5 .1 . G rievous form s o f in frin g em en t o f research e th ic a l n o r m s
The m o st grievous form s of th e infringem ent of sci
entific ethics are fabrication, falsification, plagiarism , a n d bringing p e rso n a l influence to b e ar. These offences are very close to violations of th e law a n d it c a n only be decided while con sid erin g th e p a rtic u la r offence w h eth er it re a ch e s b eyond ethical m isc o n d u ct a n d h en ce m u s t be tre a ted a s a violation of law.
5.1.1.
F a b ric a tio n is th e p u b lic a tio n of “r e s u lts ” w ith o u t a n y b a se .
5.1.2.
Falsification is th e m a n ip u la tio n , a lte ra tio n , or d e lib e ra te neglect o f d a ta or re s u lts . P u b lica tio n of falsified d a ta also q u alifies a s a n e th ic al m isc o n d u c t.
5.1.3.
Plagiarism is th e takeover of ideas, scientific re
s u lts , w ords, te x ts of others a n d in d icatin g them a s o n e ’s own. A m ong grievous offences plagiarism c a n b e cau g h t o u t m o st easily. Namely, scientific c o m m u n icatio n s a n d new id e as a n d illustrative m a te ria ls occurring th erein a re protected by copy
rig h t enforceable in court. However, this pro tectio n
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is n o t all-inclusive, all th e above can becom e the
F u rth e r, to le ra tio n o r neglect o f th e in frin g em en t of th e a b o v em en tio n ed e th ic a l r u le s u n d e r e x te rn a l d u re s s a n d th e th r e a t o f re p ris a l a g a in s t the w h is tle blow er sh a ll also be q u alified as p e rs o n a l in flu en ce.
This circle also involves th e a tte m p t of ra isin g th e n u m b e r of referen ces th ro u g h p e rs o n a l p re s su re .
H u n g a ria n scien tific p u b lic o p in io n s tro n g ly c o n d e m n s m is c o n d u c ts of p e rs o n a l in flu en ce, in c lu d in g fav o u ritism in k in d , a n d p ro h ib its th e m in n o rm ativ e re g u la tio n s.
5 .2 . O ther m orally o b je c tio n a b le form s o f b eh a v io u r and p r a c tic e
B eside grievous e th ic a l m is c o n d u c ts , n u m e ro u s m orally objectio n ab le form s of b e h av io u r a n d re s e a rc h p ra c tice s a re also w o rth co n sid erin g . T hese c a n also u n d e rm in e p eo p le’s t r u s t in scien ce.
H ereinafter, w ith o u t striv in g for c o m p le ten e ss, th e following can be s tre ss e d :
5.2.1. Infringem ent o f social c o n se n s u s or the la w s In th is c o n tex t re s e a rc h activ ity h a rm fu l to th e e n v iro n m e n t c a n be m e n tio n e d a s a n exam ple.
The violation of effective law s a n d o th er legal re g u la tio n s re g a rd in g re s e a rc h (e.g. th o se re la tin g to e x a m in a tio n s c a rrie d o u t on h u m a n beings o r a n im a l tests) is eth ically u n a c c e p ta b le .
5.2.2. Infringem ent o f p e rso n a lity rights
H ere one c a n m e n tio n th e v io latio n of d ig n ity a n d freedom of p e rs o n s involved in scientific ex am in atio n a s e x p e rim e n ta l o b jects, th e o m issio n
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of in fo rm atio n on e x p erim en tal ris k s , im perfect in fo rm atio n , o r th e b re a c h of secrecy.
5.2.3. Inappropriate m a n a g e m e n t o f d a ta
D enial o f h a n d o v er o f d a ta to o th e r re s e a rc h e rs c a u sin g fa ilu re of th e re c o n s tru c tio n of ex p eri m e n ta l re s u lts can be m en tio n ed h e re . Im p ro p er storage of orig in al d a ta , a lte ra tio n of d a ta , neglecting d a ta d is tu rb in g th e o u tc o m e d e sired , d isto rtio n o f d a ta , a n d ignoring u n e x p e c te d r e s u lts c a n also b e reck o n ed w ith here.
5.2.4. M isconduct regarding publica tio n
It is a n e th ic al m is c o n d u c t to d e n y deserved a u th o rsh ip , in s is t on or g r a n t u n d e se rv e d a u th o rs h ip s , a n d in g e n eral to in d ic a te m e rits relatin g to a u th o rs h ip in a false w ay. A m is c o n d u c t of th is k in d is a form of falsification.
In th e field of the n a tu r a l scien ces d u rin g the p u b lication o f re s u lts (discoveries) a c le a r re q u ire m e n t is th e ex clu sio n of m u ltip le p u b lic a tio n s, while in th e case o f th e social scien ces c le a r in d icatio n of a fte r-p u b lic a tio n is re q u ire d .
Inco m p lete in d ic a tio n of the s u p p o rte rs of th e re s e a rc h is also objectionable.
5.2.5. M isconduct regarding proofreading, publishing, a n d critical p ro ced u res
O n th e p a r t of p ro o frea d e rs of scien tific c o m m u n i
catio n s a n d ed ito rs of p u b lic a tio n s th e to leratio n of in co m p atib ility in th e critical p ro c e d u re sh a ll b e reg ard ed a s a n eth ical m isc o n d u c t. B o th on th e p a r t of th e e d ito r a n d th e review er it s h a ll be an e th ic a l
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m isc o n d u c t to give p re fe re n c e to c e r ta in a u th o r s d u rin g th e p u b lish in g p ro c e d u re o r conversely, to h in d e r th e p u b lic a tio n o f a n a rticle for p e rso n a l re a so n s. In th e sam e w a y , fu n d a m e n ta l e th ic a l p rin cip les m a y be in frin g ed d u rin g th e c o n sid e ra tio n of re se a rc h te n d e rs.
5.2.6. Publication o f f a l s e or d e ce p tiv e data relating to scie n tific work, p ublications, or a w a r d s
It sh all qualify a s a n eth ical m is c o n d u c t if som eone p u b lis h e s false o r deceptive d a t a reg ard in g h is o r h er scien tific work, o r in re la tio n to th e scien ce m e tric d a ta relatin g to h is or h e r p u b lic a tio n s, re se a rc h , scien tific a w a rd s .
The e v a lu a tio n of th e a b o v e b e h a v io u ra l a n d r e s e a rc h p ra c tic e s can a t le a s t p a rtia lly d e p en d o n th e given c u ltu r a l e n v iro n m e n t, local tra d itio n s , o r th e local legal system . It is d esirab le to fo rm u late a n d c o n tin u o u s ly e v alu ate th e n o rm s in a cc o rd a n ce w ith the lo cal, in this c a s e H u n g a ria n , c u ltu ra l tra d itio n s, v a lu e s and p u b lic opin io n draw ing on th e s u p p o rt o f th e in te rn a tio n a l lite r a tu r e an d th e ex p erien ces o b ta in e d fro m cases c o n sid e re d by e th ic s co m m ittees.