Subordination and coordination

By copying the functions of Hebrew formal wishes and negative oaths onto hypo-thetical forms the frequential properties of eger ‘if’ and of -sAhave changed in the Karaim Bible translations.

ki iy:di mōšẹh caysila:mạ that send:DI.PST3SG Moses spy out:INF

osol ol yẹr:ni

that the land:ACC

‘these are the names of the men whom Moses sent to spy out that land’

Num. 13:16 (332/20)

The subjunctor ´ášer can also be translated by ki combined with another element.

For instance, we find kim ki ‘who which’ as a translational equivalent in (172).⁹⁴ (172)

Biblical Hebrew

Köl ´ášer- yiGGa` Bähem

any who.REL touches.V:QAL.IPRF.MASC3SG in them.PREP.SUFF:MASC3PL ʻwhoever touches them’

Lev. 6:18 Halich Karaim

bar kim ki tiy:se alar:gạ

all who that touch:HYP they:DAT

ʻall those who touches them’

Lev. 6:18 (237/5) In adverbial clauses, the translational equivalent of ´ášer is also ki. When the He-brew particle k- ‘like, as’ is combined with ´ášer ‘who, which’ (Ka|´ášer) in adverbial clauses, the combination is translated as ki necik or alay ki necik in Halich Karaim.

Thus, necik is the translation of the Hebrew particle k-, as the following example illustrates. Consider the inverse order of the translational equivalents of the Hebrew elements.

(173)

Biblical Hebrew ûbammidBär

and in the wilderness.CONJ.PREP.DEF.N:MASC.SG.ABS

94 In Krymchak translations, interrogative pronouns occasionally occur together with ki, e.g. naslï ki ‘as’, ne ki ‘whatever’ (Erdal 2002: 128, 134). For more about Turkic and non-Turkic properties of relative clauses in other Turkic languages, see Comrie 1997: 20–23; Kappler 2008: 205–213; Kornfilt 2009.

´ášer rä´îºtä

which.REL you have seen.V:QAL.PRF.MASC2SG

´ášer nüSä´ákä

which.REL he carried you.V:QAL.PRF.MASC3SG.SUFF:MASC2SG

yhwh(´ädönäy) ´élöhʺkä

LORD your God.N:MASC.PL.CONST.SUFF:MASC2SG

Ka´ášer

yiSSä´-as which.PREP.REL he carries.V:QAL.IPRF.MASC3SG

´îš ´et- Bünô

man.N:MASC.SG.ABS DIR.OBJ his son.N:MASC.SG.CONST.SUFF:MASC3SG

‘and in the wilderness, where you have seen how the LORD, your God, bore you, as a man bears his son’

Deut. 1:31 Halich Karaim

dạ midbar:dạ ki ker:di:n and wilderness:LOC that see:DI.PST:2SG

ki elt:ti sẹni ha tẹnri:n sẹnin

that carry:DI.PST3SG you (ACC) LORD God:POSS2SG you (GEN)

alay ki nẹciḵ elt:e:di kiši

so that as carry:A.NPST:3SG man

osol ubl:u:n ez:i:nin

that son:POSS3SG:ACC self:POSS3SG:GEN

‘and in the wilderness where you saw that, carried you the LORD, your God, as a man carries his own son’

Deut. 1:31 (395/18) In insertions which are not part of the Hebrew Bible, however, it is not ki but kaysi

‘who’ that introduces the subordinated clauses. For instance in the inserted clause ḵaysi tubduruldu arubluḵ bilạ ‘who was born with cleanness’ in Lev. 18:9; see (174).

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Biblical Hebrew

´ô bat- ´immeºkä

or daughter of.N:FEM.SG.CONST your mother.N:FEM.SG.CONST.SUFF:MASC2SG

môleºdet Baºyit

offspring of.N:FEM.SG.CONST house.MASC.SG.ABS

‘or the daughter of your mother, whether born at home’

Lev. 18:9 Halich Karaim

yẹmese ḵiz:i:nin ana:n:nin

or daughter:POSS3SG:GEN mother:POSS2SG:GEN

tub:gạn:i iv:nin

born:GAN.PTCP:POSS3SG house:GEN

ḵaysi tubdurul:du arubluḵ bilạ

which be born:DI.PST3SG cleanness with

ʻor the daughter of your mother, born of house, who was born in cleanness’

Lev. 18:9 (270/4)

Similarly, in adverbial clauses inserted by the translator, the subjunctor is not ki nẹciḵ or alay ki nẹciḵ, but only nẹciḵ ‘when, as’, e.g. in the last clause in (175).

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Biblical Hebrew wayyì|Har

and was kindled.CONJ.V:QAL.W.CONS.IPRF.MASC3SG

´ap yhwh(´ädönäy) Bäm

anger of.N:MASC.SG.CONST LORD in them.PREP.SUFF:MASC3PL

wayyëlak

and he walked away.CONJ.V:QAL.W.CONS.IPRF.MASC3SG

‘and the anger of the LORD was kindled against them, and he departed’

Num. 12:9

Halich Karaim

dạ ḵabun:du ḵaxir:i ha:nin alar:dạ

and be kindled:DI.PST3SG anger:POSS3SG LORD:GEN they:LOC dạ ketirin:di šǝkinah:si alar išt:i:nden and rise:DI.PST3SG presence of God:POSS3SG they top:POSS3SG:ABL

nẹciḵ ḵal:di sezle:me alar bilạ

as stop:DI.PST3G talk:INF they with

‘and was kindled the anger of the LORD among them and rose the presence of the LORD from them as he stopped talking to them’

Num. 12:9 (331/15) The subjunctors Kî ‘that, because’ and ´ášer ‘which’ are both translated with ki in HKB. Therefore, a Hebrew expression containing both subjunctors, such as Kî Ka|´ášer ‘for as’, is translated with the double use of ki; see the following example.

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Biblical Hebrew

Kî Ka|´ášer šütîtem

because like which.PREP.REL you drank.V:QAL.PRF.MASC2PL

`al- har

on.PREP mountain of.N:MASC.SG.CONST

qodšî

my sacredness.N:MASC.SG.CONST.SUFF:1SG

‘for as you have drunk upon my holy mountain’

Obad. 1:16 Halich Karaim

ki ki nẹciḵ ic:ti:niz šiz

for that as drink:DI.PST:2PL you (PL) […] aziz tav:im išt:i:ne

[…] holy mountain:POSS1SG top:POSS3SG:DAT

‘for as you have drunk […] on my holy mountain’

Obad. 1:16 (490/27)

This example illustrates that the Karaim particle ki renders all functions and mean-ings of the Hebrew particle Kî ‘that, because, for’. For instance, the first ki has the meaning ‘because, for’ in the above example, and it has the meaning ‘that’ in (177).

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Biblical Hebrew

šä|m`û Kî |-´aTTâ yhwh (´ädönäy)

they heard.V:QAL.PRF3PL that you.PRN:MASC2G LORD

Büqeºreb hä`äm hazzè

in midst

of.PREP.N:MASC.SG.CONST

the

peo-ple.DEF.N:MASC.SG.ABS

the

this.DEF.ADJ:MASC.SG

‘they have heard that thou, O LORD, art in the midst of this people’

Num. 14:14 Halich Karaim

ešit:ti:ler ki sẹn ẹy ha toxta:y:sẹn hear:DI.PST:3PL that you (SG) oh LORD reside:A.NPST:2SG

orta:si:ndạ ol ulus:nun ol uspu

middle:POSS3SG:LOC the people:GEN the this ʻthey heard that you, oh LORD, resides in the midst of this people’

Num. 14:14 (335/13)

In Biblical Hebrew, coordination is preferred not subordination, and wāw is the commonest conjunctor used in coordinated clauses (Gibson 1997: 165). See, for instance, (146) above, in which the English translation uses but in the antithetical sentence, whereas HKB maintains the original conjunctor by the use of da ‘and’.

Karaim, however, has a set of coordinators expressing ʻbutʼ, e.g. tek, vale, ale, a, ančax/ancak (Musaev 2004: 309–311).⁹⁵ Another example of the same phenomenon is given below in (178).

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Biblical Hebrew

rüpä´îm yëHäšbû ´ap- hëm

Rephaim they are thought.V:NIPH.IPRF.MASC3PL also they

95 For the different functions of the conjunctor da, see, for instance, Jankowski 2003: 142–143.

For the rare use of vạle ʻbutʼ in HKB, see example (103) above in Section 2.6.2.2.3 (The use of ol ʻtheʼ in numeric expressions).

Kä`ánäqîm

like the Anakim.PREP.DEF.PROP

wühammöº´äbîm yiqrü´û

and the Moabites they call.V:QAL.IPRF.MASC3PL

lähem ´ëmîm

to them.PREP.SUFF:MASC3PL Emim

‘like the Anakim they are also known as Rephaim, but the Moabites call them Emim’

Deut. 2:11 Halich Karaim

rǝpaʾim indel:gen ulus Rephaim call:GAN.PTCP nation

sagislan:ir:e:di:ler ham alar:dạ ʽănarḵli:lar kibiḵ be known:R.NPST:COP:DI.PST:3PL also they:LOC Anakim:PL like

dạ ol moʾabli:lar atạ:r:e:di:ler alar:gạ emim

and the Moabite:PL name:R.NPST:COP:DI.PST:3PL they:DAT Emim

‘they were also known among them as the nation called Rephaim, like the Anakims, and the Moabites called them Emim’

Deut. 2:11 (397/17)

In document To Amelija Abrahamowicz (Pldal 193-199)