WRWKHLUGHFLVLRQVLQWKHLUFULWLFDOQRWHVLQDOPRVWHYHU\LQVWDQFH(SSVWHLQDWWDFKHVDQ H[KDXVWLYHO\ GHWDLOHG MXVWLILFDWLRQ IRU KLV FKRLFHV ZKLOH /HLVLQJHU DQG %HLVVZHQJHU SXEOLVK VKRUWHU EXW KLJKO\ LQIRUPDWLYH QRWHV ,Q PRVW FDVHV KRZHYHU RQH FDQ RQO\
JXHVVDW9RVV¶VPRWLYHV
A
C
F
Facsimile 2: The C minor Sarabande in sources A, C and F
FDO DUWLFXODWLRQ RI WKLV KLJKO\ VW\OL]HG GDQFH PRYHPHQW ,W LV LQWHUHVWLQJ WR REVHUYH WKDWLQVHYHUDOSODFHVWKHDUWLFXODWLRQPDUNVLQWKHVRXUFHVIRUWKHFHOORVXLWHVOXUQRWHV WRJHWKHUZKLFKIHDWXUHLQVHSDUDWHSDUWVLQWKHOXWHYHUVLRQ:HFDQZLWQHVVWKLVDWWKH HQGRIEDUVDQGIRUH[DPSOHZKHUHWKHVOXURIWKHFHOORYHUVLRQ±LQVSDQQLQJD KXJHLQWHUYDO±FDQVFDUFHO\UHVXOWLQDFRPSOHWHOHJDWRWKHLOOXVLRQRIWKHQRWHVEHLQJ VOXUUHGWRJHWKHUFDQEHDFKLHYHGRQO\E\ILUPO\VRXQGLQJWKHEDVVQRWHLQWKHOXWHYHU
a) Beisswenger
***) A: stets / always bzw. / and respectively b) Leisinger
Example 2: The C minor Sarabande in the editions of Beisswenger and Leisinger
VLRQWKHQRWHVRIWKHORZHUSDUWDUHQRWTXDYHUVEXWDOZD\VFURWFKHWV,QFHUWDLQEDUV RIWKHOXWHYHUVLRQLWLVDOVRZRUWKQRWLQJWKHFKDQJHRISDUWVDIWHUWKHILUVWTXDYHULQ EDUVDQGDOOWKHPRUHFRQVSLFXRXVEHFDXVHWKHEDVVQRWHVDUHORFDWHG DQRFWDYHORZHU7KLVIRUPRIDUWLFXODWLRQFDQEHREVHUYHGLQWKHPDQXVFULSWVRIWKH FHOORYHUVLRQSHUKDSVRQO\LQWKHFRS\E\$QQD0DJGDOHQD%DFKEXWHYHQWKHQRQO\
LQEDUV±,QWKHLUFULWLFDOHGLWLRQVWKHHGLWRUVIROORZWKHDSSURSULDWHVRXUFHVRI WKHFHOORVXLWHZLWKRXWGZHOOLQJRQWKHLGLRV\QFUDFLHVRIWKHOXWHYHUVLRQ+RZHYHULQ YLHZRIWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRI%DFK¶VDXWRJUDSKPDQXVFULSWRIWKHOXWHVXLWH,EHOLHYHWKDW DWWKHYHU\OHDVWDUWLFXODWLRQPDUNVWKDWDUHLQGLVSXWDEO\DWWULEXWDEOHWRWKHFRPSRVHU PHULWPHQWLRQDPRQJWKHFULWLFDOQRWHV
E%RXUUpH,LQ&PDMRU
&RS\LVW¶VFKDQJHVDQGFRUUHFWLRQVLQWKHVRXUFHVRIWHQSURYLGHDQLPSRUWDQWDGGLWLRQDO DLGWRLQWHUSUHWLQJWKHVFRUH,QEDUV±RIWKH&PDMRU%RXUUpH,FI)DFVDQG([
ZHFDQVHHWKDWWKHVHFRQGFRS\LVWRIVRXUFH&DV,PHQWLRQHGDERYHWKHPDQX VFULSWLVLQDQRWKHUKDQGXSWRWKHHQGRIEDUOHQJWKHQHGWKHVOXUUHGSDLUVRITXDYHUV WKDWZHUHSUREDEO\ZULWWHQLQLQLWLDOO\WRVOXUVRIWKUHHQRWHV/RRNLQJDWWKHVOXUVDWWKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJSODFHLQVRXUFH'WKHVHFRQGRIWKHWKUHHVOXUVOLNHZLVHGLVSOD\VWUDFHV RIKDYLQJEHHQOHQJWKHQHG$QQD0DJGDOHQD%DFK¶VFRS\LQWKHVHWZREDUVLVYHU\GLI ILFXOWWRPDNHVHQVHRIPRUHRYHUWKHUHLVDVWDIIFKDQJHEHWZHHQWKHWZREDUVZKLFK
±DVHYLGHQWLQ%HLVVZHQJHU¶VHUUDWD±PD\UHVXOWLQWKHVOXUVEHLQJVSOLWLQWZRRURPLW WHGZKHQWKH\VSDQEDUV$WWKLVSRLQWLQWKHVFRUH.HOOQHU¶VYHUVLRQRSWVIRUDXQLTXH VROXWLRQWKDWGLIIHUVIURPWKHRWKHUFRSLHVEXWZKLFKLVOHJLEOHFRQVLVWHQWDQGHDVLO\
DSSOLFDEOHLQSUDFWLFHVOXUULQJWKHILUVWWKUHHQRWHVRIHDFKJURXSRIIRXUTXDYHUV 1DWXUDOO\ZHFDQQHYHUNQRZZK\FRUUHFWLRQVDQGFKDQJHVZHUHPDGHDOWKRXJK ZHDUHSUREDEO\QRWPLVWDNHQLIZHVWDUWIURPWKHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWEHFDXVHVOXUVVSDQ QLQJEHDWVRUEDUOLQHVZHUHUDUHLQ%DFK¶VWLPHWKHFRS\LVWVPLJKWKDYHIRXQGLWPRUH GLIILFXOWWRLQWHUSUHWVXFKDQXQXVXDOVROXWLRQ,WPD\DOVRKDYHKDSSHQHGRIFRXUVH WKDWERWKODWHUFRS\LVWVZRUNHGIURPDQRULJLQDOZKLFKLWVHOIIHDWXUHGFRUUHFWLRQVWR ZKLFKWKH\VODYLVKO\DGKHUHG
7KHFULWLFDOHGLWRUVGHVSLWHWKHGLYHUVLW\RIVRXUFHVWUHDWWKLVSDVVDJHLQDVXSULV LQJO\XQLIRUPPDQQHU,QP\RSLQLRQ(SSVWHLQDQG%HLVVZHQJHUDUHFRUUHFWWRWDNH WKHYLHZWKDWWKHRULJLQDORQZKLFKVRXUFH$ZDVEDVHGSUREDEO\FRQWDLQHGWKHWKUHH QRWH VOXUV WKDW VXUYLYH LQ VRXUFHV & DQG ' EXW WKDW$QQD 0DJGDOHQD %DFK LQDFFX UDWHO\UHSURGXFHGWKLVXQXVXDOIRUPXODVSDQQLQJDFURVVWKHEDUOLQHV&RQVHTXHQWO\WKH
%HLVVZHQJHUHGLWLRQEDVHGRQO\RQ$QQD0DJGDOHQD%DFKDVZHOODV(SSVWHLQ¶V7H[W ,ZKLFKWDNHVERWK$DQG%LQWRDFFRXQWFRQWDLQDVROXWLRQZKLFKMXVWKDSSHQVWRDS SHDULQWKHWZRODWHUVRXUFHV,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWKDW.HOOQHU¶VHQWLUHO\SODXVLEOHYHUVLRQ ZKLFKLVDOVRPRUHFXVWRPDU\RIWKHSHULRGLVHQWLUHO\PLVVLQJIURP(SSVWHLQZKLOH VWUDQJHO\HQRXJKDSSHDULQJLQ9RVV+RZHYHU,WKLQNLWOLNHO\WKDWLI9RVVKDGDWWDFKHG
DMXVWLILFDWLRQWRKLVYHUVLRQRIWKHEDUVLQTXHVWLRQWKHQKHZRXOGVRRQHUKDYHUHIHUUHG WR DQ DQDORJ\EDVHG H[WHQVLRQ RI WKH VHFRQG PRUH OHJLEOH VOXU LQ$QQD 0DJGDOHQD
%DFK¶VFRS\WKDQWRWKH%FRS\JLYHQWKDWKLVHGLWLRQSULPDULO\UHOLHVRQVRXUFH$%RWK VROXWLRQVDSSHDULQJLQWKHFULWLFDOHGLWLRQVDUHDGHTXDWHLQPXVLFDODQGSUDFWLFDOWHUPV DVWKHVHFRQGLQWHUYDOVDQGFKRUGUHVROXWLRQIHDWXUHEHQHDWKDVOXUZKLOHWKHVWUHVVIDOOV RQWKHGRZQERZ
F$OOHPDQGHLQ'PDMRU
$UWLFXODWLRQDVWKHFRQQHFWLRQDQGVHSDUDWLRQRIQRWHVPD\DSSHDULQWKHVFRUHQRW PHUHO\ WKURXJK VOXUV DQG VWDFFDWR PDUNV EXW PD\ DOVR EH UHYHDOHG LQ ZKLFK QRWHV DSSHDUWRJHWKHURQWKHVDPHEHDP)RUH[DPSOHLQWKHPDQXVFULSWVRIWKH'PDMRU
$OOHPDQGHFI)DFVDQG([WKHEHDPLQJRIWKHQRWHVFRLQFLGHVZLWKWKH
I
WLPHVLJQDWXUHRIWKHPRYHPHQWFURWFKHWVEHORQJWRJHWKHURQRQHEHDP7KHUHDUHRQO\WZR
A
B
C
D
Facsimile 3: C major Bourrée I, bars 21–22 in sources A, B, C and D
H[FHSWLRQVLQWKHILUVWFURWFKHWRIEDUVDQGZKHUHPRVWFRS\LVWVVSOLWWKHEHDP LQWZR
,QFRQWUDVWWRWKHPDQXVFULSWVWKHFULWLFDOHGLWRUV±ZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRI/HLVLQJHU
±UHVRUWWRDVRPHZKDWGLIIHUHQWQRWDWLRQPHWKRGDOWKRXJKWKHQRWHVIDOOLQJXQGHURQH FURWFKHWDUHSODFHGWRJHWKHURQRQHEHDPWKHLQWHUQDOEHDPVHFWLRQVDUHLQWHUUXSWHG HDFKTXDYHU:KLOH,DGPLWWKDWSDUWLFXODUO\RQILUVWUHDGLQJWKLVUHVXOWVLQDPRUHOXFLG VFRUHLWVRYHUDOOHIIHFWQHYHUWKHOHVVGLIIHUVIURPWKDWRIWKHVRXUFHV2QWKHRQHKDQG WKHVFRUHVRIWKH%HLVVZHQJHU9RVV(SSVWHLQDQG%lUHQUHLWHU8UWH[WHGLWLRQVFRQYH\D EHDWRITXDYHUVLQVWHDGRIMRLQHGFURWFKHWV±OHVVDSSURSULDWHLQP\YLHZ2QWKHRWKHU KDQGLQP\YLHZWKHPRYHPHQWLVQRWDOLHQWR)UHQFKVW\OHLQWKDWFHUWDLQRUQDPHQWDO UDSLGVFDOHSDVVDJHV±SDUWLFXODUO\WKRVHZKLFKIROORZDGRWWHGVHPLTXDYHUIRUH[DPSOH
6RXUFHV$&DQG'VSOLWWKHEHDPLQERWKSODFHVPHQWLRQHGZKLOH%RQO\VSOLWVLWLQEDU,QWKH VRXUFHVRIWKHVXLWHVWKLV$OOHPDQGHLVRQHRIWKHUDUHPRYHPHQWVVXSSOLHGZLWKDQLQGLFDWLRQRI WHPSRLQVRXUFHV&DQG'LWLVODEHOOHG0ROWR$GDJLRZKLOHLQ%WKHGHVLJQDWLRQLV$GDJLR
a) Beisswenger
b) Voss
c) Eppstein I.
d) Leisinger
Example 3: C major Bourrée I, bars 21–22 in the editions of Beisswenger, Voss, Eppstein (I.) and Leisinger
±DUHSHUIRUPHGDOLWWOHIDVWHUDQGPRUHIUHHO\WKDQWKHEDVLFWHPSROHDGLQJWRWKHQH[W PDLQQRWH1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHVFRUHDUWLFXODWHGLQTXDYHUVUHSURGXFHVWKLVPXVLFDOTXDO LW\LQWKHPRYHPHQWWRDIDUOHVVHUH[WHQWWKDQWKHPDQXVFULSWVRU/HLVLQJHU¶VYHUVLRQ
G3UHOXGHLQ(IODWPDMRU3UHOXGHLQ&PLQRU
,QWKHIRXUPDQXVFULSWVRIWKHVL[VXLWHVWKHUHDUHRQO\WZRLQVWDQFHVZKHUHRQRQHEHDP PRUHVHPLTXDYHUVDUHSODFHGWKDQDPHWULFDOXQLWDTXDYHURUDGRWWHGTXDYHUZRXOG LQFOXGHLQEDUV±RIWKH&PLQRU3UHOXGHFI)DFVDDQG([DDQGEDURI
,WLVZRUWKQRWLQJWKDWSDVVDJHVVLPLODUWRWKHWKLUGFURWFKHWRIWKHVHFRQGEDUILUVWFURWFKHWRIEDU IRXUWKFURWFKHWRIEDUVHFRQGFURWFKHWRIEDUILUVWFURWFKHWRIEDUDUHDFWXDOO\JLYHQ LQFRUUHFWO\LQWKH$QQD0DJGDOHQD%DFKFRS\EXWLQDOPRVWDOORWKHUVRXUFHVDVZHOO7KLVDSSHDU DQFHRIWKHVFRUH±LPSUHFLVHWRPRGHUQH\HV±LVUHSURGXFHGE\/HLVLQJHU9RVVDQG%HLVVZHQJHU VLPLODUO\WRWKHVRXUFHVEXWRQO\WKH%HLVVZHQJHU(SSVWHLQDQG%lUHQUHLWHUHGLWLRQVPHQWLRQWKH LVVXHLQWKHLUFULWLFDOQRWHV,QWKH%lUHQUHLWHULQWHUSUHWDWLRQWKHWKUHHYHU\VKRUWQRWHVDIWHUWKHGRW LQWKHVHFURWFKHWVKHPLGHPLVHPLTXDYHUVRUVHPLKHPLGHPLVHPLTXDYHUVUHSUHVHQWDWULSOHWDQGWKLV LVVXSSRUWHGE\WKHLQGLFDWLRQRIDQXPEHULQWKHVFRUH
A
C
Facsimile 4: Bars 1–3 of the D major Allemande in sources A and C
a) Leisinger
b) Beisswenger
c) Bärenreiter Urtext
Example 4: Bars 1–3 of the D major Allemande in the versions of Leisinger, Beisswenger and Bärenreiter Urtext
WKH3UHOXGHLQ(IODWPDMRUFI)DFVEDQG([EZKHUHHLJKWVHPLTXDYHUVDSSHDU RQRQHEHDPLQWKHRYHUZKHOPLQJPDMRULW\RIVRXUFHV,QP\RSLQLRQWKHPHWKRGRI QRWDWLRQQRWRQO\LQGLFDWHVWKHFORVHPXVLFDOWRJHWKHUQHVVRIWKHJURXSVRIHLJKWQRWHV EXWDOVRFDUULHVDGGLWLRQDOPHDQLQJ,QERWKPRYHPHQWVZHDUHORRNLQJDWDFDGHQ]D OLNHSDVVDJHSUHFHGLQJDGRPLQDQWVHYHQWKDQGWKHRYHUDOODUUDQJHPHQWRIWKHVFRUH SUHVXPDEO\VXJJHVWVWKHPHWKRGRISHUIRUPLQJWKLVQRWWRRPDQ\DFFHQWVDVRPHZKDW TXLFNHUWHPSRDVDUHVXOWDQGSHUKDSVDFHUWDLQGHJUHHRIUK\WKPLFDOIUHHGRP
&RQVLGHULQJWKDWWKHVRXUFHVGLIIHUIURPHDFKRWKHULQDJUHDWPDQ\LQVWDQFHV,ILQG LWUHJUHWWDEOHWKDWWKLVVROXWLRQUHFRUGHGDOPRVWXQLIRUPO\DFURVVWKHYDULRXVFRSLHV GRHVQRWDSSHDULQDVLQJOHFULWLFDOHGLWLRQRIWKHFHOORVXLWHV,QERWKDIRUHPHQWLRQHG SDVVDJHVDOORIWKHHGLWRUVSODFHWKHVHPLTXDYHUVLQJURXSVRIIRXURQRQHEHDPVR
7KHORQJHUEHDPVDUHPLVVLQJRQO\IURPVRXUFH%LQWKH3UHOXGHLQ(IODWPDMRU A
B
C
Facsimile 5a: Bars 22–24 of the C minor Prelude in sources A, B and C
Example 5a: Bars 22–24 of the C minor Prelude in the Eppstein edition
WKDWWKHVFRUH±LQP\RSLQLRQ±ORVHVWKHPRPHQWXPVXJJHVWHGE\WKHPDQXVFULSWV 2QO\/HLVLQJHUPHQWLRQVWKHXQXVXDOPHWKRGRIQRWDWLRQRIWKH3UHOXGHVLQKLVFULWLFDO QRWHV
%H\RQGWKLVWKHWZRSDVVDJHVDUHOLQNHGE\DQRWKHUIDFWRUQDPHO\WKHQRWDWLRQRI WKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJSDVVDJHLQWKHOXWHVXLWH)DFVF&RQWUDU\WRH[SHFWDWLRQVLQWKH DXWRJUDSKPDQXVFULSWRIWKHOXWHYHUVLRQZHVHHQRWWKHTXDYHUVOXUVRIWKH&PLQRU FHOORVXLWHEXWWKHYHU\ORQJVOXUVRIWKH3UHOXGHLQ(IODWPDMRUZKLFKHQFRPSDVVWKH HQWLUHPXVLFDOSKUDVH([DPLQLQJWKHEDUVLQTXHVWLRQLQWKHWZR3UHOXGHVLWLVSHUKDSV QRH[DJJHUDWLRQWRVXSSRVHWKDWWKHVDPHLQWHQWLRQRIWKHFRPSRVHULVEHLQJUHFRUGHG
/HLVLQJHU±
A
B
C
D
Facsimile 5b: Bars 49–51 of the Prelude in E flat major in sources A, B, C and D
Example 5b: Bars 49–51 of the Prelude in E flat major in the Beisswenger edition
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
,QWKHFDVHRIWKH3UHOXGHLQ(IODWPDMRUWKHFULWLFDOHGLWRUVFKRRVHORQJVOXUV ZLWKRXWLQWHUUXSWLRQVZKLOHXVLQJTXDYHUVOXUVIRUWKH&PLQRU3UHOXGH'XHWRWKH SUREDEOHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHWZRPHWKRGVRIQRWDWLRQDOOWKLVWKHUHIRUHPHDQV WKDWLQEDUV±RIWKH3UHOXGHLQ(IODWPDMRUWKHHGLWRUVDUHQRWSURYLGLQJIL[HG LQGLFDWLRQVIRUERZLQJEXWWKHNLQGRIDUWLFXODWLRQPDUNVZKHUHHODERUDWLRQLVOHIWWR WKHSHUIRUPHU
,QWKHFDVHRIWKH&PLQRU3UHOXGH%HLVVZHQJHUDQG9RVVFRQILQHWKHPVHOYHVRQO\WRWKHVOXUVIRXQG LQWKH$QQD0DJGDOHQD%DFKYHUVLRQ
Facsimile 5c: Bars 23–24 of the Prelude to the G minor lute suite in the Bach autograph manuscript
H$OOHPDQGHLQ'PLQRU
/RRNLQJDWWKHFULWLFDOHGLWLRQVIURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRIDSUDFWLVLQJFHOOLVWLWLVQRWKDUG WRQRWLFHWKDWWKHDUWLFXODWLRQPDUNVRIWKHHGLWRUVLIZHLQWHUSUHWWKHPDVERZLQJV RIWHQUXQFRXQWHUWRWKHJHQHUDOO\DFFHSWHGFRQYHQWLRQRIWKHSHULRGWRSOD\DFFHQWHG QRWHVZLWKDGRZQERZWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHG$EVWULFKUHJHO1DWXUDOO\ZHPLJKWWKLQN WKDWEHLQJXQXVXDOIRUWKHLUWLPHWKHVHERZLQJVRULJLQDWHIURPWKHFRPSRVHUKLPVHOI +RZHYHU*HRUJYRQ'DGHOVHQRQHRIWKHPRVWUHQRZQHGVFKRODUVRI%DFK¶VDUWLFXOD WLRQGHWHUPLQHGZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHDXWRJUDSKPDQXVFULSWRI%DFK¶VZRUNVIRUVROR YLROLQWKDW
WKHGHOLEHUDWHDUWLFXODWLRQFORVHO\FRQQHFWHGWRWKHPRWLIVLVLQNHHSLQJZLWKWKH UHTXLUHPHQWIRUFRQWLQXRXVERZLQJZKLFKVLPXOWDQHRXVO\EULQJVRXWWKHVWUHVVLQ HDFKEDUZLWKDGRZQERZ7KLVLVSDUWLFXODUO\WUXHRIWKHUDSLGPRYHPHQWV>«@
,Q RWKHU ZRUGV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH YHU\ FDUHIXOO\ SUHSDUHG %DFK DXWRJUDSK PDQX VFULSWWKHDUWLFXODWLRQLVDOZD\VRUJDQLFDOO\OLQNHGWRWKHPXVLFDQGWKHPRWLIVZKLOH DWRQFHIXOO\FRQIRUPLQJWRSUDFWLFDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQV,WLVYHU\OLNHO\WKHUHIRUHWKDWLQ WKHFHOORVXLWHVDVZHOOWKHUHLVQRQHHGWRDSSO\WHFKQLFDOVROXWLRQVZKLFKUDGLFDOO\
FRQWUDGLFWWKHLQVWUXPHQWDOSOD\LQJFRQYHQWLRQVRIWKHSHULRGIRUH[DPSOHWKHUXOHRI WKHGRZQERZ
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
³,QWHQGLHUWHGDVKHLVVWPLWGHQ0RWLYHQIHVWYHUEXQGHQH$UWLNXODWLRQXQGGLH(UIRUGHUQLVVHHLQHU JHOlXILJHQ%RJHQIKUXQJGLHLP$EVWULFK]XJOHLFKGLH7DNWVFKZHUSXQNWHPDUNLHUWVWLPPHQPLW HLQDQGHUEHUHLQ'DVJLOWEHVRQGHUVIUGLHVFKQHOOHQ6lW]H>«@´*HRUJYRQ'DGHOVHQ³'LH&UX[
GHU1HEHQVDFKH(GLWRULVFKHXQGSUDNWLVFKH%HPHUNXQJHQ]X%DFKV$UWLNXODWLRQ´%DFK-DKUEXFK &RPSDUHZLWKWKHDUWLFXODWLRQUHFRPPHQGHGE\$QQHU%\OVPDZKRDSSURYHVDQ³,WDOLDQVW\OH´RI ERZLQJWHFKQLTXHIRUWKHFHOORVXLWHVIUHHRIWKHUXOHRIWKHGRZQERZ$QQHU%\OVPD%DFK7KH )HQFLQJ0DVWHU%DVHO%\OVPD)HQFLQJ0DLO%\OVPD¶VERRNWKRXJKGLVSHQVLQJZLWK VFKRODUO\WKRURXJKQHVVLVDVXPPDWLRQRIWKHDXWKRU¶VYDVWH[SHULHQFHDVDSHUIRUPHUSDUWLFXODUO\
QRWHZRUWK\LQOLJKWRIKLVZLGHO\NQRZQUHFRUGLQJV,WPXVWEHQRWHGKRZHYHUWKDWWKHJHQHUDO LQVLJKWVRQDUWLFXODWLRQLQKLVERRN±DQGKLVDFWXDOUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVLQSUDFWLFH±UDGLFDOO\GLIIHU IURPPRVWHGLWLRQVRIWKHSLHFHVDQGWKXVIURPWKHHGLWLRQV,GLVFXVVKHUHDVZHOODVIURPWKHRSLQ LRQVRIHPLQHQWVFKRODUVLQWKHILHOG
VFULSWVZKLFKVHUYHGDVPRGHOVIRUWKHVRXUFHV¶FRS\LVWVDQG±DVIDUDVSRVVLEOH±LQ WKHORVW%DFKDXWRJUDSKPDQXVFULSW&RQVHTXHQWO\WKH\GRQRWHQGHDYRXUWRFRQVWUXFW DGHWDLOHGDUWLFXODWLRQV\VWHPRULPPHGLDWHO\DSSOLFDEOHERZLQJJXLGH,WLVIRUWKLV UHDVRQWKDWWKH+HQOHHGLWLRQPD\KDYHHPSOR\HGWKHHVVHQWLDOO\SDUDGR[LFDOVROXWLRQ ZKHUHE\9RVV¶VFULWLFDOO\FRPSLOHGVFRUHLVVXSSOHPHQWHGDQGH[SDQGHGE\*LQ]HOIRU SHUIRUPDQFH
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±LQZKLFK FDVHPLJKWWKLVEHWKHYHUVLRQZHVHHLQWKHWZRODWHUFRSLHV"7RGD\ZHFDQQRORQJHU EHFHUWDLQZKHWKHUWKHWZRODWHUVRXUFHV±DV/HLVLQJHUVXSSRVHV±DUHUHDOO\DJHQXLQH UHIOHFWLRQRI%DFK¶VGHVLJQV+RZHYHUWKHUHFDQEHQRGRXEWWKDWWKHDUWLFXODWLRQLQ HGLWLRQVZKLFKWDNHVRXUFHV$DQGRU%DVWKHLUEDVLV%HLVVZHQJHU9RVV(SSVWHLQ,
A
B
C
D
Facsimile 6: Bars 1–2 of the D minor Allemande in sources A, B, C and D
ZLOOEHOHVVHODERUDWHWKDQWKRVHZKLFKUHO\RQVRXUFHV&DQG'/HLVLQJHU(SSVWHLQ,, 0RUHRYHUHYHQIURPDQHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\SHUVSHFWLYHWKHDPHQGPHQWRIWKHDUWLFXOD WLRQPDUNVLQWKHHDUOLHUVRXUFHVRULQWKHHGLWLRQVEDVHGWKHUHRQSUREDEO\FDQQRWEH UHJDUGHGDVLQFRUUHFW
I3UHOXGHLQ'PLQRU
)URP RXU H[DPSOHV VR IDU DQG IURP WKH FULWLFDO QRWHV LQ WKH GLVFXVVHG HGLWLRQV RI WKHVFRUHLWLVDSSDUHQWWKDWWKHHGLWRUVRIWHQH[WHQGWKHDUWLFXODWLRQRIRQHRUPRUH FOHDUO\OHJLEOHPRWLIVWRPXVLFDOO\VLPLODUSDUWVZKLFKDUHKDUGWRGHFLSKHURULQFRP SOHWHO\ FRSLHG ,W LV LPSRVVLEOH WR UHDFK DJUHHPHQW KRZHYHU RQ ZKHQ ZH VKRXOG FRQVLGHU WKH WUDQVSRVHG YHUVLRQ RI D JLYHQ EDU RU DQ RUQDPHQWHG YDULHG UHSHWLWLRQ WKHUHRIDV³VLPLODU´RUQRW0RUHRYHUWKHSRVVLELOLW\DOVRDULVHVWKDW%DFKGHOLEHUDWHO\
DUWLFXODWHGUHODWHGPRWLIVLQGLIIHUHQWZD\V7KRVHWKRURXJKO\IDPLOLDUZLWKWKH%DFK
a) Beisswenger
b) Voss
c) Eppstein I.
d) Eppstein II.
e) Leisinger
Example 6: Bars 1–2 of the D minor Allemande in the Beisswenger, Voss, Eppstein and Leisinger editions
PDQXVFULSWVDQGWKHZRUNVWKHPVHOYHVDVZHOODVDXWKRUVRIVLJQLILFDQWPRQRJUDSKV RQWKHWKHPHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ±WKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHG*HRUJYRQ'DGHOVHQ-RKQ%XWWDQG -RVHI)XFKV±KDYHUHDFKHGWKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWYDULDWLRQVLQDUWLFXODWLRQRQDQH[WHQ VLYHVFDOHDUHQHYHUW\SLFDORI%DFK$V-RKQ%XWWSXWVLWLWFDQEHJOHDQHGIURPWKH PDQXVFULSWVWKDW
%DFKGLGDLPDWFRQVLVWHQF\RIPDUNLQJV7KHFRQVLVWHQFLHVYDVWO\RXWZHLJKWKH LQFRQVLVWHQFLHV
2QWKHSDUWRIWKHHGLWRUVWKHUHIRUHWKHVWDQGDUGL]DWLRQRIDUWLFXODWLRQLQDQDORJRXV SDVVDJHVLVLQGHHGMXVWLILHGWRDFHUWDLQGHJUHHDOWKRXJKZHPXVWDOVRNHHSLQPLQG WKDWGHFLVLRQVPDGHE\WDNLQJVXFKDUJXPHQWVLQWRDFFRXQWDUHDOZD\VRIQHFHVVLW\
VXEMHFWLYH
/HWXVQRZH[DPLQHDPRYHPHQWLQZKLFKDQDQDORJ\EDVHGFKRLFHRIDUWLFXODWLRQ SOD\VDSDUWLFXODUO\LPSRUWDQWUROHLQWKDWDFHUWDLQW\SHRIPRWLILVSUHVHQWDVDWKUHDG UXQQLQJWKURXJKWKHHQWLUHPRYHPHQW1DPHO\WKHPRWLILQWKH'PLQRU3UHOXGHWKDW DSSHDUVLQWKHYHU\ILUVWEDURIWKHPRYHPHQWDQGLVFKLHIO\FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHGRPHG PHORGLFOLQHSHDNLQJRQWKHVHFRQGEHDW7KLVW\SHRIPRWLILQP\RSLQLRQLVFOHDUO\
SUHVHQWLQRIWKHPRYHPHQW¶VEDUVLQEDUV
DQG
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
,QWKHFDVHRIEDUVWKDWEHJLQZLWKDTXDYHUWKHDUWLFXODWLRQSUHVHQWVQRSUREOHP WKHWZRTXDYHUVDUHHYLGHQWO\SOD\HGZLWKVHSDUDWHVWURNHVDVZHFDQVHHLQERWKWKH VRXUFHVDQGPRGHUQHGLWLRQV%XWZKDWSRVVLEOHDOWHUQDWLYHVLQDUWLFXODWLRQFDQZHH[
SHFWLQWKHEDUVWKDWEHJLQZLWKVHPLTXDYHUV"
-5)XFKV6WXGLHQ]X$UWLNXODWLRQVDQJDEHQLQ2UJHOXQG&ODYLHUZHUNHQYRQ-6%DFK1HX KDXVHQ±6WXWWJDUW+lQVVOHU-$%XWW%DFK,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ$UWLFXODWLRQ0DUNVLQ3ULPDU\
6RXUFHVRI-6%DFK&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
%XWW%DFK,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ
2IWKHOLVWHGEDUVWKRVHLQLWDOLFVKDYHWKHVDPHUK\WKPZKLOHWKRVHLQGLFDWHGZLWKDQDVWHULVN,UH JDUGDVPRUHGLVWDQWUHODWLYHVRIWKHJURXS(YHQPRUHGLVWDQWO\UHODWHGDQGWKXVDEVHQWIURPWKHOLVW DUHEDUV±PHQWLRQRIZKLFKLVRQO\MXVWLILHGE\WKHIDFWWKDWWKHILUVWIRXUVHPLTXDYHUVUHDFK WRZDUGVWKHVHFRQGEHDWDVWKHSHDNRIWKHPHDVXUH)RUDOOWKHVRXUFHPDWHULDORIWKHKLJKOLJKWHG EDUVVHH7DEOH
6OXUUHGSDLUVRIQRWHVGRQRWIHDWXUHHYHQRQFHLQWKHVRXUFHVFRQVHTXHQWO\
,GRQRWFRQVLGHUWKLVDOLNHO\DOWHUQDWLYH
3OD\LQJWKHIRXUVHPLTXDYHUVVHSDUDWHO\LVDYLDEOHDOWHUQDWLYHEXWQRWYHU\OLNHO\
JLYHQWKDWRIWKHWRWDORILQVWDQFHVLQEDUVDFURVVIRXUVRXUFHVRQO\WZRDSSHDU ZLWKRXWDQ\VOXUV±DQGVRSHUKDSVWKLVLVFRQFHLYDEOHRQO\DVDQRFFDVLRQDOYDULDWLRQ ,GRQRWILQGLWDYHU\DFFHSWDEOHRSWLRQWRSOD\WZRVHPLTXDYHUVVOXUUHGDQGWZR
VHSDUDWHO\DVWKLVUHYHUVHVWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHERZLQJDQGWKHUHLVDOVRQRVLJQRI WKLVLQWKHVRXUFHV
,IZHSOD\WKHIRXUVHPLTXDYHUVLQRQHERZWKHQDOWKRXJKWKHVWDUWRIWKHEDUDQG WKHVHFRQGEHDWZLOOIDOOLQGLIIHUHQWGLUHFWLRQVDQLQWHQWLRQWRWKLVHIIHFWFDQEH JOHDQHGIURPWKHVRXUFHVLQVRXUFH'IRUH[DPSOHWKLVLVWKHGRPLQDQWPDUNLQJ ,QP\YLHZDDUWLFXODWLRQRIQRWHVLVQRWWKHPRVWDSSURSULDWHRSWLRQLQPRVW FDVHVHLWKHUEHFDXVHLQWKLVZD\WKHOHDGLQWRWKHVHFRQGFURWFKHWGRHVQRWSURFHHG HQWLUHO\QDWXUDOO\ZKLOHPDUNVFOHDUO\LQGLFDWLQJWKLVDOWHUQDWLYHDUHYHU\UDUHLQWKH VRXUFHVSHUKDSVRQO\$&DQG'
$DUWLFXODWLRQOHQGVLWVHOIIDUEHWWHUWRDG\QDPLFDQGH[SUHVVLYHOHDGLQWRWKH VHFRQGFURWFKHWDQGLVIRXQGIUHTXHQWO\LQVRXUFHV$%DQG&3HUVRQDOO\LQYLHZRI WKHSUDFWLFDODQGPXVLFDODGYDQWDJHVDVZHOODVLWVSUHVHQFHLQWKHVRXUFHV,ZRXOG FKRRVHWKLVRSWLRQDQDUWLFXODWLRQRILQPRVWRIWKHEDUVLQTXHVWLRQ(YHQVR ,GRQRWWKLQNLWLPSRVVLEOHWRDOWHUQDWHEHWZHHQIRXUVOXUUHGQRWHVDQGSHUKDSVIRXU VHPLTXDYHUVSOD\HGVHSDUDWHO\ZKLOHLQEDUWKHDUWLFXODWLRQLVSUREDEO\WKH PRVWVXLWDEOHRSWLRQGXHWRWKHLQWHUYDOV
7KHHGLWRUVRSWIRUYDU\LQJGHJUHHVRIDQDORJ\EDVHGXQLIRUPL]DWLRQ,QERWKRI KLVWH[WV(SSVWHLQUHFRPPHQGVWKHDUWLFXODWLRQLQDOOLQVWDQFHVEXWDGGVLQKLV QRWHVWKDWWKHSOD\HUPD\FKRRVHDQRWKHUVROXWLRQ9RVVDOVRVLGHVZLWKWKHRSWLRQ EXWQRWDVULJLGO\LQEDUV±WDNLQJ$QQD0DJGDOHQD%DFK¶VPDUNVDVKLVVWDUWLQJ SRLQWKHUHFRPPHQGVDDUWLFXODWLRQWKHVOXULQEDUZKLFKKHSUHVXPDEO\VXE VWLWXWHVEDVHGRQWKHDQDORJ\KHQDWXUDOO\SODFHVLQSDUHQWKHVHV,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWR QRWHWKDWLQWKLVPRYHPHQW/HLVLQJHUDQG%HLVVZHQJHUUHDFKDQLGHQWLFDOVWDQGSRLQW GHVSLWHZRUNLQJIURPGLIIHUHQWVRXUFHVERWKUHFRPPHQGIRXUVOXUUHGVHPLTXDYHUVLQ WKHLUHGLWLRQV/HLVLQJHUREYLRXVO\SURFHHGVIURPWKHFOHDUO\OHJLEOHVRXUFH'ZKLFK XQHTXLYRFDOO\PDUNVWKHVOXULQWKLVZD\ZKLOH%HLVVZHQJHU±LQDPDQQHU,GRQRW HQWLUHO\XQGHUVWDQG±DUULYHVDWWKHVDPHVROXWLRQIURPWKHH[WUHPHO\YDJXHVOXUVRI
$QQD0DJGDOHQD%DFK,QKHUQRWHVVKHHVWDEOLVKHVDQDQDORJ\RQO\DPRQJWKHEDUVRI
1%$9,(SSVWHLQ¶VIRRWQRWHVVWDWHWKDWH[SUHVVO\RQWKHEDVLVRIWKHDQDORJ\KHVWDQGDUGL]HV WKHDUWLFXODWLRQRIRQO\WKHQLQHEDUVZLWKDQLGHQWLFDOUK\WKPDOWKRXJKKHUHFRPPHQGVWKHVDPH ERZLQJIRUWKHRWKHUILYHEDUV,P\VHOIUHJDUGDVVLPLODU,QDGGLWLRQUHIHUULQJWRWKHGLIILFXO W\RILQWHUSUHWLQJWKHVRXUFHVKHDOVRVWDWHV³ZHGRQRWNQRZZKLFKVOXUVIHDWXUHGLQWKHDXWRJUDSK PDQXVFULSWQRUZKHWKHUWKHDUWLFXODWLRQWKHUHLQZDVUHDOO\XQLIRUP´,Q(SSVWHLQ¶VYLHZWKHWKUHH DFFHSWDEOHYDULDQWVRIWKHDUWLFXODWLRQDUHRUIRXUVOXUUHGQRWHV
LGHQWLFDOUK\WKPZKLFK,PDUNLQEROGKHUEULHIMXVWLILFDWLRQVWDWLQJRQO\WKDWVOXUVRI WKLVNLQGSUHGRPLQDWHDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIEDUV)RUWKHVDNHRIDFRPSOHWHDSSUDLVDO ,ZRXOGDGGWKDW/HLVLQJHUDQG%HLVVZHQJHUGRQRWVWDQGDUGL]HWRWKHVDPHGHJUHHDV (SSVWHLQ,QEDUVDQGIRUH[DPSOHWKHLUFKRVHQVROXWLRQVGLIIHULQEDUV DQGUHVSHFWLYHO\%HLVVZHQJHUDQG/HLVLQJHUVZLWFKWRWKHDUWLFXODWLRQIDYRXUHG E\(SSVWHLQZKLOHLQEDUV±ERWKDGRSWWKHRSWLRQGXHWRWKHVHPLTXDYHUWLHG WRWKHSUHYLRXVEDU
%HVLGHVWKHGLYHUVLW\RISXEOLVKHGVFRUHVWKLVH[DPSOHDOVRGHPRQVWUDWHVWKDWWKH YDULHW\RIWKHDYDLODEOHVRXUFHVLVQRWHQWLUHO\DSSDUHQWLQDQ\RIWKHFULWLFDOHGLWLRQV (DFKHGLWLRQLVPRUHXQLIRUPWKDQDQ\RIWKHVRXUFHVDQGLQGHDOLQJPRVWO\ZLWKLQ GLYLGXDOVOXUVLWLVQRWDWDOOSRVVLEOHWRFRQFOXGHIURPWKHFULWLFDOHGLWLRQVZKDWWKH RULJLQDOPDQXVFULSWVUHDOO\FRQWDLQHG,QWKHEDUVXQGHUGLVFXVVLRQ,ODUJHO\FRQFXU ZLWKWKHSDUWO\VSHFXODWLYHSDUWO\GRFXPHQWHGPHWKRGVRIWKHHGLWRUVVLQFH,GRQRW EHOLHYHWKDW%DFK¶VDUWLFXODWLRQZRXOGKDYHEHHQDVYDULHGRU³LQFRQVLVWHQW´DVZHFDQ REVHUYHLQVRPHRIWKHVRXUFHV+RZHYHU,UHJDUG(SSVWHLQ¶VWRWDOXQLIRUPLW\DVH[FHV VLYHZKLOHLQ%HLVVZHQJHU,FDQQRWFOHDUO\VHHWKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHVRXUFHDQG WKHERZLQJGHULYHGIURPLWDQGLQVHUWHGDOPRVWHQWLUHO\XQLIRUPO\LQWRWKHVFRUH