.R, Moisan M, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A. 3, 2643 (1985).
Westwood A.R, Eur. Polym. J. 7, 363 (1971).
94
Wheale S.H, Barker C.P, Badyal J.P.S, Langmuir 14, 6699 (1998).
Williams D.F, (Ed.) Definitions in Biomaterials. Progress in Biomedical Engineering 4.
Elsevier, Amsterdam (1987).
Williams D.F, Definitions in Biomedicals. Proceedings of a Consensus Conference of the European Society for Biomaterials, Chester, England, Vol. 4 Elsevier (1987).
Williams D.T, Hayes M.W, Nature 209, 769 (1966).
Wintermantel E, Suk-Woo Ha (Ed.) Biokompatible Werkstoffe und Bauweisen, Springer (1996).
Woerly S. in: Liu DM, Dixit V, (Ed.). Porous Materials for Tissue engineering. Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland, p.53 (1997).
Wu S.Y, Xing J, Zheng C, Xu G.F, Zheng G.D, Xu J.P, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 64, 1923 (1997).
Wu Y.J, Griggs A.J, Jen J, Manolache S, Denes F, Timmons R.B, Plasmas and Polym. in press (2001).
Xie X, Oelhafen P, Thin Solid Films 278, 118 (1996).
Yashuda H, Lamaze C.E, J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 17, 15 (1973).
Yasuda H, (Ed.) Plasma Polymerisation, Academic Press, New York, (1985).
Yasuda H, Hirotsu T, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed. 16, 229 (1978).
Yasuda H, in Ebdon J.R, Eastmond G.C, (Ed.) New Methods of Polymer Synthesis Vol. 2, Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow p.161 (1995).
Yasuda H, in Vossen J, Kern W (Ed.) Thin Film Processes Academic, New York p.361 (1978)
Yasuda H, Plasma polymerisation. Academic, Orlando (1985).
Yasuda H, Sharma A.K, Yashuda T, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed. 19, 1285 (1981).
Yeh Y.S, Iriyama Y, Matsuzawa Y, Hanson S.R, Yasuda H, J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 22, 795 (1988).
Yehia A, Mizuno A, Takashima K, in Proceedings of the IEEE Industry Application Conference, Vol 714 (2000).
Yushkov G, Anders A, Oks E.M, J. Appl. Phys. 88, 5618 (2000).
Zhao Q, Zhai G.J, Ng D.H.L, Zhang X.Z, Zhen Z.Q, Biomaterials 20, 595 (1999).
Zhao W.H, Wei B.W, Liu Z.W, Wang Y.F, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 646 (2000).
Zisman W.A. Contact Angle-Wettability & Adhesion Am. Chem. Soc. Washington D.C. p1 (1964).
95
96
97