G. Császár, J. Hricko, W. Janoschek, M. Kovácik, L. Nemesi & A. Matura *
Keywords: “DANREG” programme, Danube region, geological maps, database
Abstract
It happens for the first time that Austria, Hungary and Slovakia, three countries linked by the Danube, are going to produce, after a thorough preparatory work, a map series of unified approach, eliminating the differences due to spe
cific national traditions and techniques which would make a uniform interpretation rather difficult, in some cases defi
nitely impossible.
A bilateral agreement to undertake a joint study of their respective regions separated by the Danube was signed by Hungary and Slovakia in 1989. Austria joined in 1990, making it trilateral.
Joint work has been extended to the following topics and products: surface geological map, lithogenetic and thick
ness map of the Quaternary, lithofacies and thickness map of the Pontian and the Pliocene, lithofacies and thickness map of the Pannonian, map of the pre-Tertiary basement, tectonic map, neotectonic map, engineering-geological map, hydrogeological map, geothermal map, gravity map of the Bouguer anomalies, map of the AT magnetic anomalies, map of environmental hazards, geological-geophysical cross sections.
The main part of the present paper is an overview of the objectives, tasks and the present state of the pertinent coop
erative work. One of the important achievements is the assessment of the obvious surface damages and harms already affecting the environment, thus rendering possible their reparation, mitigation or prevention. Furthermore, attention is drawn also to subsurface hazards e.g. those affecting the groundwater which used to be left out of consideration, and ways of practical application are indicated, thus contributing to the maintenance, eventually even to the improvement, of the stan
dard of living of the population in the Danube Region.
Zusammenfassung
Zum ersten Mal haben sich die drei Donauländer Österreich, Ungarn und die Slowakei geeinigt, nach gründlicher Vorbereitungsarbeit eine gemeinsame geowissenschaftliche und angewandt-geologische Kartenserie herauszubringen.
Unterschiedliche nationale Traditionen und geowissenschaftliche Methoden haben es bisher wesentlich erschwert und in gewissen Fällen sogar unmöglich gemacht, eine einheitliche Interpretation zu erzielen.
Im Jahr 1989 wurde ein bilaterales Abkommen von Ungarn und der Slowakei unterzeichnet, das eine gemeinsame geologische Untersuchung der durch die Donau voneinander getrennten Gebiete in beiden Ländern zum Ziel hat.
Österreich schloß sich im Jahre 1990 als dritter Partner an.
Das gemeinsame Programm wurde in folgenden Themenkreisen bearbeitet: geologische Karte, genetische und Mächtigkeitskarte des Quartärs, Fazies und Mächtigkeitskarte des Pontians und des Pliozäns, Fazies und Mächtigkeitskarte des Pannons, geologische Karte des vortertiären Untergrundes, tektonische Karte, neotektonische Karte, ingenieurgeologische Karte, hydrogeologische Karte, geothermische Karte, Karte der Schwerenanomalien, Karte der geomagnetischen Anomalien, geoelektriche Widerstandskarten, Karte der Umweltrisken, Studie über die Wasserqualität, geologisch-geophysikalische Querprofile.
Der wesentliche Teil des vorliegenden Artikels gibt eine Übersicht über die Zielsetzungen, die Aufgaben und die bisherigen Ergebnisse im DANREG-Programm. Das Erkennen und die Festlegung von verschiedenen Beeinträchtigungen an der Erdoberfläche und die sich daraus ergebende Möglichkeit, diese Einflüsse auf die Umwelt zu minimieren oder überhaupt zu vermeiden, stellen ein erstes bemerkenswertes Ergebnis dar. Auch negative
* A ddress of Authors: Géza Császár, Geological Institute of Hungary, H -1 1 4 3 Budapest, S tefánia út 14, Hungary; J. Hricko, G eo- co mplex 8 8 2 0 7 Bratislava Geologická 21, Slovak Republic; W . Janoschekand A. Matura, Geological Survey of Austria, R asu- m o fskygasse 23, A -1031 V ienna, Austria; M. Kováőik, Geological Survey of Slovak R epublic M lynská Dolina 1, 817 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; L. Nemesi, Eötvös Loránd G eophysical Institute of Hungary, H -1 1 4 5 Budapest, C olum bus u. 1 7 -2 3 , Hungary.
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Beeinflussungen im Untergrund und die sich daraus ergebenden Gefahren, z. B. für das Grundwasser, die bisher weniger beachtet worden sind, bieten Möglichkeiten, rechtzeitig Maßnahmen zu setzen und so die Lebensqualität der im DANREG-Bereich lebenden Bevölkerung zumindest zu erhalten, wenn nicht zu verbessern.
Összefoglalás
Első alkalommal történik meg, hogy a Duna által felfűzött három ország a csatlakozó területeiről alapos előkészítő munka után egységes szemléletű térképsorozatot hoz létre, kiküszöbölve ezzel a sajátos nemzeti módszerekből és hagyományokból fakadó, az egységes értelmezést nehezítő, esetenként lehetetlenné tevő különbségeket.
A Duna által elválasztott szomszédos területek közös feldolgozására 1989-ben jött létre a magyar-szlovák egyez
mény. Ausztriának 1990-ben történt csatlakozásával háromra bővült az együttes munkára vonatkozó egyezményt aláíró országok száma.
A közös munka az alábbi témakörökre, munkafajtákra terjed ki: felszíni földtani térkép, a negyedrendszer képződmé
nyeinek genetikai és vastagsági térképe, pontusi és pliocén fácies és vastagsági térkép, pannonjai fácies és vastagsági térkép, harmadrendszermentes földtani térkép, tektonikai térkép, neotektonikai térkép, mérnökgeológiai térkép, hidrogeoló
giai térkép, geotermikus térkép, gravitációs anomáliatérkép, mágneses anomáliatérkép, geoelektromos ellenállástérképek, környezet-veszélyeztetettségi térkép, vízminőség tanulmány és földtani-geofizikai szelvények.
A dolgozat fő részét a program céljának, feladatainak és a munka jelenlegi helyzetének áttekintése adja. A közös munka fontos eredménye a nyilvánvaló felszíni környezeti károk és veszélyek felmérése és ezáltal azok kiküszöbölési vagy megelőzési lehetőségének megteremtése. Emellett egyrészt eredetileg kevésbé értékelt felszín alatti negatív hatá
sok és ebből pl. a felszín alatti vizek esetében jelentkező veszélyek is feltárásra kerülnek, másrészt gyakorlati haszno
sítási lehetőségekre is utalás történik, hozzájárulva ezzel a DANREG térség lakossága életminőségének legalább meg
őrzéséhez, esetleg javításához is.
Introduction The Danube is the second largest river in Europe and a very important historical, political and economic feature of Central and Southeast Europe. It is 2,850 km long and
tries. It passes densely populated and highly industrialized regions (e.g. the regions of Vienna, Bratislava and Buda groundwater flow represent one of the largest freshwater resources in Europe.
The number of natural and man-induced environ
mental effects of the region and the awareness of the population for environmental protection increased drama
tically in the past decades.
Intensive agricultural production (the Danube Low
land is the most important agricultural area in Slovakia), The DANREG Programme (DANube Regional Envi
ronmental Geology) was launched in 1989, originally on bilateral (Hungarian-Slovakian) basis. Later, in 1990, after the fundamental political changes in Central and Eastern Europe, the representatives of the national geological sur
veys of Austria (Geologische Bundesanstalt), Hungary (Magyar Állami Földtani Intézet) and Slovakia (Geologicky Ústav Dionyza Stúra) signed the agreement. Since then establish a common geological language on national data bases different in systems, approaches and detailed
ness, and to compile a total of 13 map versions assisted by GIS, with explanatory notes and studies, three common geophysical and geological cross sections within the framework of the co-operation between Austria, Hungary and Slovakia.
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Fig. 1. Sketch map of the DANREG area
The following products have been envisaged:
Maps
Surface geological map, 1:100,000
Lithogenetic and
thickness map of the Quaternary, 1:200,000 Lithofacies and thickness map of
the Pontian and the Pliocene, 1:200,000 Lithofacies and
thickness map of the Pannonian, 1:200,000 Map of the pre-Tertiary basement, 1:200,000
Tectonic map, 1:200,000
Neotectonic map, 1:200,000
Engineering-geological map, 1:200,000
Hydrogeological map, 1:200,000
Geothermal map, 1:200,000
Gravity map of the Bouguer anomalies, 1:200,000
Map of the AT magnetic anomalies, 1:200,000 Map of environmental hazards. 1:100,000
trast to the older formations where lithostratigraphic units are distinguished. The map also presents the location of the wells and boreholes of fundamental importance.
The Lithogenetic and thickness map of the Qua
ternary summarizes the main genetic types of sediments and their cumulative thickness. In the deepest part of the basin the thickness values are based mainly on geoelectric measurements. The isopach lines separate territories of fast subsidence from the uplifting or slowly subsiding areas.
The process of fast subsidence that is going on even today was restricted to the western part of the Little Hungarian Plain in the Quaternary (where even some 600 m thick deposit was accumulated during a period of some 2 million years)^The separation of subsidence and uplift is indicat
ing the most mobile zones along which one can expect earthquakes and tectonic movements even today.
The Lithofacies and thickness maps of the Pan
nonian and the Pliocene show a differentiation (particularly subsidence) of the terrain that started at the beginning of the Miocene, as well as an intensive accelera
tion of this process during the Pannonian (the accumulation of 6000 to 7000 m deposits over a period of some 8 milllion years). The Little Hungarian Plain — the Danube Lowland area is the deepest Neogene basin within the Carpathian arc. The thickness lines are drawn with the help of various geophysical (seismic and electric) measurements, wells and borehole data. The very mighty sequence is com reconstruction and for distinguishing the tectonic move
ments of a great number of tectonic lines indicated on the surface of the pre-Tertiary basement. In addition to the wells and boreholes indicated in the map geophysical data are also used for the setting of the isolines. Due to the irregular distribution of basement data in boreholes
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there are areas with great uncertainty in age, in rock type and even in depth of the basement.
The Tectonic map excluding the Quaternary forma
tions represents units according to the successive defor
mation phases. The main Alpine tectonic phases are as follows: Cretaceous, Palaeogene, Early to Middle Mio
cene, Late Miocene to Pliocene. The present-day tectonic outline of the region was developed during the Early to Middle Miocene, that is the paroxysm of the volcanic activity and the formation of the deep basins. The majority of the lines supplied with names in the map, is connected with the events listed above. There is clear evidence for the rejuvenation of the movements along some tectonic lines. The following tectonic elements are distinguished:
axes of synclines and anticlines, nappes, overthrusts, strike-slip faults and normal faults.
Separating the Pelso unit from the Veporic unit, among many important tectonic lines the Rába-Hurba- novo-Diósjenő Line is considered to be the most impor
tant one.
The folded, overthrusted structures that had devel
oped in the Cretaceous were later pulled apart by conju
gate displacement in response to a NW-SE compression.
In the Neogene, the stress field changed several times and resulted in the rotation of certain tectonic units.
The Neotectonic map is based mainly on the seismic activity and on the thickness differences in the Upper Plio
The Engineering-geological map belongs to the group of zoning maps. Its legend is based on the interna
tionally accepted methodology of IAEG (International Asso
ciation of Engineering Geologists).
Altogether about 30 zones (lithologic-genetic units) and more than 10 lithological types of solid rocks and soils are delineated in the map. Other data important for the engineering geology are taken from other maps (tectonics and neotectonics, selected hydrogeological data). Geodynamic phenomena — like slope deforma
tions, erosional features, — karst phenomena, hydro
compaction in loess, underminings, places of minings and sources of possible pollution — like waste disposal sites
— are also presented on the map.
In the Hydrogeological map the permeability and lithology of the aquifers have been expressed. Primary (pores), secondary (fissures) and karst permeability have been distinguished in the map, with seven categories ac
cording to their value. The lithology of the aquifers is dis
played, identifying 21 types.
The Geothermal map indicates the distribution of temperature recorded at 1500 m depth. Due to their geo nakiliti-Senec region represents the deepest part of the pre-Tertiary basement. The Vienna Basin shows similar gravity values, although its depth is considerably less than that of the previous depression.
Gravity maps are usually compiled for two reasons:
— to obtain information on the depth of basins;
— to obtain information on the internal structure of the crust.
However, in the DANREG area the gravity method could not deliver the above information entirely because of the distortion of the Bouguer anomalies by crustal and upper mantle effects. Therefore in addition to the Bouguer anomaly map, the map of residual anomalies, indication map of density contrasts by Blacklystripped gravity map, etc. have been compiled. in Slovakia, ground and airborne surveys, different alti
tudes in the airborne surveys, etc.). Connecting profile lines have been measured between Slovakia and Austria, and between Hungary and Slovakia, after which the Geological Survey of Austria compiled the common AT map (fig. 3).
Many magnetic anomalies have been detected in the project area. According to the seismic and magneto- telluric measurements, the source of major magnetic anomalies is surely within the pre-Tertiary basement.
As one version of the geoelectrical maps, the Maps of apparent resistivity have been compiled to assess the lithology of the Quaternary sediments, which repre
sent one of the most important freshwater reservoires in Central Europe. Three resistivity maps have been con
structed for different AB distances, (for AB = 200 m, 600 m and 1000 m), corresponding to approximate depth levels of 50 m, 150 m and 250 m. The maps show exten
sive accumulation of coarse to medium grained Quater
nary sediments (gravel and sand) occurring in the central
Among other geophysical activities in the DANREG programme it should be mentioned that magnetotelluric and seismic measurements have been performed in the region for the investigation of deep structures. Their most important result is that the Rába-Hurbanovo structural line could be located. It is, in fact, a contact zone between two microplates of different origin. The results of the DANREG programme allow a new interpretation of the structure of the crust and the upper mantle.
The Map of environmental hazards is intended to show some phenomena of natural impact on the geological 200