A preliminary report revealed that nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of B.
mori is certainly not related to its polyhedron protein. A detailed in
vestigation of the serological relationship between 17 viruses and their inclusion bodies was carried out by Krywienczyk and Bergold (1960d).
They presented evidence that insect viruses and their inclusion-body proteins are only slightly if at all related serologically. T h e strongest heterologous cross reaction did not exceed 25 percent. This reaction occurs only within the lepidopterous polyhedrosis viruses. T h e hymenop
terous polyhedrosis virus cross-reacted only with hymenopterous
poly-13. NATURE OF NUCLEAR-POLYHEDROSIS VIRUSES 447 hedron protein. I f insect viruses are indeed serologically not related to their body proteins, then, one can suggest that the inclusion-body proteins are probably not constituents or precursors of the virus, and are not likely to be intrinsic by-products of, or connected with, the virus itself, as previously suggested (Bergold, 1947).
V I I I . T A X O N O M Y OF NUCLEAR-POLYHEDROSIS VIRUSES
T h e necessity and possibility of classifying insect viruses has been recognized for many years by the majority of investigators of insect viruses. Holmes (1947) and Steinhaus (1949a, b) made the first at
tempts to classify insect viruses. Several others have expressed in the meantime their opinion on this topic (Steinhaus, 1953; Bergold, 1953c;
Zhdanov, 1953; Weiser, 1958; Vago, 1958). T h e majority of insect-virus investigators favor the binomial system of nomenclature because group
ing on a generic basis appears to be comparatively simple. A represen
tative group of insect-virus investigators of the world formed, in 1950,
" T h e Insect Virus Study Group," which belonged to " T h e Virus Sub
committee of the International Committee on Bacteriological Nomen
clature." Until 1960, " T h e Virus Subcommittee'' did not agree on a uniform system, but did propose the addition of "-virus" suffix at the end of the group (genus) names (Andrewes, 1959). T h i s proposal was accepted by a vote of 4 to 1 by " T h e Insect Virus Study Group," but in combination with a species and an author name (Bergold et al., 1960).
According to this decision, the generic name of the nuclear-polyhedrosis viruses is changed from Borrelina to Borrelinavirus, and is defined as follows:
Borrelinavirus, causing nuclear polyhedrosis in larvae or pupae of Lepi
doptera and Hymenoptera, characterized by the presence of water insoluble polyhedron-shaped inclusions of about 0.5-15 μ in diameter (polyhedral bodies) in the nuclei of infected host cells. T h e virus particles occurring in numbers within the inclusion bodies are mostly rod-shaped with dimensions of about 20-70 χ 200-700 ιημ, containing only desoxyribonucleic acid and are surrounded by two membranes
(Steinhaus, 1949b; Bergold, 1953).
Type: Borrelina bombycis Paillot 1926 =
Borrelinavirus bombycis (Paillot) Bergold et al.1
ι Some students of virus nomenclature feel that this (and other similar names of insect viruses) is not really a new combination, since a new combination usually indicates the transfer of a species to another genus. In the present case no new genus or such transfer is involved, there is only a modification in the spelling of a pre
viously published generic name, in other words, an emendation.—Editor.
448 GERNOT Η. BERGOLD
Nuclear-polyhedrosis viruses are fairly species specific, or can be distin
guished by serological methods. Accordingly, many virus species of this genus were described.
I X . L I S T OF NUCLEAR-POLYHEDROSIS VIRUSES
T h e following list of insects known to be susceptible to verified nuclear-polyhedrosis viruses is compiled chiefly from Hughes (1957), Martignoni and Langs ton (1960), and Krieg (1961b), where the refer
ences can be found. Insect hosts of nuclear-polyhedrosis viruses reported since these lists were published are added with their corresponding ref
erences cited in brackets. Ar dices glatignyi (Le Guillon) Cycnia mendica (Clerck) Hemerocampa leucostigma (J. E .
Smith)
Ivela auripes (Butler)
Lymantria incerta Walker [Steinhaus, 1960b]
1 3 . N A T U R E O F N U C L E A R - P O L Y H E D R O S I S VIRUSES 449
Samia cynthia pryeri Butler [Ishikawa and Asayama, 1961]
4 5 0 GERNOT Η. BERGOLD
GENERAL REVIEWS AND BOOKS ON INSECT VIRUSES
Bergold, G. H. 1953. Insect viruses. Advances in Virus Research, 1, 91-132.
Bergold, G. H. 1958. Viruses of insects. In "Handbuch der Virusforschung" (C.
Hallauer and Κ. F. Meyer, eds.), Vol. 4, pp. 60-142. Springer, Vienna.
Bergold, G. H. 1959. Biochemistry of insect viruses. In "The Viruses" (F. M. Bur
nett and W . M. Stanley, eds.), Vol. 1, pp. 505-523. Academic Press, New York.
Krieg, A. 1961. "Grundlagen der Insektenpathologie," 304 pp. Steinkopff, Darmstadt.
Steinhaus, Ε. Α. 1946. "Insect Microbiology," 763 pp. Comstock (Cornell Univ.
Press), Ithaca, New York.
Steinhaus, Ε. Α. 1949. "Principles of Insect Pathology," 757 pp. McGraw-Hill, New York.
REFERENCES
Aizawa, K. 1952. On the virus amount in the fractions of the polyhedral bodies of the silkworm jaundice in the isoelectric precipitation. Japan. J. Appl. Zool., 17, 56-60.
Aizawa, K. 1953. On the dissolving curve of polyhedral bodies of the silkworm jaundice in N a2C 03 solution. Japan. J. Appl. Zool., 17, 145-154.
Aizawa, K. 1954a. Dissolving curve and the virus activity of the polyhedral bodies of Bombyx mori L., obtained 37 years ago. Sansi-Kenkyu, 8, 52-54 (in Japanese with English summary).
Aizawa, K. 1954b. Agglutination reaction of the polyhedral bodies. Virus (Osaka), 4, 241-244.
Aizawa, K. 1954c. Neutralization and adsorption tests of the silkworm jaundice virus. Virus (Osaka), 4, 238-240.
Aizawa, K. 1955. Electrophoresis of the blood of silkworm, Bombyx mori, on the filter paper. / . Sericult. Sei. Japan, 24, 393-397.
Aizawa, K., and Vago, C. 1959. Sur l'infection ä Borrelinavirus en culture de tissus d'insectes. Ann. inst. Pasteur, 96, 455-460.
Andrewes, C. H. 1959. Minutes of The Virus Subcommittee of the International Committee on Bacteriological Nomenclature, 9, 9-12.
Aoki, K., and Chigasaki, Y. 1921. Immunisatorische Studien über die Polyederkör-perchen bei Gelbsucht von Seidenraupen (Zelleinschluss). Zentr. Bakteriol. Para-sitenk. Abt. I. Orig., 86, 481-485.
Bergold, G. H. 1943. Über Polyerderkrankheiten bei Insekten. Biol. Zentr., 63, 1-55.
Bergold, G. H. 1947. Die Isolierung des Polyeder-Virus und die Natur der Poly
eder. Z. Naturforsch., 2b, 122-143.
Bergold, G. H. 1948. Bündelformige Ordnung von Polyederviren. Z. Naturforsch., 3b, 25-26.
Bergold, G. H. 1950a. T h e multiplication of insect viruses as organisms. Can. J.
Research, E28, 5-11.
Bergold, G. H. 1950b. Insect viruses. In "Viruses 1950" (M. Delbrück, ed.), pp. 40-43.
Calif. Inst. Technol., Pasadena, California.
Bergold, G. H. 1951. Fortschritte und Probleme auf dem Gebiet der Insektenviren.
Z. angew. Entomol., 33, 267-278.
Bergold, G. H. 1952. Demonstration of polyhedral virus in blood cells of silkworms.
Biochim. et Biophys. Acta, 8, 397-400.
Bergold, G. H. 1953a. T h e multiplication of insect viruses. In "The Nature of Virus Multiplication" 2nd Symposium Soc. Gen. Microbiol. (P. Fildes and W. E . van Heyningen, eds.), pp. 276-283. Cambridge LIniv. Press, London and New York.
13. NATURE OF NUCLEAR-POLYHEDROSIS VIRUSES 451 Bergold, G. Η. 1953b. Insect viruses. Advances in Virus Research, 1, 91-132.
Bergold, G. Η. 1953c. On the nomenclature and classification of insect viruses. Ann.
Ν. Y. Acad. Sei., 56, 495-516.
Bergold, G. Η. 1958a. Viruses of insects. In "Handbuch der Virusforschung" (C.
Hallauer and Κ. F . Meyer, eds.), Vol. 4, pp. 60-142. Springer, Vienna.
Bergold, G. H. 1958b. Structure and chemistry of insect viruses. Proc. Intern.
Cong. Biochem. 4th Congr. Vienna 1958, 7, 95-98. Pergamon Press, New York.
Bergold, G. H. 1958c. Some topics of insect virology. Trans. 1st Intern. Conf. Insect Pathol. and Biol. Control Praha, 1958, pp. 191-195.
Bergold, G. H. 1959a. Purification of insect virus inclusion bodies with a fluoro-carbon. / . Insect Pathol, 1, 96-97.
Bergold, G. H. 1959b. Biochemistry of insect viruses. In "The Viruses" (F. M. Bur
nett and W . M. Stanley, eds.), Vol. 1, pp. 505-523. Academic Press, New York.
Bergold, G. H. 1962a. T h e molecular structure of some insect virus inclusion bodies (in preparation).
Bergold, G. H. 1962b. Fine structure of some insect viruses. / . Insect Pathol. in press.
Bergold, G. H., and Brill, R. 1942. Spreitungsversuche mit Insektenviren. Kolloid-Z., 99, 1-6.
Bergold, G. H., and Friedrich-Freksa, H. 1947. Zur Grösse und Serologie des Bom
byx mori Polyedervirus. Z. Naturforsch., 2b, 410-414.
Bergold, G. H., and Pister, L . 1948. Zur quantitativen Mikrobestimmung von Desoxy- und Ribonucleinsäure. Z. Naturforsch., 3b, 406-410.
Bergold, G. H., and Schramm, G. 1942. Biochemische Charakterisierung von Insek
tenviren. Biol Zentr., 62, 105-118.
Bergold, G. H., and Wellington, E . F . 1954. Isolation and chemical composition of the membranes of an insect virus and their relation to the viru& and poly
hedral bodies. / . Bacteriol, 67, 210-216.
Bergold, G. H., Aizawa, K., Smith, Κ. M., Steinhaus, Ε . Α., and Vago, C. 1960.
T h e present status of insect virus nomenclature and classification. Intern. Bull.
Bacteriol Nomenclature Taxonomy, 10, 259-262.
Bird, F. T . 1957. On the development of insect viruses. Virology, 3, 237-242.
Bird, F . T . 1959. Polyhedrosis and granulosis viruses causing single and double infections in the Spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens. / . Insect Pathol, 1, 406-430.
Bolle, J . 1873. Jahrbuch der k.k. Seidenbau-Versuchsstation in Görz. Verlag der k.k.
Seidenbau-Versuchsstation Görz, 1874, p. 129.
Bolle, J . 1893. Jahrbuch der k.k. Seidenbau-Versuchsstation in Görz. Verlag der k.k.
Seidenbau-Versuchsstation Görz, 1894, p. 112.
Breindl, V., and Jirovec, O. 1936. Polyeder und Polyedervirus im Lichte der Feul-genschen Nucleareaktion. Vistnik Ceskoslov. Zool. Spol, Praha, 3, 9-11.
Brenner, S., and Hörne, R. W . 1959. Α negative staining method for high resolu
tion electron microscopy of viruses. Biochim. et Biophys. Acta, 34, 103-110.
Cornalia, E . 1856. "Monografia del bombice del gelso," Mem. I. R. 1st. Lombardo di Scienze let. arti., pp. 348-351. Bernardoni di Gio, Milano.
Day, M. F., Farrant, J . L . , and Potter, C. 1956. Stages in the development of a polyhedral virus disease. Proceedings Electron Microscope Society Meeting. / . Appl Phys., 26, 1396.
Day, M. F., Farrant, J . L . , and Potter, C. 1958. T h e structure and development of a polyhedral virus affecting the moth larva, Pterolocera amplicornis, J. Ultra-struct. Research, 2, 227-238.
452 GERNOT Η. BERGOLD
Desnuelle, P., and Chang, C. Τ . 1943. Sur la proteine du virus de la grasserie du ver ä soie . II . Repartitio n d u Souffr e e t teneu r e n alanine . Ann. inst. Pasteur, Dikasova, Ε. T . 1949. Electrophoresis in research on eggs of silkworms infected
with silkworm jaundice virus. Mikrobiologiya, 18, 67-70.
Duspiva, F., and Bergold, G. H. 1942. Über Peptidase- und Phosphatasebestimmun-gen im Nonnenpolyedervirus. Naturwissenschaften, 30, 604-605.
Escherich, Κ., and Miyajima, Μ. 1911. Studien über die Wipfelkrankheit der Nonne.
Naturw. Z. Forst, u. Landwirtsch., 9, 381-402.
Eto, M. 1955. T h e physico-chemical properties of ribonucleic acid of silk worms.
Sei. Bull. Fac. Agr. Kyushu Univ., 15, 345-350.
Eto, M. 1956a. Behaviour of polyhedral bodies and host-cells of silkworms in alcohol. / . Fac. Agr. Kyushu Univ., 10, 373-384.
Eto, M. 1956b. Dissolution of polyhedral protein in alcohol by trichloroacetic acid.
Set. Bull. Fac. Agr. Kyushu Univ., 15, 465-471.
Faulkner, P. 1962. Isolation and analysis of ribonucleic acid from inclusion bodies of the nuclear polyhedrosis of the silkworms. Virology, 16, 479-484.
Faulkner, P., and Bergold, G. H. 1957. Deoxyribonuclease content of an insect virus.
Virology, 3, 603-605.
Fischer, E . 1906. Über die Ursachen der Disposition und über Frühsymptome der Raupenkrankheiten. Biol. Zentr., 26, 448-463, 534-544.
Gershenson, S. M. 1956a. On initial stages of development of the polyhedral dis
ease of insects. Mikrobiologiya, 25, 90-98.
Gershenson, S. M. 1956b. Reconstitution of active polyhedral virus from nucleic acid and protein outside the organism. Compt. rend. acad. sei. U.R.S.S., No. 5, 492-493.
Gershenson, S. M. 1956c. Reconstitution of active polyhedral virus from non
infectious protein and nucleic acid. Bull. Moscow Soc. Naturalists 61, 99-101.
Gershenson, S. M. 1959. Mutation of polyhedrosis viruses. Doklady Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R., 128, 622-625.
Gershenson, S. M. 1960. A study on a mutant strain of nuclear polyhedral virus of oak silkworm. Problems Virol. (U.S.S.R.) (English translation) 6, 720-725.
Gershenson, S. M., Kok, I. P., Vita, Κ. I., Dobrovolskaya, G. M., and Skuratovskaya, I. M. 1960. Formation of a DNA-containing virus by host RNA. Acad. Sei.
Ukrain. S.S.R., No. 12, 1638-1641.
Gershenson, S., Kok, I. P., Vitas, Κ. I., Dobrovolskaja, G. N., and Skuratovskaia, I. N.
1961. Formation of a DNA-containing virus by host RNA. Vth Intern. Congr.
Biochem., Moscow, 1961.
Glaser, R. W., and Chapman, J . W. 1916. T h e nature of the polyhedral bodies found in insects. Biol. Bull, 30, 367-391.
Glaser, R. W., and Stanley, W. M. 1943. Biochemical studies on the virus and the inclusion bodies of silkworm jaundice. / . Exptl. Med., 77, 451-466.
Gordon, M., and Mitchell, Η. K. 1949. A fluorometric method for the estimation of tryptophan. / . Biol. Chem., 180, 1065-1070.
13. NATURE OF NUCLEAR-POLYHEDROSIS VIRUSES 453 Gratia, Α., and Paillot, A. 1938. Etude serologique du virus de la grasserie des vers
ä soie. Compt. rend. soc. biol., 129, 507-509.
Gratia, Α., and Paillot, A. 1939. Etude serologique du virus de la grasserie des vers ä soie isote par ultracentrifugation. Arch. ges. Virusforsch., 1, 130-139.
Gratia, Α., Brächet, J . , and Jeener, R . 1945. Etude histochimique et microchimique des acides nucl&ques au cours de la grasserie du ver ä soie. Bull. acad. roy.
med. Belg., 10, 72-81.
Gupta, Κ. S. 1961. Studies on insect tissue culture. I. Culture of tissues from the wax moth, Galleria mellonella, L . in vitro. Folia Biol., 7, 400-408.
Hall, C. E . 1960. Measurement of globular protein molecules by electron micros
copy. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 7, 613-618.
Holmes, F . O. 1948. Borrelinaceae. In "Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteri
ology" (R. S. Breed, E . G. D. Murray, and A. P. Hitchens, eds.), pp. 1255-1288.
Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland.
Holoway, C. F., and Bergold, G. H. 1953. Iron content of an insect virus. Science, 117, 251-252.
Holoway, C. F., and Bergold, G. H. 1955. Determination of magnesium in an in
sect virus. Science, 122, 1266-1267.
Hughes, Κ. M. 1953. T h e development of an insect virus within cells of its host.
Hilgardia, 22, 391-406.
Hughes, Κ. M. 1957. An annotated list and bibliography of insects reported to have virus disease. Hilgardia, 26, 597-629.
Ikeda, H. 1946. Biochemical studies on the polyhedron body in the silkworm. / . Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan, 21, 24.
Ikeda, H. 1951. T h e polyhedra of the silkworm. Elementary analyses and ultra
violet absorption spectra of the polyhedra. / . Sei. Research Inst. Tokyo, 45, 217-225.
Ishikawa, Y. 1960. Studies on the relation between the polyhedroses of wild insects and the siJkworm, Bombyx mori L . I. On the nuclear polyhedrosis of Dictyo-ploca japonica B . J. Sericult. Set. Japan, 29, 137-140.
Ishikawa, Y., and Asayama, T . 1961. Studies on the relation between the polyhe
droses of the wild insects and the silkworm, Bombyx mori L . III. On the double infection of the nuclear polyhedroses in silkworm larva. / . Sericult. Sei.
Japan, 30, 201-205.
Ishimori, N., and Osawa, M. 1952. T h e effect of the polyhedra on the catalase activity of the silkworm blood. Kagaku (Tokyo), 22, 43-44.
Komärek, J . , and Breindl, V. 1924. Die Wipfelkrankheit der Nonne und der Er
reger derselben. Z. angew. Entomol., 10, 99-162.
Krieg, A. 1955. Untersuchungen über die Polyedrose von Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.). Arch. ges. Virusforsch., 6, 163-174.
Krieg, A. 1956. Über die Nucleinsäuren der Polyederviren. Naturwissenschaften, 43, 537.
Krieg, A. 1957. Über Aufbau und Vermehrungsmöglichkeiten von stäbchenförmigen Insekten-Viren. Z. Naturforsch. 12b, 120-121.
Krieg, A. 1961a. Über den Aufbau und die Vermehrungsmöglichkeiten von stäb
chenförmigen Insekten-Viren II. Z. Naturforsch., 16b, 115-117.
Krieg, A. 1961b. "Grundlagen der Insektenpathologie," 304 pp. Steinkopff, Darm
stadt.
Krywienczyk, J . , and Bergold, G. H. 1960a. Serological relationships of viruses from some lepidopterous and hymenopterous insects. Virology, 10, 308-315.
454 GERNOT Η. BERGOLD
Krywienczyk, J . , and Bergold, G. H. 1960b. Serological relationships between in
clusion body proteins of some Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. / . Immunol., 84, 404-408.
Krywienczyk, J . , and Bergold, G. H. 1960c. Antigenicity of insect virus membranes.
Virology, 10, 549-550.
Krywienczyk, J . , and Bergold, G. H. 1960d. Serological relationships between insect viruses and their inclusion-body proteins. / . Insect Pathol., 2, 118-123.
Krywienczyk, J . , and Bergold, G. H. 1961. Serological studies of inclusion body proteins by agar diffusion technique. / . Insect Pathol., 3, 15-28.
Krywienczyk, J . , MacGregor, D. R., and Bergold, G. H. 1958. Serological relation
ship of viruses from some lepidopterous insects. Virology, 5, 476-480.
Kuzin, A. M., and Krzhevova, R. V. 1948. Enzymic activity of the virus from jaun
diced silkworm, Bombyx mori L . Biokhimiya, 13, 523-529.
Maestri, A. 1856. Del giallume. In "Frammenti anatomici, fisiologici e patologici sul baco da seta," pp. 117-120. Fusi, Pavia.
Manunta, C. 1940. Saggi preliminari sui corpuscoli poliedrici del giallume dei bachiola seta. Reale Ist. Lombardo sei. lettere Rend, classe sei. mat. Nat., 73, 443-450.
Martignoni, Μ. E., and Langston, R. L . 1960. Supplement to an annotated list and bibliography of insects reported to have virus diseases. Hilgardia, 30, 1-40.
Martignoni, Μ. E., and Scallion, R. J . 1961. Multiplication in vitro of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus in insect amoebocytes. Nature, 190, 1133-1134.
Morgan, C., Bergold, G. H., Moore, D. H., and Rose, Η. M. 1955. T h e macro-molecular paracrystalline lattice of insect viral polyhedral bodies demonstrated in ultrathin sections examined in the electron microscope. / . Biophys. Biochem.
Cytol., 1, 187-190.
Morgan, C., Bergold, G. H., and Rose, Η. M. 1956. Use of serial sections to de
lineate the structure of Porthetria dispar virus in the electron microscope. / . Biophys. Biochem. Cytol, 2, 23-28.
Paillot, A. 1926. Sur une nouvelle maladie du noyau ou grasserie des chenilles de Pieris brassicae et un nouveau groupe de microorganismes parasites. Compt. rend, acad. sei., 182, 180-182.
Paillot, Α., and Gratia, A. 1939. Essai d'isolement du virus de la grasserie des vers ä soie par l'ultracentrifugation. Arch. ges. Virusforsch., 1, 120-129.
Panebianco, R. 1895. Osservazioni sui granuli del Giallume. Boll. Mens. Bachicolt.
[II] 12(11), 145-160.
Roegner-Aust, S. 1949. Der Infektionsweg bei der Polyederepidemie der Nonne. Z.
angew. Entomol., 31, 3-37.
Smirnoff, W . A. 1960. Α polyhedrosis virus and a microsporidian disease of Aletia oxygala luteopallens (Sm.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Can. Entomologist, 92.
Smirnoff, W. A. 1961. Α virus disease of Neodiprion swainei Middleton. / . Insect Pathol, 3, 29-46.
Smith, J . D., and Wyatt, G. R. 1951. T h e composition of some microbial deoxy-pentose nucleic acids. Biochem. J., 49, 144-148.
Steinhaus, Ε . A. 1949a. "Principles of Insect Pathology," 757 pp. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Steinhaus, Ε . A. 1949b. Nomenclature and classification of insect viruses. Bacteriol.
Revs., 3, 203-223.
Steinhaus, Ε . Α. 1953. Taxonomy of insect viruses. Ann. Ν. Y. Acad. Set., 56, 517-537.
13. NATURE OF NUCLEAR-POLYHEDROSIS VIRUSES 455 Steinhaus, Ε . A. 1960a. T h e duration of viability and infectivity of certain insect
pathogens. J. Insect Pathol., 2, 225-229.
Steinhaus, Ε . A. 1960b. Notes on polyhedroses in Peridroma, Prodenia, Colias, Heliothis, and other Lepidoptera. / . Insect Pathol., 2, 327-333.
Stent, G. S. 1958. Mating in the reproduction of bacterial viruses. Advances in Virus Research, 5, 95-149.
Tanada, Y. 1954. A polyhedrosis virus of the imported cabbage worm and its relation to a polyhedrosis virus of the alfalfa caterpillar. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 47, 553-574.
Tarasevich, L . M. 1945. Determination of the isoelectric point of virus proteins by staining. Compt. rend. acad. sei. U.R.S.S., 47, 694.
Tarasevich, L . M. 1946. On the nucleic acids of the polyhedra of the mulberry silkworm. Mikrobiologiya, 15, 337-340.
Trager, W . 1935. Cultivation of the virus of grasserie in silkworm tissue culture.
/. Exptl. Med., 61, 501-513.
Vago, C. 1958. Sur la nomenclature des virus d'insectes. Entomophaga, 3, 331-332.
Vago, C , and Atger, P. 1961. Multiplication massive des virus d'insectes pendant la mue nymphale. Entomophaga, 6, 53-56.
von Prowazek, S. 1907. Chlamydozoa. II. Gelbsucht des Seidenraupen. Arch. Pro-tistenk., 10, 358-364.
von Prowazek, S. 1913. Untersuchungen über die Gelbsucht der Seidenraupen. Zentr.
Bakteriol. Parasitenk. Abt. I. Orig., 67, 268-284.
Wahl, B . 1909. Über die Polyederkrankheit der Nonne (Lymantria monacha L.) Z. ges. Forstwesen, 35, 164-212; 36, 193-377.
Watanabe, S. 1941a. Investigation on adsorption and elution of the grasserie virus.
Research Bull. Imp. Tokyo Sericult. Coll., 3.
Watanabe, S. 1941b. On the cataphoretic behaviour of the grasserie virus. Re
search Bull. Imp. Tokyo Sericult. Coll., 3.
Weiser, J . 1958. Zur Taxonomie der Insektenviren. Ceskoslov. parasitol., 5, 203-211.
Wellington, E . F . 1951. Amino acids of two insect viruses. Biochim. et Biophys.
Acta, 7, 238-243.
Wellington, E . F . 1954. T h e amino acid composition of some insect viruses and their characteristic inclusion body proteins. Biochem. J., 57, 334-338.
Wyatt, G. R . 1950. Studies on insect viruses and nucleic acid. Thesis, Univ. Cam
bridge, England.
Wyatt, G. R . 1952a. Specificity in the composition of nucleic acids. Exptl. Cell Research, Suppl., 2, 201-217.
Wyatt, G. R . 1952b. T h e nucleic acids of some insect viruses. / . Gen. Physiol., 36, 201-205.
Yagi, Y., Swasaki, T., and Kato, S. 1951. Recherches chimiques sur la polyedre du ver ä soie (Bombyx mori L.), atteint de la grasserie. Rev. ver soie, 3, 259-264.
Yamafuji, K. 1956. Presence of desoxyribonuclease in silkworm polyhedral virus.
Nature, 178, 89.
Yamafuji, K., So, K., and Soo, K. 1941. Die Wirkung des Seidenraupenpolyedervirus auf die Atmung und Katalase der Hefe. Biochem. Z., 311, 203.
Yamafuji, K., Matsukura, Y., and Eto, M. 1953. Electrophoresis of silkworm poly
hedra. Enzymologia, 15, 327-328.
Yamafuji, K., Yoshihara, F . , and Hirayama, K. 1957. Protease and Desoxyribonu
clease in viral polyhedral crystal. Enzymologia, 19, 53-58.
4 5 6 GERNOT Η. BERGOLD
Zalmanzon, Ε . S. 1949. Action of Protease on nuclear inclusions in silkworm jaun
dice infections. Mikrobiologiya, 18, 361.
Zalmanzon, E. S. 1952. Ph.D. Thesis. 11 pp. Moscow.
Zhdanov, V. M. 1953. "Guide to Human and Animal Viruses." Izdalestro Academii Medicinskich Nauk U.S.S.R., Moscow, pp. 316-323 (348 pp.). Publ. Acad. Med. Sei.
U.S.S.R., Moscow, 1953.