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VI. K L E M E N Ö I Ö
In d u stria liz a tio n is accom panied b y th e decay of th e old classic agrarian stru c tu re . This d ecay finds its expression in th e dem ogeographic, economic, an d physiognom ic elem ents of th e s tru c tu re of space. The process is conditioned b y sev eral fa c to rs: th e grow th of in d u s try , its sp atial d istrib u tio n a n d its level of te c h n ic a l developm ent, th e d ev elopm ent of com m unications, an d the te c h n ic a l d evelopm ent and com m ercialization of agriculture. These facto rs are la te r reinforced, p a rtic u la rly a t a h ig h e r stage in th e form ation of a n industrial society, b y an o th er: th e developm ent of te rtia ry activities, in clu d in g p a rtic u larly tra d e and h an d icraft-services as well as p ro d u c tio n which are developed in response to th e c o n sta n t increase in th e dem ands of consum ers. T his process of d ecay in th e dem ogeographic, econom ic, and physiognom ic elem en ts of the old a g ra ria n s tru c tu re and th e g ra d u a l prevalence of th e same elem en ts of the in d u s tria l stru c tu re also depend on th e character of th e p a rtic u la r agrarian s tru c tu re , including th e social-landow nershipstructure, th e sizeof la n d parcels, t he s p a tia l d istrib u tio n of land p arcels, and n a tu ra l conditions. In th is process E a st-E u ro p e a n countries differ significantly from those of W est E u ro p e . In W est E u ro p e an countries, th e d evelopm ent of th e technological, economic, an d social effects of in d u strial tech n iq u es has been sp read over a lo n g er period.
Besides, these effects have developed in a different order. Owing to a different re la tio n sh ip of th e elem ents of technological developm ent in in d u s try , agri
cu ltu re , an d com m unications, differences are also a p p a re n t in th e s tru c tu re of th e in d iv id u al phases of th e decay of agrarian society and of th e fo rm a tio n of in d u stria l society.
In W est E u ro p ean countries, th e elem ents of in d u strial technique first came to th e fore in in d u stria l production, n e x t in com m unications, and fin ally in th e ag ric u ltu ral econom y. In E ast E u ro p e a n countries, w here in d u strializ atio n is a co m p arativ ely new phenom enon a n d h as come to th e fore as th e p re d o m in a n t econom ic branch only in th e decades afte r W orld W a r II, th e po ssib ility of econom ic p a rity w ith W est E u ro p e an countries perm its the dev elo p m en t of in d u stria l tech n iq u e in all com ponents of in d u stry , in com m unications and in a g ric u ltu ra l technology a t the sam e tim e.
E a c h phase in th e decay of th e old classic ag rarian stru ctu re a n d in the a d v a n c e of th e in d u stria l stru ctu re is accom panied b y specific ty p e s of m igra
tion. These can be regarded as th e regulators of th e gradual d ecrease of the a g ra ria n o v erp o p u latio n and a t th e sam e tim e as a factor in th e d isap p ear
ance of old and th e appearance of new social groups w hich differ am o n g th em selves w ith respect to m obility, w ith respect to th e ir role in p ro d u c tio n , and th e ir w hole w ay of life. M igrations also open up previously self-contained agra
ria n areas. M igrations m ake for th e reduction of a g ra ria n overpopulation, for
out-side farm ing, or to leave for good, b u t th e fam ily or property do n o t p lay any
In th is individual phase and regio n ally , th e industrialization of S lovenia was accom panied by various types of m ig ratio n s. In th e form ation of these ty p es, a decisive role was play ed by th e la n d te n u re system , b y th e geographical v ariety of S lovenia, by th e effects of in d u stria liz a tio n and b y th e influence of W estern E u ro p e and o th e r continents, as w ell as by th e centres of t h e b o rd erlan d
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(T rieste, Graz). S m all la n d holdings, p re d o m in a n tly e sta te s w ith 2—4 hectares
th e a d u lt population of th eir own resp ectiv e territo ries. The beginning of m igrations of unqualified agrarian people from th e ag rarian areas, an d th e daily co m m uting of less qualified labour from th e closer surroundings of th e em ploy
T he m ovem ent of seasonal m ig ra n ts into W e ste rn E urope is likewise rap id ly d u strializatio n a n d of socio-econom ic-spatial d ifferentiation. T he decentralized process of in d u stria liz a tio n and th e developm ent of traffic arteries, and of o th e r
na, in M aribor betw een K öper an d P ira n , w here these m igrations are move intensive, th e suburban areas are grow ing in to a unified urban ized te rrito ry . The v a r ie ty of in d u stry , go od traffic connections, an d th e developm ent of other n o n -a g raria n functions, offer possibilities for em ploym ent to people of various ages, b o th sexes, an d of various professions and qualifications, a n d so such te rrito rie s acquire th e c h a ra c te r of an econom ically stabilized an d in d u s tria l
ized ty p e of region.
D e ag rarizatio n has rem oved y o ung population from th e co u n try sid e into n o n -a g raria n occupations and left p riv a te farm ing to older farm ers a n d to the m iddle generatio n of th e sem i-farm ing population, th u s presenting problem s for th e ag ric u ltu ral econom y in th e im m ed iate future.
B IB L IO G R A P H Y
G anser, K . (1967) Pendelwanderung in R heinland-P falz. G eographisches I n s tit u t, T echni
sche H ochschule M ünchen (Vorläufiges, unko rrig iertes M anuskript), M ünchen.
H artk e, W . (1953) Die Soziale D ifferenzierung der A grar-L andschaft im Rhein-M ain- G ebiet, E rdkunde V II.
(1956) Die Sozialbrache als Phänom en d e r geographischen D ifferenzierung d e r L and
schaft, E rdkunde X.
Ilesic, S. (1940) A grana prenaseljenost Slovenije (A grarian overpopulation in Slovenia).
T ehnika in gospodarstvo, L jubljana, p p . 60-70.
H erm a, J . (1966) D ojazdy do pracy w Polsce Poludniowej (Com m uting in Southern P o lan d ). Prace monograßczne, W. Sz. P . w K rakow ie, Cracow.
Klem enőiö, VI. (1966) Som e E lem ents o f U rbanization and Regional D evelopm ent of Slovenia. A cta Geologica et Geographica Universität ix Comeninae Geographica No. 6, p p . 145—174, B ratislava.
K lem enciö, VI. (1967) E le m e n ti tran sfo rm acije B istrigke rav n in e (Elem ents of tra n sfo r
m a tio n in th e B istrisk plain). K a m n iS ki zbornik, K am nik, pp. 3-46.
Lijewski, T. (1967) D ojazd do p racy w Polsce (Com m uting in Poland). K o m ilet przestrzen- nego zagospodarowania K ra ju , P.A .N. W arsaw .
Pahl, R . E . (1964) U rbs in R ure, T he M etropolitan Fringe in H ertfordshire, London School of Economics a n d P olitical Science. Geographical Papers 2, London.
R u p p ert, K . (1959) Die Sozialbrache in W estdeutschland. Agrarwirtschaft, 3, p p . 69-77, H an o v er.
Sörre, M. (1955) Les m igrations des peuples. P aris.
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THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHANGES ON THE